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MilaSf
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2014
http://archive.org/details/missilesrockets1419unse
JANUARY 6, 1964
fHE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Bendix Tests Prototype of Injun Explorer
NASA To Ask $5.4 Billion for FY '65 . . .
RIFT Victim of Rover Economy Move. . .
'Off-Shelf Injun IV Nearing Launch . . .
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HERE'S A 12 CHANNEL CONVERTER COMPACT AS PEAS IN A POD
The pea pod crams a lot into one neat Dackage, and the same can be said of Ford
Instrument's new microminiaturized solid-state synchro and synchro resolver-
to-digital converter. Twelve channels, accurate to 13 bits/channel, in approx-
imately Va cubic foot. Fully compatible with airborne digital computers. . .and
it's readily available! Another example of Ford Instrument's ability to design and
produce microminiaturized systems of outstanding excellence and reliability.
FORD INSTRUMENT CO. □ DIVISION OF SPERRY RAND CORPORATION
31-10 Thomson Avenue, Long Island City l.N Y. □ Beve^y Hills. California D Dayton, Ohio □ Huntsviile, Alabama □ Washington, D.C.
An annual repori . . .
Memo from the Publisher
THE END OF ONE YEAR and the beginning of
another means annual report time for most of
the nation's business organizations. It occurred to
me that you, our readers, might like to take a look
at our past year's progress and be advised of some
of our plans for the new year. So here is our annual
report to you.
Missiles and Rockets has just finished its most
exciting and rewarding year since its inception in
1956. It has been exciting because we have witnessed
further advances in the Space Age and have had
the rewarding experience of being a part of it. Our
editors traveled thousands of miles in 1963 to attend
conferences and visit industry and government
plants and installations in order to give you an
informed weekly report on the news and technical
developments which have helped foster the progress
of our industry and the strength of the free world.
It has been our pleasure and privilege to take
an active part in selling the need for space explora-
tion to the Congress and the American people. Our
editorial pages have been vocal in dealing with
the problems that hinder and delay the progress of
our age. Not only have we spoken out through the
magazine, but our editors have made speeches
throughout the states before civic groups and in-
dustry leaders to further help them understand what
is at stake in the space race. Though Missiles and
Rockets is a small-circulation magazine, compared
to national news media, our impact on the nation
is great. Every major news commentator, editor and
member of Congress concerned with missile/space
matters depends on our editorial pages for intelligent
guidance in his interpretation of some of the events
which control the destiny of our nation and our
lives. We feel that we owe to the industry, which
invested well over one million dollars in our ad-
vertising pages in 1963, the most informed coverage
of any trade magazine published today.
Speaking of readers, we are pleased to serve
more and more of you as the days go by. Our
circulation in 1963 grew by over 3,700 new sub-
scribers, which brings us to a total of over more
than 45,000. The subscriber renewal rate is 67.6% ,
which is high for a trade publication. Most of our
increased circulation comes to us through the sub-
scriber card in the magazine, which means many
of you share your copy with an associate. We are
happy to know that you pass Missiles and Rockets
along to others and we thank you for it.
Missiles and Rockets' advertising growth con-
tinued to set the pace for the industry. Advertising
pages for the magazine in 1963 totalled 1,450, which
is 275 above 1962. This is the third consecutive year
that M/R has shown growth in advertising linage
for a total gain of 390 since 1960. The two other
major magazines in the field have shown losses. Avia-
tion Week has lost 468 pages since 1960 and Space
Aeronautics is down 1,112 pages for the same period.
SPECIAL REPORTS
We will continue our efforts in the special report
area in 1964, the first of which will come Feb. 3,
with a complete report on microelectronics. Our three
electronics editors, Charles LaFond, Mike Getler and
Rex Pay — are presently burning the midnight oil to
make it as timely as possible. Other special reports
will be announced later in the year as areas of interest
for editorial examination develop.
SPECIAL ISSUES
In the special issue department, we will provide
you with our annual Department of Defense/Military
Systems Issue in March, the popular World Missile/
Space Encyclopedia issue in July and the Annual
NASA issue in November.
SPECIAL EDITORIAL SERVICES
Inasmuch as space electronics is a big part of
space systems engineering, we will be providing you
with a more concentrated space electronics section
the first issue of each month. Also, the Astrolog will
be published five times during 1964 with the first
edition coming next week.
All this adds up to say that it has been a sincere
pleasure to serve you during 1963 and we look for-
ward to the challenge of the events of 1964 with the
confidence that our 17 full-time editors can continue
to keep you the most informed people in the Missile/
Space Industry. It is to that end that we dedicate our
efforts for the coming year.
James W. Claar
Publisher
lircle No. 8 on Subscriber Service Card
3
Westinghouse radar will guide the first orbital rendezvous
Westinghouse is working on advanced radar systems for other space missions
When the Gemini two-man spacecraft first
performs rendezvous and docking maneu-
vers in earth orbit, a new Westinghouse
radar system will help assure the success
of the mission.
The Gemini spacecraft itself, one impor-
tant mission of which is the perfection of
rendezvous techniques, is being built by
McDonnell, prime contractor for the Gemini
project, under the technical direction of
NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center.
Using a unique interferometer system
developed by Westinghouse's Aerospace
Division, the Spacecraft interrogator will
transmit a series of pulses to the target
transponder. Reply pulses received by the
spacecraft will be used to measure range
and azimuth and elevation angles.
The first of its kind in space the Westing-
house radar system for Gemini is the be-
ginning of a new generation of advanced
radars now being evaluated at Westing-
house for lunar landings, planet explora-
tion, space station logistic support and
other space missions. For more information
on Westinghouse Aerospace Division
space programs, write for brochure No.
AD-R-3M1163, to Westinghouse Electric
Corporation, P.O. Box 868, Three Gateway
Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230.
You can be sure if it's Westinghouse
W
Circle No. 9 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Volume 14. Number 1
January 6, 1964
Editor
William ]. Coughlin '
Managing Editor
Reed Bundy
Senior Editors
Charles D. LaFond Electronics
William Beller Engineering
Associate Editors
David C. Breasted Military
Lawrence J. Curran Assistant Managing Editor
Heather M. David Space Medicine
Michael Getler Electronics
Russell Hawkes Industry
John F. Judge Advanced Materials
Robert L. Parker Copy Editor
Rex Pay Electronics
Hal Taylor NASA
Contributing Editors
David A. Anderton, James J. Haggerty,
Dr. J. M. Levitt, Dr. Hubertus Strughold
Friedrich Schonbach Art Director
Donald Strickland Assistant Art Director
Eleanor Cobey Editorial Assistant
Suzanne Montgomery Editorial Assistant
BUREAUS
LOS ANGELES 9301 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills
Willard E. Wilks Bureau Chief
NEW YORK 20 East 46th Street
Michael Getler
CAPE KENNEDY 507 Orange Ave.
Chris Butler Merritt Is., Fla.
PARIS 11 Rue Condorcet
Jean-Marie Riche
GENEVA 10 Rue Grenus
Frank G. McGuire
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Dr. Peter Castruccio
Conrad H. Hoeppner
Richard F. Gompertz
Alexander Satin
Dr. Eugen Saenger
Vice Adm. H. Sanders (ret.)
lames W. Claar
Publisher
A. C. Boughton National Sales Manager
Paul B. Kinney Eastern Advertising Manager
Edwin J. Denker, Jr Western Advertising Manager
Craig L. Mason Director of Research
John N. Carlin Director of Circulation
Ron Thorstenson Circulation Promotion
R. Virgil Parker Production Manager
Barbara Wiener Advertising Services Manager
Published each Monday with the exception of the
last Monday in December by American Aviation
Publication], Inc., 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington 5, D.C. Cable Address: AMERAV.
Printed at Judd & Detweiler, Inc., Washington, D.C.
Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.
Copyright 19S4, American Aviation Publications, Inc.
Subscription rates: U.S. and Possessions, Canada, and
Pan American Postal Union Nations: 1 year, $5.00, 2
years $8.00, 3 years $10.00. All other foreign: 1 year
$15.00, 2 years $25.00, 3 years $35.00. Air freight to
Europe: 1 year $20.00, 2 years $30.00, 3 years $40.00.
Single copy prices: regular issues 50 cents each;
special issues $1.00 each. Subscriptions are solicited
only from persons with identifiable commercial or
professional interests in the missile/space industry.
Subscription orders and changes of address should be
referred to Circulation Fulfillment Mgr., Missiles and
Rockets, 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Washington 5,
D.C. Please allow 4 weeks for change to become
effective and enclose recent address label if possible.
President Wayne W..Parrish
Senior Vice President Louis C. James
Vice President Fred S. Hunter
THE COVER
Bendix Aerospace Lab technicians pre-
pare NASA's Injun Explorer satellite for
environmental tests. Canister at top holds
a 12-ft.-dia. inflatable sphere that will be
used as an air density explorer after it is
ejected, inflated and separated from the
satellite. See p. 22.
JANUARY 6 HEADLINES
Comsat Corp. Seeks Industry Satellite Proposals 10
Johnson Okays $5.4 Billion for NASA in FY '65 12
RIFT Portion of Rover Program is Cancelled 13
Lunar Orbiter Contract Awarded to Boeing 13
1969 Mars Probe Landing Termed 'Urgent' for U.S. 14
Weather Prediction already enhanced by Tiros 8 16
Lockheed Repeats as Top DOD Contractor in FY '63 26
SPACE SYSTEMS
Injun IV Ready for Launch Early This Year 22
MISSILE SUPPORT
Facility Simulates Polaris Re-entry Conditions 24
SPECIAL SECTION: SPACE ELECTRONICS f
Sonotone Develops Quick-Charge Satellite Battery
IBM Simulators Will Define Future Guidance Systems
Unmanned Stations Collect Real-Time Data
DEPARTMENTS
Publisher's Memo 3 Products & Processes
let,ers 6 The Industry Week
The Countdown 9 Contracts/proeurements
The Missile/Space
Week ® 10 Names in the News
Technical Countdown 21 When & Where
Editorial 46
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t U.S. Reg. Pdg.
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
5
letters
instant
space
Chances are that at this moment, some-
where in the United States, a team of
engineers is creating instant space. In a
space simulation chamber, they are dupli-
cating the incredible cold, vacuum, solar
heat and radiation of the spacial environ-
ment. ■ In the chamber, a man-made
space vehicle is making a simulated trip
through the environment. It is being sub-
jected to the spacial phenomena prior to a
launch, not only to determine its capabili-
ties, but to answer questions regarding
future space flights. - To achieve the ultra
low temperatures required, an extensive
cryogenic array is necessary. Because of
its experience in space-age cryogenics,
dating back to the first space simulation
programs, CryoVac has furnished the
cryogenic systems in most of the space
simulators in existence today. Cryo-Vac's
experience includes systems engineering
studies, research and development and
the actual design, fabrication and erection
on countless space simulation programs.
This experience is at your disposal — why
not take advantage of it? ■ Inquiries from
qualified scientists and engineers regard-
ing employment opportunities are invited.
JPL Advanced Research
To the Editor:
I have enjoyed reading M/R's Third
Annual NASA issue (Nov. 25) and ap-
preciate the kind attention given to the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory program.
I was particularly impressed with the
discussion of the importance of a labora-
tory such as this one in working in the
advanced development areas necessary for
successful spacecraft and ground-based
tracking installations of the future. My 25
years' experience in research for the gov-
ernment has convinced me that the highly
advanced applied research and advanced
developments, with its attendant high
risks, should be a function of a laboratory
within the government or a university
laboratory. The proper role of private in-
dustry, I believe, is the manufacture of
operational hardware under the broad tech-
nical direction of a laboratory working in
the advanced areas.
I also wish to thank you for featuring
the Goldstone Space Communications Sta-
tion on the cover of this issue, since I am
one of the team that is proud to operate
this facility.
N. A. Renzetti, Ph. D.
Communication Engineering
and Operations
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Pasadena, Calif.
In the Running for X-15
To the Editor:
Your article "AF Seeks Renewed X-15
Interest" (M/R, Dec. 16, p. 39) on the
X-15 A-2 indicates that Emerson Electric
Thermo-Lag 500 is "highly favored" by
North American Aviation for the ablative
coating.
Other materials are being considered.
Thermo-Resist 69 has been successfully
flight-flown on the X-15 at Mach 6 speed,
and other tests are planned for the im-
mediate future. Advantages of Thermo-
Resist 69 and 69F include: room-tempera-
ture curing; non-toxic, non-hygroscopic,
flexible materials able to be applied either
on the job, pre-molded, or in sheet form;
and the high erosion resistance coupled
with a low thermal conductivity of 1.8
BTU/ft.2/in./°F allows huge weight sav-
ings through use of less material thickness.
Other Thermo-Resist products are also
being evaluated by NASA.
Don't count Thermo-Resist, Inc., out
of the running, and save your money if
you are betting.
Howard C. Litt, Pres.
Thermo-Resist, Inc.
Fullerton, Calif.
Formerly Canaveral
To the Editor:
Considerable controversy has arisen
over the recent name change of Cape
Canaveral. As a Missiles and Rockets
0 Circle No. 1 on Subscriber Service Card
subscriber and a resident of Rockledge
in Brevard County, Florida, I wish to add
my comments.
Expressed local opinion throughout
newspapers and local city councils has
been reported as 10 to 1 against the name
change.
Personal opinion as reflected in con-
versation with colleagues leads me to be-
lieve the ratio against the name change is
much higher than this.
In your Dec. 9 issue the legality of this
change was questioned by State Senator
Bernard Parrish. His position has been
supported by U.S. Congressman Ed Gur-
ney of Winter Park.
If a publication with the impact of
yours would continue to use the name
Cape Canaveral, until the legality of the
matter has been decided, we would not
be faced with the obvious pressure of "the
deed is done, let's keep it this way."
F. M. McGranahan
Rockledge, Fla.
Right or wrong, the name change as
applied to the Federal reservation is a fact.
Unless and until it is ruled illegal, M/R
will use the Cape Kennedy dateline. — Ed
State of EBW Art
To the Editor:
In the article "Reliable Exploding
Bridgewire Remains to Be Developed"
(M/R, Dec. 16, p. 34), the author sum-
marized EBW as it existed a number of
years ago. Since that time, a number of
highly reliable and successful systems have
been developed and demonstrated. These
systems were developed based upon data
and research information derived from
efforts such as those outlined in the Plenum
Press publication "Exploding Wires," Vol-
ume II, and other, unpublished, experi-
ments.
The reliability of EBW ordnance sys-
tems has been demonstrated on some of
our most prominent missiles and rockets.
These include the Polaris A3, Pershing
and the Saturn. All three have had ex-
traordinary success with their EBW sys-
tems.
Even these operational systems are
obsoleted by today's more reliable and ad-
vanced EBW systems. The Hi-Shear Cor-
poration is currently manufacturing an
advanced EBW system which meets and
exceeds the requirements imposed by the
author of the EBW article. Hi-Shear EBW
devices meet MIL-STD 300 series environ-l
ments; will not fire when subjected tol
500 VDC; will not fire when pulsed froml
a 500-picofarad capacitor charged to 25,000
volts; will not fire when exposed to RF
power as high as 5 watts applied directly
to the pins for frequencies of 40 KC|
through 16 gigacycles.
Weldon Bankston
Exploding Bridgewire Ordnance
Hi-Shear Corporation
Torrance, Calif.
missiles and rockets, January 6, 19611
LTV's the name
All divisions* of Ling-Temco-Vought now share the corporate
name, making it clear that they are backed by the strength
and experience of the entire LTV complex. This versatile
group includes . . .
LTV ALTEC DIVISION • LTV ASTRONAUTICS DIVISION • LTV
CONTINENTAL ELECTRONICS DIVISION • LTV LING
ELECTRONICS DIVISION • LTV MICHIGAN DIVISION • LTV
MILITARY ELECTRONICS DIVISION • LTV RANGE SYSTEMS
DIVISION • LTV RESEARCH CENTER • LTV TEMCO
AEROSYSTEMS DIVISION • LTV UNIVERSITY DIVISION •
LTV VOUGHT AERONAUTICS DIVISION.
Since the combination of Ling-Temco Electronics, Inc., and
Chance Vought Corp. two years ago, LTV has become widely
accepted as a leader in space, electronics and defense. The
LTV name will identify the company's divisions as integral
parts of this front-running team. Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc.,
Dallas, Texas.
*Kentron Hawaii, Ltd., and the Friedrich companies retain
their identities as LTV subsidiaries.
LEAOERSHJP TMFIOUGI-I VERSAT/LITV
Circle No. 10 on Subscriber Service Card
MODEL 2404 ACCELEROMETER
WITHSTANDS 20 G VIBRATION
This new compact tri-axial accelerometer operates over an extremely wide
temperature range and doubles the usual accelerometer capability for
vibration environment. The integral unit design of the 2404 reduces the
normal problem of customer alignment of individual single axis accel-
erometers since good axis alignment is built-in. Possessing good linearity,
hysteresis and threshold characteristics, this accelerometer is lightweight
for a tri-axial unit and costs less than three individual single axis accel-
erometers. Its high reliability is performance proved in missile, rocket and
aircraft flight control systems. It is also available as a two axis unit.
For additional information, write for data file MR- 2441-1
MODEL 2404 TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS
±1 gto ±30 g's.
Output:
Low noise, wire wound potentiometer, or switch contacts.
Accuracy:
Within +1%%, including linearity, hysteresis and resolution
errors. Static Friction 0.1 g.
Damping:
0.35 to 0.85 of critical over temperature range.
Frequency Response:
. Flat within +5% to 0.4 of the natural frequency.
Cross Axis Sensitivity:. .
Will not exceed 0.02 g per g.
Environmental Capability:
-100°F. to +250° F.
Vibration, Sinusoidal:.
. 20 g's from 20 to 2000 cps.
Random Noise: .
. 0.09 g2 per cps from 20 to 2000 cps.
Shock:
100 g's for 11 ± 1 msec, in each sensitive axis.
Static Acceleration:
100 g's.
Life:
In excess of 1 million cycles.
Size:
2%" diameter X 3'/t" length.
Weight:
. 26 ounces.
(jenisco j§3^tems
18435 SUSANA ROAD • COMPTON, CALIFORNIA
division of
(jenisco
(jenisco
Jnstruments
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from low pass, high pass, band pass,
band reject and linear phase filters
to Gaussian filters for digital type
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Of particular importance to your
equipment design is Genisco Instru-
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maximum filtering performance. This
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Contact Genisco Instruments for an
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ernsco
Circle No. 11 on Subscriber Service Card
Circle No. 12 on Subscriber Service Card
The Countdown
WASHINGTON
Typhon Program Is Under Review
Navy's Typhon program has been undergoing close
scrutiny in the budget review, but a Pentagon source
says reports of cancellation are "somewhat premature."
Typhon, scheduled for testing aboard the USS Norton
Sound this year, has been encountering development
troubles. Primary contractors: Bendix and General
Dynamics/ Pomona.
Gemini Flight Slips to March
First flight of the Gemini spacecraft now has slipped
into March. The three-month slippage in the program
makes it certain that there will be no U.S. manned space
flight in 1964. This will mean even more problems for
the space agency's Fiscal 1965 budget as it travels the
hard road through an election-year Congress.
Mauler Is Beset With Delays
Army's Mauler tank-to-air missile has run afoul of
technical problems, primarily involving guidance, which
have raised the possibility of cancellation. Army Missile
Command has backed off for a thorough review. Prime
contractor: General Dynamics/Pomona.
NASA Position on MOL Explained In-House
An internal, official NASA position paper on the Air
Force Manned Orbiting Laboratory holds that it should
not be considered the National Space Station. The
paper declares that the MOL project was implemented
solely in response to military requirements. NASA ex-
periments will be conducted in MOL only on a non-
interference basis. Studies of the National Space Station
program will continue in both agencies, the paper
declares.
Johnson May Attend Cape Dedication
President Johnson is considering a trip to Florida
for the dedication of the John F. Kennedy Space Center.
Date for the trip tentatively is being set to coincide with
the launch of the SA-5 Saturn booster — still scheduled
for late this month.
Future of M-l Engine Still in Doubt
NASA still has not made a decision as to whether
to continue the M-l engine as a full-scale development
program or to cut it back to a simple component devel-
opment project. Transfer of the M-l from the Office
of Manned Space Flight to the Office of Advanced Re-
search and Technology probably is a harbinger of darker
days ahead for the large liquid hydrogen-powered engine.
MMRBM Expected to Continue in '65
Air Force's Mobile Medium Range Ballistic Missile
{MMRBM) appears to be on solid ground. Contractors
now are signing Phase II contracts, which usually would
indicate Fiscal 1965 budget commitments.
INDUSTRY
How to Abandon Ship in Space
North American Aviation is investigating crew escape
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
from space vehicles at super-orbital re-entry speeds of
24,000 mph, as well as the possibility of transfer from
a damaged space station to another station in a light-
weight rescue capsule. NAA's Columbus Division and
the Space and Information Systems Division are assigned
the NASA studies, totalling $127,000.
Astronauts Sell Out Interest at Cape
The seven Mercury astronauts have sold their interest
in the Cape Colony Inn motel in Cocoa Beach, Fla.
It's understood that they made a small profit on their
original investment of $7500 each. Shares were sold to
W. H. Rose, major stockholder.
Defective Sleeves Replaced on SA-5
Last of the defective pneumatic sleeves on Saturn
SA-5 was replaced last week at Cape Kennedy. Defects
caused more than a month's postponement of the shot.
Entire vehicle now is being tested prior to the late Jan-
uary launch.
Propulsion Experts Shifted at NASA
Two of NASA's top propulsion experts, A. O. Tishler
and William Cohen, will move from the Office of Manned
Space Flight to the chemical propulsion office in OART.
Tishler will direct the newly-created office, formerly
known as the office of propulsion and space power
generation. Cohen will direct the solid motor demon-
stration program.
AADS-70 Contracts Are Extended
Three contractor teams studying AADS-70, the pro-
posed Army air defense system for the 1970's, have been
granted 45-day contract extensions of more than $180,000
each. After completion of the studies in mid-January,
the field will be narrowed to two for a run-off in the
program definition phase. Competitors and principal as-
sociates include Raytheon (with IBM and Northrop),
Hughes Aircraft (with FMC and Douglas Aircraft),
and RCA (with Beech Aircraft).
First Apollo Fuel Cells Accepted
First three prototype fuel cells for the Apollo space-
craft have passed their NASA acceptance tests and have
been delivered by Pratt & Whitney to North American
Aviation. Criteria required that the cells operate over
a 500-to-2,000-watt power output range and produce
water that would meet U.S. government purity standards.
INTERNATIONAL
NASA Tracking Station in Spain Studied
A new tracking center may be built in Spain as part
of NASA's Deep Space Instrumentation Facility. Talks
have been held with Spanish space agency officials on
this, but no final decision has been reached.
British Polaris Sub is On Schedule
Britain's first Polaris submarine is on schedule, ac-
cording to an Admiralty spokesman. The sub is to be
launched early this year but no date has been announced.
9
How high is
your goal?
Ours are out of sight — in
the labyrinth of space.
But your opportunities
are a tangible reality,
here and now at North
American's Space and
Information Systems Di-
vision. Many senior engi-
neering and scientific
positions are available in
the following area:
COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
• To conduct research and
development programs in the
RFI field, with heavy experi-
ence in electronic systems in
the 100-10,000 MC range.
• Design of special instrumen-
tation antennas, and commu-
nications components and
their installation, including
installation stress analysis.
• Design and operation of re-
ceiving systems including the
phase-lock principle.
• Design and operation of air-
craft and/or spacecraft elec-
tronic systems with emphasis
in radar systems.
• Theoretical analysis and study
in the field of communica-
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SPACE AND INFORMATION
SYSTEMS DIVISION
The Missile/ Space Week
NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION Z*H^
Gen. Phillips To Aid Mueller
Air Force Brig. Gen. Samuel C.
Phillips has been named deputy di-
rector of the Apollo Program in
NASA's Office of Manned Space
Flight, effective Jan. 15.
Gen. Phillips, now vice com-
mander of the AF Ballistic Systems
Div., will work with Dr. George E.
Mueller, Associate Administrator for
Manned Space Flight, who is director
of the Apollo program. Gen. Phillips
will carry the major responsibility
for the management and administra-
tion of the U.S. manned lunar land-
ing program.
Dr. Mueller will continue to have
the major responsibility for technical
direction of Apollo, in addition to his
other duties as head of the Office of
Manned Space Flight.
Gen. Phillips has held his present
position since last Aug. 16. Before
that, he was director of the Minute-
man Systems Program, Headquarters
Ballistic Systems Div., Air Force
Systems Command, Los Angeles,
since August, 1959. He was chief of
logistics for the Strategic Air Com-
mand's Seventh Air Division based
in England from June, 1956, until
August, 1959.
NASA Extends GE Contract
NASA has extended the General
Electric Co.'s Project Apollo support
effort that provides plant and test
support services at the space agency's
Mississippi Test Facility.
The procurement is expected to
exceed $25 million.
Under the extension, GE will pro-
vide instrumentation and control sys-
tems for a dual S-IC (first stage of
Saturn V) test stand, and S-II (sec-
ond stage) test stand; additions to
the Data-Acquisition Control Center,
the Data-Handling Center, and Cen-
tral Control; technical systems for
the Electronic, Instrumentation and
Materials Laboratory, the Sonic
Measuring facilities and Components
Services Facilities.
Comsat Asks for Proposals
The Communications Satellite
Corp. has asked industry to outline
design proposals for a system of
Earth-circling satellites by Feb. 10.
Later in the year, there will be a
6-month design effort leading to se-
lection of the first basic system.
10
Industry will have a choice of
designing either a medium- or high-
altitude system. The first, similar in
concept to Telstar and Relay, would
require 12 to 18 satellites simulta-
neously orbiting at 6,000 to 12,000
mi. altitude in two paths passing over
the poles and covering most of the
Earth.
The high-altitude system possibly
would involve only three synchronous
satellites resembling Syncom. From
a 20,000-mi.-plus altitude, three such
satellites could cover the globe.
Comsat has set 1966 as launch
date and 1967 as operation date for
the medium-altitude system and 1968
as completion date for the high-alti-
tude system.
Final choice of systems will be
made by the permanent board of di-
rectors of Comsat — including three
to be named by the President — which
will be named after an estimated
$200-million stock issue in February
or March.
Shots of the Week
A highly successful launch by
NASA of the Weather Bureau's Tiros
8 satellite from Cape Kennedy Dec.
21 highlighted a relatively quiet pe-
riod at U. S. ranges during the holi-
day season. See p. 16.
As is customary, Missiles and Rockets
did not publish an issue the last week in
December. "Shots of the Week," therefore,
here includes all missile/ space launches an-
nounced since our last issue went to press.
• A Soviet-launched missile im-
pacted in its designated target area
Dec. 24 south of Hawaii and east of
Johnston Island in the Pacific Ocean.
The shot presumably was one in a
test series the Russians have said
oulqV extend through Jan. 25.
»fThe Air Force launched an-
other secret satellite Dec. 21 from
Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif.
The Air Force said only that an
improved Thor-Agena boosted the
satellite. This is the booster used in
Discoverer series launches. )
• The 25th Minuteman to be fired
by the Air Force from Vandenberg
made a routine training flight Dec.
20. The Strategic Air Command crew
that fired the ICBM was from Malm-
strom AFB, Mont.
• Cosmos 2U, the 16th satellite
launched by the Soviet Union in 1963,
was orbited Dec. 19. The unmanned
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
WATCH DEI
TTR-1
TRACK AND DEMODULATE
SATELLITE DATA
SIMULTANEOUSLY
vehicle carrying scientific instru-
ments was said to be functioning
normally by Tass, the Soviet news
agency. Cosmos 24 had a period of
90.5 minutes on its first orbit, an
apogee of 253 mi. and a perigee of
131 mi.
v •CExplorer 19, launched "flaw-
lessly" by NASA Dec. 19 from Pt.
Arguello, Calif., quit transmitting
radio signals shortly after launch,
but has been optically tracked and is
said to be in proper orbit. The 12-ft.-
dia. balloon was designed by Langley
Research Center to measure air den-
sity at altitudes from 375 to 1,875 mi .J
Last Titan M's Operational
The U.S. now has 554 ICBM's
ready to fire, according to a Defense
Department announcement last week
that the last of 54 Martin Titan II's
had been declared operational.
The nation's arsenal now includes
320 Minuteman missiles, 126 Atlases,
and 54 Titan I's, in addition to the
54 Titan II's. The most recent wing
of 18 Titan II's to go operational was
a wing at Little Rock AFB, Ark.
Other Titan II squadrons are located
at McConnell AFB, Wichita, Kan.;
and Davis-Monthan AFB, Tucson,
Ariz.
AMF To Build S-ll Carriers
American Machine & Foundry Co.
will build five highway transporters
for the S-II stage of the Saturn V
under terms of a $1,181,979 contract
awarded by North American Avia-
tion, Inc.'s Space & Information Sys-
tems Div. NAA is prime contractor
for the Apollo program.
Each transporter will be 100-ft.
long. One will have six axles and 48
tires. With the 82-ft.-long, 33-ft.-dia.
rocket stage aboard, the transporter
will weigh about 100 tons.
It will be used to wheel the S-II
onto a barge at Seal Beach, Calif.,
where the stage will be assembled,
and will remain with the stage aboard
the barge to Port Hueneme, Calif. It
will then carry the S-II to Santa
Susana, Calif., for static firing and
qualification tests.
The other four trailers will each
have three axles and 12 tires. They
will take the flight-readied S-II
stages from Seal Beach onto one of
the Military Sea Transportation
Service LSD vessels for shipment to
NASA's Mississippi Test Facility
for further static tests.
Barges will carry the S-II stages
on the last leg of the trip to the
launch site at Merritt Island, Fla.
1 a
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As a 3-channel tracking receiver in the 215-260 mc band, the TTR-1 has
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A space saver, the modular TTR-1 employs single-knob tuning with a tun-
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missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
Circle No. 2 on Subscriber Service Card
1 1
For Fiscal '65 . . .
NASA Seeking $5.4 Billion
Also okayed by LBJ is request for Fiscal '64 supplemental
funding of $140 million; big engine programs switched to OART
PRESIDENT JOHNSON has ap-
proved space agency requests for a sup-
plemental Fiscal 1964 appropriation of
about $140 million and a Fiscal '65 bud-
get request of approximately $5.4 bil-
lion.
While final details are still being
worked out, the funding requests will be
included in the President's budget mes-
sage tentatively scheduled for delivery
on Jan. 17.
The big surprise in next year's bud-
get is the transfer of the nation's ad-
vanced large solid and liquid propulsion
efforts to NASA's Office of Advanced
Research and Technology (OART).
This includes the switch of the large
260-in. solid motor demonstration pro-
gram from the Defense Dept., as well
as the move of the M-l engine from
the space agency's Office of Manned
Space Flight.
The projects will be under the direc-
tion of the newly created Office of
Chemical Propulsion in OART, which
will be headed by A. O. Tishler, former
director of liquid propulsion in the
Office of Manned Space Flight.
In revealing Presidential approval of
the supplemental request, a NASA offi-
cial said that the funds are needed pri-
marily for its manned space flight ac-
tivities.
Specifically, the supplemental will
be sold to Congress on the basis that
the money will be used to lift the job-
freeze imposed upon Project Apollo
contractors on Dec. 12, 1963.
To that end, approximately $110
million will be requested for the Saturn
V program and $31 million for Apollo
spacecraft development.
• Prospects — Just how the supple-
mental will fare with election year-
minded Congressmen and Senators is a
moot point. The strong backing of
Johnson, with an otherwise frugal and
economy-minded Administration atmos-
phere, may insure its eventual approval.
With the Fiscal '65 budget request
of $5.35 to $5.4 billion, NASA will still
be about $200 million below the $5.8
billion it said was needed in the
by Hal Taylor
remainder of the current fiscal year and
in the next fiscal period if the schedule
of landing a man on the Moon is to be
maintained.
Sources reported that slightly below
$3 billion of the FY '65 budget would
be earmarked for its manned space flight
activities. This would include about $1.1
billion for the Apollo spacecraft and
around $900 million for the Saturn V
and Saturn IB.
• Propulsion plan — Transfer of the
large solid motor demonstration pro-
gram to NASA will be only a small line
item in the space agency's budget, but
it does mark a major change in the U.S.
space program. NASA was forced to as-
sume funding of the 260-in. program
when DOD officials decided to with-
draw from the program.
The Pentagon, however, will con-
tinue with the 156-in. motor program,
which it feels may eventually have a
military space application.
FIRST STAGE of Gemini Titan launch
vehicle No. 1 goes up at Cape Kennedy.
NASA reportedly will spend about
$14 million to complete Phase I of the
program, which calls for the firing of
one half-size 260-in. solid motor by
the prime contractors, Aerojet-General
Corp. and Thiokol Chemical Corp.
The space agency will then be faced
with a major decision — whether to re-
quest funds in FY '66 and '67 for Phase
II, which calls for firing of full-size 260-
in. motors. A NASA official estimated
that it will cost $35 to $40 million to
complete the program.
Transfer of M-l engine from the
Office of Manned Space Flight to the
Office of Advanced Research and Tech-
nology reflects the belief of Dr. George
Mueller that the manned space flight
officials should not have to work on any
vehicles not directly applicable to Proj-
ect Apollo. Thus, the liquid hydrogen
M-l, which will be used in a post-Saturn
V booster, will be moved to the Office
of Chemical Propulsion, which also will
direct the large solid motor development
work.
The four-phase solid motor demon-
stration program was initiated in April,
1963, by the Defense Dept.
The plan included:
Phase 1 : Demonstration static-firing
of a 260-in. solid rocket, half-length,
of approximately 3 million lbs. of thrust.
One such motor is to be fired by Aero-
jet-General Corp. and another by Thio-
kol Chemical Corp. This will be funded
by NASA.
Phase 2: Demonstration static-firing
of a 156-in.-dia., 3-million-lb. -thrust
solid with movable nozzle. This motor
will be built and fired by Thiokol. This
and other 156-in. motor work will be
continued under DOD management.
Phase 3: Static firing of a 156-in. -
dia., l-million-lb.-thrust, single-segment
solid rocket using movable nozzles for
thrust vector control. This will be han-
dled by Thiokol.
Phase 4: Static firings of 156-in. -
dia., l-million-lb.-thrust, single-segment
solid rockets using jet tabs for thrust
vector control. This assignment goes to
Lockheed Propulsion Co. ■
12
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
Flight system still planned . . .
RIFT Knocked Out of Rover Program
NASA and the Atomic Energy Com-
mission have announced cancellation of
the RIFT (Reactor In Flight Test) pro-
gram and other revisions in the Rover
nuclear rocket program.
The changes are designed to save
some $180 million in Fiscal 1964 and
'65.
A breakdown of the figure includes
savings of $54 million by the AEC in
the next fiscal year, and funding reduc-
tions by NASA of $24 million in Fiscal
'64, $88 million in Fiscal '65, and $15
million from previous authorized budg-
ets.
Besides killing the RIFT project,
new plans also call for completion of
Kiwi reactor tests in 1964, further work
on the Phoebus reactor system and a
redirection of the NERVA engine pro-
gram.
Cancellation of the RIFT program
came as no surprise. It originally was
scheduled for a 1965-66 launch, but the
most recent estimate of the earliest date
for its first flight was 1970. NASA's
present budget problems and the re-
sulting austerity moves, as well as the
unlikelihood of any real need for a nu-
clear rocket until the 1975-85 period,
also helped to seal its doom.
The joint announcement declared,
however, that the Rover projects will
be directed toward ultimate use in a
flight system as soon as technology from
the Kiwi and NERVA projects has been
satisfactorily established.
The two agencies also claimed that
by reorienting the program, effective use
could still be made of the $450 million
invested to date in Rover.
• New plan — The revised program
will concentrate on ground reactor and
experimental engine research, develop-
ment and tests with particular emphasis
on analyzing and understanding power
levels, temperatures, operating life and
the problems of frequent and reliable
restarts.
Research and engineering develop-
ment will continue in such areas as ad-
vanced reactors to operate at a variety
of power levels and associated non-
reactor components, such as pumps,
nozzles and control systems. This work
will be carried out both in-house at
such laboratories as the AEC's Argonne
National Laboratory and NASA's Lewis
Research Center and by industrial and
university contractors.
The Los Alamos Scientific Labo-
ratory of the AEC will continue Kiwi
reactor tests through calendar year 1964.
The laboratory, at the same time, will
begin an increased effort in higher-
powered Phoebus graphite reactors.
The 1,000-megawatt NERVA en-
gine project, under contract to Aerojet-
General Corp. and Westinghouse Elec-
tric Co., will be aimed at an experi-
mental ground or non-flight engine sys-
tem.
The major effort in the NERVA en-
gine will be on reactor engineering and
on other essential subsystems necessary
to create an operating experimental nu-
clear propulsion engine. Those elements
essential to the ground test program will
be included. This revised project will re-
quire a lower level of funding, but con-
templates undertaking an eventual flight
system development.
The RIFT project, under contract
with Lockheed, was directed by NASA's
Marshall Space Flight Center. The joint
announcement said that almost all of the
$14 million of research and engineering
effort already undertaken is applicable
to chemical rocket systems under devel-
opment.
Since no flight hardware fabrication
has been started, the announcement said,
this project can be terminated now with-
out having incurred the large costs as-
sociated with flight system develop-
ment. ■
Boeing Gets $60-million Lunar Orbiter Award
THE BOEING CO. will build
the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft for
NASA under a new incentive-type
contract expected to exceed $60 mil-
lion.
Boeing was one of five firms bid-
ding. The others were Hughes Air-
craft Co., Lockheed Missile and
Space Div., the Martin Co. and
Space Technology Laboratories.
The Boeing plan calls for the
spacecraft to be three-axis-stabilized,
use an Eastman Kodak-developed
camera system and RCA power and
communication subsystems.
The program provides for five
spacecraft to be launched by NASA
to take close-range photographs of
the Moon's surface. The first flights
are planned to begin in 1966. The
spacecraft also will carry scientific
sensors to measure such conditions
as radiation and micrometeoroid
density.
The Lunar Orbiter will comple-
ment the Ranger hard-landing space-
craft and the soft-landing Surveyor.
As well as providing important sci-
entific data about the Moon, these
three projects are needed to pave the
way for the Apollo manned lunar
landing missions.
Both broad and narrow areas of
the lunar surface will be photo-
graphed by the Lunar Orbiter cam-
era system. These pictures will be
useful in selecting the landing sites
for future missions, both manned
and unmanned. Photographs taken
by the Orbiter will be transmitted by
telemetry to ground receiving sta-
tions of NASA's Deep Space Net-
work (DSN), operated by the let
Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena.
Calif.
In addition to the on-board ex-
periments, tracking data from the
spacecraft over a period of time will
provide information on the gravita-
tional field of the Moon and its mass
distribution — important in the design
of lunar navigation systems. Such
information is of high interest to the
world scientific community as it will
provide clues to the Moon's origin.
Launch of the Lunar Orbiter will
be from Cape Kennedy aboard the
Atlas- Agena vehicle which is capable
of placing slightly more than 800 lbs.
into lunar orbit.
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
13
At AAAS annual meeting . . .
Plan Advanced for Landing Probe
On Mars in 1969 As Urgent U.S. Goal
Professor proposes use of Saturn IB to boost payload of several
hundred pounds; Abelson indicates opposition; highlights of some
other papers presented at convention generally considered subpar
Cleveland — A U.S. biologist has
called for the United States to land a
large probe on the planet Mars in 1969.
Dr. Allan Brown, professor of biol-
ogy at the University of Pennsylvania,
told the annual meeting of the Ameri-
can Association for the Advancement
of Science that a significant scientific
probe of the planet could be achieved
at the cost of $2.47 per person in the
U.S. for six years — or a total of about
$2.9 billion.
Brown suggested that such a mis-
sion would lend itself to international
cooperation with much greater scien-
tific advantages and "should be more
easily achieved than in any other area
of space research or exploration in
which both U.S. and Soviet programs
are involved." He added that steps
should be taken now to make this a
national goal because "there is urgency
in becoming prepared to launch a space
probe to Mars during the 1969 period,
since the surface could be sampled dur-
ing spring and summer when there
would be the best chance of detecting
plantlife organisms."
Brown made the suggestion that the
Saturn IB booster be adapted to carry
several hundred pounds of instruments.
He said the chances of finding phys-
iological evidence — such as specific cata-
lysts, autotrophy, catabolic CO2 produc-
tion and growth — are greater than the
prospects for morphological evidence.
Brown termed critical the lack of
knowledge about the absolute pressure
of the atmosphere of Mars, needed so
that a lander can be designed.
His comments followed the Wash-
ington release of a report by Dr. Gerard
Kuiper of the University of Arizona that
the atmosphere may be so thin that
wings or parachutes could not be used
for landing.
If this is true, retrorockets would
have to be used to gently lower any ve-
hicle to the surface. Scientists at the
AAAS meeting said that they held Dr.
Kuiper's opinion with value, but that
more work will have to be done before I
real conclusions can be drawn. The I
Mars flyby set for launch in late 1964 I
will not carry instruments which would I
give this information on exact atmos- I
pheric pressure.
• Opposition — The call for empha- 1
sizing exobiology has been voiced by I
other members of the scientific commu- I
nity, including the Space Science Board I
of the National Academy of Sciences- I
National Research Council.
However, Dr. Philip H. Abelson, ]
the outspoken editor of Science maga- 1
zine, the AAAS official publication, in-
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
FOfifBODY
EXPLODED VIEW of Biosatellite spacecraft now scheduled for launch in December,
1965, and then at three-month intervals. NASA and General Electric engineers gave
fresh details on the spacecraft at the AAAS annual meeting in Cleveland last week.
(See also photograph on the next page.)
14
EEG Breakthrough
A CONSIDERABLE advance
in the bioinstrumentation field was
described to M/R by Dr. Ross
Adey, scientist at the University
of California at Los Angeles.
Adey said that a non-implanted
electrical encephalogram (EEG)
to be worn in astronauts' helmets
to measure brain waves is nearing
completion in UCLA laboratories.
The device will have six elec-
trodes to monitor brain signals,
and does not require fixing di-
rectly to the skin.
He also disclosed that tests
will be made with several hundred
subjects — including astronauts and
pilots — to gather baseline data for
computerization.
A DIAGRAM of the radiation experiment to go aboard NASA's Biosatellite spacecraft
beginning in December, 1965. The package will employ a number of tissue, cell, plant
Heather M. David an^ orgamsm experiments orbited at about 150 to 200 miles altitude along with a source
of radiation of less than one curie, perhaps cobalt 60 or cesium. Other craft will be
adapted for pure weightlessness experiments.
dicated he would be opposed to stepping
up another aspect of the space program.
He said he would withhold comment
until he saw how much support the
Mars proposal has.
Abelson, considered a co-discoverer
of plutonium, has held the position that
there are other scientific, Earthbound
endeavors better suited to the outpour-
ing of national revenue.
• Other papers — In other sessions
of what has otherwise been termed "one
of the poorest programs in the past few
years" :
— Dr. Calvin Ward of the School of
Aerospace Medicine of the Air Force
Medical Div. at Brooks AFB, Tex., said
that the presence of bacteria in algae
systems may considerably help the
growth rate of the photosynthetic plant,
perhaps as much as 25%. He said that
his laboratory has found that these bac-
teria usually comprise about 2% of the
culture, and some of the strains cannot
be identified.
— Dr. Dale W. Jenkins, chief of Ex-
|perimental Biology for NASA's Space
Sciences Div., disclosed that bedrest
jtests conducted in Houston hospitals to
determine calcium loss from disuse of
imuscles showed that after three days as
imuch as 25% of bone calcium was af-
fected. Measurements were made with
specially developed instruments which
measure bone density with ±2% ac-
curacy.
— The advantages of corn as a photo-
synthetic gas exchanger for long-term
space travel were described by Dr. Dale
N. Muss, crop physiologist for the
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment
Station. He said that its efficiency was
about the same as algae and, although
it would require a larger volume, the
problem of moving the nutrient and
gases through the plant mass is already
solved by the nature of the plant. This
might save power, he said.
— Dr. Leonard Bungers of the Mar-
tin Co. again described the chemosyn-
thetic oxygen system which employs
hydrogen-reducing bacteria to convert
carbon dioxide to water and thus with
electrolysis to oxygen (M/R, Sept. 16,
1963, p. 27). He disclosed that he has
since found that the lower the oxygen
concentration fed to the cell material,
the more fat-like occlusions appear, and
new forms appear as the cell divides.
— Dr. Gordon G. Goles of the Uni-
versity of California at San Diego and
Dr. Roman A. Schmitt of General Dy-
namics discussed the use of instrumental
neutron activation analysis (INAA) to
examine meteorites. This technique 1)
exposes samples and artificial standards
of known composition to a flux of neu-
trons in a nuclear reactor, 2) observes
the intensities and characteristic energies
of the gamma rays given off by radio-
active isotopes produced during the
neutron bombardment, 3 ) calculates the
abundances of selected elements by com-
paring gamma ray spectra of samples
and standards. They said that this tech-
nique has disclosed regularities and cor-
relations which were previously un-
suspected, including the constancy of
manganese in some chondrules. ■
Urey Sees Likelihood of Usable Water on the Moon
DR. HAROLD C. UREY, Nobel
prize winner now at the University
of California at La Jolla, told re-
porters at the AAAS meeting that
it is highly probable that water in
usable form exists below the surface
of the Moon and that recent day-
time red-glow observations on the
Moon may bear out this theory.
He said that he feels sure that
these observations are valid and that
they would indicate the presence of
water or possibly a peculiar carbon
gas which contains two carbon atoms.
He discounted the possibility that the
glows might indicate a "hot" Moon
because the light does not appear
when the Moon is dark and thus is
not self-illuminating.
Urey also decried the cancella-
tion of five Ranger spacecraft (M/R,
Dec. 23, 1963) because of the pure
scientific value the instrumentation
of these craft would have had. He
pointed out that it was a trend
that if anything went wrong in the
manned program, the science pro-
grams are first to be sacrificed.
However, Urey took a less hard
view of the manned program than
other conservative members of the
AAAS. He said that only a man can
make the observations of the Moon
needed for geology and biology. "The
physicists are the ones who want in-
struments only," he said, "since they
make almost all their measurements
by instruments."
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
15
Orbit ' highly successful' .
Tiros 8's APT System Already
Aids Cape Kennedy Weather Prediction
by Chris Butler
Cape Kennedy — The Air Force has
found a practical application to missile
launches and manned spaceflights for
the APT (Automatic Picture Transmis-
sion) system carried on Tiros 8.
The satellite was launched by a
three-stage Douglas Delta vehicle at
4:30 a.m. Dec. 21 and entered a highly
successful orbit ranging between 436
and 468 mi. All systems were exercised
within a few hours of launch and both
APT and the regular Tiros systems re-
turned excellent photos of cloud cover.
Lt. Col. Peter Romo, staff meteorol-
ogist of the Air Force Missile Test Cen-
ter, said his office has started using the
photos to make weather predictions for
missile launches from Cape Kennedy.
Heart of this local operation is an
APT picture ground-receiving station
housed in a trailer van to provide mo-
bility. It is operated by Detachment 1 1 ,
4th Weather Group.
Romo, who also commands the de-
tachment, said the unit can easily be
transported to remote regions of the
Earth to acquire photos of cloud cover
in recovery areas for manned space
flights. He added that lack of reporting
stations in some areas of the world
would create gaps in knowledge re-
quired by planners of Dept. of Defense
support for manned orbital flight.
• Ground station deployment — The
ground station at Patrick AFB, Fla., is
only one of many located around the
world to receive the stream of cloud-
cover photos transmitted when the APT
system is programmed to operate. A
large portion of these stations are owned
and operated by DOD forces in the
United States and abroad. Others are
operated by NASA and some foreign
governments.
Tiros 8 was scheduled to perform a
dual mission by extending the normal
Tiros program and by exercising the
APT system designed by RCA for the
second-generation, polar-orbiting Nim-
bus meteorological satellite. The APT
system had been ground-tested for pic-
ture quality, transmission and reception,
frequency shifts and the Doppler effect.
The APT system replaced one of the
two TV cameras normally carried on
Tiros satellites to record and relay cloud-
cover pictures back to Earth for use by
weather forecasters. Tiros cameras have
returned nearly 300,000 pictures since
the first Tiros was launched April 1,
1960, and more than 80% of these have
been useable.
These photos are made with a 500-
line, half-inch vidicon tube and a wide-
angle lens. Up to 32 pictures are stored
on tape and transmitted in a three-
minute period on ground command. Re-
ceipt and reproduction of these Tiros
photos has required elaborate and ex-
pensive equipment.
• Low-budget — The APT system
brings such weather forecast pictures
within the reach of many smaller na-
tions because it demands only simple
and relatively inexpensive equipment.
Total cost of such equipment runs to
about $30,000.
The 24-lb. airborne APT subsystem
consists of a sensory housing, which con-
tains the vidicon-camera and associated
electronics, a video detector with timing
and switching circuitry, power convert-
ers and an FM transmitter.
The APT vidicon-camera system has
a wide-angle lens and a 1-in. vidicon
tube with an 800-line scan to record the
photos. These are transmitted directly
by slow scan before the tube face is
"wiped" and another picture is recorded
for transmission.
Eight seconds is required to prepare,
expose and develop the picture. Trans-
mission takes another 200 seconds, per-
mitting ground stations within range to
receive up to three pictures during each
Tiros-APT pass.
A 5-watt transmitter broadcasts
the signal on the 136-mc. telemetry
band; it can be received on a 13-db
helix antenna. The 0.25-sec. scanning
time per line is compatible with stand-
ard 240-rpm facsimile equipment.
Abe Schnapf, Tiros program man-
ager for RCA, said signals from the
APT system can be stored on any tape
recorder and fed back later into the
facsimile equipment, insuring users
against loss of picture if the facsimile
equipment should experience mechani-
cal or electronic difficulties during satel-
lite transmission.
• APT plans — Initial plans by God-
dard called for the APT system to be
operated on a restricted basis for the
first two days. Pictures were scheduled
to be taken only on the fourth and fifth
orbits as the satellite crossed the eastern
part of the United States on a north-
west-to-southeast path.
The program for the APT system
was to be set each day by a ground sta-
tion in Alaska. Reception was scheduled
at stations located at Goddard Space
Flight Center, Md.; RCA Astro-Elec-
tronic Products Div., Princeton, N. J.;
Wallops Island Station, Va.; U.S.
Weather Bureau, Suitland, Md.; U.S.
Army Electronics R&D Laboratories,
Ft. Monmouth, N.I.; Fairchild-Stratos
Corp., Bayshore, L. I.; and the Air
Force Cambridge Research Laboratory.
Cambridge, Mass.
Robert Rados, Tiros program man-
ager for Goddard, said success in the
first two days of testing probably would
result in activating the APT system
operation for stations in many parts of
the world. The record-and-transmit pro-
gram would be set in the satellite from
ground stations at the Pacific Missile
Range, Wallops Island, Va., and Alaska.
Receiving stations are operated by
the Weather Bureau in many parts of
the United States. U.S. military services
have similar stations in many parts of
the world and international stations are
located at Melbourne, Australia; Mal-
vern, England; Toronto, Canada; with
the International Indian Ocean Expedi-
tion; and in France.
Next flight of the APT system will
come in the first quarter of 1964, when
the first Nimbus is launched at the Pa-
cific Missile Range. The initial Nimbus
will use conventional solar-cell panels
for power, but the third in the five-shot
series will fly with an isotopic power
supply system.
Goddard spokesmen said at a pre-
flight briefing that work is under way to
extend the 800-hour life of the APT
camera to 2,500 hours in order to pro-
vide a better return on the investment
when the system becomes operational
on Nimbus.
The next Tiros satellite launched
will be of the "wheel" configuration. It
is scheduled to carry two standard Tiros
TV camera systems to extend the pro-
gram of photographing cloud cover
from space and to provide a complete
test of the "wheel" concept for the
weather satellite. ■
16
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
ENGINEERS • SCIENTISTS
Stands a Whole New RangeTechnology
When PAN AM's Guided Missiles Range Division assumed
range engineering, operation, and planning for the Air Force
at Cape Canaveral in 1953, it was an achievement to monitor
the flight of a 500-mile aerodynamic missile. Today tracking
radars can cover cislunar distances.
How was this revolution in range technology effected?
To test the growing capabilities of new aerospace vehicles,
GMRD engineers and scientists originated new concepts in
high performance instrumentation, incorporating major steps
forward in radar, CW techniques, IR/optics, data processing,
data support, communications, timing, frequency control and
other areas. A major portion of the range instrumentation
systems performance specifications for new equipment and
systems was developed by the GMRD staff.
THIS "REVOLUTION" IN RANGE TECHNOLOGY NEVER ENDS -
it's a continuous process, pacing the progress of the nation's
space and missile programs.
Right now plans are being readied to meet range test require-
ments of TITAN III missiles, the Gemini program, Advanced
Saturn Boosters, Apollo Vehicles — and the Advanced Plan-
ning Group is projecting range instrumentation needs up to
15 years ahead.
The GMRD effort draws on nearly every engineering and
scientific discipline in the book — from celestial mechanics to
microwave, from operations analysis to undersea sound —
with a major emphasis on systems engineering.
OPPORTUNITIES OPEN NOW FOR:
Systems Engineers — EE's, Physicists capable of assuming
complete project responsibility for new range systems.
Instrumentation Planning Engineers — EE's, Physicists to be
responsibile for specific global range instrumentation concepts.
Advance Planning Engineers — EE's, Physicists to evaluate
and project the state-of-the-art in all applications of range
instrumentation.
Experience in one or more of these areas: Pulse radar, CW
techniques, telemetry, infrared, data processing, communica-
tions, closed circuit TV, frequency analysis, command control,
underwater sound, timing, shipboard instrumentation.
Why not write us today, describing your interests and qualifi-
cations in any of the above areas.
Address Manager, Range Development, Dept. 56A-1
GUIDED MISSILES
^ RANGE DIVISION
PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS, INC.
P. 0. BOX 4465, PATRICK AIR FORCE BASE, FLORIDA
AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER
Circle No. 13 on Subscriber Service Card
Here, at Lockheed Missiles & Space
Company's Space Communications Lab-
oratory, scientists are re-investigating the
possibility of using the moon to facilitate
earth communications. Possibilities for
the use of the moon as a relay station for
earth-to-earth communications have been
largely neglected because the moon's
shape and rugged surface greatly dis-
torted a return signal. But Lockheed
research into the extension of communi-
cations on difficult communication
channels, using techniques applicable to
dispersive time variant channels, is mak-
ing significant inroads into this problem.
Another area receiving intense study at
Lockheed is satellite tracking of deep
space probes. Since tracking accuracy
depends greatly on stations being as far
from each other as possible, while retain-
ing line-of-sight communications, Lock-
heed is studying the use of two earth-
orbiting satellite tracking stations, 8000
miles apart. Not only would great accuracy
be gained by the separation, but it would be
further enhanced bythe positioning of the
stations above the earth's atmosphere,
thus eliminating atmospheric distortion.
Examples of other research projects
being pursued by Lockheed in the com-
munications area include: Random mul-
tiplexing, satellite readout techniques,
scatter communications, radar mapping,
submarine tracking, modulation of optical
energy, communications over multipath
channels, and learning systems.
LOOK AT LOCKHEED. ..AS A CAR,
Consider Lockheed's leadership in sp.l
technology. Evaluate its accomplishmd
—such as the Polaris missile and
Agena vehicle's superb record of sp!
missions. Examine its outstanding ad\j
tages— location, advancement polic i
creative climate, opportunity for indivict
recognition.
Then write for a brochure that gi
you a more complete Look at Lockhe
Address: Research & Development St
Dept. M-107, P.O. Box 504, SunnyvJ
California. Lockheed is an equal opp
tunity employer.
SCIENTISTS & ENGINEERS: In addh
to positions in the research and devel
ment of communications and opti
other important openings include: Inei
guidance . Orbit thermodynamic
Electromagnetics . Mission & trajecl
analysis . Gas dynamics . Chemical i
nuclear propulsion . Systems engineer
LQCKHEEk
MISSILES & SPACE COM PA I
A GROUP [DIVISION OF LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORPORA
Sunnyvale, Palo Alto, Van Nuys, Santa C
Santa Maria, California • Cape Canavt
Florida • Huntsville, Alabama • Hawa
LOOK AT LOCKHEED IN SPACE COMMUNICATION*
Where outstanding successes have created aerospace leadership
Technical Countdown
ELECTRONICS
Natural Lasering in Space?
Use of a laser-like amplification medium that may
exist in interstellar space could provide a new avenue of
approach to determining the existence of intelligent signals
transmitted from other planets. The amplifying source,
French Project Own Warning Net
France is now planning to build a ballistic missile warn-
ing system of its own to be linked to the U.S. BMEWS
network. French officials are confident that the system
could be built within three years, using the existing Aqui-
taine radar as its basis. It would be coupled with the
Mirage bomb or the French IRBM's (SSBS) and provide
a reaction time of five minutes.
BUSINESS REPLY MAIL
NO POSTAGE STAMP NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE U. S.
3 Years $10
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ILSION
St Fired
started, run silently, stopped,
30 feet under San Francisco
POSTAGE will BE PAID BY ojet-General's Liquid Rocket
Dressure-fed Corporal rocket
ids, shut down and operated
iods in the test. The program,
. ultimately aimed at massive
miSSlleS and rOCketS ""(^g 0P^" sea. The initial investigations
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
1001 VERMONT AVENUE, NORTHWEST ^^^^B^^^^ lant Pellets
WASHINGTON, D. O, 20005 fifttea^j s may be possible in solid
at United Technology Center
ers is not new to the solid
s been in progress at various
The UTC program is being
Bpace Flight Center. Oxidizer
Inside a rocket casing and a
er them. Several motors using
(fired by UTC.
PLEASE INDICATE YOUR Rates shown above are for U. S., Possessions, Canada and Postal Union Nations. ^ ^® ExCelcO
PRINCIPAL FIELD OF WORK Other countries: [!3yearsS35 H2yearsJ25 11 1 year $15. Air Freight to Europe: D3years$40 IC, will fabricate the 156-in.
□ 2yearst30 U 1 year $20 □ Send bill later n Check enclosed □ Purchase order attached ;kheed Propulsion Co. tO be
industry government feasibility study at Redlands,
□ Missile frame u Army NAME for 1 -million-lbs. thrust and
□ Power plants □ Navy TITLE r controlling thrust direction.
□ support systems u Air Force otals approximately $767,000.
□ Components 0 NASA STREET HOME?
□ Consultants, R&D □ AEC BUSINESS?
□ Missile base □ Other U.S. ICDICINC
range operations Govt. CITY ZONE STATE
□ Propellants □ Foreign COMPANY CeSSful
□ Metals, Materials □ Other
division pace Co. has completed an
Subscription Cannot be Processed c „ , . „ - „ .... ... in which a chimpanzee was
r Subscriptions are limited to those m the missile space industries or in related areas Please fill out this r
if This Information is Not Given card completely Additional postaee is required n mailed outside the u. s a Tiplex vacuum chamber. The
1-1 was equipped with a Garrett
Scientists at the University of Michigan's Electron Corp. environmental control system, and monitoring equip-
Physics Lab have perfected a device capable of solving ment was furnished by Holloman Aeromedical Research
Poisson equations. The analog-computer-type instrument Laboratory. The chimp lost less than a pound during the
was originally designed to find the paths electron streams confinement and had "remarkably stable" heart rate, respi-
would take in new electron tubes to improve their per- ration and body temperature,
formance. The unit can solve similar equations in other . _ ,
fields such as ion rocket engine design, re-entry conditions Prisoners Volunteer to Test 5pace Food
and air foil flow. The cell consists of a board-like tracing Inmates of a California state prison are testing a new
table on which the tube's electric field is represented, a liquid chemical diet for NASA's Office of Space Sciences,
myriad of wires leading from it to panels for adjusting the The volunteers are given the synthetic mixture four times
field and a path-tracer connected to an analog computer. a day, and will continue the diet for six months. Preliminary
Prof. Joseph E. Rowe, director of the lab, says the instru- results show that the diet is successful as a means of weight
ment has an acceptable accuracy of 2 to 3%. control.
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
21
Here, at Lockheed Missiles &
Company's Space Communicatil
oratory, scientists are re-investig
possibility of using the moon to
earth communications. Possibi
the use of the moon as a relay si
earth-to-earth communications h
largely neglected because the
shape and rugged surface gre.
torted a return signal. But Lc
research into the extension of c<
cations on difficult commun
channels, using techniques appli
dispersive time variant channels,
ing significant inroads into this p
Another area receiving intense
Lockheed is satellite tracking i
space probes. Since tracking a<
Space depends greatly on statio_n_s_b_ei]ii;
LOOK AT LOCKHEED. ..AS A CAR,
Consider Lockheed's leadership in sp
technology. Evaluate its accomplishmi
—such as the Polaris missile and
Agena vehicle's superb record of sp
missions. Examine its outstanding ad\
tages— location, advancement polic
creative climate, opportunity for indivic
recognition.
Then write for a brochure that gi
you a more complete Look at Lockhe
Address: Research & Development St
missiles and rocket;
3 Years $10
2 Years $8.00
1 Year $5.00
PLEASE INDICATE YOUR
PRINCIPAL FIELD OF WORK
Rates shown above are for U. S., Possessions, Canada and Postal Union Nations.
INDUSTRY
□ Missile frame
: Power plants
U Support systems
. Components
□ Consultants, R&D
: Missile base
range operations
Propellants
□ Metals, Materials
GOVERNMENT
I I Army
1 I Navy
□ Air Force
NASA
□ AEC
□ Other U.S.
Govt.
□ Foreign
□ Other
Other countries
□ 2 years S30
NAME
TITLE
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COMPANY
DIVISION
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□ 1 year J20 O Send bill later □ Check enclosed □ Purchase order attached.
□ HOME?
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isile/space industries or In related £
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missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
1001 VERMONT AVENUE, NORTHWEST
WASHINGTON, D. O, 20005
Technical Countdown
ELECTRONICS
Natural Lasering in Space?
Use of a laser-like amplification medium that may
exist in interstellar space could provide a new avenue of
approach to determining the existence of intelligent signals
transmitted from other planets. The amplifying source,
suggested Dr. Fred Johnson speaking recently before the
American Physical Society at Cal. Tech., conceivably could
be the gas or "nebula" surrounding an extremely hot star.
Such nebulae, he claimed, exhibit amplification including
fluorescence, population inversion and the necessary atomic
properties. The stellar radiation itself could serve as the
pumping source. A first step, he proposed, might be to scan
nebulae telescopically at 4,686 A (ionized helium) in
search of modulated signals.
TRUMP To Use Single-Plane Control
A single-plane attitude control system will be developed
for the Air Force's Target Radiation Measurement Program
(TRUMP) by Whittaker Controls and Guidance Div. of
Telecomputing Corp. TRUMP will employ a spin-stabilized
Nike-Javelin research rocket. Attitude will be controlled
pneumatically by a cold-gas attitude control system elec-
tronically actuated by a miniaturized attitude reference
system. The control, electronic and battery pack will be
integrated.
Microelectronic Device Delivered for Testing
A microelectronic version of a missile decoder output
module will be used in test programs to prove feasibility
of replacing conventional circuits in existing equipment.
Developed by General Electric's Light Military Electronics
Dept., the decoder was delivered to the Applied Physics
Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University. The unit contains
about 95 modules of 34 different types with each module
consisting of one to four hybrid thin-film circuits mounted
on glass substrates. The digital-to-analog circuits contain
thin-film resistors of 0.5% values with temperature coef-
ficients of less than ±50 ppm/ degree C. Thin-film capacitors
up to 10,000 pF were used with working voltages of 25 v.
Active semiconductor devices are attached through thermo-
compression bonding. GE spokesmen say the system either
maintains or improves upon original values with only Vz
the size. The contract called for three units built in a manu-
facturing facility.
Poisson Equation Solver Perfected
Scientists at the University of Michigan's Electron
Physics Lab have perfected a device capable of solving
Poisson equations. The analog-computer-type instrument
was originally designed to find the paths electron streams
would take in new electron tubes to improve their per-
formance. The unit can solve similar equations in other
fields such as ion rocket engine design, re-entry conditions
and air foil flow. The cell consists of a board-like tracing
table on which the tube's electric field is represented, a
myriad of wires leading from it to panels for adjusting the
field and a path-tracer connected to an analog computer.
Prof. Joseph E. Rowe, director of the lab, says the instru-
ment has an acceptable accuracy of 2 to 3%.
French Project Own Warning Net
France is now planning to build a ballistic missile warn-
ing system of its own to be linked to the U.S. BMEWS
network. French officials are confident that the system
could be built within three years, using the existing Aqui-
taine radar as its basis. It would be coupled with the
Mirage bomb or the French IRBM's (SSBS) and provide
a reaction time of five minutes.
PROPULSION
Submerged Liquid Rocket Fired
A liquid-fueled rocket was started, run silently, stopped,
restarted and run twice again 30 feet under San Francisco
Bay by personnel from Aerojet-General's Liquid Rocket
Plant. A 17,000-lb. -thrust, pressure-fed Corporal rocket
engine was run for 6.2 seconds, shut down and operated
again for 8- and 1 -second periods in the test. The program,
under Robert C. Truax, is ultimately aimed at massive
booster launchings from the sea. The initial investigations
are being funded by NASA.
UTC Investigates Propellant Pellets
Higher energy ingredients may be possible in solid
rockets if a pellet approach at United Technology Center
works out. Pelletizing oxidizers is not new to the solid
propulsion field and work has been in progress at various
laboratories for some years. The UTC program is being
funded by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. Oxidizer
pellets are placed in layers inside a rocket casing and a
slurry fuel is then poured over them. Several motors using
the pellet concept have been fired by UTC.
Lockheed's 156-in. Cases to Excelco
Excelco Developments, Inc., will fabricate the 156-in.
motor case segments for Lockheed Propulsion Co. to be
used in the large solid rocket feasibility study at Redlands,
Calif. The motor is designed for 1 -million-lbs. thrust and
will test a jet tab system for controlling thrust direction.
The Lockheed case contract totals approximately $767,000.
SPACE MEDICINE
Chimp Confinement Successful
Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. has completed an
8-day space simulation test in which a chimpanzee was
confined in a USAF test complex vacuum chamber. The
capsule, built by Lockheed, was equipped with a Garrett
Corp. environmental control system, and monitoring equip-
ment was furnished by Holloman Aeromedical Research
Laboratory. The chimp lost less than a pound during the
confinement and had "remarkably stable" heart rate, respi-
ration and body temperature.
Prisoners Volunteer to Test Space Food
Inmates of a California state prison are testing a new
liquid chemical diet for NASA's Office of Space Sciences.
The volunteers are given the synthetic mixture four times
a day, and will continue the diet for six months. Preliminary
results show that the diet is successful as a means of weight
control.
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
21
space systems
Off-the-Shelf Injun IV
Set to Go in Early '64
Scout-borne satellite to study solar particle effect on Earth's
atmosphere; also to furnish re-entry, orbit calculation data
by William Beller
TESTING dynamic prototype of satellite.
ACTING LIKE a three-dimensional
compass needle, the Injun IV satellite is
to be launched early this year to discover
how solar particles affect the Earth's
atmosphere.
To be lofted into a near polar orbit
by a Scout vehicle from the Pacific Mis-
sile Range, the spacecraft is expected to
reach an apogee of 2,500 km and a
perigee of 500 km.
Beyond its purely scientific value,
the Injun IV experiments may provide
data useful for calculating satellite orbits
and making re-entry studies of hyper-
sonic vehicles, Dr. J. A. Van Allen,
principal investigator on Injun IV and
professor of physics at the State Uni-
versity of Iowa, said in an exclusive
interview with Missiles and Rockets.
A second objective is to follow the
long-time decay of the intensity of the
electrons injected by the Starfish high-
altitude nuclear explosion over Johnston
Island in the South Pacific, July 9, 1962.
A third is to study the arrival of
cosmic rays during the International
Years of the Quiet Sun, from Jan. 1,
1964 to Dec. 31, 1965.
In the overall picture, an attempt is
being made to find out why the Earth's
atmosphere behaves as it does. The en-
tire atmosphere subsided over the past
few years, for instance, possibly in part
caused by lessened solar corpuscular ra-
diations, Van Allen believes.
• Assembly-line satellites — One sign
of the way satellite technology is set-
tling down is the use for Injun IV experi-
ments of a standard satellite structure,
developed by Bendix Systems Div. of
Ann Arbor, Mich.
The company calls its space package
a multi-purpose "utility" satellite. It
offers low cost and the ability to be
launched by common NASA or mili-
tary boosters. For example, a Scout
vehicle with a 34-in.-dia. heat shield is
said to be able to place a utility satellite
with 150 pounds of payload into a 350-
mi. circular orbit. Or a multiple launch
could be made with larger boosters such
as Thor Delta, Minuteman and Polaris.
• Balloon goes piggy-back — The In-
jun IV experiment package includes a
12-ft.-dia. inflatable mylar balloon in
a cylinder housed within the satellite.
Once in orbit, the balloon with its bea-
con will be ejected, thereby falling into
essentially the same orbit as the utility
satellite. Baker-Nunn cameras will track
the two satellites for orbital data.
The total payload sent aloft will be
about 56 pounds plus 17 pounds for the
balloon and other equipment. The scien-
tific payload is being developed by the
State University of Iowa under contract
to NASA's Langley Research Center,
while the balloon payload is being de-
veloped by the Center itself.
The Center, in fact, is actively su-
pervising the entire Injun IV effort,
headed by Claude W. Coffee, Jr., Lang-
ley project manager. William A. Whelp-
ley manages the State University's part
of the project, which is sometimes called
Injun Explorer to differentiate it from
the Air Density Explorer or inflatable
sphere portion.
The experimenters will try to corre-
late the balloon drag with the amount
of corpuscular energy delivered through
the upper atmosphere. In other words,
some scientists believe that corpuscular
heating of the atmosphere on some oc-
casions is significant in increasing the
temperature of the atmosphere at alti-
tudes of the order of 100-500 km., in in-
creasing the scale height, and hence in
increasing the air density at such alti-
tudes. Luigi G. Jacchia, Smithsonian
Astrophysical Observatory, is credited
with building up a presumptive case for
this theory.
EXPERIMENTS FOR INJUN IV
Corpuscular Energy Downflux (also
trapped flux and upflux) — (a) Two Csl-
photomultiplier tube detectors, one at
cc = 90 degrees, one at <x approxi-
mately 125 degrees. Csl < 10mg/cm2.
Used as quasi-d.c. instrument for total
energy flux. Zero foil thickness. Con-
stant anode current used to servo high
voltage. Dynamic Range: 0.1 to 5,000
ergs/cm2 sec. sterad.
(b) Four CdS detectors. Bare crys-
tals used as quasi-d.c. energy flux in-
struments. One at cc = 90°, two at
oc = 125° (one with and one without
sweeping magnet), one at oc = 160°.
Dynamic Range: 1 to 5,000 ergs/cnr
sec. sterad.
(c) Four 213 Geiger tube direc-
tional detectors. Window thickness 1.2
mg/cm2. A special aperture array to
cover a lune from cc = 0° to cc = 180°
in four segments centered at approxi-
mately cc = 35°, 90°, 125° and 160°.
Electrons of E > 40 keV, protons of
E > 500 keV. Individual particle count-
ing. Dynamic Range: 1 to 109 parti-
cles/cm2 sec. sterad.
Protons and Alpha Particles in
Outer Zone and Solar Cosmic Ray
Events — One thin p-n junction detector
at <x = 90°. Cycled between two de-
pletion depths. Two electronic bias
levels. Separate determination of pro-
tons and alpha particles of energies
exceeding 0.5 and 1.5 MeV. Individual
particle counting. Dynamic Range: 1
to 106 particles/cm2 sec. sterad.
Long Term Decay of Starfish Radia-
tion Belt — One heavily shielded SpB
Gieger tube similar to those in Injun I,
Explorer XII and Injun HI.
General Radiation Zone Monitoring
and Solar and Galactic Cosmic Ray In-
tensities—(a) One 302 G.M. tube (0.6
g/cm2 shield) (b) One 112 G.M. tube
shielded as in Explorer VII.
Magnetic Aspect — Two-axis Schon-
stedt magnetometer for determination.
Solar Aspect— One GSFC digital
type solar aspect indicator.
Ionospheric Electron Density — One
electron probe by AFCRL.
22
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
INSTALLING SPUN aluminum shell in hydraulic stamping die. REMOVING STAMPED shell from die.
Van Allen points out, though, that
direct evidence for this belief is lacking
and "it is conceivable that the necessary
heating is not due to the direct absorp-
tion of energetic particles, but might be
due to hydromagnetic waves or other
processes not yet proposed." The scien-
tist, nevertheless, seems to lean toward
Jacchia's contention and thus is setting
up Injun IV in an attempt to validate
the theory.
The energies given up by solar parti-
cles as they impinge upon the Earth's
atmosphere are 1% light and 99% heat.
"It's like playing a blowtorch on the
atmosphere," says Van Allen. "We first
want to get a one-to-one correlation that
corpuscular heating is directly connected
with the change in atmospheric drag,"
he continued. "Then we want to get
quantitative observations to complete
our knowledge of this phenomenon.
And thirdly, we want to get data on the
transfer of heat from one, point to
another in the atmosphere."
• Magnetically stabilized — Injun IV,
a natural successor to Injun III launched
Dec. 13, 1962, is part of a continuing
study of the charged particles in the
Earth's auroral zones. A big bar magnet
will keep Injun IV oriented parallel to
a magnetic line of force. This method
was used on Injun III and ''it worked
fine," Van Allen observed. Requiring
no power and entailing only a passive
device, "the satellite may be considered
a three-dimensional compass needle,"
he said.
This magnetic stabilization method
was originally used on a Transit naviga-
tion satellite.
The reason for aligning the satellite
cross-axis with the Earth's magnetic field
stems from the fact that the magnetic
vector is the physically important direc-
tion in particle investigations. The Injun
IV experiments are interested in the
dumped particles — that is, those that
will intercept the Earth. These cut the
magnetic lines of force or the magnetic
field other than at right angles, and con-
sequently spiral toward Earth. Thus the
experiment is tied in with the produc-
tion of visible aurora.
On Injun III, at high latitudes, a
photon counter plus collimator pointed
toward Earth and parallel to a magnetic
field line, while a particle counter looked
into space at an angle of 180 degrees
from the photon counter. In this way,
the corpuscular energy delivered to the
atmosphere was correlated with the
aurora glow near the poles. Van Allen
noted that the photon detector was so
sensitive that during the experiment pips
were detected from photons emanating
from both New York and Boston.
• Versatile satellite — The Bendix
utility satellite can be tailored to meet
the needs of the individual experi-
menter. Each unit has a nominal 24-in.-
dia. honeycomb deck completely free
for mounting experiments. Equipment
can be mounted above or below the
deck, or additional decks may be added
for extra layout space. View ports may
be placed as desired at any location.
The shell of the satellite (excluding
the 10-sided belt area) is formed by 30
hexagonal and pentagonal panels with
a total flat-surface area of about 1,500
sq. in. This configuration, which has
excellent structural integrity, simplifies
the application of solar cells.
The omni-directional array provides
approximately 20 watts of continuous
power for a 24-in.-dia. satellite with
typical surface utilization. The variable-
height center girth belt is provided for
instrument viewing area, but could be
used in some experiment configurations
to carry additional solar cells for in-
creased power.
Low cost is achieved through sim-
plicity of design and the use of time-
saving fabrication techniques. The alu-
minum shells are formed by a single
stamping operation, and use of assem-
bly fixtures reduces assembly time and
provides interchangeability of parts. The
end result is delivery of a qualified
structure that is essentially "off-the-
shelf."
• Design of telemetry — The telem-
etering of data from Injun IV will be
through two pulse-code modulated sys-
tems, one for real-time transmission of
data, the other for data that had pre-
viously been tape-recorded. The systems
will be served by the same data encoder
that will handle digital (pulse number
modulated) and analog inputs. The tape
recorder and its associated data link
will be actuated through radio com-
mands from ground stations.
A tentative telemeter assignment re-
sults in a bit rate of 120 per second if
a frame rate of one per second is as-
sumed. The tape recorder gives a 26:1
speed-up ratio in the reproduce mode;
therefore, the bit rate on tape playback
is 3,120 bits per second.
During the powered-flight phase,
Injun IV will provide a wide-band radio-
frequency link for use by Goddard
Space Flight Center in the telemetering
of vehicle performance data.
• Power subsystem — The power
source for Injun IV will consist of six
panels of silicon N-on-P solar cells.
Each panel will be capable of delivering
an output of greater than 8 watts when
illuminated from the normal direction
by one solar constant.
Continuous power for the detectors
and beacon transmitter along with the
command system will be from a central
converter. Another converter will be
used to provide power for the high-
power transmitter tape recorder. A
third power converter will be used to
provide power for the operation of an
Air Force Cambridge Research Labo-
ratory experiment.
Thermal control will be obtained
through passive means. The thermal en-
vironment will be determined by the
average ratios of solar absorbtivity to
black body emissivity of the outside
shell of the spacecraft. This ratio will
be determined by the application of sur-
face coatings and painted areas. ■
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
23
missile support
Test Complex Simulates
Polaris Re-entry Heat
Hydrogen jet heater at Lockheed's Santa Cruz installation
is providing reliable data on char-forming ablative bodies
by Joseph N. Steinmetz, Jr.
Design Specialist
Lockheed Missile & Space Co.
Sunnyvale, Calif.
A TEST COMPLEX designed to
simulate re-entry thermal gradients in
Polaris heat-sink type shell materials is
now providing significant data on char-
forming ablative body surfaces.
The hydrogen jet heater (HJH) at
Lockheed's Santa Cruz Test Base in the
San Francisco Bay area has been used
for the past two years to produce sur-
face recession of Polaris re-entry shell
structures.
• Heating mechanism — The heater
consists of clusters of up to several
hundred burners, arranged to conform
approximately to the exterior shape of
the test specimen. The outer surface of
full-scale or portions of re-entry bodies
can be enveloped by myriads of con-
centrated flame cones resulting from the
combustion of gaseous hydrogen and
oxygen.
The combustion may be controlled
to produce varying rates of surface re-
cession from zero to the current maxi-
mum of about 0.012 in. per second. The
rate is adjusted and programmed to
match the predicted re-entry recession
of the specimen being tested.
In the HJH experiments, it has been
noted that when the surface recession
history in tests corresponds to that in
actual flight, the temperature gradient
through the shell is also very similar.
The thermal gradients produce stresses
that can cause failure of the composite
shell structure if it is not properly de-
signed or bonded.
By performing shell tests on the
ground in the HJH, it is possible to per-
form complete post-test inspection — in-
cluding sectioning — so that anomalies,
if they exist, can be examined in detail.
Because of this, the structural analyst
is assisted in determining the adequacy
of design in early stages. This is also
important because it is impossible to
inspect re-entry bodies lost at sea during
actual flights.
Lockheed thermodynamicists are
currently studying re-entry shell reces-
sion histories through use of ablation
gages on Polaris shells. This information
is compared with ground test data from
the shells tested in the HJH to confirm
adequacy of the HJH design. Some shell
anomalies from thermal gradients were
experienced early in the Polaris A3X
program, but the tactical design has
been tested thus far without any evi-
dence of failure.
Successful experiments have also
been performed in which large portions
of re-entry body shells were deliberately
not bonded to the liner — then subjected
to exit phase heating and recession,
coast phase cooling, and re-entry phase
heating and recession in sequence.
Programmed mechanical loads were
also applied to the shell to add to test
realism. The purpose of this experiment
was to assist Lockheed structural ex-
perts in determining whether bond fail-
ure is within tolerable limits. Other
heating methods will suffice for some
studies of char-formers, such as plasmas
for material studies, rocket engines for
nose cone work, and hot gas flow for
some moderate trajectories, but only the
HJH has been found satisfactory for
approximating the thermal shock on
full scale cylindrical shells and flares
associated with Polaris re-entry environ-
ments.
Chemical rockets continue to be use-
ful for simulating the very high rates
of recession associated with vehicle
noses, but the rocket is not versatile and
will not conform to large surface areas
and body shapes.
• Facility description — The HJH
facility includes huge manifolds built
to convey water and gasses. These
manifolds also hold the burners in posi-
tion conforming to the shape of the
shell being tested. Large quantities of
water are circulated through the burner
head and jacket so that it will survive
its own destructive environment (M/R,
Feb. 20, 1961, p. 24).
The burner itself was developed un-
der cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to Lock-
heed Re-entry Systems and the Navy by
Hammon Precision Equipment Co. in
Oakland, Calif. Manifolding, servo
systems, control consoles, instrumenta-
tion, auxiliary systems and thermal
24
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
tests themselves are conducted by the
engineers and technicians of Lockheed's
Santa Cruz Test Base. Test require-
ments and test program management
is handled by Lockheed's Re-entry Sys-
tems engineers in Sunnyvale, Calif.
The major technological roadblock
to large scale thermal simulation in
this manner was designing the burner
cooling system. Many initial experi-
ments were unsuccessful because of
backfiring and thermal damage to the
Hammon burner. It must survive in
its own environment, which is created
essentially by gangs of 2-in.-sq. -headed
cutting torches with 2-in.-sq. heads
whose flames impinge upon the test
specimen.
The hot exhaust gasses must exhaust
rearward along the burner heads and
delivery jacket. A breakthrough oc-
curred in the form of a super-cooling
system, evolved after several months
development. It affords reliable, repeat-
able performance for any required
period of heating. The burners may be
throttled as required to produce pulse
shapes, and heating may also be reg-
ulated to provide recession gradients
from front to rear, as required to match
flight performance.
In earlier work on heat sink mate-
rials, it was discovered that the HJH
can provide heat rates in excess of
650 Btu/sq. ft. /sec. on low temperature
calorimeters. It does this in highly con-
trollable fashion, and with accuracies
within a few percentage points, espe-
cially when an electro-hydraulic servo
system for gas flow control is used to
provide temperature error correction.
• Surface recession control — In the
case of HJH tests of charring ablators,
the control is more difficult because the
basic processes are more complex and,
in addition, it is more difficult to take
precise measurements of the transient
temperature and recession event. Be-
cause of this, the schedule of hydrogen
and oxygen pressures to be followed
is ususally predetermined and no feed-
back is attempted for control purposes.
Recorded data and post-test inspection
show that this procedure provides rea-
sonably good approximation of the
desired simulation.
Theoretical explanation of the HJH
processes in simulating surface reces-
sion would be difficult, and perhaps
impractical, to perform quantitatively.
Charring ablators involve several modes
of heat blockage that all vary with
time, not to mention the complexities
of the combustion processes, which also
vary with time and the temperature of
the test specimen. Analysis of the proc-
ess is not essential, however, to suc-
cessful utilization of the HJH.
In order to determine whether the
shell structure will survive the stresses
associated with the re-entry thermal
environment, it is required that the
predicted surface recession and thermal
gradients be reproduced to account for
the major effects. The HJH affords
reasonably good reproduction of these
factors, but it will not adequately sim-
ulate the gas dynamic pressure forces
associated with re-entry, Mach number
and enthalpy, such as would be re-
quired to qualify as a true aerodynamic
simulator.
The only true experience available
today for Polaris is obtained from actual
re-entry; however, as was mentioned
earlier, a great problem arises out of
the fact that the structure is not rec-
overed. Thus, there are many anomalies
such as buckling, bond failure, cracks,
delamination, distortion and broken
areas that, if they occurred, would
probably go undetected.
• Gas dynamics forces — Since the
gas dynamics forces on the outside of
the shell are of order of magnitude of
only an atmosphere or two during re-
entry, the stresses from this effect are
small in proportion to the thermal
stresses. It may be concluded, then,
that the HJH will in itself achieve the
most significant structural effects.
These effects can be supplemented,
however, by auxiliary mechanical and
vacuum loading techniques to help ac-
count for aerodynamic and deceleration
forces. Stresses caused by these factors
are superimposed upon the stresses
caused by heating to provide more
realistic re-entry simulation.
The HJH also has been used to
assist in evaluating the seriousness of
structural damage caused by simulated
sharp pulses associated with enemy
counter-attack. When such damage is
suspected of being catastrophic, the
specimen may be subjected to the de-
sired heat pulse to observe whether the
thermally induced stresses further crip-
ple the structure. ■
OPPOSITE PAGE: Burner assembly sur-
rounds a full-scale re-entry structure, with
nose at top center of assembly. ABOVE:
Clustered burners apply simulated re-entry
heat to a 16-in. length of re-entry cylinder
structure. Water-cooled plates at lop apply
compression loading to simulate decelera-
tion forces during re-entry. RIGHT: Burner
clusters lift away to permit access to speci-
men. Only a small length of flare, including
a joint, was tested here.
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
25
With $15 billion . . .
Lockheed Again Top DOD Contractor
LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT Corp.
held its grip on first place among the
top 100 prime contractors for DOD in
Fiscal Year 1963, repeating its 1962
showing. General Dynamics Corp., sec-
ond last year and first in FY 1961,
dropped to fourth, while the Boeing
Co. moved from third into runnerup
position.
McDonnell Aircraft Corp. continued
a steady climb, jumping to ninth place
from 17th in FY '62 and 23rd in Fis-
cal '61.
The first five primes all did more
than $1 billion worth of business with
DOD in FY '63. General Electric Co.
added to the billion group over FY '62.
General Motors Corp. dropped from the
top 10 to 11th, replaced by Sperry
Rand Corp., which also dropped one
position.
The 100 largest contractors in-
creased their percentage share of the a
DOD total by 1.6% to 73.9% , although!
this still amounted to 0.3% less than inj
Fiscal '61.
DOD pointed out that the percent-
age for the first 25 firms was lower thanl
in any year since 1962. The top 100}
firms were awarded $19.0926 billion off
the DOD total expenditure of $25,834
billion, approximately the same percent-
age as in the years prior to 1962.
DOD LIST OF FY 1963 100 TOP PRIME CONTRACTORS
MILLIONS
PERCENT
CUMULATIVE
MILLIONS
PERCENT
CUMULATIVE
RANK
COMPANIES
OF
OF U.S.
PERCENT OF
RANK
COMPANIES
OF
OF U.S.
PERCENT OF
DOLLARS
TOTAL
U.S. TOTAL
DOLLARS
TOTAL
U. S. TOTAL
U. S. TOTAL
$25,834.0
100.0%
100.0%
U. S. TOTAL
$25,834.0
100.0%
100.0%
19,092.6
73.9
73.9
19,092.6
73.9
73.9
1.
Lockheed Aircraft Corp.
1,517.0
5.9
5.9
47.
Studebaker Corp.
83.3
0.3
64.7
2.
Boeing Co.
1,356.3
5.2
1 1.1
48.
Burroughs Corp.
77.5
0.3
65.0
3.
North American Aviation, Inc.
1,062.4
4.1
15.2
49.
Aerospace Corp.
75.5
0.3
65.3
4.
General Dynamics Corp.
1,033.2
4.0
19.2
50.
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
72.7
0.3
65.6
5.
General Electric Co.
1,021.2
4.0
23.2
51.
Massachusetts Institute of
6.
Martin Marietta Corp.
766.8
3.0
26.2
Technology
70.8
0.3
65.9
7.
American Telephone & Tele-
52.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
68.4
0.3
66.2
graph Co.
578.6
2.2
28.4
53.
Hayes International Corp.
67.1
0.3
66.5
8.
United Aircraft Corp.
529.9
2.1
30.5
54.
Shell Caribbean Petroleum
9.
McDonnell Aircraft Corp.
497.0
1.9
32.4
Co.
66.5
0.3
66.8
10.
Sprery Rand Corp.
445.5
1.7
34.1
55.
International Harvester Co.
66.3
0.3
67.1
11.
General Motors Corp.
444.0
1.7
35.8
56.
Olin Mathieson Chemical
12.
General Tire & Rubber Co.
424.6
1.6
37.4
Corp.
65.8
0.2
67.3
13.
Grumman Aircraft Engineering
57.
Johns Hopkins University
65.5
0.2
67.5
Corp.
390.5
1.5
38.9
58.
Socony Mobil Oil Co.
64.2
0.2
67.7
14.
Douglas Aircraft Co.
361.1
1.4
40.3
59.
Lear-Siegler, Inc.
61.0
0.2
67.9
15.
Radio Corp. of America
328.6
1.3
41.6
60.
Magnavox Co
57.7
0.2
68.1
RCA Institutes, Inc.
61.
American Machine & Foundry
16.
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
322.6
1.3
42.9
Co.
57.1
0.2
68.3
17.
Hughes Aircraft Co.
312.9
1.2
44.1
62.
Universal American Corp.
56.3
0.2
68.5
18.
Raytheon Co.
294.9
1.1
45.2
63.
Garrett Corp.
55.7
0.2
68.7
19.
Bendix Corp.
290.3
1.1
46.3
64.
Kiewit (Peter) Sons' Co.
54.1
0.2
68.9
20.
International Telephone &
65.
Kaiser Industries Corp.
49.2
0.2
69.1
21.
Telegraph Corp.
265.5
1.0
47.3
66.
Du Pont (E. 1.) De Nemours &
Avco Corp.
253.1
1.0
48.3
Co.
47.9
0.2
69.3
22.
Thiokol Chemical Corp.
238.6
0.9
49.2
67.
Standard Oil Co. (Indiana)
45.6
0.2
69.5
23.
Ford Motor Co.
227.7
0.9
50.1
68.
Koman Aircraft Corp.
44.9
0.2
69.7
24.
Northrop Corp.
222.9
0,9
51.0
69.
Ryan Aeronautical Co.
44.2
0.2
69.9
25.
Newport News Shipbuilding
70.
White Motor Co.
44.0
0.2
70.1
26.
& Dry Dock Co.
221.0
0.9
51.9
71.
System Development Corp.
43.9
0.2
70.3
L-T-V, Inc.
205.9
0.8
52.7
72.
Continental Oil Co.
43.1
0.2
70.5
27.
International Business Ma-
73.
Sverdrup & Parcel, Inc.
42.3
0.2
70.7
28.
chines Corp.
203.3
0.8
53.5
74.
Western Union Telegraph Co.
41.5
0.2
70.9
F M C Corp.
199.1
0.8
54.3
75.
Richfield Oil Corp.
39.8
0.2
71.1
29.
Litton Industries, Inc.
197.8
0.8
55.1
76.
Sinclair Oil Corp.
38.4
0.2
71.3
30.
Republic Aviation Corp.
196.8
0.7
55.8
77.
Vitro Corp. of America
37.0
0.2
71.5
31.
Chrysler Corp.
186.2
0.7
56.5
78.
Gilflllan Corp.
37.0
0.2
71.7
32.
Hercules Powder Co.
182.7
0.7
57.2
79.
Eastman Kodak Co.
36.8
0.1
71.8
33.
Minneapolis-Honeywell
80.
Bath Iron Works Corp.
34.6
0.1
71.9
Regulator Co.
170.0
0.7
57.9
81.
American Bosch Arma Corp.
33.8
0.1
72.0
34.
Merritt-Chapman & Scott Corp.
169.9
0.6
58.5
82.
Union Carbide Corp.
33.6
0.1
72.1
35.
General Telephone & Elec-
83.
Day & Zimmerman, Inc.
33.3
0.1
72.2
36.
tronics Corp.
162.6
0.6
59.1
84.
Mitre Corp.
33.1
0.1
72.3
Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey)
155.5
0.6
59.7
85.
Asiatic Petroleum Corp.
33.0
0.1
72.4
37.
Pan American World Air-
86.
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
31.2
0.1
72.5
38.
ways, Inc.
154.5
0.6
60.3
87.
Sundstrand Corp.
31.2
0.1
72.6
Textron, Inc.
151.2
0.6
60.9
88.
Control Data Corp.
30.1
0.1
72.7
39.
Collins Radio Co.
144.3
0.6
61.5
89.
Hazeltine Corp.
29.6
0.1
72.8
40.
General Precision Equipment
90.
Dynalectron Corp.
29.6
0.1
72.9
41.
Corp.
131.4
0.5
62.0
91.
Defoe Shipbuilding Co.
29.3
0.1
73.0
Texaxo, Inc.
120.5
0.5
62.5
92.
Flying Tiger Line, Inc.
29.0
0.1
73.1
42.
Standard Oil Company (Cali-
93.
Loral Electronics Corp.
28.6
0.1
73.2
43.
fornia)
1 16.6
0.4
62.9
94.
Texas Instruments, Inc.
28.6
0.1
73.3
Thompson-Ram o-Wooldridge,
95.
Air Products & Chemicals, Inc.
27.7
0.1
73.4
Inc.
106.4
0.4
63.3
96.
Atkinson (Guy F.) Co.
27.3
0.1
73.5
44.
Curtiss-Wrlghl Corp.
98.4
0.4
63.7
97.
Carrier Corp.
26.9
0.1
73.6
45.
Continental Motors Corp.
97.2
0.4
64.1
98.
Clark Equipment Co.
26.9
0.1
73.7
46.
Morrison-Knudsen & Associ-
99.
U. S. Lines Co.
26.7
0.1
73.8
ates
84.4
0.3
64.4
100.
Phillips Petroleum Co.
26.5
0.1
73.9
26
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
■ FLUIDS ■ STRUCTURAL
■ ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONIC
■ STANDARDS
■ STABILITY, GUIDANCE AND CONTROL
■ RADAR, RFI, INFRARED, AND OPTICS
■ OPERATIONS RESEARCH
■ NUCLEAR SCIENCES ■ STRUCTURAL SCIENCES
■ FLIGHT SCIENCES
■ STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL DESIGN
GD/FW is currently engaged in many out-
standing projects involving atmospheric and
space vehicles and systems. Energetic, crea-
tive engineers and scientists are needed now,
to help solve the intriguing problems involved
in our many ambitious programs. ■ FORT
WORTH is a modern, clean, interesting city.
The area has the second largest concentration
of aerospace industry in the nation. High qual-
ity homes — urban, suburban, and rural — are
available close to General Dynamics at sur-
prisingly low prices. ■ Driving is easy; traffic
density is low. Freeways lead directly to the
ample parking facilities of General Dynamics/
Fort Worth, and nearly all residential areas
are less than 20 minutes away. There is no
fog, no smog, no smoke and no soot. ■ More
than 100 parks cover a total of about 5,000
acres. There is a fine zoo, a famed botanic
garden, swimming pools, tennis courts, base-
ball diamonds, picnic facilities, horseback rid-
ing, Southwest Conference and NFL football,
bowling, Casa Manana theater-in-the-round,
sports car races . . . and the world's largest
indoor rodeo — the Southwestern Exposition
and Fat Stock Show. ■ Six large lakes are
within minutes from downtown — three are in
the city limits. ■ Fort Worth has one of the
nation's better school systems. For higher
education, there is Texas Christian University,
Arlington State College, Southern Methodist
University, and several other colleges and uni-
versities in the area. ■ To take advantage of
the opportunities offered, write Mr. J. B. Ellis,
Industrial Relations Administrator-Engineer-
ing, General Dynamics/Fort Worth, P. 0. Box
748, Fort Worth, Texas, An equal opportunity
employer.
GENE RAL DYNAMICS ! FORT WORTH
Rapid-Charge Space Battery Developed
by Michael Getler
New York — Application of closely
controlled diodes to nickel-cadmium
batteries for satellite use has yielded a
new battery that developers say can be
discharged to 70% of its capacity and
fully recharged in orbit in about one
hour.
Developed in a joint Air Force pro-
gram with the Sonotone Corp., and
P. R. Mallory & Co., Inc., the new tech-
nique is said to have reduced the pre-
vious charge rate of Sonotone's her-
metically sealed nickel-cadmium batter-
ies by 15 hours, with a corresponding
increase in usable watt-hour capacity up
to four times greater than earlier de-
vices for fast charge, deep-discharge
cycling.
Sonotone engineers also point out
that since more of the nominal capacity
of the battery will be available, the use
of a smaller cell for the same cycle re-
quirements will be possible.
• Key diode — Heart of the new
technique is a device known as a
"stabister," a Mallory diode that ex-
hibits a very tightly specified forward
voltage breakover and a very low dy-
namic impedance. This is achieved, ac-
cording to Sonotone, by careful control
of the breakover characteristics of the
p-n junction and the mechanical assem-
bly methods.
The stabister, which is basically in-
volved with the fast-charging capabil-
ities of the battery, weighs only 10
grams and is attached to each battery
cell without redesign of the battery, ac-
cording to the firm.
Addition of the stabister will not
increase the cost of the battery by more
than 5%, says Sonotone, because of
the unit's simplicity.
The stabister diode on each cell pre-
vents current from flowing into that
cell, while the battery is being charged,
after the cell terminal voltage has
reached a prescribed level. By doing
so, Sonotone reports, gas evolvement is
eliminated, with a consequent reduc-
tion in internal cell pressure and tem-
perature rise.
• Another diode — The second diode
involved with the new battery is a low-
voltage germanium blocking-type used
in connection with the safe deep-dis-
charging of the cells. In effect, it pre-
vents any nickel-cadmium cell from go-
ing into deep reverse charge.
This diode, which involved develop-
ment of a device with what Sonotone
calls "the lowest possible forward volt-
age breakover," is used across the cell
with the polarity arranged so that the
diode is biased off when the cell terminal
voltage is normal.
The diode proceeds to conduct cur-
rent around the cell when the voltage
of the cell goes to —0.3 volts.
At the AF Aero Propulsion Labo-
ratories at Wright-Patterson AFB, Son-
otone reports its commercial "D" size
cells, using the Mallory stabisters, have
been cycled 2,200 times under 75%
depth of discharge conditions. The AF,
as a result, has reportedly given a "go
ahead" to both firms for additional test-
ing aimed at providing stability over a
wider temperature range. ■
CONNECTORS
CURRENT PATH DURING
CHARGE WHEN CELL
BECOMES FULLY CHARGED
CURRENT PATH
WHEN DISCHARGING
NSULATING SEAL
POSITIVE CELL TERMINAL
REVERSE BLOCKING DIODE
DIODE PLATFORM
STER
STABISTER
NEGATIVE TERMINAL CELL CASE
CURRENT PATH WHEN
CELL IS EXHAUSTED
DURING DISCHARGE
CURRENT PATH
WHEN CHARGING
DIRECTION
CURRENT
FLOW
\\
REVERSE
PROTECTION
DIODE
TOP LEFT: Cross section of Sonotone nickel-cadmium
space cell with stabister system. TOP RIGHT: Sta-
bister operating circuit, showing current-diverting pro-
tection paths provided by dual diode circuit, for the
individual nickel-cadmium cells. Paths allow series-
connected cells to be rapidly charged and safely dis-
charged under all load conditions. BOTTOM RIGHT:
Typical duty cycle for a low altitude space orbit show-
ing the stabister diode (no. 2, top right figure) divert-
ing excess charge current from nickel-cadmium cell
at (a) on curve.
30 50 70
TIME (MINUTES)
28
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
space electronics
Astronauts Flying'
IBM Simulators
Gemini mockup, five-man spacecraft unit
will aid in determining features needed
in future on-board guidance systems
by Charles D. LaFond
C. D. BABB, right, IBM's Gemini guidance system project man-
ager, briefs Astronaut James McDivitt in Gemini simulator.
Owego, N.Y. — Two manned space-
craft simulators being developed here
by IBM's Federal Systems Div. will
provide definitive requirements for fu-
ture on-board guidance systems.
The Gemini simulator was checked
out recently by four NASA astronauts —
Neil Armstrong, Virgil Grissom, James
McDivitt and Edward White. A five-
man simulator is also under develop-
ment.
The Gemini unit is part of the divi-
sion's guidance system subcontract with
McDonnell Aircraft Corp., prime con-
tractor for the maneuverable Gemini
spacecraft.
The Space Guidance Center facility,
which includes a Gemini mockup and
a hybrid analog/digital computer com-
plex for programming and performance
processing, permits accurate modeling
of the vehicle guidance computer being
developed at the Center. It will be used
later to integrate the inertial guidance
system being developed for IBM by
M inneapolis-Honeywell .
In the recent tests, each astronaut
"flew" a number of eight-minute runs,
manually guiding the simulated space-
craft from the point of Earth re-entry
down to 50,000 ft., the range of drogue-
chute deployment.
In actual operation through re-entry,
aerodynamic lift will be generated by
the Gemini spacecraft as it passes into
the heavier atmosphere. Lift must be
controlled carefully at this time to pre-
vent the spacecraft from overshooting,
undershooting or veering to either side
of the planned touchdown point.
Lift will be controlled automatically
by rolling the spacecraft about its longi-
tudinal axis with reaction jets, with the
on-board digital computer calculating
the errors and issuing command signals
to the control jets. A manual mode is
also provided. In the latter, the pilots
will make attitude corrections with a
control stick based on computer outputs
displayed on the cockpit control panel.
• Tesl results — In the recent tests,
the astronauts controlled the spacecraft
in the manual and rate command mode.
An IBM 7090 computer, programmed
to perform as a Gemini on-board guid-
ance computer, was fed data simulating
the aerodynamic forces acting on the
spacecraft, the touchdown point loca-
tion, gimbal angle and accelerometer
readings such as might come from the
Honeywell inertial-measuring unit, and
other typical flight data.
As each pilot worked his control
stick in response to the instrument indi-
cations, stick movements were meas-
ured by the computer. The changes in
vehicle spatial orientation were com-
puted and fed back to the cockpit in-
struments in real time.
Pilot response was recorded on three
sets of plotters driven by the 7090 com-
puter. Two were X-Y types: one com-
pared downrange error with cross-range
error and the other compared space-
craft attitude with downrange error.
The third plotter provided eight data
traces depicting instrument readouts,
actual stick movements, spacecraft roll
rate as a result of stick movements, and
range errors.
Within two to three minutes after
each simulated flight, the latter flight
record provided a means for examining
pilot performance, including spacecraft
control, touchdown target accuracy, to-
tal reaction jet usage with respect to
time and total fuel consumption.
• Hybrid simulation ADP — In the
interest of flexibility and economy, IBM
engineers have used the advantages of
both analog and digital computation in
the design of the Gemini simulator for
real-time operation.
The problem inherent in studying
any complex control system, they
pointed out, is that the simulation prob-
lem usually exceeds the capacity of the
analog computer (e.g., the number of
nonlinear elements or function gener-
ators becomes intolerable or impracti-
cal). Use of an accompanying digital
computer permits relief of the total load
by handling many of the non-linear
computations and the control logic.
Conversely, the higher frequency dy-
namics of the control simulation prob-
lem demands small time increments dur-
ing integrations in digital computations.
The result is often a digital-computer
time to real-time ratio of as much as
50 to 1. The use of an analog computer
for such solutions greatly reduces com-
puter time required.
Major elements of the Center's com-
puter complex used in spacecraft simula-
tions include the IBM 7090 data-proc-
essing system, an Electronics Associates,
Inc., analog computer, a specialized
digital differential analyzer, and a data
controller with a real-time control unit.
To obtain greater efficiency from
the high-speed and high-capacity 7090,
a multiprogramming system was devel-
oped to permit concurrent solution of
other scientific problems. When the
hybrid requires computation, an inter-
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
31
OPENED GEMINI guidance computer is introduced into the Gemini simulator process-
ing system. IBM will integrate the digital flight computer with a Minneapolis-Honeywell
inertial guidance system.
rupt is signaled and control passes to
a direct data program, which is that
employed for the hybrid simulation
problem.
The trend, until recently, in space
vehicle control has been toward fully
automatic systems, R. E. Eckstrom,
manager of the simulation laboratory,
said. With the current emphasis on
manned flight, however, the attributes
of a thinking being will be employed,
thus giving the pilot his traditional re-
sponsibilities of vehicle control. The
problem is to determine what tasks he
is best able to perform in the control
loop and which should be left to auto-
matic processes.
It is hoped the new simulator will
provide many of the answers to ques-
tions involving displays, instruments and
controls.
• Five-man simulator — Also under
development here at the Space Guid-
ance Center is a highly advanced five-
man spacecraft simulator.
A very high degree of realism will
be achieved with the larger system,
IBM scientists disclosed, in that the ve-
hicle mockup will be installed within a
theater-like enclosure. All the sights and
sounds associated with launch, Earth
orbits, rendezvous, mid-course maneu-
ver, and lunar or planetary landings will
be reproduced, providing an external
environment directly related to the cock-
pit displays and control effects.
Several closed-circuit TV cameras
providing different presentations will
heighten the illusion of space flight.
Flight sounds, the company dis-
closed, will be superimposed on the
UHF, HF and intercom channels used
by the astronauts for voice communica-
tions. Appropriate engine noise level,
re-entry and other recognizable sounds
will be produced by computer direction,
providing auditory cues. Also, warning
sounds will be introduced to test astro-
naut reaction to simulated emergencies.
Throughout the new system, oper-
ator response will be measured to an
accuracy of 0.001 sec, IBM claimed.
Control movements and switch ac-
tuation will produce changes in instru-
ment readings, display presentations,
and theater projections. Operator re-
sponse will be fully recorded. The time
an astronaut needs to manipulate the
appropriate switches in the event of an
emergency can be measured, as well as
his reaction time in analyzing scope
presentations and maneuvering the ve-
hicles correctly.
Various combinations of switch lo-
cations, instrument configurations and
scales, and alternate modes of operation
can thus be tried out in the simulator to
determine the best final setup for actual
flight. The advanced five-man spacecraft
has been completed and is now under-
going a rigorous checkout.
Meanwhile, simulation studies have
already been prepared outlining the use
of the new simulator for orbital rendez-
vous missions and for all phases of a
manned Moon flight: Earth launch and
orbit, mid-course flight, lunar orbit and
descent, lunar launch and Earth re-
entry.
A study has also been prepared by
IBM which examines some of the prob-
lems involved in simulating a Mars
reconnaissance flight. Simulation spe-
cialists at Owego estimate that the Sys-
tems Simulation Laboratory will be
capable of making its first "flight" to
Mars early in 1964. ■
32
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
space electronics
T/AA Chain Collects Real-Time Data
by Rex Pay
TYPICAL DATA acquisition unit in chain. Antenna tower supports a standard com-
munications antenna, four UHF antennas and two microwave dishes.
Edwards AFB, Calif. — A chain of
unmanned telemetry collection and re-
lay stations now provides the Air Force
Flight Test Center here with real-time
data from aerospace vehicles flying over
a 1,000-mile test range extending from
Great Salt Lake to Edwards.
Currently the range is being used
for X-15 testing. Later it will be used for
RS-70 tests and, possibly, hypersonic re-
search vehicle tests (M/R, Nov. 25, p.
211).
Cost of the new range telemetry
system in its present configuration has
amounted to about $3.6 million. Main
contractor for the system is the Military
Electronics division of Motorola, Inc.
The new system can provide instru-
mentation support to four simultaneous
independent flight-test missions. Pro-
jected requirements for the system in-
clude radar and optical-tracker target
acquisition and composite operation
support, real-time computer access capa-
bility, television relay, as well as the
expected inter-range (PMR and NOTS)
operations.
Two different types of transportable
units make up the new telemetry sys-
tem. The first is a Data Acquisition Unit
(DAU) that receives telemetry from
test vehicles and retransmits it back to-
ward Edwards. Second is a Microwave
Relay Unit (MRU) that acts as a re-
peater station between DAUs.
By this means, data (voice, biomedi-
cal, and engineering) is telemetered con-
tinuously to the test center as the vehicle
passes over the 1,000-mi. range. Con-
trol of the entire system is maintained
from Range Terminus Building 5780 at
Edwards.
DAUs are located at Shoshone,
Worthington and Ely, Nev., and at
Worthington, Utah. Seven MRUs are
interspersed throughout this chain.
The actual range therefore extends
a minimum of 150 miles past Wendover,
and has a width of about 300 miles.
Branches run into the main trunk to
carry search radar data from the Angel
Peak and Boron Air Defense Command
sites. Flight test data are also injected
into the system at manned sites at Beatty
and Ely, Nev.
All information is routed through
the Range Terminus to the Test Control
Facility, the Master Radar Facility and
the NASA X-15 Control Room. Incom-
ing data to the terminus are distributed
to the range users via on-base RF data
transmission links.
Because data can be received at
more than one DAU at the same time,
the capability of selecting the best data
for transmission is built into each unit.
At the DAU the signal-to-noise ratios
of the two corresponding channels (that
received locally and that received from
a neighboring DAU via the microwave
link) are compared and the best signal
is selected for re-transmission toward
Edwards.
The system is not designed around a
certain data format or method of mod-
ulation. It handles FM/FM and PCM
telemetry for the Air Force and PDM
telemetry for NASA.
All individual range units outside of
Edwards are entirely unattended. Full
control of turn-on, channel selection,
transceiver tuning, and turn-off is exer-
cised from Building 5780. Secondary
control of certain items can be carried
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
33
out from two other buildings.
The control system is based on a
tone-coding method for on-off and posi-
tion-switching functions. Monitoring of
these functions is accomplished by a
similar code, except for analog informa-
tion such as fuel level, which is used to
modulate voltage-controlled oscillators.
Portability of units has been empha-
sized. If the need arose, the complete
system could be relocated into a dif-
ferent configuration.
The general real-time simultaneous-
data capabilities of the system are four
standard VHF wideband telemetry
channels; one search-radar video, or
one 600-kilobit PCM channel; one
800-kilobit PCM channel; five duplex
digital-radar channels; four 19-channel-
capability air-ground UHF voice com-
munication channels; one-, 100-, and
1,000-pps time-of-day coded timing; and
range operation and maintenance voice
channels, as required.
For the most part the new AFFTC
range data system incorporates existing
off-the-shelf equipment. No basic data
communication equipment other than
interface or compatibility hardware,
was fabricated for the system. Major
effort was expended in the area of mon-
itoring and control equipment to exer-
cise the system in real time.
The basic microwave system is a
commercial design adapted to Govern-
ment frequencies. All voice, low-rate
digital-tracking data, control and timing
channels are carried over commercial
multiplex equipment. Remote turn-on is
achieved with transistorized taxicab
two-way radios, with special interface
equipment.
The voltage-controlled oscillators
and phaselock loop converters and dis-
criminators of the wide-band channels
are transposed designs of systems proven
in missile guidance. Telemetry receivers,
UHF communications transceivers, mul-
ticouplers, and preamplifiers are all
modified commercial products.
The Data Acquisition Unit is a self-
contained electronic package housed in
a helicopter drop-shelter. From the unit,
two frequency-diversity channels are
propagated to the next out-range site
and another two channels to the next
in-range (toward Edwards) site, to pro-
vide reliability through redundancy.
Antennas at a DAU site are mounted
on a single tower and include a standard
AS505 communications antenna used as
an omni-directional telemetry antenna,
four AT 197 UHF A/G radio communi-
cations antennas, and two microwave
dishes. Two diesel generators provide
primary power and backup at each site.
Each microwave relay unit contains
only two-way frequency-diversity micro-
wave receivers and transmitters, and re-
mote control equipment. The unit is
constructed in three sections, any one of
which can be transported in a half-ton
pickup truck.
Tests on the system have yielded
data signals that on demodulation at
Edwards have consistently run from 35
to 45 db above noise, regardless of
where they were injected into the sys-
tem. The basic accuracy of the data
transmission is greater than that of the
measuring equipment. ■
COMMUNICATIONS FUNCTIONS carried out by units
of FTC data acquisition and transmission system.
INBOUND
OUTBOUND
CONTROL
COMMUNICATIONS
DIGITAL DATA
VIDEO SPECTRUM
SHOSHONE- WORTH I NGTON-ELY
TELEMETRY
OUTBOUND |
CONTROL
COMMUNICATIONS TIMING
CONTROL
COMMUNICATIONS
DIGITAL DATA
I ,1,1,1,1 I
SHOSHONE-BEATTY
TELEMETRY-ANY TOO OF FOUR MAY BE USED
I I
I Mil
CONTROL I
COMMUNICATIONS TIMING
DIGITAL DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
DIGITAL DATA
,1 III I
COMMUNICATIONS
CONTROL
COMMUNICATIONS
DIGITAL DATA
' OMMUNICATIONS
:HOSH0NE-ANGELS
EDWARDS-SHOSHONE
TELEMETRY
if
BANDWIDTH 0
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION in Edwards-Ely section
of FTC data acquisition and transmission system.
mi?; *
34
mmmmmmmmmwm mmmmmmmmm
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
Space Frame Radome
A 55-ft.-dia. metal space frame
radome, offering a maximum transmis-
sion loss of 0.5 db at L-through X-band
frequencies, is available from Electronic
Space Structures Corp.
The Model M55-70 is constructed
of extruded aluminum frames with
fiberglass reinforcing plastic membranes.
The structure is designed to withstand
wind loads of 150 mph and ice and
snow loads to 70 lbs./ft.2 Solar energy
rejection is 90 to 95% .
Boresight error is less than 0. 1 milli-
radian; maximum noise temperature
contribution is 10°K.
Circle No. 225 on Subscriber Service Card
Low-Distortion Amplifier
MB Electronics has available the
Model T252 amplifier, designed for
sine and random testing with vibration
exciters. The device can also be em-
ployed in sonar and other high-power
acoustical tests.
When used with the MB Model EL-
250 exciter, the amplifier will produce
a 3,000-lb. vector force at 100 g over a
range of 5 to 3,000 cps. With the Model
C20 exciter, it produces a 1,750-lb.
vector force at 100 g, 5 to 3,000 cps.
Distortion is less than 3% at 5 to
10 cps, 1.5% from 10 to 2,000 cps,
and 3% at 2,000 to 6,000 cps. The unit
produces a 5-kva output to drive the
exciters at frequencies of 25 to 6,000
cps.
Circle No. 226 on Subscriber Service Cord
Delay Line Synthesizer
The Model 73-11 Delay Line Syn-
thesizer, which incorporates a variable
filter ahead of the delay line, is being
marketed by Allen Avionics, Inc.
The unit has a time delay from
0.025 to 11.075 ^sec in 0.025-^sec in-
crements. Rise time is 0.055 micro-
second at 2-^sec delay; 0.13 ^sec at
6-^sec delay, 0.215 fsec at maximum,
delay. Accuracy of time delay is 0.5% ;
accuracy of rise time control is 5% .
Impedance is 50 or 73 ohm, input or
output-switch controlled.
Circle No. 227 on Subscriber Service Card
Octave Band Limiters
Micro State Electronics Corp. has
expanded its solid-state passive limiter
line to cover the octave bandwidth. The
models L-141, L-142 and L-1000 han-
dle nominal average power of 20 watts
and are supplied with type N connec-
tors.
L-141 has a frequency range of 250
to 500 mc, 1.5 maximum VSWR, 0.5
db insertion loss, and 30 db minimum
limiting level.
L-142 has a 500 to 1,000-mc fre-
quency range, 1 .25 input VSWR, 0.75-
db insertion loss, and 25-db minimum
limiting level.
L-1000 has a 1,000 to 2,000-mc
frequency range, 1.3 maximum VSWR,
0.5-db insertion loss and 22-db mini-
mum limiting level.
Circle No. 228 on Subscriber Service Cord
Signal Conditioner
Scionics Corp. is marketing the
Model MSC-136 solid-state signal con-
ditioner that operates with resistive
temperature sensors to provide a 5-v
dc full scale output.
The unit provides output for tem-
perature differentials as low as 2°F and
withstands 35 g's vibration and 100 g's
shock. Accuracy exceeds 2% of full
scale temperature. Input resistance is
200 to 500 ohms and non linearity and
hysteresis are better than ±0.1%. Op-
erating temperatures are from —65°
to 200°F.
Circle No. 229 on Subscriber Service Card
Electromechanical Chopper
Airpax Electronics, Inc., has de-
veloped the Model 83 electromechanical
chopper with noise of less than 25 mv
into a load impedance of one megohm.
The device has DPDT BBM contact
switching action, which handles signal
levels up to lOv dc, 1 milliampere. The
unit will withstand vibrations of 10 g's
at 55 to 2,000 cps and 30 g's shock.
Volume is 0.51 cu. in.
Circle No. 230 on Subscriber Service Card
Varactor Multipliers
Solid State Products Div. of Varian
Associates has available a series of
varactor multipliers with output power
from 15 watts at VHF to 10 milliwatts
ACTUAL SIZE
ENLARGEMENT
JOHNSON CAN DELIVER
HIGH TOLERANCE
PRECISION TOOLS FOR
SUPER-CRITICAL JOBS
PRECISION IS OUR BUSINESS
Super-critical jobs, such as missile electronics circuit boards require the most
accurate, dependable drills and routers possible. JOHNSON CARBIDE PROD-
UCTS met these strict requirements. The above drills and routers were tooled
to such accurate and strict dimensions that a lens must be used to examine the
highly polished cutting edge. This is only one phase of the JOHNSON operation.
Every cutting tool produced at JOHNSON receives the same experienced
craftsmanship and exact quality control that goes into the most classified missile
cutting tool. Write today for complete information on JOHNSON standard cut-
ting tools or any spec/a/ tooling requirements.
JOHNSON CARBIDE PRODUCTS isu south 25th street, saginaw, Michigan
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
Circle No. 3 on Subscriber Service Card
35
space electronics
at 35 gc. Operating efficiencies range
from 35 to 80% , depending on applica-
tion and order of multiplication.
Output power is 250 mw CW. Out-
put frequency is 9.6 gc. The units have
a bandwidth of 2% and 38% efficiency.
Power stability is 1 db.
Circle No. 231 on Subscriber Service Card
Programming Board
Sealectro Corp. has developed a
three-deck Sealectroboard, featuring
cordless programming and a third con-
tact deck in the vertical plane.
Any combination of decks can be
electrically connected by inserting short-
ing or skip pins at approximate X-Y
points. The three-deck unit provides
a 3-pole switching function at each
X-Y point. All contacts are goldplated
to maintain maximum electrical effi-
ciency.
Circle No. 232 on Subscriber Service Cord
Dual-Cavity Laser
Ratheon Co.'s Laser Advanced De-
velopment Center has available a dual-
cavity laser that delivers up to 250
joules.
The Model LHM-6 employs a ruby
laser rod and has an input of 20,000 J.
Both ends of the laser crystal are open
and accessible, thus allowing modifica-
tions, such as "Q-spoiling," to be made
without changes to the laser head.
The device has a pulse width of 3
milliseconds and employs 10,000-J
xenon lamps as flashtubes. Output wave-
length is 6,943 A at room temperature
and 6,934 A at liquid nitrogen tempera-
tures.
Circle No. 233 on Subscriber Service Card
C-Band Limiter
Micro State Electronics Corp. is mar-
keting the Model L-5603 C-band limiter,
designed for monopulse radar systems.
The unit has a frequency range of
5,400 to 5,900 mc. Input VSWR is less
than 1.2 and maximum insertion loss is
less than 0.75 db. The limiting level
across the frequency range is 20 db
nominal and will handle average power
of 10 to 30 watts nominal.
Circle No. 234 on Subscriber Service Card
Nanosecond Pulse Generator
Systems Div. of Huggins Labora-
tories, Inc., has available a high-level
nanosecond pulse generator, providing
A/lftEl i CD HIGH-SPEED ADJUSTABLE
IVIUELLEK CLOSURES
Fit any size or shape opening
The patented adjustable action of Moeller's Snap-Tite®
and Turn-Tite® cam and lever type action closures makes
it possible to design a low-cost stopper in virtually any
size or shape.
Made of cold-rolled or stainless steel and high-grade neo-
prene, or other specified materials, these new closures
offer many opportunities to cut costs in product design,
labor, time and assembly. For additional information,
write . . .
Li
flashes of light with electrical pulses gen-
erated at 51 ohms impedance level.
The Model 961-D has a light pulse
output yielding more than 10,000 photo-
electrons per pulse from an SI 1 cathode
subtending 0.005 steradian at the source.
Rise time is less than Vi nanosecond;
amplitude jitter does not exceed 4% on
short term basis.
Electrical pulse is positive with a
variable amplitude from 0 to 2,000v.
Rise and fall time is less than Vi nano-
second.
Circle No. 235 on Subscriber Service Card
High-Voltage Power Supply
Electro-Glass Laboratories, Inc., is
marketing the Model 1 10 High Voltage
Power Supply with double section
choke input filter and full wave rec-
tification.
The device features an output of
0 to 5,000v dc at 500 ma. It has rever-
sible polarity output and continuously
variable output with 1% venier. Ripple
at full load is 2% . Output impedance
is 40 ohms. Power requirement is 220v
ac, 50-60 cps.
Circle No. 236 on Subscriber Service Card
Phase Shift Circulator
A differential phase-shift circulator
handling peak powers up to 300 kw
and average powers up to 300 watts
over a frequency band of 8.2 to 10
kilomegacycles has been introduced by
Raytheon Co.'s Special Microwave De-
vices Operation.
The Model CXH20 has an isolation
of 20 db and insertion loss of 0.3 db.
VSWR is 1.20. Isolation exceeding 25
db is obtainable over a frequency band
1 gc wide inside the operating range.
Circle No. 237 on Subscriber Service Card
MOELLER MFG. CO., INC.
Greenville, Mississippi
36
Circle No. 4 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
Electronics Oven
Electronics Div. of Bulova Watch
Co. is marketing an oven designed es-
pecially for controlling crystals, pack-
aged circuits, transistors and other temp-
erature-sensitive devices.
The Model AM 250-1 1 has a temp-
erature stability of 0.25° C in a fixed
ambient and will maintain a stability of
2.5° C through an ambient of —55° to
10° C below the nominal setting of the
oven. The cylindrical unit has an in-
ternal volume of 4 cu. in. and a range
of 25° to 100° C. Voltage range is
from 6 to 120v dc or ac, 60 to 400 cps.
Circle No. 238 on Subscriber Service Card
C-Band Klystron
Fairchild Semiconductor Div. of
Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.
is marketing a solid-state C-band micro-
wave source with single-screw tuning.
The Model MS 100 is mechanically
tunable through the 5.4 to 5.9-gc range
and voltage-tunable over a 1% band-
width. Minimum output power is 10
mw with spurious noise 60 db down over
the rated frequency and more than 50
db down outside the range. Modulation
sensitivity is approximately 20 Mc per
volt; long-term frequency stabilization
exceeds four parts in 103 over a tem-
perature range of —55° to 100°C.
Circle No. 239 on Subscriber Service Card
Instrumentation Modules
American Missile Products Co., Inc.,
is marketing the MC series of func-
tional instrumentation modules for use
in analog and digital systems.
The units plug into a rack mounting
module cage, which has integral power
supplies of 15v regulated, — 15v regu-
lated and 225v unregulated. The module
cage will contain up to 16 one-in.-wide
modules. Scalers have a nixie tube dis-
play on the front panel and an 8, 4, 2, 1
binary coded decimal readout is avail-
able on the rear connector.
Circle No. 240 on Subscriber Service Cord
Laser Power Meter
A self-contained power meter for
measuring output of continuous lasers
and other light sources has been intro-
duced by Optics Technology, Inc.
The Model 610 consists of a broad-
band detector, a meter calibrated in
milliwatts and six dynamic ranges. In-
put aperture is one inch.
The device measures signal levels
between 0.03 and 1,000 milliwatts. An
oscilloscope or strip chart recorder can
be attached. The unit has a spectral
range from 4,000 to 1 1 ,000 Angstroms,
and is calibrated at 6,328 Angstroms to
±2% against the OTI standard.
Circle No. 241 on Subscriber Service Card
PCM T/M Ground Station
A stored-program PCM telemetry
ground station which supplies data and
identification information directly to an
on-line digital computer or computer
complex has been announced by Moni-
tor Systems, Inc.
The Model 1110 contains no patch-
boards; programming is provided by a
magnetic-core memory with capacity
for storing up to four telemetry for-
mats simultaneously. Formats may be
introduced by paper tape, a keyboard
or a computer.
The system provides instantaneous
selection of one of nine pre-synchro-
nized telemetry links. Data words may
be up to 64 bits and may be subdivided
into syllables.
Circle No. 242 on Subscriber Service Card
Coupling Capabilities
:1
TWO
MILLION
This flexible fuel coupling
cycled 2,000,000 times
without any evidence of
failure. It is typical of
On Mark's design, testing and
manufacturing capabilities.
On Mark's engineering
objectivity has played a leading
part in the development of
couplings for special hydraulic,
cryogenic, and electrical
applications. This specialized
capability is available to solve
your problems in these fields.
Write On Mark.
ON MARK COUPLINGS
1053 Colorado Boulevard, Los Angeles 41, Calif.
DIVISION OF PUROlATOR PRODUCTS, INC.
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964 cirtle No 5 on Subscriber Service Card
Engineers & Scientists
Make '64 a Year Of
Achievement
echnology and science, like the calendar, moves on . . . Did '63 see you,
^p*/ the engineer or scientist, move a step further toward your professional
goals? If not . . .'64 is here with new vistas beckoning, particularly in the
interrelated world of electronics, advanced aircraft and spacecraft.
Grumman's steady advance in these areas has been sparked by the engineers
and scientists who spearhead the company. Our design, development and
study activities include vehicles and systems for programs ranging from
submarine searching to space stations.
We cordially invite those engineers and scientists with kindred experience,
who are determined to make '64 a year of achievement, to immediately
investigate these specific opportunities.
Senior Heat Transfer Engineers— BS or MS with minimum of 5 years
training and experience in structural heat transfer analysis is re-
quired. Will develop IBM programs and other analytical tools as
needed to handle complicated configurations and end condition for
space vehicle structures and propulsion systems. Must be capable
of determining temperature distributions and recommended heat
transfer configurations for initial structural designs and the detailed
analyses, and test verification work to complete the design.
Reliability Test-Propulsion— BS in ME or equivalent with 5 years
experience in propulsion system testing or design. Knowledge of
rocket engines, preferably hypergolic type, required. Positions avail-
able for reliability planning and monitoring of propulsion test pro-
grams at Bethpage and at White Sands Missile Range. Background
in statistical analysis techniques desirable.
Reliability Engineers— BS in EE, ME, AE and experience on aero-
space systems, to engage in system and sub-system reliability con-
trol activities including one or more of the following: apportionment,
prediction, configuration (trade-off) studies, failure mode and .fail-
ure effect analyses, electronic circuit analyses, maintainability
analyses, environmental analyses, implementation "-of reliability
programs, design reviews, trouble data collection and analyses
and vendor control. Special experience areas include: Propulsion,
Environmental Control, Stabilization, Guidance & Control.
Space Power and Propulsion Systems Design Engineers— BS in
Engineering with experience in design of liquid rocket motors,
and/or space power supply (including nuclear) and associated sys-
tems. Duties include conception and design of storable and cryo-
genic bi-propellant rockets systems and space power systems.
Crew And Equipment Integration Design Engineers— BS in AE or
ME with 3 to 5 years experience in crew station design and elec-
tronic equipment installation design layout. Knowledge of man-
machine display and control layout and arrangements with ana-
lytical approach. Experience in high density equipment installations
to meet rigorous vibration, thermal, structural and assessability
requirements. Close association with spacecraft and aircraft makes
pilot experience very desirable, but not mandatory.
Space Systems Engineers— BS or advanced degree with experience
in the analysis of integration of overall systems for orbital and lunar
exploration, reconnaissance or surveillance and space weapons
applications. Applicants should possess working knowledge of the
various components or subsystems of space systems such as com-
munication, stabilization, guidance, digital and analog control, and
environmental control systems, and have a good background in
space mechanics. Positions encompass conceptual work in defining
systems to match requirements, analysis and synthesis of these
systems, simulation and final verification.
Systems Simulation Engineers— BS or advanced degree with expe-
rience in the simulation of large scale systems in the fields of space
missions and satellites, airborne early warning, surface and air-
borne anti submarine, airborne attack and reconnaissance. The
applicants should possess a strong mathematical background as
well as intimate knowledge of analog, digital, and hybrid computers,
their capabilities and limitations, real time simulation, integration
of the human in the simulation loop, and display requirements. Posi-
tions entail the determination of simulation requirements, detailed
simulation planning, scheduling, mathematical formulations, mech
anizations, and analysis of results.
To arrange an immediate interview, SEND
RESUME to Mr. P. M. Van Putten, Manager
Engineering Employment, Dept. GR-86.
GRUMMAN
AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING CORPORATION
Bethpage ■ Long Island • New York
(An Equal Opportunity Employer)
Circle No. 14 on Subscriber Service Card
— The Industry Week^
Mergers and Acquisitions
Stockholders of the Garrett Corp. have agreed
to a merger of the company with Signal Oil
and Gas Co. Under terms of the merger, Garrett
stockholders are to receive one share of a new
convertible preferred stock to be issued by Signal
for each share of Garrett. It will have a fixed
dividend rate of $2.40 per share, compared with
the traditional $2.00 rate on Garrett common.
. . . Control Data Corp., Minneapolis, has agreed
to acquire the business and principal assets of
Rabinow Engineering Co., Washington, B.C.,
subject to Rabinoiv stockholder approval. Rabinow
is a research, development and production or-
ganization and has done work in electronic docu-
ment reading.
International
Baird-Atomic, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., has
signed an agreement to produce and market in
North America the Automatic Fluorescent X-ray
Spectrometer Type XZ 1030 developed by Elliott
Quality Automation Ltd., London. . . . The
Marquardt Corp., Van Nuys, Calif., and Bristol
Siddeley Engines Limited of Great Britian have
signed an agreement to interchange information
relating to advance propulsion systems for su-
personic and hypersonic flight. Initial collabora-
tion ivill be limited to an exchange of information
concerning supersonic and hypersonic ramjet
engines, sub-systems and components.
Facilities
Wyle Laboratories Test Div., Huntsville, Ala.,
facility has placed in operation a vibration sys-
tem expressly for testing large structural parts
of Saturn rockets. The system, largest of its
kind ever built, is capable of producing 200,000
force pounds either horizontally or vertically.
. . . Lear Siegler's Romec Facility, Elyria, Ohio,
has built a 2,S00-sq.-ft. class 2 clean room for
the assembly of servo valves, hydraulic rams and
power packages. . . . On Mark Couplings, a
division of Purolator Products, Inc., is starting
construction work on a new manufacturing and
research facility in Rancho Conejo, light industry
and research center in California Conejo Valley.
The new plant will house West Coast head-
quarters for Purolator Products, and will supply
manufacturing and test facilities for Purolator's
aerospace filters, as well as housing On Mark's
sales office, engineering department, machine shop
and prototype shop, chemical laboratory and clean
rooms. Research and development units are de-
signed to allow incorporation of R&D work
presently being done at Purolator headquarters
in Rahway, New Jersey. The new building will
give On Mark three times the working room of
its present laboratories and will enable them to
expand their activities in the area of contract
testing. . . . Missouri Research Laboratories,
issiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
Inc., St. Louis, has established an office in Albu-
querque, N.M., to serve as a base for expanded
operations in the Albuquerque area. MRL makes
automatic test and simulation equipment and has
done considerable work in the past for the Sandia
Corp. . . . New York Testing Laboratories, Inc.,
Westbury, N.Y., has completed expansion to
facilities bringing floor space to a total of
19,000 sq. ft. Major installations include a Ling
sine-random 7,000-force-pound vibration system,
a high impact shock tester, and walk-in chambers
for temperature-altitude and temperature-humid-
ity testing. . . . Film Capacitors, Inc., has moved
to expanded facilities in Passaic, N.J. The 20,000
sq. ft. of new production space more than doubles
FC's former area in New York City. The new
space ivill inable the firm to step up production
output and to accelerate its research and devel-
opment activities. . . . Sulfrian Cryogenics, Inc.,
Hillside, N.J., has broken ground for a new
31,000-sq.-ft. office, manufacturing and research
facility in Rahway, N.J. . . . The Bethlehem
Corp.'s Environmental Engineering Div. has in-
stalled a 3 ,500-cu.-ft. environmental testing fa-
cility with an altitude performance of over
200,000 ft. for Associated Testing Laboratories
in Wayne, N.J. The facility will be used in testing
missile, satellite and space vehicle components.
. . . Atlantic Research Corp., Alexandria, Va.,
has opened a new $200,000 high-altitude re-
search chamber. The 6-ft.-dia. x 25-ft.-long cham-
ber will be used to study rockets and other gas
generators at simulated altitudes of up to 50
mi. . . . Advanced Scientific Instruments, Min-
neapolis, digital computer manufacturer and a
division of Electro-Mechanical Research, Inc.,
has expanded its Southeast District sales office.
Headquartered in Huntsville, Ala., the district
office will be increased by the addition of a main-
tenance service center and applications support
facility.
Company Representatives
Dynatech Corp., Cambridge, Mass., has ap-
pointed three new representatives to sell its
engineering services and line of thermophysical
properties measuring instruments. The W. J.
Mauer Co. will cover the greater Chicago-Mil-
waukee area. Engineering Services Co., St. Louis,
will cover Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas and
southern Illinois. Everitt V. Swenson will rep-
resent Dynatech at Wright Patterson AFB,
Ohio. . . . Liquidonics, Inc., Westbury, N.Y.,
has appointed four distributors to handle sales,
service and parts for its line of hydraulic piston
accumulators and related equipment. Air Equip-
ment Company, Kansas City, Kansas, ivill cover
Kansas and Missouri. H & R Sales and Engi-
neering, St. Louis, will be responsible for the
St. Louis area. California, Arizona, Nevada and
Utah will be serviced by Mac Keller Air Controls
Co., Los Angeles. Chapson Bros., Ltd., Honolulu,
wiM represent Liquidonics in Hawaii.
Microelectronics — one of the most dramatic, potentially most important, but least understood
missile/space developments is the subject for M/R's special report.
It will include:
1 Introduction — growth trends, impact, state of the art.
2 Market Analysis
NASA Expenditures □ Military Expenditures
Industry Leaders & Major Contracts
3 Industry Analysis
Manufacturers, R&D Efforts □ Basic Materials, Suppliers, Growth Potential.
4 Technological Trends
Methods of component & circuit fabrication □ Manufacturing — automaticity, reproducibility,
packaging, testing, yield, reliability □ Operating or environmental problems
5 Marketing Problems
Industry and government viewpoints.
Advertise in the February 3, 1964 issue of MISSILES AND ROCKETS.
Over 44,000 missile/ space engineers will read this issue
to see how microelectronics is going to affect their industry.
ADVERTISING CLOSES: JANUARY 13, 1964
PUBLICATION DATE: FEBRUARY 3, 1964
r
ENGINEERS
PHYSICISTS
MATHEMATICIANS
T
JL.0 IMPROVE
MISSILE
EFFECTIVENESS
Through Advanced
Technology
The Applied Physics Laboratory,
The Johns Hopkins University,
seeks several talented engineers and
scientists willing to roll up their
sleeves and tackle the overall Terrier,
Tartar, and Talos Weapons Systems.
More specifically, they will plan and
conduct tests, evaluate the test data,
spot problem areas and recommend
solutions.
Remuneration reflects the heavy
responsibility. Other rewards include
plenty of room for independent
thinking and initiative, the intel-
lectual stimulation of working on
highly sophisticated problems, and
the satisfaction of seeing all sub-
systems (missile, radar, computers,
data links) functioning as one inte-
grated unit.
Respondents should have a B.S. or
advanced degree in electronics, phys-
ics, or mathematics. Career posi-
tions are available on both associate
and senior levels.
A PL's modern facilities are located
in a residential area between Wash-
ington, D. C. and Baltimore, giving
you a choice of city, suburban or
country living. Travel to contractors
and test areas in this country and
the Caribbean will be required.
Direct your inquiry to:
Mr. W. S. Kirby,
Professional Staffing
Applied Physics Laboratory
The Johns Hopkins University
8643 Georgia A venue
Silver Spring, Maryland
(Suburb of Washington, D. C.)
An equal opportunity employer
contracts and procurements
AWARDS
AIR FORCE
$7,600,000 — Fairchild Camera and Instrument
Corp., Syosset, N.Y., for production of photo-
graphic equipment.
$6,400,000— Ford Motor Co.'s Philco Corp., Palo
Alto, Calif., for work on a satellite control
network.
$3,500,000 — International Business Machines Corp.,
Federal Systems Div., Rockville, Md., for
continued work on electronic data-processing
equipment (supplemental contract).
$3,400,000 — General Electric Co., Philadelphia,
for a Minuteman re-entry vehicle development
study.
$2,400,000 — Burroughs Corp.'s Military Systems
Div., Paoli, Pa., for work on North American
Defense Command Combat Operations Center
(supplemental contract).
$2,200,000 — General Electric Co., Syracuse, N.Y.,
for further work on Titan I and // guidance
systems.
$2,000,000— General Electric Co., Philadelphia,
for Titan II missile work (supplemental con-
tract).
$1,900,000 — Burroughs Corp.'s Defense and Space
Group, Paoli, Pa., for continued acquisition
and integration of electronic hardware for the
425L system of AF Electronic Systems Div. at
the North American Air Defense Command,
Colorado Springs, Colo.
$ 1 ,800,000 — Aerojet-General Corp., Sacramento,
Calif., for continued Titan II propulsion sys-
tem development work related to the Gemini
program.
$1,600,505 — Emerson Electric Manufacturing Co.'s
Electronics and Space Div., St. Louis, for pro-
vision of a general-purpose automatic test
equipment system for ultra-high-frequency com-
munications sets and tactical air navigation
systems (supplemental contract).
$1,600,000 — Aerojet-General Corp., Sacramento,
Calif., for continued research and development
activities on the Titan III missile engine.
$1,500,000 — General Dynamics Corp., San Diego,
Calif., for continued production of launch-
vehicle spare parts.
$1,400,01)0 — Electronic Communications, Inc., St.
Petersburg, Fla., for communications equip-
ment and services (several contracts).
$1,252,700— Philco Corp.'s Aeronutronic Div.,
Newport Beach, Calif., for work on operational
subsystems and services for Atlas and Titan
missiles (supplemental contract).
$1,000,000— Philco Corp.'s Aeronutronic Div.,
Newport Beach, Calif., for study and test of
advanced means of penetrating enemy missile-
defense systems (classified project).
$452,722— Yardney Electric Corp., New York City,
for production of missile batteries for use in
Falcon GAR 1 and 2 air-to-air missiles.
$393,000 — Hoffman Electronics Corp.'s Military
Products Div., Los Angeles, for production of
TACAN coupling instruments.
$400,000— Emerson Electric Mfg. Co.'s Electronics
and Space Div., St. Louis, for repair and
modification of 39 different types of Airborne
Radio Navigation (ARN) instruments.
$347,500— Martin Marietta Corp.'s Denver Div.,
Colo., for documentation to support provision-
ing actions for missiles, aerospace ground
equipment and items, propellant transfer sys-
tem and silo door activation system.
ARMY
$2,400,000— Sylvania Electric Products, Mountain
View, Calif., for classified research and de-
velopment activities.
$1,700,000— Butler Mfg. Co., for production of
containers to be used with Pershing missiles.
$1,700,000— C&B Construction Co., for a com-
ponent test facility at NASA's Marshall Space
Flight Center.
$1,098,419— Bendix Corp.'s Radio Div., Towson,
Md., for production of low-speed digital circuit
modules.
NAVY
$12,700,000— Vitro Corp., Silver Spring, Md., for
research and development related to the Polaris
FBM weapons system.
$6,100,000— Sperry Rand Corp., New York City I
for engineering efforts on a Polaris submarinC<
navigation system.
$5,200,000 — Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co. {
St. Petersburg, Fla., for Polaris A-3 missili
gyroscopic equipment.
$4,900,000— Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Sunnyvale |
Calif., for further production of Polaris A-'A
missiles.
$4,700,000— General Motors Corp., Milwaukee
for Polaris A-3 guidance system gyroscopic!
equipment.
$3,700,000 — Westinghouse Electric Corp., Sunny-
vale, Calif., for Polaris launching system pro-
grams for SSB(N).
$2,800,000 — Interstate Electronics Corp., Anaheim,
Calif., for field engineering and support serv-
ices in connection with fleet ballistic missile!
(FBM) weapon system program test instru-i
mentation.
$2,600,000— Collins Radio Co., Cedar RapidsJ
Iowa, for manufacture of ultra-high-frequency!
radio equipment.
$2,200,000 — Howard Research Corp., for engineer-1
ing assistance in the design and development
of Polaris missile system training equipment.
$2,000,000 — North American Aviation, Inc., Eli
Segundo, Calif., for 16 inertial navigation sys-
tem items to be installed aboard Polaris missile i
submarines.
$1,700,000 — Sperry Rand Corp., St. Paul, Minn.,
for computer development in an antisubmarine;
warfare program.
$1,600,000— Thiokol Chemical Corp., Bristol, Pa.,
for Bullpup liquid-fueled air-to-ground missile
engines.
$1,400,000— Radio Corp. of America, Burlington.
Mass., for a classified electronics research and
development effort.
$359,000 — Interstate Electronics Corp., Anaheim,
Calif., for engineering research and develop-
ment services in the development of test instru-
mentation in support of the Polaris program.
$120,000— Servo Corp. of America., Hicksville,
N.Y., for research in development of new infra-
red materials for use in missiles, rockets and
other space vehicles.
NASA
$48,064,658— Douglas Aircraft Co.'s Missile and
Space Systems Div., Santa Monica, Calif., for
development and production of the S-IVB
stage, which will be used in the Saturn IB pro-
gram (supplemental contract).
$4,750,000— Bendix Corp.'s Pacific Div., North
Hollywood, Calif., for complete installation of
Gemini-Agena spacecraft information display
console systems to be located at Global Track-
ing Network ground stations.
$2,221,083 — Chrysler Corp., Detroit, for engineer-
ing services supporting launch operations of
the Saturn rocket (supplemental contract).
$2,200.000 — Electro-Mechanical Research Corp.,
Sarasota, Fla., for provision of five added
PCM tracking station systems for the Global
Tracking Network.
$1,100.000 — Lockheed Missiles & Space Co.,
Sunnyvale, Calif., for added funds and ex-
tension of definitization date of the current
letter contract for the Mariner C program.
$138,119 — Douglas Aircraft Co., Santa Monica, for
a study of high-strength extremely tough steel
alloy for use in manufacturing large space
vehicles.
$103,000 — HaUicrafters Co., Chicago, for pro-
vision of high-speed digital code translation
data systems for the Apollo program.
$76,000 — Electronic Engineering Co. of California,
Santa Ana, for an EECO 751 scientific data
processing system.
Electro-Mechanical Research, Inc., Sarasota, Fla.,
for conversion of a Baker-Schmidt astro-
graphic telescope to a meteor telespectrograph
(undisclosed amount).
INDUSTRY
$4,000,000 — General Dynamics/Electronics, San I
Diego, Calif., from Philco Corp., for computer
display equipment for use in the Integrated
Mission Control Center at Houston.
$149,000 — Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.,
Electronic Tube Div.'s Du Mont Laboratories,
Clifton, N.J., from United Aircraft Corp.'s
Hamilton Standard Div., for development of
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
electron-beam welding techniques for the fabri-
cation of electronic tubes.
$34,000 — Mobile Trailer Leasing, Inc., Denver,
from the Boeing Co., for transportable office
structures.
REQUESTS FOR BIDS
GENERAL PROCUREMENTS
Aerospace Medical Division
Attn: AMKRB
P. O. Box 35448
Brooks AFB, Tex.
Negotiations will be conducted with Southwest
Research Institute, San Antonio, Tex., for re-
search and reports on the study of radiation-
Induced free radicals in chemical and biological
systems. For information only; no RFP available.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Manned Spacecraft Center
General Research Procurement
Houston, Tex.
Attn: D.C. Humes
WA 8-2811, Ext. 7305
Earth-orbital scene simulator display generator;
delivery to NASA Manned Spacecraft Center,
Houston 1, Tex. Unit — RFP MSC-64-933P. RFP
due date 1-21-64.
Contracting Officer
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Langley Station
Hampton, Va.
A contract for an analytical study to define an
experimental program for evaluation and optimiza-
tion of multielement large-aperture arrays is to
be negotiated with Research Triangle Institute,
Durham, N.C. For information only; RFP L-4062
not available.
U.S. Navy Department
Bureau of Ships
Washington 25, D.C.
Visual target classifier studies; visual tasks in
ipaceflight studies; sea-state determinations study
and reports. RFP 362A-31225.3(S). Request for
proposal will be issued to Dr. S. Q. Duntley, La
folia, Calif. This is a continuation of studies
presently in progress. Dr. Duntley has the unique
background and experience essential to the con-
duction of these studies. It is suggested that small
business firms and others interested in subcontract-
ing opportunities make direct contact with Dr.
Duntley.
Systems Engineering Group
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
Negotiations are to be conducted with Engel-
hard Industries, Inc., Newark, N.J., for continu-
ation of contract AF 33(657)-7849 for improved
temperature control coatings from organometallic
solutions. For information only; no RFP avail-
able. RFP C-6585-RB.
Bureau of Naval Weapons
Washington 25, D.C.
Develop an effective process for producing
fused silica radomes for Tartar /Terrier missiles.
The Bureau of Naval Weapons contemplates en-
tering into negotiations with General Dynamics/
Pomona, Pomona, Calif. Solicitation will be made
on the basis that this is the most acceptable firm
familiar with fused-silica, slip-cast radome fabri-
cation, to perform the work under the proposed
contract. This notice is made for information pur-
poses only. C/N 2108-64. BuWeps Synopsis No.
354-64.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Huntsville, Ala.
Furnish all labor and materials to modify and
convert existing YFNB barge to an S-II and S-1VB
stage space vehicle transportation barge complete
and ready for operation by NASA. The work shall
be accomplished in accordance with general specs
and guidance plans which will be furnished with
the RFQ. A bidders' conference will be held on
board the vessel, located at the U.S. Navy Reserve
Fleet, San Diego, Calif., on Jan. 8. Attendance
is considered mandatory for all potential pro-
posers due to lack of definitive specs. Intent to
propose and attend conference must be received
by MSFC, NASA, by close of business Jan. 3.
Phone: 205-539-2026, J. C. Thompson. The follow-
ing firms are on the initial source list: Bethlehem
Steel Co., San Francisco; Camubell Machine, Inc.,
San Diego, Calif.; Forster Shipbuilding Co., Ter-
minal Isle, Calif.; Martinolich Ship Repair Co.,
Oakland, Calif.; National Steel and Shipbuilding,
San Diego, Calif.; Todd Shipyards Corp., San
Pedro, Calif., Pacific Dry Dock and Repair, Oak-
land, Calif., and Avondale Shipyards, New
Orleans, La.
Purchasing Office
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Huntsville, Ala.
Attn: R. T. Minard
Designs, fabrication, checkout and delivery of
complete ultrasonic automatic scanning and re-
cording systems capable of producing A 1-2-1 scale
facsimile C-scan recording of the condition of
a metal, for the scanning of the interior of ma-
terials and welds and facsimile recording of their
characteristics. Delivery to Marshall Space Flight
Center. RFQ DCN 2-4-17-006024. Reissued pro-
posals due 1-27-64. All information available is
contained in RFQ.
Systems Engineering Group
Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio
Research to establish the capability and ad-
vantages of electron beam welding methods as a
practical fabrication process for conventional struc-
tural alloys readily fabricated by traditional weld-
ing methods. Requests for this RFP must be in
writing. Address requests to Systems Engineering
Group, Attn: NOTE Colon SEKRB, Wright Pat-
terson AFB, Ohio, 45433. RFP 180073-R-B.
Headquarters
Space Systems Div.
AF Unit Post Office
Los Angeles, Calif. 90045
Six Centaur boosters. Contract is a follow-on
award to General Dynamics Corp., Astronautics
Div., 5001 Kearny Villa Road, San Diego, Calif.
This firm is sole source for the above item. Small
business firms and others interested in subcontract-
ing opportunities should make direct contact with
the above firm.
Directorate of Research and Development Pro-
curement
Systems Engineering Group (RTD)
Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio
Negotiations will be conducted with Aerojet-
General Corp., Azusa, Calif., to toxicological re-
search on selected missile propellants and pro-
pellant constituents. This is a continuation of the
work under contract AF 33(657)-10951. For in-
formation only. No RFPs available. PR NR
61136-MB.
Lewis Research Center
21000 Brookpark Road
Cleveland, Ohio
Negotiations will be conducted with Aerolab
Development Co., 1900 Walker Avenue, Monrovia,
Calif., for the inspection and repair as necessary
and test loading of one set of Wasp first stage
hardware. RFP STD-184. For information only;
no RFP available.
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
Commanding Officer
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.
Negotiations are to be conducted with Thiokol
Chemical Corp., Bristol Div., Bristol, Pa., for
further research on an acoustic detection system.
RFP-RD-APG-64-64. Note: For information only;
RFP not available.
/
ENGINEERS
PHYSICISTS
MATHEMATICIANS
MAKE
EACH
POLARIS
COUNT
The Applied Physics Laboratory,
The Johns Hopkins University,
seeks talented engineers and sci-
entists willing to roll up their
sleeves and tackle the Polaris
Weapon System. The objective:
to make each Polaris count!
A PL has prime responsibility for
the operational evaluation of this
weapon system, concentrating at-
tention on the navigation, fire
control, and launch sub-systems
as well as the missile itself.
Staff members establish test pro-
grams, monitor tests at Cape
Canaveral and aboard submarines,
collect and analyze test data, and
provide performance values to op-
erationalmilitary planning agencies.
Career appointments are available
immediately on all levels at APL's
modern laboratory in suburban
Washington, D.C, giving you a
choice of city, suburban or country
living. The area offers many bene-
fits including excellent residential
areas, complete service and rec-
reational facilities, and good public
and private schools. There are
seven universities at which staff
members can continue their edu-
cation with APL financial support.
Direct your inquiry to :
Mr. W. S. Kirby,
Professional Staffing
Applied Physics Laboratory
The Johns Hopkins University
8643 Georgia Avenue,
Silver Spring, Maryland
(Suburb of Washington, D. C.J
An equal opportunity employer
43
the
ROBINSON
WIRE TWISTER
' twists wire precisely and
securely in a split second.
Price $16.98.
• Exclusive diagonal jaws — pic-
tured, also diagonal square
jaws.
9 Rehardened jaw serrations
and cutters.
9 Drop forged, alloy steel pliers.
0 Steel spiral, runs thru brass
bushing.
• 9" or 12" models.
• Handles .030 to .060 size
wire.
Write for details to
Ralph C. Robinson Co.
l^Mj Dept. RM, P.O. Box 3494,
' North Sacramento 15, California
Circle No. 6 on Subscriber Service Card
A major aerospace organization in the South-
ern California area offers an unusual oppor-
tunity for a
TECHNICAL MANAGER
Interested in contributing to and directing
a substantial applied research program in
electrical propulsion and associated fields.
Candidates should have Ph.D. degree in
Physics or EE with 10 years' laboratory and
management experience, including demon-
strated competence, in Charged Particle
Dynamics, Electron/Ion Emission, Plasma
Physics and related advanced technology.
Our modern facilities, specifically designed
and completely equipped, provide a uniquely
creative atmosphere for effective research in
the above areas. For interview appointment
with the Laboratory Director, please forward
resume to:
BOX # 101, Missiles & Rockets Magazine,
1001 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Washington,
D. C. 20005
U. S. CITIZENSHIP REQUIRED
An equal opportunity employer
names in the news-
HENRY
FISK
William S. Henry, Jr.: Appointed man-
ager of Philco Corp.'s Aeronutronic Div.
Marketing Office, Newport Beach, Calif.
William G. Fisk: Appointed technical
representative for Haveg Reinhold Inc.,
Santa Fe Springs, Calif.
John L. Boyer: Named senior engineer-
ing consultant at International Rectifier
Corp., El Segundo, Calif.
Gerard Decker: Appointed manager of
systems applications for the Data Systems
Div. of Litton Industries, Canoga Park,
Calif.
James A. Luksch: Appointed director
of engineering at Telonic Industries, Beech
Grove, Ind.
Dr. Robert B. Mears: Named vice presi-
dent-new product development for United
States Steel Corp., Pittsburgh.
Frank Gard Jameson: Appointed vice
president and assistant to the president of
Ryan Aeronautical Co., San Diego, Calif.
Lloyd R. Morrow: Named product man-
ager in charge of relays and electrical
components for Cook Electric Co.'s Wire-
corn Div., Chicago.
Vince Neeson: Announced as president
of the newly-formed Neeson Co., San
Francisco. D.J. Spencer appointed vice
president-production and Major James F.
Neeson (USA Ret.) named vice president
and resident manager of the Monterey,
Calif., division.
Dr. Seymour Blum: Appointed director
of research-ceramics operations of ITT Re-
search Institute, Chicago.
David Westerman: Elected director and
president of Hazeltine Research, Inc., Chi-
cago.
Anthony R. Pignoni: Appointed New
York area marketing representative for the
Nortonics Div. of Northrop Corp.
David J. Gibson: Named manager of
development and engineering at Dynatech
Corp.'s Instruments and Measurements
Dept., Cambridge, Mass.
Reuben O. Schlegelmilch: Named man-
ager-advanced missiles programs, Space
Guidance Center, International Business
Machines Corp., Owego, N.Y.
BOYER LUKSCH
Daniel J. Youngerman: Appointed man-
ager of procurement and facilities plan-
ning for Sylvania Electronic Systems Div.
of Sylvania Electric Products Inc., Walt-
ham, Mass.
Herbert F. Lello: Named executive vice
president-manufacturing of General Tele-
phone & Electronics Corp., New York
City.
Arthur S. Rosenthal: Appointed man-
ager-systems and data processing at the
Norden Div. of United Aircraft Corp.,
Norwalk, Conn.
George D. Pugsley: Appointed western
district regional manager for Electronic
Communications, Inc., North Hollywood,
Calif.
Charles Hummel: Elected a vice presi-
dent of the Bendix Corp., Detroit.
M/R BUSINESS OFFICES
Washington 5, D.C.— 1001 Vermont Avenue, NW;
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A. C. Boughton, National Sales Manager
Craig t. Mason, Director of Research
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Plastics • Metals
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SIER-BATH COMPANY, INC.
9252 Hudson Blvd., N. Bergen, N. J. • Tel: UN 9-3000
44
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
43
45
6
11
2
27
8
8
48
38
47
35
7
18
36
37
17
44
10
48
4
19.
—when and where-
JANUARY
10th National Symposium on Reliability
and Quality Control, Statler Hilton
Hotel, Washington, D.C., Jan. 7-9.
National Society of Professional Engineers
Winter Meeting, Westward Ho Motel,
Phoenix, Ariz., Jan. 8-11.
1964 Annua] Automotive Engineering Con-
gress and Exposition, Cobo Hall, De-
troit, Jan. 12-17.
146th National Meeting of the American
Chemical Society, Denver, Jan. 19-24.
Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Hotel Astor,
New York City, Jan. 20-22.
American Physical Society Conference on
Semimetals, Columbia University, New
York City, Jan. 21.
American Physical Society Meeting, Statler
Hilton Hotel, New York City, Jan. 22-
25.
SBA-SAVE Value Engineering and Analy-
sis Symposium, Americana Hotel, New
York City, Jan. 23.
American Mathematical Society 70th An-
nual Meeting, Miami, Jan. 23-27.
Second Annual Symposium on Funda-
mental Phenomena in the Materials Sci-
ences, Sheraton Plaza Hotel, Boston,
Jan. 27-28.
Conference on Control and System Opti-
mization, Naval Post Graduate School,
Monterey, Calif., Jan. 27-29.
AIAA Solid Propellant Rocket Conference,
Palo Alto, Calif., Jan. 29-31 (semi classi-
fied).
American Meteorological Society 44th An-
nual Meeting, University of California
at Los Angeles, Jan. 29-31.
FEBRUARY
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
52nd National Meeting, Hotel Peabody,
Memphis, Term., Feb. 2-5.
IEEE Winter Power Meeting, Statler Hil-
ton Hotel, New York City, Feb. 2-7.
International Congress on Documentation
and Scientific-Technical Information,
Rome, Italy, Feb. 2-11.
International Conference on the Impact of
Modern Physics on Materials, Sheraton
Hotel, Philadelphia, Feb. 3-7.
IEEE-MIL Fifth Winter Convention on
Military Electronics, Ambassador Hotel,
Los Angeles, Feb. 5-7.
American College of Radiology National
Meeting, Tucson, Ariz., Feb. 5-8.
Institute on Information Storage and Re-
trieval, sponsored by American Uni-
versity, International Inn, Washington,
D.C., Feb. 10-14.
Golden Gate Metals Conference, San Fran-
cisco, Feb. 13-15.
1964 Annual Meeting and Symposium on
Physical Metallurgy of Refractory Met-
als, sponsored by AIME, New York
City, Feb. 16-20.
ASCE Transportation Engineering Con-
ference, Netherland Hilton Hotel, Cin-
cinnati, Feb. 17-21.
International Solid State Circuits Confer-
ence, sponsored by IEEE and University
of Pennsylvania, Sheraton Hotel and
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Feb. 19-21.
9th Scintillation and Semiconductor
Counter Symposium, sponsored by IEEE,
AEC and NBS, Shoreham Hotel, Wash-
ington, D.C., Feb. 26-28.
MARCH
ASME Gas Turbine Conference and Prod-
ucts Show, Shamrock Hilton Hotel,
Houston, Mar. 1-5.
Atmospheric Problems of Aerospace Ve-
hicles, sponsored by FAA and AMS,
National Aviation Facilities Experi-
mental, Atlantic City, N.J., Mar. 2-5.
15th Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical
Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy,
Penn-Sheraton Hotel, Pittsburgh, Mar.
2-6.
FREE
Aero-Space OPPORTUNITIES BULLETIN
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45
editorial . . .
Sound,
WE WISH President Johnson well in the New
Year but we also wish he would cut out the
political sleight of hand with the Dept. of Defense
budget. He's not fooling anyone.
DOD last week noted that Secretary McNamara,
at the direction of President Johnson, had cut $9 bil-
lion from the Fiscal '65 defense budget.
The fact of the matter is that this is a perfectly
normal review procedure and was already planned.
Last year, for example, Secretary McNamara cut
more than $13 billion from the service requests be-
fore sending the budget to President Kennedy.
In order to improve chances for a tax cut, Presi-
dent Johnson naturally would like to have it appear
that he has instituted some $9 billion in savings. But
this just isn't true.
Furthermore, the confusion from these claims is
resulting in considerable uneasiness in the industry
as the year opens.
Recent cutbacks in a number of projects — Dyna-
Soar, Ranger and Rover, as examples — have contrib-
uted to this feeling.
But we are confident that presentation of the new
budget to Congress will end this period of uncertainty.
The economic strength of the missile/space industry
depends not upon individual programs but on the
long-range national philosophy behind those pro-
grams.
President Johnson has made it more than evident
that he firmly backs the military and space philoso-
phies which have brought this industry to its present
position as No. 2 in the nation. This will be made
clear in the budget which the President presents to
Congress later this month.
Lockheed Aircraft Corp. in a recent statement be-
fore a subcommittee of the Senate Labor and Public
Welfare Committee put forward this view of the
future :
"Our own forecasts all point to a continued high
level of defense and space spending in view of the
basic realities of the present world situation. It seems
to us reasonable to expect a nearly constant level of
combined defense and space spending over the next
few years or, at the most, only a slightly declining one.
Recent estimates of a $5-billion decline in defense
spending over the next five years appear to us as a
valid but perhaps outside figure, more likely subject
to downward rather than upward revision. We should
think that civilian space spending may hold steady or
perhaps increase."
We believe this Lockheed forecast to be, if any-
thing, somewhat pessimistic. We consider a $5-billion
decline in defense spending as highly unlikely. There
already are certain evident trends which suggest this.
One, which has gone largely unnoticed publicly,
is a reversal in Soviet strategy which now appears to
be under way. The Soviet Union, as we noted last
month (M/R, Dec. 2, p. 18), seems to be at the
beginning of a new buildup of its ICBM forces.
With the intercontinental missile forces of the
U.S. growing rapidly, the Dept. of Defense lately has
been putting more emphasis on the needs of conven-
tional warfare. This will be reflected in the new bud-
Not Fury
get. At the same time, however, some consideration
must be given to the new Soviet direction. If there is
firm evidence of a belated boost in production and
emplacement of Russian ICBM's, Secretary of De-
fense McNamara and his staff must take a new look
at U.S. anti-ICBM planning. The U.S. has been able
to postpone extensive funding of an AICBM program
because of the failure of the Russians to produce as
many ICBM's as anticipated. Once again, we would
like to point out that there was indeed a Missile Gap,
although its existence now has been derided by many
critics. The gap existed in potential — the badly-
neglected production plans of the U.S. That it did not
develop in actuality was due to two factors, one which
we controlled and one which we did not: a U.S.
speed-up and a Soviet slow-down in ICBM emplace-
ment. Those who demanded an increase in U.S. pro-
duction because of a Missile Gap were entirely cor-
rect. The gap would have been clear if the Soviets had
implemented their production potential and we had
not.
Unless the Soviet buildup is further along than
we believe, we do not anticipate extensive Nike-X
funding in the Fiscal 1965 budget to be sent to the
Hill. But it could very well be a factor in the Fiscal
'66 budget.
LAST JANUARY, the Congressional Joint Economic
i Committee released a report by more than 20
academic experts on the Soviet Union which insisted
that the Russians lacked the capability to support
ICBM production, missile defenses and the space
effort simultaneously. The Soviets, said these experts,
could afford only one of these alternatives. Since a
large space effort was in progress, it was noted that
this clearly had been the choice over the other two.
At that time, we called the report so much academic
hogwash. We warned then that if the Administration
decided not to build anti-ICBM defenses in a belief
that the Soviets were incapable of an ICBM buildup
while simultaneously carrying on a space program,
it was toying with national survival.
This is equally true today and it is a situation
which the new Administration must face.
Another factor which will tend to increase defense
spending is the implementation of a manned military
space program of such a nature that there is no limita-
tion on its potential. Because there have been many
in high places in the Pentagon who have not under-
stood the need for this in the past, we doubt if they
realize what it is they have now begun. The advent
of military man in space will produce many require-
ments for well-funded military activities there. Gem-
ini-X, we predict, will be the first of a long line of
Air Force operational space vehicles.
The industry should keep in mind the fact that
much of the sound and fury is political. It is not
short-range individual projects, but long-range na-
tional objectives upon which the industry's strength
rests. And these are secure.
William J. Coughlin
missiles and rockets, January 6, 1964
Today, Hughes is one of the nation's most
active aerospace/electronics firms. Projects
include: F-111 B PHOENIX Guided Missile Sys-
tem, TOW Anti-Tank Missile, SURVEYOR
Lunar Spacecraft, SYNCOM, VATE, ARPAT,
POLARIS, Hard Point Defense and others.
This vigor will assist the qualified engineers
and scientists towards more and better oppor-
tunities for both professional and personal
growth.
Many immediate openings exist. The engi-
neers selected for these positions will be as-
signed to the following design tasks: the
development of high power airborne radar
transmitters, the design of which involves use
of the most advanced components; the de-
sign of low noise radar receivers using para-
metric amplifiers; solid state masers and
other advanced microwave components; ra-
dar data processing circuit design, including
range and speed trackers, crystal filter cir-
cuitry and a variety of display circuits; high
efficiency power supplies for airborne and
space electronic systems; telemetering and
command circuits for space vehicles, timing,
control and display circuits for the Hughes
COLIDAR (Coherent Light Detection and
Ranging).
If you are interested and believe that you can
contribute, make your appointment today.
For immediate consideration,
please airmail your resume to:
Mr. Robert A. Martin
Head of Employment
Hughes Aerospace Divisions
11940 W. Jefferson Blvd.
Culver City 94, California
Creating a new world with electronics
! !
HUGHES
I UGH ES AIRCRAFT COMPANY
AEROSPACE DIVISIONS
An equal opportunity employer.
U. S. CITIZENSHIP REQUIRED
COMPATIBLE
with, a variety of gases -
INCLUDING OXYGEN
A special series of low flow, high pressure, combi-
nation pressure reducing and relief regulators, are
now available on special order to handle difficult gas
services including oxygen. Retaining the physical con-
figuration and advantages of new standard 15L and
15KX Grove regulators, this special line of hand loaders
employs glass filled Teflon* material for the plastic parts
contacting the flow stream. These models feature the instru-
ment accuracy, smoothness of control, reliability and long main-
tenance-free service life common to all Grove loaders. Designed for
panel mounting in test facilities, loading of air dome regulators, or for
service in airborne vehicles. Models are offered to handle inlet pressures
to 10,000 psi and control ranges to 6,000 psi. Write for technical presentation.
GROVE REGULATORS
WALWORTH -GR0VE-AL0YC0
sa/es division of Walworth Company
6529 Hollis Street, Oakland 8. Calif.
Offices and distributors throughout the world
Circle No. 15 on Subscriber Service Card
'Registered trademark of Du Pont Compr
nissiles and ro
HE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
NUARY 13, 1964
Budget Cuts
No Threat
to Most
Programs
Navy Considers
'B3' Polaris
PERT-Type
Profit Checking
Latest Edition
Of M/R Astrolog
Mated Saturn SA-5
M Awaits Launch at Cape
... OH
Hydra- Jet cuts rocket reclaiming time
Halliburton's hydraulic jetting process for the
removal of obsolete or defective solid propel-
lant, liners, and residue, permits the motor case
to be re-charged and returned to service.
Hydra-Jet cleaning, employing non-corrosive
fluids such as treated water, helps solve the
problem of rocket motor reclamation. The Jet-
ting action of the fluid makes it possible to
leave the internal surface of the case smooth
and intact after cleaning. The rocket case is
then ready to be re-charged and returned to
service. The purged propellant is carefully re-
covered through filters for disposal.
Halliburton propellant-removal facilities em-
ploy proven safety features, and enable our
specialists to clean rocket cases faster and more
economically than any other method known
today.
Rocket motor reclamation with Hydra-Jet
. . . another significant advance by Halliburton.
Inquire today for full information.
Halliburton
COMPANY . DUNCAN, o
Circle No. 1 on Subscriber Service Card
Ule mn't redesign him
But we can improve man-machine efficiency by designing vehicles
"around" him. One major obstacle — replacing man's subjective
impressions with quantitative test data — has been overcome by
a new achievement of Caterpillar research.
Human memory was too unreliable.
Even our best test drivers couldn't exactly record their reactions
during field tests. And precise data was what we needed.
Our first project was to develop instrumentation for recording the
effects of motion, vibration, balance, noise and seat position on vehicle
operators.
Step Two: Controlled Testing
When these devices were operational, we tackled the job of devel-
oping testing methods which would duplicate identical conditions in
a controlled laboratory environment. The result was the Caterpillar
Ride Simulator.
This device has three basic elements: a ride platform, including
seat and controls; a servo drive mechanism which controls the platform;
and an analog computer which directs the servo drive unit.
We can record on tape vertical acceleration measurements of a
/ehicle in the field ... and then recreate them exactly on the ride
Dlatform in the lab.
No Memory Problem
Now we can study the effects of vehicle parameter changes more
:losely. And we can judge two versions of a vehicle in immediate
sequence — eliminating the ride memory problem completely.
Step 3 of our human engineering project was even more ambitious.
Dould we shortcut vehicle development by evaluating prototype designs
/vith pre-hardware paper testing?
Using the analog computer, our research engineers simulated a
nathematical "model" of a vehicle concept. A taped road profile was
jsed as input data to the model with the computer output actuating
:he ride simulator.
Thus we reproduced both the bounce and pitch of the concepted
/ehicle as it "traveled" a taped terrain.
Instant Design Changes
We can pinpoint the need for design modifications immediately,
^nd by programming changes through the computer, we can evaluate
:he revised concept in moments instead of days.
Accuracy? No problem.
How important will the Ride Simulator be in our future R&D work?
The time saved in evaluating existing hardware alone will be highly
ewarding-to say nothing of its potential in the evaluation of new
/ehicle concepts.
The Ride Simulator is only one example of Caterpillar's continuing
study of Human Engineering as a means of perfecting the man-machine
elationship. The vehicle specialists at Caterpillar can apply this special
knowledge to your military vehicle projects. Contact Defense Products
Department, Caterpillar Tractor Co., Peoria, Illinois.
CnTERPILLHR
Caterpillar is a Registered Trademark of Caterpillar Tractor Co.
Caterpillar Tractor Co., General Offices, Peoria, Illinois - Caterpillar Americas Co., Peoria, Illinois ■ Caterpillar Overseas S.A., Geneva * Caterpillar of Australia Pty. Ltd., Melbourne • Caterpillar
Jrasil S.A., Sao Paulo * Caterpillar Tractor Co. Ltd., Glasgow - Caterpillar of Canada Ltd., Toronto • Caterpillar France S.A., Grenoble ■ Caterpillar (Africa) (Pty.) Ltd., Johannesburg
Circle No. 2 on Subscriber Service Card
The shortest distance between two points is often imagination
There's a tried and true way . . . but sometimes there's an native thinkers in such fields as physics,:.
untried and new way. To conceive and consider the latter chemistry, engineering, psychology, mathe-
is to invent, to create, to imagine. Such original thinking matics, flight mechanics, computing and pro-
is an important part of Bellcomm's daily work. This Bell gramming, propulsion, aerodynamics and aero-,
System company is helping the National Aeronautics nautical engineering. If you believe that you qualify,
and Space Administration plan the systems needed Bellcomm will give your resume thoughtful study.;
to journey to the moon— a project for which much Address it to Mr. W. W. Braunwarth, Personnel Directors
fresh thinking is needed. Bellcomm has re- Bellcomm, Inc., Room 1100G, 1100 17th St., N. W„ Wash-
warding openings for experienced, imagi- ington, D.C. 20036. Bellcomm is an equal opportunity employer,!
BELLCOMM, INC.
A Bell Telephone System Company
Volume 14, Number 2
January 13, 1964
THE COVER
Fully mated SA-5 Saturn launch vehicle
stands on newly constructed Launch
Complex 37 at Cape Kennedy, awaiting
launch now scheduled for Jan. 29. This is
first Saturn I vehicle in which second
stage is live and will be placed in Earth
orbit.
JANUARY 13 HEADLINES
LB J Sets FY '65 Defense Budget at $50 Billion
U.S. Budget Request For Space Totals $7.2 Billion
Gemini Static Model Prepared for Water Recovery
Three-Firm Team To Build Saturn V VAB Building
AEC Finds Reactors Will Break Up During Re-entry
ARPAT Radar System Turned Over to Army
DOD Studying Possible Fourth-Generation Polaris
SPECIAL SECTION
Latest Edition of M/R's Astrolog— A Status Report on all
U.S. Satellites, Spacecraft, Space Vehicles and Missiles
ASTRONAUTICS
Gemini Photos May Help Research on Re-entry Wakes
SPACE SUPPORT
Martin/Black & Decker Show Space Tool for Apollo
MANAGEMENT
New PERT-Type System Keeps Close Tab on Profits
DEPARTMENTS
Letters
7
Contracts
The Countdown
9
Products & Processes
The Missile/Space
Week®
10
Names in the News
Technical Countdown
33
When and Where .
The Industry Week .
43
Editorial
48,000 copies this issue
If you had to know why the nails stayed on. ...
you'll be interested in a career at Aerospace
Maybe everyone else was satisfied
with merely picking up the nails. You
had to find out why things clung to
the magnet and what you could do to
make the magnet hold more. If this
curiosity has expanded and sharpened
with the years to include such areas
as atomic physics, electromagnetism,
and cryogenics, you well may be
qualified for a career opportunity at
Aerospace Corporation.
Chartered to give the U.S. Govern-
ment the benefit of the best in space
and missile knowledge and experi-
ence, Aerospace serves as architect-
engineer in the advancement of space
science and technology.
Aerospace does not engage in manu-
facturing. It is an organization
dedicated to planning, evaluation,
and technical direction of missile and
space projects for the Air Force.
Aerospace Corporation has an attrac-
tion of its own for men of accomplish-
ment, more than 50 per cent of the
staff having advanced degrees.
Opportunities are considerably above
average for above-average engineers
and scientists.
For complete information, write to
Charles Lodwick, Room 105, P.O.
Box 95081, Los Angeles 45, Calif.
An equal-opportunity employer.
Organized in the public interest and dedicate
AEROSPACE CORPORATION
jective leadership in the advancement and application of space science and technology for the United States Government
STRUCTURAL
DYNA'MIGISTS AT
AEROSPACE/
SAN BERNARDINO
Aerospace/San Bernardino, America's
newest missile center, offers positions
of responsibility in the technical sup-
port of advanced ballistic-missile and
re-entry system programs for the U.S.
Air Force. The corporation serves as
architect-engineer in the advancement
of space science and technology and is
dedicated to the planning, evaluation,
and technical direction of missile and
space projects.
Current technical programs call for
men capable of evaluating the integrity
of missile designs subjected to dynamic
environments. Responsibilities include
analyses of shock and vibration, non-
linear structural response, aeroelastic-
ity, and random vibration.
Applicants should possess a technical
degree, preferably advanced, plus at
least five years' experience in one or
more of the above areas, and the
ability to apply scientific principles to
aerospace-dynamics problems.
Qualified applicants are invited to
write to Mr. R. E. Durant, Room 105 ,
Box 249, San Bernardino, California.
An equal-opportunity employer.
AEROSPACE
CORPORATION
letters
SA-5 Pay load
To the Editor:
Re M/R, Dec. 16, p. 18, article on
Saturn SA-5 . . .
In other magazines, I expect it; in M/R,
never!
I quote:
"The flight is also designed to put into
orbit a 37,700-lb. payload, the world's
heaviest to date."
Oh, come now, are we to go through the
routine once again of classifying the whole
bloody package as payload? Like we did
with Project Score — with 150 lbs. payload
and the whole empty Atlas weighing 8,600
lbs. all listed as payload!
This may come from NASA (Score
data sheet S-58-13) . . . from politicians
. . . from uninformed newsmen and period-
icals, but please, not from M/R, which has
led a long struggle for accuracy.
On the basis of the actual 16,900-lb.
payload capability of SA-5, just imagine,
then, the total weight put into orbit when
Sputniks VIII and VII went up with pay-
loads of 14,292 lbs. some three years ago
... SA-5 is supposed to be fabulously
efficient, especially with the S-TV use of
hydrogen. Yet, SA-5 will orbit a payload
only some 2,600 lbs. heavier than those
"crude, inefficient and clumsy" Russian
rockets of February, 1961.
How heavy, then, the complete weight-
ing-orbit of the heavy Sputniks ... of the
10,400-lb. Vostoks (payload), etc.?
But let's at least keep our records
straight!
Martin Caidin
Plainview, N.Y.
Reliability 'Methods'
To the Editor:
In reference to your Dec. 23 (p. 14)
article concerning reliability and quality
assurance, we were shocked and dismayed
by the misleading headline used, viz.,
"Golovin Cites Hazards of Reliability
Methods." Actually there is no connection
between the headline and the message
which Mr. Golovin wished to convey as
delineated in his quotes. Alterations in
budgets and organizational tinkering are
management prerogatives and have no
relationship to the soundness of reliability
methods.
We who are striving to get acceptance
of reliability and quality assurance concepts
and practices in industry are having enough
difficulty in converting a generation of de-
sign engineers, test engineers, executive
managers, etc., to the idea of providing ade-
quate moral and monetary support to
reliability and quality assurance programs,
without an esteemed publication such as
M/R implying that basic reliability and
quality assurance methods are suspect.
D. E. Hartvigsen
George Miller
Members of Industry's Reliability
and Quality Assurance Team
We feel that management (or misman-
agement) practices in the reliability area are
"methods" just as much as are the engineer-
ing techniques involved. Certainly M/R is
not opposed to the indispensable work
being done by Messrs. Hartvigsen and
Miller and their confreres. — Ed.
NOL and Subroc
To the Editor:
In reading your otherwise complete
article on Subroc (M/R, Dec. 9, p. 12)
I was impressed by the lack of mention
of the technical direction agency. I am
therefore curious as to whether you have a
policy against mentioning government lab-
oratories for the accomplishments in re-
search and development.
G. K. Hartmann
Technical Director
U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory
White Oak
Silver Spring, Md.
M/R lias no such policy; indeed, we
endeavor to mention technical direction
agencies in all articles. The failure to cite
NOL was inadvertent. — Ed.
'Profile
Of An Industry'
Reprints
IN RESPONSE to wide-
spread reader interest, Missiles
and Rockets has prepared re-
prints of the three-part "Profile
of an Industry" series by Senior
Editor William Beller. Based on
recent surveys by U.S. Govern-
ment agencies and the Stanford
Research Institute ( under a con-
tract from the Aerospace Indus-
tries Association), the articles
first appeared in the Oct. 28,
Dec. 2 and Dec. 16, 1963, issues
of M/R. Together they provide
an unprecedented report on the
growth of the Missile / Space in-
dustry— now the second largest
employer in the United States
— and its impact on the national
economy and technology.
The twelve-page reprint may
be ordered from:
Research Department
Missiles and Rockets
1001 Vermont Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20005
Price of the reprint is $.50
(fifty cents) per copy.
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
7
As the nation's first industrial firm devoted exclusively to
missile and space technology, TRW Space Technology Lab-
oratories grew with the national space effort. Since 1957,
STL has participated in nearly every manned and unmanned
space probe.
Today, 2500 engineers and scientists and 4500 support per-
sonnel combine their talents on many STL projects ranging
from research and development to design and manufacture
of NASA'S OGO spacecraft, Air Force nuclear test detection
spacecraft, Tetrahedral Research Satellites, and NASA'S
Pioneer spacecraft.
Also underway is the development of the variable-thrust
rocket descent engine for LEM, the Lunar Excursion Module
of Project Apollo. At the same time STL continues Systems
Management for the Air Force's vital Atlas, Titan and Minute-
man Programs.
These many space activities create immediate openings for
engineers and scientists with experience in Theoretical
Physics, Systems Engineering, Radar Systems, Experimental
Physics, Applied Mathematics, Space Communications, Space
Physics, Antennas and Microwaves, Inertial Guidance, Analog
Computers, Solid State Physics, Computer Design, Telecom-
munications, Digital Computers, Guidance and Navigation,
Electromechanical Devices, Engineering Mechanics, Applied
Aerodynamics and Propulsion Systems.
TRW
SPACE
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORIES
In Perspective
mi \ pji'iffli
■H liiJllllHIil 1
Ik '
EUl
mm
■**' LjJ
^ \ Mi
For information about positions in Southern California or Cape
Kennedy, write STL Professional Placement, Department B-1,
One Space Park, Redondo Beach, California. TRW is an equal op-
portunity employer.
TRW SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES
The Countdown
WASHINGTON
Redeye Into Production
Army has received a production go-ahead for its Redeye
missile, a hand-carried defense weapon for the combat infan-
I tryman against low-flying aircraft. Decision to produce fol-
l lowed solution of problems which had caused slippage of
more than two years. General Dynamics/ Pomona is prime
contractor.
Tracking Ship Squabble Settled
NASA and DOD have resolved their differences over
the number of new tracking ships required for Project
Apollo. Three new ships will be built and two others modi-
fied. The three new vessels will be used during insertion
of the flight phase of the mission to the Moon and back.
The two modified ships will command the re-entry phase.
MMRBM Gains Phase II
The Mobile Medium Range Ballistic Missile has moved
another step in its touch-and-go existence with an industry
team beginning work on the development phase. Final con-
tract negotiations are under way. In its program definition
j phase the MMRBM shaped up as a truck-mounted, solid-
; propellant, air-transportable missile and launcher with pos-
sibilities for shipboard mounting.
Manned-Gemini-in-'64 Push Begins
A major drive is on to make the first manned Gemini
flight in 1964. As a result, space agency officials have made
an earlier-than-expected start on installation of aerospace
ground equipment at Cape Kennedy's Launch Complex 19.
Originally, the work was not expected to begin until after
1 the first manned flight, late in February or in March.
! Beyond-Saturn Vehicles Investigated
Martin Co. and NASA have signed a SI, 499,1 11 con-
tract for a Part II study of post-Saturn V launch vehicles.
The one-year study will include overall vehicle definition
and preliminary design.
F-l Flight Rating Snarled
NASA's budget squeeze has delayed the Preliminary
Flight Rating Test (PFRT) of the F-l engine until the
summer of 1964. This is more than a year after the first
scheduled date, March, 1963. The first delays were caused
by the combustion instability problem which was subse-
quently solved. Now officials report that funding shortages
have delayed the Saturn V project, so NASA is using the
time to get a modified F-l ready to run through the PFRT.
M-l Funding Continues Austere
The M-l liquid hydrogen engine will be funded in FY
'65 at approximately the same level as the current year, $25
million. This could be reduced if Congress makes heavy
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
cuts in the budget, but NASA wants to hold it at the cur-
rent level, which it believes to be the lowest possible if the
program is to continue as an engine development project.
INDUSTRY
260-in. Solid Considered for Saturn S-IVB
NASA's Huntsville, Houston and Washington offices
have been discussing proposals to use the half-length, 260-
in. solid rocket engine to boost the Saturn S-IVB stage,
rather than the presently planned J-2 liquid engine. Big-
solid experts estimate that the move might cut costs by
40%. Some further use of the half-length 260-incher in the
Apollo program has also been proposed. One industry
spokesman says he sees slippage in the Apollo time sched-
ule as a result of NASA budget problems, "so this is a
chance to use new concepts at a savings." Both Aerojet-
General and Thiokol, which hold 260-in. half-length con-
tracts, have new large-solid casting, curing and test facil-
ities under construction.
A-G Plant Expects Sales Drop, Will Expand
Aerojet-General's operation in Sacramento is cutting
back its work force as a result of Federal budget uncertainty
and the fact that emergency aspects of programs such as
Polaris, Minuteman and Titan are over. The company ex-
pects a sales drop of 5-10% this year, and plans to release
some 1.000-2.000 persons from its payroll during the year.
Normal attrition will account for much of the reduction,
however, and one official says the total effect of budget and
cost cutting at Sacramento will be minor. The company is
embarking on an $1 8.3-million expansion of its plant, where
the present investment is $170 million.
NASA Rumored Seeking Ehricke
There are reports in the industry that Krafft Ehricke, of
General Dynamics/ Astronautics, has been offered a high-
level job at NASA. As of late last week, there was no con-
firmation from either Ehricke or the space agency.
INTERNATIONAL
Radiation, Inc. Licenses French Company
Radiation, Inc., of Melbourne, Fla., has announced that
it will license a French firm — Intertechnique — to manufac-
ture and sell airborne PCM telemetry in Common Market
nations, Israel, and all NATO countries except the United
Kingdom.
MSBS Tests Slated for Pacific
The 3,500-ton French experimental submarine Gymnote,
which will be used to test the electronic equipment, inertial
guidance system, and launching tubes of the French atomic
submarines, will be launched March 15. Ship will be equipped
with four launching tubes. Testing of MSBS missiles, French-
developed counterpart of Polaris, will take place in the Tua-
motu (Pacific) Range of the French Navy.
9
L
l
a bright new
name in space
COLLEGE HILL
INDUSTRIES, INC.
formerly
^MiflCvpORPORATION
INDUSTRIAL DIVISION
Manufacturers of...
Recorder - Reproducers
& Pressure Switches
CHI has taken over com-
pletely, the former
Speidel Industrial Divi-
sion . . . plant, equipment,
personnel and products.
This means the same
people will continue to
make the famous Inertia
Compensated Recorder -
Reproducers and Pres-
sure Switches you have
known as Speidel. On this
foundation, we are build-
ing CHI, a new and grow-
ing company with new
products to be
announced soon.
So watch for this name
— College Hill Indus-
tries, Inc. — it will play a
star role in outer space
achievements.
WARWICK
INDUSTRIAL
DRIVE,
WARWICK
RHODE
ISLAND
College Hill Industries, Inc.
The Missile /Space Week
Davis Heads Range Division
A new unit to coordinate and
manage activities on Air Force mis-
sile ranges has been activated at
Patrick AFB, Fla., by the Air Force
Systems Command.
Maj. Gen. Leighton I. Davis, com-
mander of the Air Force Missile Test
Center at Patrick, was named to head
the National Range (NRD), Provi-
sional, which will become fully opera-
tional on July 1.
The activation order, dated Jan.
2, 1964, also created the Air Force
Space Test Center, Provisional, with
headquarters at Vandenberg AFB,
Calif.
At the same time, a headquarters
AFSC range office was established
in the office of Maj. Gen. 0. J. Rit-
land, Deputy Commander for Manned
Space Flight.
Brig. Gen. Harry J. Sands, Jr.,
vice commander of AFMTC, was
chosen to replace Davis; Brig. Gen.
Jewell Maxwell, commander of the
6595th Aerospace Test Wing, was
named head of the new AFSTC.
AFSC spokesmen said the NRD
will coordinate and manage activities
on the present Atlantic Missile Range
and those portions of the Pacific
Missile Range which are to be trans-
ferred from Navy to Air Force con-
trol.
Sperry Gets U.K. Polaris Pact
Sperry Gyroscope Co. has received
$4,325,000 to begin management of
design, manufacture and installation
of navigation systems for the Brit-
ish Polaris missile submarines pres-
ently planned by the Admiralty.
Total funding to Sperry for British
Polaris management and equipment
is expected to total close to $10 mil-
lion over several years.
Great Britain is to build the subs,
their atomic power plants and the
Polaris warheads. They will purchase
from the U.S. the missiles and such
related equipment as fire control and
navigation systems.
Present plans call for four subs,
the first to be operational within five
years. The vessels are expected to be
comparable to U.S. craft of the 425-
ft., 7,000-ton Lafayette class and will
carry much of the same fleet ballistic
missile equipment.
Sperry will produce the radio
navigation equipment, navigation
data assimilation computers, naviga-
tion control consoles, checkout con-
soles and high-speed repeater units
to transfer navigation data to the
missile fire control system.
System May Refine BMEWS
A new facet of the U.S. early
warning system came to light last
week with the disclosure that a tech-
nique apparently involving the use
of an advanced microbarograph has
detected the combusion of rocket
launches as sharp upturns in baro-
metric pressure.
Reports are that the system was
successfully used to detect the exact
time of Soviet missile launches over
the Pacific last year.
There is a dearth of official infor-
mation on the device, but the follow-
ing possible explanation was offered
by civilian scientists.
Explosions such as those of rocket
launch combustions create a sharp
upturn in barometric pressure, which
spreads wavelike from the source, di-
minishing with distance traveled. A
network of microbarograph stations,
possibly providing a grid pattern of
coverage over parts of the USSR,
could detect an unusually sharp pres-
sure rise, identify it as characteris-
tic of a change produced by a rocket
launch (easily distinguishable from
a jet plane takeoff, for example) , and
then locate fairly accurately the site
of launch origin.
Shots of the Week
The Navy launched a Polaris A3
missile from a Cape Kennedy land
pad Jan. 7. The purposely short flight
was termed a success. The shot was
the 14th success in 23 land launches
of the advanced weapon.
• NASA test pilot Joe Engle ran
into trouble in an X-15 flight Jan. 8
near Edwards AFB, Calif., when the
ship's inertial guidance system
failed, but landed the rocket plane
safely with assistance from a ground
control station.
LEM Award Goes to Ryan
Ryan Aeronautical Corp. has been
selected by Radio Corp. of America
to design the landing radar for the
Lunar Excursion Module. RCA is
responsible for major subsystems
for LEM.
The radar is to provide data on
LEM's altitude and velocity relative
to the Moon's surface during landing
approach.
10
Circle No. 3 on Subscriber Service Cord
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
RCA will integrate the landing
radar with the overall sensor sub-
system, which will include the ren-
dezvous radar being designed and
built by RCA to enable the astro-
nauts to rejoin the parent Apollo
spacecraft to return from the Moon.
Students Get NASA Funds
One hundred and thirty-one col-
leges and universities will partici-
pate in NASA's graduate training
program for the academic year 1964-
65.
Nearly 1,100 students will begin
work on doctoral degrees in space-
related areas under grants that will
be received by schools located in 47
states.
Participants in space-related pre-
doctoral studies will be selected by
the universities and will enter the
program in September, 1964. The
number at each school will vary from
two to fifteen, depending on the num-
ber of doctoral programs available
in space-related fields, the adequacy
of the school's facilities and extent of
its participation in space activities.
Rice U. Enters Rocket Research
Rice University's new Space Sci-
ence Department plans to launch the
first in its "Sammy Series" of space
probes starting Jan. 14 at Wallops
Island, Va.
Prof. Brian J. O'Brien, formerly
with Dr. James A. Van Allen at the
State University of Iowa, will use a
Nike-Cajun rocket to send a 50-lb.
instrument package up to measure
the light and particle energy in the
night airglow over Wallops.
The other three Sammy shots will
be fired from Fort Churchill, Mani-
toba, Canada, into auroras passing
directly overhead. Dr. O'Brien will
move into position at Fort Churchill
about the middle of February.
The four-shot series is sponsored
by a $200,000 NASA grant.
Relay Misbehavior Explained
Radio Corp. of America engineers
say that colder-than-expected temper-
atures in the region where the Relay
I communications satellite is operat-
ing are responsible for its failure
to turn off when intended.
The action of a substance that
was to have eaten its way through a
vital electrical connection in the sat-
ellite has been retarded by the cold,
the engineers theorize.
The vehicle, launched in Decem-
ber, 1962, continues to live on bor-
rowed time, tying up radio channels
now wanted for other purposes.
Houi high is your goal?
Ours are out of sight — in the labyrinth of space.
But your opportunities are a tangible reality, here
and now at North American's Space and Infor-
mation Systems Division.
STRUCTURAL SCIENCES
Advanced aerospace engineering research
positions are available in Structural Sciences to
perform original research studies on complex
structural problems related to advanced aerospace
vehicles. Emphasis will be placed on thermal
buckling, stress distribution, and behavior of
composite structures.
SENIOR STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
Senior Structural Engineers to perform loads,
methods and criteria; structural loads, thrust vari-
ations, inertia and control characteristics.
STRESS ENGINEERS
Stress Engineers and Senior Stress Engineers with
a BS degree or equivalent and experience in basic
aircraft or missile stress analysis to perform
responsible work on any of the following tasks :
• Complex systems components and installations
subjected to vibration and thermal environ-
ments.
• Evaluate and determine major structural test
requirements, coordinate testing, and evaluate
results.
• Stress methods development work on space
vehicle structural components.
IMPACT, FLOTATION, AND DOCKING
Investigate impact loads and stability during land
and water landing through full scale model test
programs.
VIBRATION UNIT
To conduct analytical and experimental studies
of structural vibration and shock. These studies
shall include the evaluation of the vibration
characteristics of structural elements. The re-
sponse of these elements to acoustic, mechanical
and explosive or impact forces and the resultant
dynamic load factors.
Interested? Contact
MR. B. A. GLIDER
ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC EMPLOYMENT
12214 LAKEWOOD BLVD.
DOWNEY, CALIFORNIA
All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employ-
ment without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin.
SPACE AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
Size is no object. Small titanium bottles, made by D-K Manufactur-
ing Company, Chicago, from Wyman-Gordon Co. forgings, hold
150 cu. in. of oxygen at 3,000 psi and weigh only 3.65 pounds. On the
other end of an almost unlimited scale of size is the titanium tank
made from sheet metal by Beech Aircraft. It measures 8 x 24 ft.,
holds 7,000 gallons ot liquid hydrogen, yet weighs only 473 pounds.
TITAN III oxidizer and fuel tanks. Ti-6A1-4V is J
used for upper-stage nitrogen tetroxide tank (46 x j
174 in.) and the unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine ;
tank (63 x 154 in.). Shown above is one of the tita-
nium roll forged cylinder sections and stiffener
rings produced by Ladish Co. for Martin Company
for use in tank construction. Final machining and
welding are done after heat treatment, eliminating
distortions and production difficulties inherent in
many heat-treatable metals.
for tankage ... big or little, hot or cold
Compatible with space-age fuels . . .
readily available in a range of alloys . . .
fabricated from sheet or forgings . . .
In short, there are good, metallurgical reasons why
titanium tanks and vessels — more than 5,000 of them
— are aboard just about everything that flies today.
They come in all sizes, handle all types of fuels and
gases, save vital pounds, add stiffness and strength to
structures. Here are a few of the reasons why:
High strength-to-weight. Titanium weighs 44% less
than steel yet is stronger. It has a high yield strength,
good ductility, notch toughness all the way down to
minus 423F. It offers high buckling resistance at less
weight than other metals.
Compatible with fuels and gases. Titanium shows out-
standing resistance to liquid and solid fuels and oxidiz-
ers in use today or planned for the future. Its
impermeability to hydrogen and resistance to sea-
water and atmospheric corrosion mean thorough relia-
bility and indefinite storage life.
Alloy availability. A variety of titanium alloys are avail-
able for tankage construction — two of them in Tita-
nium Metals Corporation of America's ELI (extra
low interstitials ) compositions, developed specifically
for liquid hydrogen service. Only TMCA can supply
all titanium alloy grades in any commercial product or
size required.
Meets fabricability requirements. Titanium is at home
in the two important approaches to tank construction:
the use of machined roll forgings and the application
of thin-gage sheet. Titanium is fabricated on conven-
tional equipment. Add these facts together, and you'll
find that titanium is your single, most efficient material
of construction for tankage, regardless of size.
For more information . . . write for new Data Sheet on
titanium tankage. Write Technical Service Depart-
ment, Titanium Metals Corporation of America.
TIMET
\ 1 1 La n i u m
TITANIUM METALS CORPORATION OF AMERICA
233 Broadway, New York 7, N.Y.
SALES OFFICES: NEW YORK
LOS ANGELES
EMINI Titanium pressure vessels. Vessels used throughout
jemini spacecraft are made from titanium to minimize dead-
veight which must be lifted off the ground. Shown here are tita-
lium hemispheres hydroformed by California Hydroforming
Company, Inc., El Monte. California. APOLLO liquid hydrogen
>ottles. Pressure vessels are produced from titanium alloy grade
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ELI to provide exceptional toughness to cryogenic
emperatures. A typical bottle weighs only 12.9 pounds, has a
1 thickness of 0.03 1 in.; at the weld girth, 0.044 in.
MINUTEMAN titanium second stage. Cylindrical sections possess
great stiffness at minimum weight. Minuteman cases consist of roll
forged cylindrical sections welded together. Titanium welds are as strong
or stronger than parent metal, are less sensitive than steel to weld porosity
and need no pre- or post-heating. Titanium water bottle costs less than
fiberglass, weighs 17 pounds less than steel or fiberglass and is used on
Boeing 727 as the most efficient way to save weight. Shown also in photo
is titanium tubing for cabin heat system.
Circle No. 4 on Subscriber Service Card
Spending level may be same .
FY 65 DOD Budget $50 Billion
by David C. Breasted
PRESIDENT JOHNSON will send
to Congress next week a defense budget
$3.9 billion below President Kennedy's
Fiscal 1964 request. It will, however,
be some $1-2 billion more than Con-
gress actually appropriated for FY '64.
The President will seek $49,737 bil-
lion in the new DOD budget, to be sent
to Congress Jan. 21. This compares
with the $53.6 billion in total obliga-
tional authority requested by his pre-
decessor last January. These figures do
not include foreign military assistance
program funds, which President John-
son set at another $1 billion.
Congress approved last October a
DOD authorization totalling $47.2 bil-
lion. The extent to which the Johnson
request exceeds this figure will depend
on the amount of money still available
from previous years, but the request
should work out between $1 and $2
billion higher.
It thus appears that the President is
attempting to steer a course in defense
spending which will keep it on approxi-
mately the same level, or slightly below
current levels. By knocking the budget
request down below the previous year's
request before sending it to the Hill,
Mr. Johnson may have a talking point
which could bring the new budget
through the Congressional mill without
encountering cuts as severe as the nearly
$2 billion which the House lopped from
defense request this past session.
On the other hand, White House
strategy might have to allow for law-
makers in a mood to campaign on an
economy record.
In an election year, Congress could
pick up and run with the economy is-
sue beyond the desires of the Adminis-
tration.
The McNamara-Johnson cuts, how-
ever, were expected to have only minor
effects on the great majority of current
missile/ space programs.
But there were at least two major
exceptions:
• Typhon out — DOD re-oriented
the Navy's Typhon missile almost out
of the picture. However, testing will
continue with Typhon radar and con-
trol components, which showed prom-
ise, aboard the test ship USS Norton
Sound.
The next move will be to develop
a more advanced, and hopefully less
costly, system which can be used on
smaller vessels. The Navy would not
say at this time what ideas it favors
as a replacement for Typhon, but sev-
eral alternatives are under considera-
tion.
In addition to the 200-mile Typhon
version for which the Bendix Corp. was
prime contractor, R&D on a 75-mile
version also went by the board, con-
trary to some reports.
About $230 mi'.lion had been spent
on Typhon, with $58 million allocated
for FY '64. The latter funds, together
with $4 million reprogrammed from
other projects, will cover contract ter-
mination and the Norton Sound testing.
• Other cuts — The Administration
also elected to drastically drop the
number of Minuteman buys — to 50 in
FY '65 from 150 in FY '64. Future
plans call for buying at the rate of 50
a year until the ICBM total reaches
I, 200, instead of the 1,300 reported to
Congress last year.
Rationale for the move was re-
portedly based on accurate estimates
of a drop in Soviet missile production,
and greater capabilities in Minuteman
II. At least part of the doubled payload
of the RV-6 re-entry body, compared
with the RV-4, is decoy capability. De-
fense Secretary Robert S. McNamara
has ordered acceleration in Minuteman
II emplacement.
Furthermore, the Defense Depart-
ment plans to substantially curtail ex-
penditures for nuclear weapon mate-
rials, beginning in FY '65. The huge
capital expenditures involved in ICBM
introduction in the past three years are
now history, and the rate of warhead
acquisition will decrease in the future,
high Government officials pointed out.
Shutdown of four plutonium reactors
and a 25% cut in the production of
fissionable uranium will result in sav-
ings of $50 million in FY '65, and $70
million in FY '66, with attendant sav- i
ings in materials buying.
• MMRBM, Redeye gain — On the
other side of the coin, DOD has ap-
proved progress of the off-again-on-
again Air Force Mobile Medium Range
Ballistic Missile into the development :
stage, using 1964 funds. There is opti-
mism that development will continue
in FY '65 on the project, whose con-
tinuation stood out in an atmosphere of
"reorientations" such as that of Typhon.
In another move, DOD decided to
let the Army go into production of the
man-portable Redeye antiaircraft mis-
sile for frontline troops.
The future of Army's Mauler, a
track-mounted antiaircraft missile with
radar guidance, clouded in the FY '65
picture as the Army began a tough look
at the weapon to see if it is likely to j
work before moving out of engineering i
models into advanced models. ■
Missile/Space Highlight.
PRESIDENT Lyndon B. John-
son's first State of the Union ad-
dress on Jan. 8 revealed a total
U.S. budget of $97.9 billion, and
made these points:
• There will be a reduced de-
fense budget, but it will maintain
"that margin of military safety and
superiority obtained through three
years of steadily increasing both the
quality and quantity of our strate-
gic, conventional and anti-guerrilla
forces."
• With this budget, there will be
the "lowest number of civilian per-
sonnel in the Department of Defense
since 1950."
• The U.S. will make new pro-
posals at Geneva "toward the con-
trol and eventual abolition of arms.
Even in the absence of agreement
of President's Address
we must not stockpile arms beyond
our needs or seek an excess of mili-
tary power that could be provoca-
tive as well as wasteful." Johnson
revealed the cutback of uranium pro-
duction by 25%, shutting down of
four plutonium piles, and closing of
many non-essential military installa-
tions.
• The President reaffirmed the
goal of a lunar landing in this decade
"in cooperation with other powers
if possible, alone if necessary."
• He recommended legislation
creating a tripartite industry commit-
tee to determine, on an industry-by-
industry basis, where a higher penalty
rate for overtime would increase job
openings without unduly increasing
cost — and authorizing the establish-
ment of such higher rates.
14
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
$5.46 billion for NASA . . .
FY '65 Space Request Is $7.2 Billion
THE JOHNSON Administration
will ask Congress next week to author-
ize new Fiscal '65 spending of about
$7.2 billion for the U.S. space pro-
gram.
The biggest chunk will be a $5,326-
billion request for NASA that will
primarily pay for the cost of the U.S.
lunar landing program.
DOD's space budget will be little
changed from ;ts Fiscal '64 request of
$1,667 billion, although a slight in-
crease is expected. The remainder will
be split between the Atomic Energy
Commission and the Weather Bureau.
The space agency will also request
a Fiscal '64 supplemental appropriation
bill of $141 million, bringing its new
request for the two fiscal periods to
$5,467 billion (M/R, Jan. 6, 1964,
p. 12).
That total conceivably may still en-
able the space agency to meet its goal
of landing a man on the Moon by 1970,
but it will not support hardware de-
velopment of a host of current and
planned future space projects.
These include Voyager, Advanced
Pioneer, the advanced Fire Re-entry
project, flight-testing of the SNAPS
nuclear power unit program, the Ad-
vanced Synchronous Communications
Satellite, a liquid fluorine stage. There
will also be no funding for the RIFT
(Reactor in Flight Test) project which
was cancelled late last year.
The M-l liquid hydrogen engine —
which had been in danger — has thus
far survived the budget-cutting shears.
It is ticketed for about $25 million in
next year's budget, just about this year's
rate. Another $14 million will be in-
cluded for the large 260-in. solid motor
demonstration program recently ac-
quired from DOD by NASA.
Saturn V Helium Bottle
FIRST OF 20 one-piece, high-pressure he-
lium storage bottles for the Saturn V first
stage rolls out of the Martin Co. produc-
tion line. An $800,000 Martin contract
with NASA calls for monolithic fabrica-
tion of the bottles from 2014 Alcoa alumi-
num alloy. Basic workpiece is a 22-in. ex-
truded tube, which is beaten into shape
through a new combination drop hammer-
forging process. The bottles will contain
liquid helium at pressures up to 3,000 psi.
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
• Same target date — The NASA
total is more than $300 million below
the $5.8-billion figure which Adminis-
trator James E. Webb declared was nec-
essary if the nation was to meet the
1970 goal for a manned lunar landing.
President Johnson, however, in his
State of the Union message assured
Congress that the U.S. would become
pre-eminent in space, including success-
ful achievement of the national lunar
goal.
Almost two-thirds of the agency's
FY '65 budget will be used to finance
Project Apollo and Gemini, with slightly
over $3 billion ticketed for manned
space flight.
The same situation obtains in the
supplemental request, which will be en-
tirely assigned to the manned space
flight projects with $110 million for
the Saturn V and $31 million for the
Apollo spacecraft. Some of the latter
will be used to fund backup systems
in the command, service and lunar ex-
cursion modules.
• High hopes — One of the big ques-
tions is how Congress will greet the
space spending request during the cur-
rent election-year request.
First indications from Congressmen
were optimistic.
One high-ranking Democrat said
that the House Appropriations Com-
mittee probably will receive favorably
the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration's request for a $141-
million supplemental budget.
"I don't think there's too much re-
sistance," Chairman Albert Thomas (D-
Tex.) of the Independent Offices sub-
committee told M/R. "But we'll have
to take a careful look at it."
The Congressman added that he felt
that by and large NASA was doing an
"excellent job" of trying to economize
to meet its considerably clipped budget.
However, Chairman Clarence Cannon
(D-Mo.) of the Appropriations Com-
mittee said earlier that he was opposed
to any agency coming back for supple-
mental funds.
Chairman George P. Miller CD-
Calif.), chairman of the House Space
Committee, said "I think we'll have a
reasonable chance of getting the supple-
mental through." Miller added that
when the committee made cuts in the
NASA budget the feeling was that
NASA would be given a supplemental
if it could justify it.
Rep. Olin Teague (D-Tex.) indi-
cated that the supplemental request
could have been even more, since the
committee authorized $250 million
more than was appropriated. "I've
pushed for this supplemental all along,"
he said.
Miller termed the $5.326-billion FY
1965 budget request "fairly reason-
able," and said it was in line with fore-
casts made in 1960. He said his com-
mittee would begin posture hearings to
get things under way even before the
FY '65 budget is sent to Congress. "I'm
hopeful we can get the budget out per-
haps sometime in April — that's the kind
of target we'll set if we can get going
soon."
Rep. Emilio Q. Daddario (D-
Conn.) chairman of the research and
development subcommittee, revealed
that the Space Committee will have
new tools with which to examine the
science budgets. Besides an agreement
just reached with the National Academy
of Sciences by which scientists will be
furnished to the committee for techni-
cal help, a new group of industry ex-
perts is being set up. ■
Gemini Titan II firing due . . .
Gemini Model Readied for
Water Recovery Testing
THE FIFTH Gemini static test
model has been received by the Manned
Spacecraft Center in preparation for
water recovery tests in the near future.
In another important development,
the first Gemini Titan II launch vehicle
was scheduled for static test-firing at
Cape Kennedy last week.
Both of the tests are important to
the two-man space flight program's
schedule, which calls for the first un-
manned flight in the first quarter of
this year and the first manned flight
late in 1964.
MSC officials said the recovery and
astronaut egress and entry tests would
be conducted in the last week of Feb-
ruary or early in March. The water-
borne tests will be made in Galveston
Bay or the Gulf of Mexico.
Prior to the tests, the spacecraft,
which contains all on-board systems
needed for recovery, will be tested in
the static stand at MSC for about two
weeks. Only the first 16 astronauts will
take part in the project. The 14 other
astronauts named last October will con-
centrate on Project Apollo.
The static test-firing of the Titan II
launch vehicle was slated for no earlier
than Jan. 10. The stages will be mounted
side by side on separate mounts with
each stage firing lasting about 30 sec.
Overall Gemini launch vehicle per-
formance will also be evaluated. The
U.S. Air Force Space Systems Div.,
through which NASA is purchasing the
launch vehicles from Martin Marietta
Corp., also is responsible for the de-
velopment test and launch of the ve-
hicle.
• Parameters — As the Gemini pro-
gram moved toward the test phase
preparatory to actual launches, MSC
for the first time released official orbital
parameters of the upcoming flights.
The first and second short-duration
manned flights will have an apogee of
161 mi. and a perigee of 87 mi. The
third and fourth manned flights will
have a circular orbit of 161 mi., suf-
ficient for a two-week flight.
The first attempt at orbital rendez-
vous will be attempted during the fifth
flight, and it will also have a perigee of
87 mi. and an apogee of 161 mi.
For the rendezvous flights, the
spacecraft will carry twice as much
propulsion as it will carry for orbital
flights. Extra oxygen will also be on-
board.
Other details revealed by MSC in-
clude the 11 -ft. overall length of the
spacecraft at re-entry. Its height with
the adapter will be 18% ft. Diameter
of the adapter will be 90 in. at the
spacecraft and 120 in. at the launch
vehicle. The diameter of the heat shield,
which will be jettisoned after re-entry,
is also 90 in. ■
Team Wins Contract for Saturn V VAB
THE ARMY Corps of Engineers
has announced it will award $80 mil-
lion in construction contracts at the
John F. Kennedy Space Center dur-
ing this month.
The largest is a $63,366,378
award for the construction of the
Vertical Assembly Building — to be
the world's largest building — in which
the Saturn V booster and the Apollo
spacecraft will be integrated.
It is the biggest construction con-
tract in the aerospace program and
went to a three-firm combine of
Morrison Knudson Co., Perini Corp.
and the Paul Hardeman Construc-
tion Co., Inc.
The winning bid was the lowest
of four submitted. U.S. Government
estimate of the cost of the building
was $61.2 million.
Total cost of the building, in-
cluding equipment, is estimated by
NASA at $100 million.
The VAB will have 145 million
sq. ft. of space and will have four
doors more than 450 ft. high.
• Still to come — The other bid
proposals are scheduled to be opened
at Cape Kennedy in the following
order :
Jan. 8 — Construction of roads,
water lines and other utilities to
serve the NASA Apollo spacecraft
static test stand to be constructed on
Merritt Island at an estimated cost
of over $1 million.
Jan. 9 — Construction on Merritt
Island of a joint NASA-Air Force
missile instrumentation station for
frequency control and analysis. Esti-
mated cost over $1.5 million.
Jan. 14 — Construction of head-
quarters building for NASA's Launch
Operations Center on Merritt Island.
Estimated cost over $7 million.
Jan. 16 — Construction of sterili-
zation and assembly propellant test
laboratory and instrumentation fa-
cility for NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab-
oratory in Merritt Island launch area.
Estimated cost over $1.2 million.
Jan. 16 — Airmen's dining hall at
Patrick AFB, Fla. Estimated cost
more than $100,000.
Jan. 17 — Construction of a three-
story reinforced concrete central in-
strumentation facility for NASA on
Merritt Island at an estimated cost
of nearly $6.5 million.
Jan. 21 — Auditorium and train-
ing facility for NASA's Merritt Is-
land launch area. Estimated cost
$400,000.
Jan. 22 — Industrial water supply
system for the Merritt Island launch
area at estimated cost of $2 million.
Jan. 23 — Water supply system for
NASA's central telephone facility
and south repeater station on Merritt
Island. Estimated cost $90,000.
Jan. 28 — Construction of missile
fuel storage building and alterations
to missile support structure and trans-
mitter buildings at the Cape Ken-
nedy Missile Test Annex. Estimated
cost $270,000.
Jan. 29 — Alterations to Complex
19 at the Cape Kennedy Missile Test
Annex. Estimated cost $10,000.
Jan. 30 — Construction of an elec-
trical distribution system at the Cape
Kennedy Missile Test Annex. Esti-
mated cost $1.2 million.
16
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
Safe Design H^HBgll^^^^^St Jt
o{ Reactors ^■HHh^^H|^^
Is Indicated HBhB^H3Hk9HI
PHOTO OF streaks made by re-entry of mockup space reactor.
THE AEC SAYS nuclear space re-
ctors can be designed to break apart
nd disintegrate when they re-enter the
Earth's atmosphere.
The commission said the statement
/as based on the first re-entry flight of
i mockup space reactor called Re-
entry Flight Demonstration No. 1. The
3st involved the launch last May by a
coin booster of a non-radioactive
lodel of a SNAP-10A reactor.
The payload containing the reactor
/as launched on an 800-mi. suborbital
>ath from NASA's Wallops Station,
Vallops Island, Va., to an impact point
bout 250 mi. southeast of Bermuda.
The test provided experimental data
o support theoretical analysis and lab-
■ratory studies of atmospheric re-entry
ihenomena. Telemetry was used to re-
ord the disassembly events and to
neasure the heating rates at critical
loints on the reactor until blackout of
adio-frequency occurred — just before
lisassembly of the reactor.
The data on the temperature rises
:nd the times of the disassembly events
ransmitted by the telemetry system
vere essentially as predicted. The te-
emetry system received temperature
data from thermocouples, and disas-
sembly information from movement
switches on the payload. This informa-
tion was then transmitted to several re-
ceiving stations where it was recorded
on tapes.
• Optics supplement telemetry — In
addition to the telemetry system, an op-
tical data-acquisition system was used
during the test. Optical instruments re-
corded the paths of the re-entry vehicle,
the reactor and ejected fuel rods, and
received signals from tracer material
imbedded in the non-radioactive rods.
The data obtained from the tracers will
give information on the burn-up rate
of the nuclear fuel under actual re-entry
conditions.
Although the re-entry vehicle in-
cluded a recovery system, the payload
was not retrieved.
The test results are being evaluated
by the Sandia Corp., Albuquerque,
N.M., principal AEC contractor for
aerospace nuclear safety, and by Atom-
ics International, Canoga Park, Calif.,
the AEC's prime contractor for several
space reactors, including SNAP-10A,
and builder of the reactor mockup for
the test.
The launch was carried out for the
AEC by the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration. The U.S. Weather
Bureau, Air Force and Navy assisted
extensively in the test.
• 'Fringe' data gathered — In addi-
tion to obtaining data related to the
aerodynamic effects on space reactors
of atmospheric re-entry, RFD-1 pro-
vided other valuable results. The flight
test was the first instance in which a
Scout booster was flown on a non-zero
gravity trajectory.
A new roll-stabilized gyro, weighing
only eight pounds, was used effectively
in conjunction with this test, as was a
new type of meteorological rocket sys-
tem for measuring atmospheric density
above 200,000 ft. and winds above 300,-
000 ft.
Development of safety features of
nuclear space devices is a major phase
of the AEC's SNAP (Systems for Nu-
clear Auxiliary Power) program for
the development of compact, light-
weight, auxiliary power sources. The
goal is design of devices to operate at
desired power levels in space without
presenting a radiation hazard to the
Earth's population. ■
Army Assumes Management of ARPAT Radar
FINAL SYSTEMS TRACKING
tests have been completed on the
ARPAT measurements rader (AM-
RAD) designed to trace and analyze
signatures of various experimental
test targets during re-entry, and the
system has been turned over to the
U.S. Army Missile Command at
White Sands Missile Range, N.M.
AMRAD is the measurements
radar for ARPAT (Advanced Re-
search Projects Agency Terminal),
and is part of the Defense Depart-
ment's Project Defender, one of a
series of missile defense concepts.
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
It was designed, developed, in-
stalled and tested by Raytheon Co.
under contract from the Army Mis-
sile Command, Redstone Arsenal,
Ala., under ARPA sponsorship. The
system is slated to be turned over
to the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology Lincoln Laboratory for
operation by its field engineers and
those of Raytheon.
The radar's prime mission is to
obtain basic re-entry phenomena of
ballistic missiles. Its 60-ft. antenna
emits a pencil beam used to trace
paths of payloads through test areas
at re-entry speeds. The experimental
tracker is designed to obtain a pre-
cision cross section and Doppler re-
entry measurement.
The high-power klystron trans-
mitter is designed to develop 10-
megawatt peak power. AMRAD also
has provisions for an elaborate ad-
vance digital data processing system
for recording the highly accurate
data it gathers, according to Ray-
theon.
AMRAD's electronics system is
housed in a 70 x 230-ft. building ad-
jacent to the 95-ton pedestal.
DOD studying concept .
Proposed Fourth-Generation Polaris
Would Use State-of-art Technology
Program-definition phase expected to be funded in FY '65
budget; missile would have highly-refined re-entry system
by Robert Lindsey
Sunnyvale, Calif. — A highly so-
phisticated, more accurate re-entry sys-
tem, an increase of several inches in
missile width, and weight reductions
achieved with advanced materials and
techniques will be features of the B-3
Polaris missile — if it is approved, (M/R,
Nov. 4, p. 16).
However, state-of-the-art technology
will be emphasized in the proposed
fourth-generation Navy missile.
Company-funded studies by Lock-
heed Missiles & Space Co. have drawn
a roughly defined concept for the B-3,
but the Defense Dept. has yet to decide
whether the system will be developed.
The Administration's upcoming Fis-
cal Year 1965 budget should reveal
whether the program will be funded
next year.
Although it seems highly likely that
at least a program-definition phase for
B-3 will be recommended for FY '65,
DOD is apparently uncertain as to how
hard and how fast to push development.
It's rumored in the industry that
contractors on the first three versions of
Polaris may have to compete anew if
there is a follow-on.
• Do we need it? — Apparently at
the heart of the indecision about
whether to proceed with a fourth-gen-
eration Polaris is uncertainty about fu-
ture Soviet air and antisubmarine de-
fenses.
In previous history of the Polaris
program, range has been increased with
each successive increment in energy; the
interim A-l had a range of 1,200 mi.,
the A-2 1,500 mi., and the A-3 2,500
mi. Each carries a warhead variously
estimated as equivalent to Vi to 1 mega-
ton.
Range increase is not a primary goal
of the B-3. With a substantial increase
in the payload/range trade-off, the B-3
could be given a range boost so that
submarines would have greater sea room
in which to operate; more importantly,
it could provide space for penetration
aids.
Although Lockheed and the Navy
carefully decline any comments on this
question, it seems obvious the principal
rationale for B-3 is to make space avail-
able for a highly advanced, multi-
faceted system of penetration.
Presumably the pace at which DOD
pushes B-3 will depend on intelligence
estimates of Soviet antimissile capabili-
ties. The A-3, like the A-2, is known to
carry a family of decoys and active
penetration aids; the question is, how
long will they be adequate?
• The philosophy — Virtually all de-
tails of the proposed B-3 are classified,
and in fact the concept "is still pretty
much in people's headbones," says
Stanley Burriss, vice president and gen-
eral manager of LMSC's missile sys-
tems division here.
But he revealed for Missiles an
Rockets a few facets of the philosopb!
behind B-3:
In a seeming paradox, he said "B-
would be about A-3 state-of-the-art . .
but it would still be a 90% new bird.
"The B-3 concept is, by DOD dj
rective, a minimized state-of-the-art irr
provement. We are taking what \*
learned subsequent to A-3 and apply in
it. We are studying every aspect, am
unless there are improvements in exces
of just a few percentage points they'r
not worth changing, from an economi
standpoint.
"At the time A-l was planned, ther
was deliberately allowed a lot of growth
and this has been realized with the AM
and A-3; B-3 is simply another part oi
the same growth curve."
Emphasizing that hardware woul<;
be 90% new compared to A-3, he said
advances would be achieved "by a mow
improved burning system, more efficient
use of weights and more efficient use cs
space."
He implied that improved weight
to-strength ratio materials, including a&
vanced alloys and filament-wound cases*
would be used. Presumably, fluid-injeoi
tion thrust-vector-control would be usee
on both stages rather than only on thf
second stage, as is the case with A-3
Another area of expected improve^
18
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
ment is accuracy. Although accuracy of
the A-3 is regarded as excellent, Burriss
said "we're never satisfied with ac-
curacy: we think we can improve the
accuracy in B-3."
Modification of the front end of the
A-3 to make possible a versatile war-
head-re-entry system is a major part of
the new program, But Burriss refused
to answer questions on this point.
Asked why the follow-on would have
a "B" designation rather than "A", he
said "A implies a dimensional restraint
which the B wouldn't have."
The implication is that B-3 would,
like A-3, be 31V2 ft. long, but its diame-
ter would exceed the 54-in. limitation
of the first three models.
Rear Adm. Ignatius Gallantin, Spe-
cial Projects Office director, has said
that an axiom of the new program is
that the missile could be launched from
present Polaris submarines. Presumably,
present submarines would have to be
modified to permit installation of a
wider launch tube.
One of the key advantages of the
new Westinghouse Mark 21 Polaris
launching system (M/R, Dec. 2, p. 27)
is that it is modular; by refitting, a larger
launch tube can be installed in the sub-
marine as a package. But it would be
necessary to either develop a better
shock-absorbtion system or trade off
shock mitigation for the added space.
Another avenue of growth is removal
of spacers around the missiles within
the present tube: this might realize about
two inches of growth for the missile.
If it is developed. Burriss estimated,
B-3 would cost on the same order as the
A-3, whose developmental cost has
never been revealed.
• Economic factors — The B-3 de-
cision is important to Lockheed's future,
and, of course, that of other contractors
on the FBM program. LMSC faces a
tail-off in the Polaris R&D effort this
spring as the A-3 nears the end of its
developmental cycle.
To maintain its present level of ac-
tivity and employment, it must either
begin work on a follow-on or find new
business.
From a production standpoint, busi-
ness seems assured for sometime. LMSC
holds contracts for a low rate of A-2
production for several years, and manu-
facture of A-3's will be big money item
well into 1967. Sweetening the pot are
expected sales to Britain and, perhaps,
the NATO multi-lateral force.
Preparing for a possible contract-de-
pression "bathtub" between tail-off of
the A-3 and — assuming it comes —
phase-in of B-3, LMSC is pushing hard
now on a variety of company-funded
concepts for ocean-based weapon sys-
tems and new ballistic missile designs,
including tactical ballistic weapons,
Burriss said.
He noted that development of A-3,
which now has some 30 flight tests un-
der its belt, is proceeding on schedule.
Production of the A-3 will begin in two
or three months, and deployment of the
new missile is scheduled in August.
Burriss said about 10 more develop-
mental flight tests are planned in the
program to garner experience and con-
fidence in repeatability of the system,
but the design has long been frozen.
Burriss said he personally feels it is
important to make a decision soon on
the follow-on. He cited a study by
Harvard University, the "Weapons Sys-
tems Acquisition Process." which he
said plots an optimum curve for phase-
in of one program and phase-out of a
predecessor.
As a function of approximately 12
factors, such as fixed costs, overhead,
and manpower, he said the curve fixes
the optimum point for the new program
to begin. "We hit it right on the nose,
incidentally, on A-3."
"If you wait too long, the cost can
rise substantially. I'm afraid we're going
to wait too long on B-3 and miss it." ■
Cuba Flexes Its Missile Muscles
On Revolution Anniversary
FEATURED AT a recent Havana parade were these missiles,
identified by Pentagon officials as surface-to-air defense systems.
The missiles were part of a parade that passed through the city's
Revolution Plaza on the occasion of the fifth anniversary of
Castro's Cuban revolution. Under terms of the late President
Kennedy's negotiations with the Soviet Union during ihe October,
1962, Cuban crisis, defensive missiles were allowed to remain in
the country.
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
21
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GENERAL DYNAMICS I ASTRONAUTICS
(; ii ii id
Missiles and Rdekets/ JANUARY 1964
_
Current status of U. S. missile and space programs
Mis
-
siles
PROJECT
CONTRACTORS
DESCRIPTION
STATUS
ALFA (Navy)
Navy, prime
ASW surface-to-underwater; weight — 500
lbs.; solid; HE depth charge,- free-flight
rocket; range 900 yds.
Operational; deployed on destroyers and
cruisers
ASROC (Navy)
Minneapolis- Honeywell, prime; Sangamo
Electric, sonar; torpedo, GE; Li bra scope-
General Precision, fire control
ASW surface-to-underwater; solid; nuclear
or conventional warhead, range between
1800 yds. and 8 miles; weight: 1000 lbs.;
unguided
Operational on DE, DD, DLG, & heavy
cruisers. Advanced ASROC being devel-
oped; one "live" weapon fired in Pacific
nuclear tests
ASTOR (Navy)
Westinghouse, prime
Mark 45 ASW underwater to underwater
wire-guided torpedo; nuclear or conven-
tional; range, about 1 1 n. m.; electric
In production; to be deployed on hunter-
killer submarines
ATLAS (Air
Force)
STL, systems engineering & technical
direction; GD/Astronautics, frame; GE/
Burroughs /Arma, guidance; Rocketdyne,
propulsion; GE/Avco, re-entry vehicle
ICBM; 5500-to-9000 mile range; liquid;
nuclear; ATLAS "E" and "F" series inertial
guidance; ATLAS "D" radio inertial
13 squadrons operational at 11 bases;
total no. of missiles: 1 29; phaseout io
begin soon; ATLAS Standard Launch
Vehicle being developed for AF space
programs; 5-engine model proposed
BOM ARC
(Air Force)
Boeing, prime; IBM/ Westinghouse, guid-
ance; Aerojet/Marquardt, propulsion
Ramjet surface-to-air interceptor; liquid
booster; 200 n. m. range; Mach 2.5; nu-
clear; ceiling, over 68,000
Five bases operational in northeastern U.S.;
production completed; costs $20 million per
year to operate system
BOMARC B
(Air Force)
Boeing, prime; Gen. Precision Aerospace/
Westinghouse, IBM guidance; Thiokol/
Marquardt, propulsion
Ramjet, surface-to-air; solid booster; Mach
2.7; more than 400 n. m. range; nuclear
First base operational May, 1 961 ; two more
planned; production completed
BULLPUP
(Navy-Air Force)
Martin, prime; Martin, guidance; Thiokol/
Naval Propellant Plant, propulsion; Maxson,
second -source prime, electronics.
Air-to- surface; 3-6 mile range; radio-link
command guidance (visual reference); con-
ventional 250-1 000-lb. bomb; BULLPUP B:
nuclear warhead and one pre-packaged
liquid motor; nuclear-tipped
Deployed with Atlantic and Pacific Fleets;
operational with Air Force units; new
training version under development, as
TGAM-83 replacement
CORPORAL
(Army)
Firestone, prime; Gilfillan Bros., Inc., guid-
ance; Ryan, propulsion
Surface-to-surface; 75 n. m. range; liquid;
nuclear; pre-set & command guidance
Deployed in Europe. SERGEANT replacing
CORPORAL
DAVY CROCK-
ETT M-388
( Army)
In-house project directed by Army Weap-
ons Command at Rock Island, 111.
Surface to surface; solid; bazooka-
launched; sub-kiloton nuclear warhead; two
launchers: vehicle-mounted or carried by
two men
Operational in Europe; $13 million pro-
vided in FY '64 budget; 3 per ROAD bat-
talion; seen as defensive rather than offen-
sive weapon to prevent overrun of Europe
ENTAC (Army)
Nord Aviation, prime
Antitank; 6600-ft. range; 37 lbs.; solid;
shaped charge HE warhead; wire-guided;
man-portable
Operational; Army buying from French in
quantiJy to replace SS-10
AADS-70
(Army)
Hughes, Raytheon, RCA — feasibility studies
Field army ballistic missile defense system,
mobile
Expected to be operational in 1970's
FALCON
(Air Force)
Hughes, prime; Hughes, guidance; Thiokol,
propulsion; Lockheed Propulsion, AIM-47
propulsion
Air-to-air; 5 n. mi. range; supersonic;
solid; conventional; AIM-4A, and 4E, active
radar homing guidance; AIM-4B, 4-C, 4-D,
and 4-F, IR homing; AlM-26 model has
nuclear warhead and hybrid IR radar
homing
Operational; buy-out of 4E, 4F and 26
in FY '62; AIM-47 under minimum effort
development
GENIE
(Air Force)
Douglas, prime; Aerojet-General, propul-
sion
Air-to-air; unguided; 6-mile range; nuclear;
solid rocket; supersonic; proximity fuzing
Operational on F-101B & F-106; improved
version cancelled
HAWK (Army)
Raytheon, prime; Raytheon, guidance;
Aerojet-General, propulsion
Surface-to-air; 22-mile range; 100-45,000 Operational; deployed in Europe, Panama,
ft. ceiling; launch wt., 1275 lbs.; solid; Okinawa, U.S. (13 battalions); bought by
conventional; provides defense against Sweden and Israel; advanced HAWK
medium and low-flying aircraft and cruise- being funded at $25.9 million for R&D
type missiles 1 as antimissile weapon. NATO producing
* Indicates changes since November, 1963, Astrolog
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
25
PROJECT
CONTRACTORS
DESCRIPTION
STATUS
HONEST JOHN
M-31, M-50
(Army)
Douglas/Emerson Electric, prime; Hercules,
i propulsion
Surface-to-surface; unguided; M-3 1 1 2-
mile range; M-50, 20-mile range; nuclear;
5900 lbs.; M-50 being deployed
Operational; deployed in Europe; to be
replaced by LANCE
HOUND DOG
(Air Force)
North American, prime; Autonetics, guid-
; ance; Pratt and Whilney, propulsion
Air breathing air-to-surface standoff mis-
sile; about 600 n.-mi. range; Mach 2+;
turbojet nuclear B version in production,
ceiling in excess of 50,000 ft.
Operational; to be launched from B-52G
intercontinental bombers; stockpile expected
to exceed 400 to compensate for SKY-
BOLT cancellation
JUPITER
(Air Force)
Chrysler, prime; Sperry Farragut, guidance;
Rocketdyne, propulsion; Goodyear/CTL, re-
entry vehicle
IRBM; liquid; nuclear; range over 1500 mi.;
guidance; all-tnertial
Being withdrawn from operation; replaced
by POLARIS; future of missiles being studied
-fa LACROSSE
(Army)
Martin, prime; Martin/Federal Div. ITT,
guidance; Thiokol, propulsion
Surface-to-surface; mobile; command guid-
ance; 20-mile range; solid; nuclear
Being phased out of inventory.
LANCE
(Army)
(Formerly
designated
MISSILE B)
Chance Vought Div., Ling-Temco-Vought,
prime; Systron-Donner, AUTOMET guidance
A highly mobile general-purpose missile;
range 3-30 miles; Auiomet guidance; one
missile per launcher; nuclear and conven-
tional warhead; pre-packaged storable
propellants
Large-scale development; eventually will
replace HONEST JOHN and LACROSSE;
division support weapon; to use multi-
system test equipment
LITTLE JOHN
(Army) *
Emerson Electric, prime; Hercules Powder,
propulsion
Surface-to-surface unguided; 1 0-mile
range; solid; nuclear; supplements medium
and heavy artillery in airborne divisions
and air-transportable commands
Two battalions activated in '61; each
equipped with four launchers; air and heli-
copter transportable; may be replaced by
LANCE
LOW ALTITUDE
SUPERSONIC
VEHICLE
(Air Force)
Ling-Temco-Vought, nuclear vehicle com-
ponents; AEC/Marquardt, nuclear and
chemical technology
Surface-to-surface; low-a!titude; supersonic-
nuclear ramiet; designed to conduct long
aerial patrols at speeds up to 2000 mph
Propulsion system being developed under
project PLUTO; feasibility proven by TORY
reactor tests. Feasibility tests in 1964
M72 (Army)
Hesse-Easiern Div., Flightex Fabrics, prime
Light antitank rocket; carrier tube launcher;
4-5 lbs.; range 500 yd.; earlier called LAW
Operational
MACE
(Air Force)
Martin, prime; Goodyear/AC Spark Plug,
guidance; Thiokol/Allison, propulsion
Air-breathing surface-to-surface; more than
650-mile range; turbojet and solid; nuclear;
B model; 1 200-mi!e range; inertial guid-
ance
Five MACE-A and one MACE-B squadron
deployed in Europe; two MACE-B squadrons
on Okinawa in hard sites
MATADOR
(Air Force)
Martin, prime; Air Force, guidance; Thio-
kol/Allison, propulsion
Air-breathing surface-to-surface; 500 mile
range; speed, about 650 mph; ceiling
above 35,000 ft.
Being turned over to West Germans; also
deployed in Korea and on Taiwan
tV MAULER
(Army)
GD/Porrtona, prime; Hughes, guidance;
Lockheed, propulsion; deHavilland, IR ac-
quisition; Raytheon, radar; Burroughs, com-
puter; FMC, vehicle
Surface-to-air; IR acquisition; solid; weight,
120 lbs.; highly mobile antiaircraft and
antimissile missile; tracked vehicle; 9 per
launcher rack
Development; suffering serious guidance
problems. Army studying to decide whether
to continue.
^MOBILE
MEDIUM-
RANGE
BALLISTIC
MISSILE (Air
Force)
Development Phase: Hughes, integration,
assembly and checkout; Ford Aeronutronic
re-entry system; Thiokol, propulsion; Good-
year Aerospace Corp,, transporter-laun-
cher-erector; Martin- Marietta, command
and control; General Precision, guidance
Two-stage, solid propellanf, stellar-inertial
guidance; entire system contained in one
mobile vehicle; range: 300-1500 miles
Continued development of guidance, con-
trol systems; contractor team realigned for
development under $73.1 million FY 1964
appropriation. In programming prior to
Phase 11.
MINUTEMAN
(Air Force)
STL, systems engineering and technical di-
rection; Boeing, major contractor; Auto-
netics, guidance; Thiokol, propulsion first
stage; Aerojet, propulsion second stage;
Hercules third stage; Avco, re-entry vehicle
2nd-generation ICBM; solid; deployed in
hardened and dispersed silos; 32 sec. re-
action time; nuclear; 3 stages; range: over
5000 miles; guidance, all-inertial; target
selected in seconds; advanced MINUTE-
MAN with greater range-payload and new
re-entry vehicle under development
Development; 150 now operational at
Malmstrom, Mont.; later at Ellsworth, S. D.;
Whiteman, Mo.,- Minot, N. D., Grand Forks,
N. D.; 950 missiles through FY '64; eventual
force size may be 1300; advanced version
to be fired from airborne command posts;
expected operational 1965-66
NIKE-HER-
CULES (Army)
Western Electric, prime; Western Electric,
guidance; Hercules and Thiokol, propulsion;
Douglas, airframe
Surface-to-air; 75-mile range; ceiling, in
excess of 150,000 ft.; solid; command
guidance; Mach 3 4-; nuclear or conven-
tional; antiaircraft, tactical missiles; weight,
10,000 lbs.
Over 80 batteries deployed in U.S.;
over 10 N-H batteries deployed overseas.
Being equipped with HIPAR, a high power
acquisition radar, and anti-tactical-bal-
listic-missile capabilities
NIKE-ZEUS
(Army)
Western Electric, prime; Bell Telephone,
guidance; Thiokol/Lockheed, propulsion;
Douglas, airframe
Antimissile missile; 3-stage; 200-mile range;
solid; nuclear; command guidance; weight,
22,800 lbs.; length, 48 ft.; diameter, 36
in.; fin span, 1 0 ft.
Downgraded in favor of NIKE-X; continued
development planned; funded for $89
million in FY '64; ten successful intercepts,,
White sands tests completed.
NIKE-X (Army)
Western Electric, prime; Bell Telephone,
guidance; Thiokol, ZEUS propulsion; Doug-
las, ZEUS airframe; Martin-Marietta, SPRINT
missile prime; Hercules Powder Co., and
Lockheed Propulsion Co., SPRINT propulsion
Most advanced portion of NIKE-ZEUS con-
cept; uses a mix of ZEUS/SPRINT missiles
and multi-function array radar (MAR)
Engineering development; funded for $246
million on accelerated development sched-
ule, but deployment still deferred; more
effective than NIKE-ZEUS
* PERSHING
(Army)
Martin, prime; Bendix, guidance; Thiokol,
propulsion
Surface-lo-surface; two-stage solid; inertial
guidance; approx. 400 n. mile range; nu-
clear; transported on FMC XM474 tracked
vehicle; to replace REDSTONE
Flight test program completed. Troops
training in Ft. Wingate (N.M.) — White
Sands shots. West Germany buying two
battalions*
26
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
PROJECT
CONTRACTORS
DESCRIPTION
STATUS
PHOENIX
(Navy)
Hughes Aircraft Co.; Rocketdyne, propulsion
Air-to-air missile for use with the TFX fighter
aircraft
Development; HAC has $ 1 2.2-million con-
tract
^POLARIS
(Navy)
Lockheed, prime; GE/MIT/ Hughes, Minne-
apolis-Honeywell, Raytheon, guidance and
fire control; Aerojet- General, Hercules,
propulsion; Lockheed, re-entry vehicle;
Nortronics, checkout; Autonetics/Sperry,
SINS; Westinghouse, launching equipment;
Vitro, systems engineering coordination and
training; Systron-Donner, ignition programing
Underwater and surface-to-surface; solid;
1 200-n.-mi. range; A-l aboard first 1 0 sub-
marines; nuclear; A-2 (1500 n.-mi.) aboard
submarines 6-18; A-3 (2500 n.-mi.) aboard
19th and subsequent subs; all subs to get
A-3 evenlualfy; Total authorized POLARIS
submarine program: 41
Nine subs each with 16 missiles operational;
A-2 operational; A-3 in 1964; 27 A-3
flight tests have been conducted; 17 fully
successful; deployed in Atlantic and Mediter-
ranean; Pacific servicing facilities being
built; British to buy A-3 missiles from U.S.
First A-3 submarine firings successful
QUAIL
(Air Force)
McDonnell, prime; Guidance Technology,
Inc., guidance; GE, propulsion; Thompson
Ramo Wooldridge, ECM equipment
ECM-carrying decoy; about 200 m. range-
turbojet powered advanced version with
400 mile range has been flight tested
Deployed at SAC bases; carried by B-52;
procurement completed FY '61
* REDEYE (Army)
GD/Pomona, prime; Hughes, IR seeker; At-
lanlic Research, propulsion
Surface-to-air; 4 -foot, 22-lb. bazooka-
type; IR homing guidance; solid; conven-
tional; length, 44 in.; diameter, 2.75 in.
Development; problems largely solved
after two-year slippage.
REDSTONE
(Army)
Chrysler, prime; Sperry Farragut, guidance;
Rocketdyne, propulsion
Surface-to-surface; liquid; 200-mile range;
inertial guidance; nuclear
Deployed in Europe; being replaced by
PERSHING
REGULUS 1
SSM-N-8
(Navy)
Ling-Temco-Vought, prime; Sperry, guid-
ance; Allison, propulsion
Surface-to-surface; turbojet and solid; 500-
n.-mi. range; speed, about 600 mph; ceil-
ing, approx. 40,000 ft.; nuclear
Deployed aboard 2 cruisers; phaseout of 5
REGULUS subs started last year; KDU-1:
drone version; missiles retrofitted with air-
borne guidance
SERGEANT
(Army)
Sperry Utah, prime; Sperry, guidance; Thio-
kol, propulsion
Surface-to-surface; solid; over 75 n. mi.
range; nuclear; inertial guidance uses drag
brakes; 10,000 lbs.
Production; major procurement to be com-
pleted during FY '63; replacing CORPORAL;
West Germany buying and has activated
one battalion
SHILLELAGH
(Army)
Ford Aeronutronic, prime; Picatinny Arse-
nal/Amoco Chemicals Corp., propulsion;
Aeronutronic, guidance
Surface-to-surface; lightweight; vehicle-
mounted for use against field fortifications,
armor and close-in support of troops
Development; testing at White Sands; to
use multi-system test equipment; engineering
development stage begins in FY '64; to be
installed on Gen. Sheridan assault vehicle
SHRIKE
(Navy)
NOTS-China Lake, prime; Texas Instru-
ments, guidance; Rocketdyne, propulsion
Air-to-surface; anti-radar; guidance, passive
radar homing; solid motor; formerly ARM
Development; first production buy in FY '63;
AF plans to buy it during FY '64
★ SIDEWINDER
(Navy-
Air Force)
GE-Philco, prime,- Philco/GE, guidance;
Naval Propel lant Plant Naval Ammunition
Depot, McAllister and Rocketdyne, propulsion
Air-to-atr; IR guidance; more than 2 m.
range; conven'ional; 1 -C models: switchabte
!R and radar-guided warheads; improved
rocket motor
Deployed with Navy and Air Force; all-
weather type under development; delivery
of 1-C version started in 1962; NATO-built
version now in production
SPARROW III
AAM-N-6A
(Navy)
Raytheon, prime; Raytheon, guidance; Aero-
jet-General, propulsion
Air-to-air 5-8 mile range; Mach 2.5-3;
ceiling, over 50,000 ft.; semi-active, CW
homing, guidance; solid; conventional
Operational with carrier aircraft; produc-
tion begun on advanced version (SPAR-
ROW III B) prime armament for F4H-1 and
F3H-2 interceptor; SPARROW III and III A
in use; production begun on advanced
version as prime armament for F4B and
F4C interceptors
SPRINT (Army)
AAartin-Orlando, prime; Hercules Powder
and Lockheed Propulsion Co., propulsion;
Bell Telephone Laboratories, guidance
High-acceleration missile for low-altifude
interception of ballistic missiles; to be part
of the missile mix in a NIKE-X battery
Development
★SUBROC
(Navy)
Goodyear, prime; Gen. Precision/Aero-
space, guidance; Thiokol, propulsion; Libra-
scope-General Precision, fire control
Underwater- air-underwater antisubmarine
missile-depth bomb; 25-30 mile range;
solid; nuclear
Production; scheduled for installation in
Thresher class subs; will be operational Ihis
year
- —
SS- 10 (Army)
Nord Aviation, prime; GE, U.S. licensee
Surf ace-lo-surf ace; primarily antitank;
1 600-yards range; 33 lbs solid; wire
guided; conventional
Operational with U.S., French and other
NATO and Western units; battle-tested in
North Africa; U.S. replacing with ENTAC
SS-11 (Army)
Nord Aviation, prime
Surface-to-surface; aniitank; also helicop-
ter-to-surface; 3800-yard range; 63 lbs;
wire guided; conventional
Operational, to be used with airborne units
and Army helicopters
TALOS (Navy)
Vitro, systems engineering; Bendix, prime;
Bendix, McDonnell, Allegany Ballistics Lab.,
propulsion; Sperry, guidance; GE, launching
gear
Ship-to-air; 65-mile range; solid and ram-
jet; Mach 2.5; nuclear; radar beam riding/
semi-active homing guidance
Operational aboard cruisers Galveston,
Oklahoma City and three heavy cruisers;
Long Beach, nuclear-powered cruiser, has
advanced TALOS
TARTAR
(Navy)
Vitro, systems engineering; GD/Pomona,
prime; Raytheon, guidance; Aerojet-Gen-
eral, propulsion; Northern Ordnance,
launching gear
Ship-to-air; 10-mile range; Mach 2; beam-
riding guidance; solid dual-thrust motor;
conventional
Operational; installed aboard 15 guided
missile destroyers and cruisers equipped
with TALOS
TERNE (Navy)
Kongsberg Vapenfabrikk, prime; Arma,
systems integration
Surf ace- to-underwater ASW missile; 264
lbs; HE warhead
Navy buying from Norway to equip two
destroyer escorts
TERRIER/ AD-
VANCED
TERRIER (Navy)
Vitro, systems engineering; GD/Pomona,
prime; GD/Pomona. guidance section;
Sperry, radar; ABL, propulsion; Northern
Ordnance, launching gear
Ship-to-air; 10-mile range; Mach 2.5;
27 feet long; solid; conventional; 2 ad-
vanced versions operational
Operational aboard two attack carriers,
6 cruisers, and 1 2 missile frigates
missiles and rockets, Janupry 13, 1964
27
PROJECT
CONTRACTORS
DESCRIPTION
STATUS ;
THOR
(Air Force)
Douglas, prime; AC Spark Plug, guidance;
Rocketdyne, propulsion; GE, re-entry ve-
hicle; Thiokol, solid rockets for added thrust
Surface-to-surface IRBM; 1500-mile range;
liquid; nuclear; guidance, all-inertia!; used
extensively as space booster
Phaseout; 1 5 missiles to be converted k <
Douglas for space boosters; some vehicli 1
"souped up" by adding solid rockets f<
DISCOVERER program
TITAN 1
(Air Force)
STL, systems engineering & technical
direction; Martin, prime; Bell/Sperry,
guidance; Aerojet-General, propulsion;
ICBM; 5000-mile range, LOX/RP-1 fueled;
90 ft. long; 2 stages
Operational; 54 missiles at 5 bases
TITAN II
(Air Force)
STL, system engineering and technical
direction; Martin, prime; AC Spark Plug,
guidance; Aerojet-General, propulsion; GE,
re-entry vehicle
ICBM; over 5000-mile range; N204 &
Aerozine-50 storable fuels; 115 ft. long;
2 stages; greatest payload & range of any
U.S. ICBM; basic core vehicle for TITAN III
One squadron operational at Davis-Montho
AFB; some trouble experienced with secon 1
stage and with vibration in GEMINI booste'l
version; overall performance high
TOW (Army)
Hughes, prime
Tube-launched, optically tracked, wire
guided, HE warhead
Follow-on to ENTAC
1
-frTYPHON
(Navy)
Bendix, GD/Pomona, missile and missile
electronics; Westinghouse, weapons direc-
tion system and radar; McDonnell/ Al-
legany Ballistics Laboratory, propulsion;
Northern Ordnance, launching gear
Medium and long range seagoing anti-
aircraft and antimissile missiles with offen-
sive capability against surface ships and
shore targets
Development; successor for TALOS, TARTA
and TERRIER. System is encountering del
velopment problems, under intensiYil
DDR&E re-study
WALIEYE
(Navy)
NOTS-China Lake
Arr-to-surface 1 000-tb. glide bomb with
homing guidance, no propulsion; powerful
conventional warhead
Development; Navy says it will be thtl
"most accurate and effective air-to-surf act 1
conventional weapon ever developecj
anywhere."
ZUNI (Navy)
Naval Ordnance Test Station, prime;
Hunter-Douglas, propulsion
5-inch, air-to-surface; solid; unguided; 5
n.-mi. range; conventional
Operational; designed for use on jej
fighter and attack aircraft
Satellites and Spacecraft
PROJECT
CONTRACTORS
utbO-Klr NUN
STATUS
ANNA
(NASA)
Bureau of Naval Weapons/Applied Physics
Lab, prime; AF Cambridge Research Lab-
oratories/Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grief
flash tube experiment: Army Engineers/
Cubic Corp., CW transmitter
Geodetic satellite; 600-mi. orbit; 36-in.
aluminum sphere (with solar cell belt, 48
in.); weighs 355 lbs.; boosted by DELTA
Development; first launch failed May 10;
second launch successful in November.
Program now under NASA management.
NASA to launch one satellite per year |
beginning in 1 964
*APOLlO
(NASA)
North American, Command & Mission
Modules, systems integration; Grumman
Lunar Excursion Module (LEM); MIT, guid-
ance development; Collins Radio, tele-
communications; Minneapolis- Honeywell,
stabilization & control; AiResearch, environ-
mental control; Northrop Ventura, parachute
recovery; Lockheed Propulsion Co., escape
tower rocket; Marquardt, reaction controls;
IBM, realtime computer complex; Westing-
house, power conversion equipment
Three-man spacecraft for Earth-orbital,
lunar-orbital and lunar-landing missions.
Boosters: SATURN 1 and SATURN IB for
Earth orbits; SATURN V for lunar rendez-
vous; 3-modular spacecraft: command
module, 5 tons; service module, 23 tons;
lunar excursion vehicle, 15 tons; total
weight: 85,000 lbs.
Unmanned Earth oribtal shots scheduled
1964-65; lunar orbits 1968; lunar landing
by 1970; first manned orbital flight fourth
quarter 1 966
ARENTS (ARPA)
GD/Astronautics, prime
Series of three satellites to investigate
space environment of 22,000 mi. and to
test long-term behavior of components at
this altitude; ATLAS-CENTAUR booster
Contract let to build three payloads; launch-
ings aboard a NASA payload; program
re-evaluated due to CENTAUR delay
AEROSPACE
PLANE
(AF-NASA)
No contracts announced
Manned, hypersonic spacecraft capable of
Earth-to-orbit-and-return; turbofan, Mach
0-3; ramjet, Mach 3-8 or 10 {oxygen col-
lected and liquefied during this cycle); Mach
8-10 orbital speeds, LH2-LOX rocket
Joint NA5A-AF research program approved.
NASA funding $4 million in FY '64
★ ASSET
(Air Force)
McDonnell Aircraft Corp., prime; Minne-
apolis-Honeywell, guidance
Aerothermodynamic/elastic Structural Sys-
tems Environmental Tests for various mate-
rials combinations during re-entry; two
versions planned, 1100 lbs. (4) and 1200
lbs. (2). Strongly resembles X-20. Length;
68.7 in.; span: 58.9 in.
Development; program under sharp expan-
sion as partial substitute for cancelled
X-20. One AMR shot successful
BAMBI (ARPA)
Studies: GD/Astronautics, STL
Satellite system capable of intercepting
enemy missiles in boost using space
based platforms and interceptors
Feasibility still not proved; additional re-
search under way
BIOS
(NASA)
GE, prime
1, 000-lb. recoverable capsules with pri-
mates aboard; capable of orbital flights
up to 30 days. Flights to begin 1965. Will
be launched by THRUST-AUGMENTED
DELTA
Six flight models to be built. First flight in
1 965. Others to follow at three-month
intervals
28
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
PROJECT
CONTRACTORS
DESCRIPTION
STATUS
★ MEDIUM
ALTITUDE
COMMUNICA-
TIONS
SATELLITE
(AF-DCA-Army)
Philco-TRW-STL working under study con-
tract extension.
Multiple-launch, active repeater ComSat;
24-30 satellites in 5000-12,000 naut. mile
orbits; weight, less than 150 lbs.; ATLAS-
AGENA booster
One of two systems resulting from re-
oriented ADVENT program; initial opera-
tional capability planned for 1964, fully
operational by 1966
COMMUNICA-
TION
SATELLITE
PROGRAM,
HIGH-
ALTITUDE
(AF-DCA-Army)
ITT, systems engineering & technical direc-
tion for DCA
24-hour, station-keeping, active repeater
ComSat; operational system, 3-10 satellites;
weight, 500 lbs.; wide bandwidth com-
munications equipment for encryption and
anti-jamming; booster, ATLAS-AGENA
Second system evolved from ADVENT; in-
itial capability, 1964; operational, 1966
DISCOVERER
(Air Force)
SEs -
Lockheed, prime; GE, re-entry vehicle
THOR-AGENA and ATLAS-AGENA launch-
ings of stabilized satellites; main purpose
is to test techniques and components for
military space systems
Program life extended; all data on launch-
ings classified as part of new DOD infor-
mation policy; testing of AGENA D as-
signed 1o DISCOVERER program
★ ECHO (NASA)
Langley Research Center, prime
ECHO I: 135 ft. inflatable sphere in 700-
to 805-mile orbit; passive communication
satellite. THOR for ballistic tests; THOR-
AGENA for orbital
ECHO 1 in orbit since Aug. 12, I960; two
ballistic shots in 1962 unsuccessful. Orbital
launch from PMR planned first quarter 1 964
GEMINI (NASA)
McDonnell, prime; Rocketdyne, spacecraft
propulsion; General Electric, fuel cell; IBM,
guidance system integration and computer;
Minneapolis-Honeywell, guidance; West-
inghouse, rendezvous radar; AiResearch,
environment
Bigger and heavier MERCURY capsule; to
carry two men for periods up to two weeks,
TITAN II to be used as booster. ATLAS-
launched AGENA will be used for rendez-
vous missions. 1 5 spacecraft will be pro-
duced
Development; will be used to determine
feasibility of rendezvous for lunar mission;
first unmanned flight, early 1964. Manned
and rendezvous flights, 1964-65; AF parti-
cipation in program has been approved;
this could add 4 to 6 more spacecraft to
the program
^INTERPLANE-
TARY
MONITORING
PLATFORM
(NASA)
Goddard Space Flight Center, prime;
Martin Co. developing nuclear power unit
1 25-lb. satellite launched into deep-space
orbit with an apogee of 172,000 miles.
It will measure radiation and solar flares in
advance of Project APOLLO hazard.
Launched by DELTA booster from AMR
Program calls for eight satellites. Launches
will begin early 1964. Later flights will use
a nuclear power unit as replacement for
solar cells
-★LUNAR
ORBITER
PHOTO
CRAFT (NASA)
Boeing, prime; RCA, power and com-
munications; Eastman Kodak, cameras.
800-lb. spacecraft launched by ATLAS-
AGENA will orbit Moon taking pictures of
lunar surface
Five flights scheduled beginning in 1966
LUNAR
LOGISTICS
VEHICLE
(NASA)
None
Spacecraft to carry support payloads to
the Moon. Two designs under study, LEM
Truck and logistics spacecraft with 25,000-
to-30,000-lb. payload
Program decision expected 1964. No fund-
ing expected until FY '66; program would
cost about $1 billion
★manned
orbiting
LAB
(AF)
Two or three study contract awards due
soon
Two-man spacecraft to establish military
usefulness of man in space; TITAN III;
GEMINI X capsule atop 10-by-20 ft.
canister lab; total weight a bout 25,000
lbs.; orbit below 350 mi.
R&D. Unmanned GEMINI launch early 1966,
manned late; unmanned canister launch late
1967, manned first half 1968. Rendezvous
capability possible later
★manned
orbiting
SPACE
STATION
Under study
Manned space station for testing com-
ponents and techniques in the space environ-
ment. Design under study by NASA and AF
Decision not expected for several years
MARINER
(NASA)
JPL, prime
550-lb. unmanned spacecraft for early in-
terplanetary missions to vicinity of Mars
and Venus; boosted by ATLAS-AGENA B;
1 000-lb. MARINER B also under develop-
ment
Twelve shots planned. First scheduled
Venus fly-by August, 1 962, unsuccessful after
booster failure; second passed within 21,-
594 mi. of Venus Dec. 14; two Mars fly-by
missions planned in late 1964
MDS (NASA)
Fairchild Stratos, prime
3400-lb. meteoroid detection satellite
employing two 50 x 1 5 ft. extendable
detector wings; Earth orbit, 300 to 800
miles; booster SATURN 1
Development; will measure size, energy and
frequency of meteoroids to evaluate
hazards of impact with manned spacecraft;
first launch scheduled for third quarter. Two
will be orbited
MERCURY
(NASA)
McDonnell, capsule
First U.S. manned satellite; 4000 lbs. +
(capsule including escape rocket); boosters:
ATLAS and REDSTONE
First manned orbital flight Feb. 20, 1962,
by Lt. Col. John Glenn, USMC. 2nd, Cmdr.
Scott Carpenter, May, 1962; six-orbit flight
by Walter Schirra, Oct. 3, 1962; modified
MERCURY made 22-orbit flight with
L. Gordon Cooper on May 15. Program
now completed
MIDAS,
PROGRAM
239A
(Air Force)
Lockheed, prime; Aerojet, IR detector
system
L
! Early-warning satellite; detect ICBM launch-
: ings by IR; R&D models weigh 2.5 tons;
, plans being finalized for early integration
| of advanced payloads
j Development; re-oriented system now
! funded for total of $450 million; funding of
i $150 million for FY "63 now cut to Si 00
million for FY '64
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
29
PROJECT
CONTRACTORS
DESCRIPTION
STATUS
NIMBUS
(NASA)
Goddard Space Flight Center, prime; GE,
integration and testing; RCA, videcon
cameras
2nd-generation weather satellite; Earth-
stabilized polar orbiting; 750 lbs.; TV
cameras and IR scanners in poyload; THOR-
AGENA B booster
First launching scheduled for early 1964;
second, six months later; two R&D satel-
lites
OAO (NASA)
Grumman, prime; Westinghouse, electronic
components; GE, stabilization and control;
Kollsman, star trackers; IBM, data pro-
cessor and storage
3500-lb. orbiting astronomical satellite ob-
servatory equipped with 36-in. primary
AGENA DP
Three flights beginning in 1965
★ OGO (NASA)
Space Technology Laboratories, prime
1 000-lb. satellites with instruments for
geophysical measurements; polar (POGO)
and eccentric (EGO) shots planned; can
carry 50 experiments; ATLAS- AG EN A B,
THOR-AGENA D, CENTAUR boosters
First flight scheduled in 1 964; 1 9 ex-
periments planned for first shot; five other
flights planned
★ OSO (NASA)
Ball Brothers, prime
440-lb. orbiting solar observatory; DELTA
and ATLAS-AGENA boosters, S-16 early
version; S-17 and S-57 advanced versions
First flight March 7, 1962, highly successful;
first flight for S-17 planned for first quarter
1 964; five more flights planned; advanced
OSO to be built by Republic
PIONEER
(NASA)
STL
1 20- 1 b. spin-stabilized solar probe; DELTA
launch vehicle; cylindrical; covered with
10,000 solar cells; 4 outrigger booms for
sta bilization; 5 experiments, 60- to- 90-
million-mi. communication capability
Seven launches in program; early 1965
launch schedule set; orbits range from .8 to
1.2 au for 6-mo. lifetime
it RANGER
(NASA)
JPL, prime; Aeronutronic, capsule; Hercules,
retrorocket; Northrop, support contractor
300-lb. instrument capsule with seismom-
eter rough landed on Moon; before impact,
TV camera takes pictures of lunar surface;
ATI AC a f~ PM A n U-.^..»».
A 1 LAo-AuCMA D DOOSTer
R&D RANGER VI launch postponed; pro-
gram undergoing management change;
total of nine spacecraft planned; next
launch, first quarter 1 964
★relay
(NASA)
STL, project coordination and systems plan-
ning; RCA, prime
172-lb., spin-stabilized, wide-band, 700-
4000-mile orbit active repeater experi-
booster
Britain, France, Brazil and Germany build-
ing ground stations; first launch, Dec. 1 3,
1962; RELAY II first quarter 1964
SATELLITE
INSPECTOR
(SAINT)
PROGRAM
706
(Air Force)
RCA, prime; Hughes, detection equipment
Anti-satellite inspection system also capable
of destroying hostile vehicles
R&D; re-oriented; 3 study contracts to be
awarded to determine characteristics of
a SAINT vehicle, based on a manned
system using GEMINI capsule
SAMOS
(Air Force)
Lockheed, prime; photo intelligence equip*
menl, Eastman Kodak; capsules, GE; para-
chute and guidance recovery equipment,
Avco & Northrop Ventura
Reconnaissance satellite; formerly SENTRY;
R&D model weighs 4100 lbs. with E-5 cap-
sule (3000 with E-6); ATLAS-AGENA
booster; 100-300-mile circular polar orbit
Operational; advanced SAMOS under de-
velopment; FERRET version used for elec-
tronic intelligence and communications
eavesdropping
(NASA)
RCA, prime
Spinning satellite carrying two electric-
propulsion engines for environmental tests
Two and possibly three flights planned.
First, third quarter, 1 964
★ SURVEYOR
(NASA)
Hughes, prime; Martin, SNAP device
2100-lb. spacecraft for soft-landing 100-
300 lb, instruments on Moon; ATLAS-
CENTAUR booster; SNAP nuclear generator
optional
First Moon flights eariy 1965; seven soft-
landing vehicles planned
SYNCOM
(NASA)
Hughes, prime
24-hr. orbit instantaneous narrow band,
active repeater communications satellite.
DELTA booster; 28 inches in dia. and will
weigh about 55 lbs.; capable of accommo-
dating one full duplex radio telephone
channel
First launch failed, Feb. 14, 1963; satellite
believed to be in orbit but contact lost.
SYNCOM II launched July 26, 1963, com-
pletely successful. 500-lb. advanced SYN-
COM to be developed
*SMS
(Synchronous
Meteorological
oaieiuTe /
(NASA)
Republic, Astro-Electronics of RCA, Hughes,
study contracts
24-hour weather satellite. Earth-stabilized;
TV cameras with variable focus; may use
SNAP-50 for power; booster may be
ATIAQ A C\ PKI A r /"PklTAIID
n I LAO-AUClNA or t_CfN 1 AUK
Launch schedule under study; funding may
be in FY '65 budget
TELSTAR
I Ala 1 -NAoAJ
BTL, management for AT&T
170-lb., active repeater, experimental in-
dustry communication satellite; DELTA
booster
Development; first launch July 10, 1962,
highly successful; second launch May 7,
1 963, also successful
>f TIROS (NASA-
Wea. Bu.)
RCA, prime
285-lb. meteorological satellite; TV pictures
of cloud cover; IR sensors to gather heat
balance data,- one TIROS to be tested
for effectiveness in highly elliptical orbit
(3000-mi. apogee)
R&D; eight satellites launched; all success-
ful. Next launch summer, 1964. Seven
more added to program (4 R&D NASA, 3
operational. Weather Bureau)
TRANSIT
(Navy)
Applied Physics Laboratory, prime; Martin,
SNAP device,- Westinghouse, shipboard
satellite signal receivers
Navigational satellite; R&D model over 250
lbs.; operational, 50-100 lbs.; operational
system: 4 satellites in random, near-circular
600-mi. orbits; SNAP nuclear generator;
^r"l~ll IT hnActor
oluu i DoosTer
Operational system in process of being
established for use by POLARIS subs;
NASA also will use TRANSIT for civilian
navigation satellite system
30
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
PROJECT
CONTRACTORS
DESCRIPTION
STATUS
*VELA HIGH
ALTITUDE
(ARPA)
STL, prime; Los Alamos Scientific Lab/
20-sided, 485-lb. satellite for detection of
nuclear explosions in space; 50,000-n,-mi.
orbit; booster, ATLAS-AGENA
Successfully launched in October, 1963
★ VOYAGER
(NASA)
Study contracts, Avco Corp. & GE
Unmanned MARINER follow-on spacecraft
to orbit Mars and Venus and to inject a
capsule to the surface
Funds may be in FY '65 budget. Launches in
1967-70's period. Spacecraft of 6000 lbs.
to be launched by three-stage SATURN IB
or SATURN V
*X-15 (NA5A-
AF-Navy)
North American, prime; Thioko!, propulsion;
Sperry Gyroscope, inert! oi flight data sys-
tem; Minneapolis-Honeywell , adaptive flight
confrol electronics
Manned rocket plane; capable of 4000-
mph plus flight at edge of space; single
rocket engine develops 57,000 lbs. thrust
Powered flights in progress; unofficial rec-
ords set: altitude 354,200 ft. and speed
(4104 mphj; hypersonic propulsion research
program should run through 1966
Space Vehicles
AGENA
(Air Force)
Lockheed, prime; Minneapolis-Honeywell,
guidance; Bell, propulsion
1 700-lb. upper stage; all-inertial guid-
ance; re-start capability
Used in DISCOVERER, SAMOS and MIDAS
programs; ATLAS, THOR boosters
BLUE SCOUT
(Air Force)
Aeronutronic, prime; Ling-Temco-Vought,
Inc., frame; Minneapolis-Honeywell, guid-
ance; Aerojet/ Hercules, Thiokol, propulsion
4-stage vehicle; payload cap., 150 lbs.
(345 mi.) orbit, 100 lbs. probe (1610 mi.);
range, over 6000 mi. vert, distance
Operational; based on NASA's SCOUT;
space probe and small (150-lb.) satellite
launch vehicle; also AF's Hyper-Environ-
mental Test System
CENTAUR
(NASA)
GD/Astronautics, prime; Pratt & Whitney,
propulsion; Minneapolis-Honeywell, guid-
ance
High-energy upper stage using a pair of
LOX,< liquid hydrogen engines; 30,000 lbs.
total thrust, ATLAS D booster, capable of
orbiting 8500 lbs.; 2300 lbs. to escape;
1300 lbs. on planetary flights
Development; program responsibility trans-
ferred from MSFC to Lewis; first flight test
failed; late 1964 or early 1965 earliest
possible operational date; next launch
November, 1 963
DELTA (NASA)
Douglas, prime; Bell Telephone Labs,
guidance; Rocketdyne/Aerojet/ABL, pro-
pulsion
Successor to THOR-ABLE; upper stage
guidance; 3-stage vehicle; 430 lb. payload
capability in 500-mile orbit; two new ver-
sions — Dov-JA and Ddv-od — will have /UU
and 800 lbs. payload capability, respec-
tively; THOR missile comprises first stage
Launch vehicle for TIROS-ECHO; being
used for other satellites and one deep
space probe; 26 previously on order aug-
mented by AF order for 1 2 more for NASA;
DSV-3A used for EXPLORER XIV; DSV-3B
to become operational this year; THRUST-
AUGMENTED DELTA with 3 solid motor
strap-ons also will be used
LITTLE JOE II
(NASA)
General Dynamics/Convair, prime
Solid-propelled vehicle with thrust of
800,000 lbs.; launch vehicle for APOLLO
suborbital flights
First launch Aug. 28, 1963, successful; six
vehicles ordered thus far
NOVA
(NASA)
Martin, study
Capability of NOVA under study; no firm
concept but should offer significant im-
provement over C-5 (20-30 million lbs.
lst-stage thrust or nuclear upper stage)
Study to determine characteristics; opera-
tional target date post- 1970 time period
ORION (Air
Force)
General Atomic
Space booster propelled by series of
atomic explosions to lift over 1 000 tons
into orbit
Studies; AF FY '64 request for $9.8 million
denied by DOD; R&D continuing with funds
re-programmed from FY '63~
ROVER (NASA)
AEC)
Los Alamos Scientific Labs, ROVER Prime;
Aerojet, NERVA prime; Westinghouse,
propulsion
First nuclear rocket: tests of KIWI, proto-
type of NERVA engine, under way
Kiwi tests to be completed this year.
Development of Phoebus reactor initiated.
No flight test program funded at present
★ SATURN 1
(NASA)
Systems engineering, assembly and guid-
ance, Marshall Center; S-1 stage, Chrysler
Corp.; S-IV, Douglas
2-stage vehicle for early boilerplate tests of
APOLLO. 1st stage: 8 Rocketdyne H-1 en-
gines; 2nd stage: 6 Pratt & Whitney RL10-
A3 engines; 22,000 lbs. into 345-mi. orbit
Four flight tests of 1 st stage successful;
all flights with inert upper stage; first
flight with live upper stages January 1964
★SATURN l-B
(NASA)
Systems engineering, assembly and guid-
ance, Marshall Center; S-1 stage, Chrysler;
S-IVB stage, Douglas
S-1: 8 H-1 engines; S-IVB: 1 J-2 engine;
payload capability, 32,000 lbs. in 345-
mi. orbit
Development; first flight 1965; boost
APOLLO spacecraft biolerplate models,
including lunar landing vehicle
SATURN V
(Advanced
Saturn) (NASA)
Systems engineering, assembly and guid-
ance, Marshall Center; S-IC, Boeing; S-ll,
North American; S-IVB, Douglas; F-l ,
North American; J-2, North American
S-IC: 5 F-l engines; S-ll: 5 J-2 engines,-
S-IVB: J-2 engine; 1 20-ton payload in 345-
mile orbit; 43 tons to escape velocity; 30
tons for planetary missions
R&D; first flight scheduled for 1966; prime
booster for APOLLO missions; may also be
used to boost orbiting space station
SCOUT
(NASA)
L-T-V Astronautics, prime; Minneapolis-Hon-
eywell, guidance; Aerojet-General/ Hercu-
les/Thiokol ' ABL, propulsion
Solid four-stage satellite launcher; 300-lb.
payload in 345-n.-mi. orbit
Operational payload being increased to
300 lbs.,- NASA has ordered 23 more
boosters
TITAN Ml
(Air Force)
Martin, systems integration; United Tech-
nology, large solid boosters; Martin, TITAN
II vehicle; Aerojet, liquid engines; Martin,
standardized upper stage,- AC Spark Plug,
guidance
Quick-reaction vehicle for military space
missions; will be used to boost DYNA-
SOAR; 1st stage, two 1 20-in. solid motors;
2nd stage, TITAN II (storable propellants);
3rd stage, standardized vehicle to be de-
veloped; modified TITAN II guidance
Development; first flight late '64 (T-IIIA);
Jan. '65 (T-HIC); 17 development flights
planned: 5 TITAN II core vehicles (A ver-
sion), 12 full TITAN Ill's (C version); opera-
tional in 1965; 1 20-in. solid fired success-
fully July 20
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
31
Introducing...
Low Cost Inertial Guidance
Systron-Donner, designer and manufacturer of the
DC-AUTOMET velocity control for the Army's Lance
missile, now announces the first truly low cost so-
lution to accurate short range inertial guidance and
control.
It's a simplified airborne analog guidance com-
puter which provides the same accurate results as
more complex, more expensive guidance computer
systems.
This low-cost guidance package was made possible
by S-D's technical breakthrough in solid state oper-
ational amplifiers and integrators, the critical com-
ponents of the system. These new amplifiers and in-
tegrators offer performance characteristics at least 10
times better than was feasible just a year ago.
If you need compactness as well as low cost, the
entire S-D Guidance Computer isn't much biggei
than a two-pound coffee can — and doesn't weigh
much more.
To learn more about S-D's airborne systems and
components, write to Flight Systems Group, Systron-
Donner Corporation, Concord, California.
SYSTRON C B ^ DOIMIMER
CORPORATION
Technical Countdown
ELECTRONICS
Solar Flare Warning System Planned
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center is planning a
solar radiation monitoring network to provide advance in-
formation on solar events to the manned space program.
The program is tentatively slated to be initiated in the middle
of this year with the radio astronomy equipment to be or-
dered nine months later, according to Dr. Robert Stone of
the Center's Planetary Ionospheres Branch. The network will
use three Deep Space Instrumentation Facilities — in Spain,
Mexico and Australia — to flag Type 4A solar bursts. These
bursts, in the decimeter region of the solar spectrum, give
the longest lead time for predicting a solar event and thus
are potentially the most helpful for warning astronauts.
The data will be rushed on a realtime basis to NASA's
Manned Spacecraft Center during the Gemini Program.
Measurements will be taken at three frequencies — above,
below and at the center frequency of 2,695 mc. Bandwidth
will be 10 mc and dynamic range, 50 db. The antennas will
be 10-ft. parabolic dishes driven by a clock control in hour
angle plus manual override. Output format will be a single
channel chart.
100-Milliwatt CW Gas Laser Tested
One hundred millawatts of continuous power has been
produced by a new helium-neon gas laser developed by
Perkin-Elmer Corp. The laboratory system employs two
parallel plasma tubes. The output of one is coupled through
precision optics to the other to produce a single high-in-
tensity beam. The approach permits holding the overall
length to 6 ft., weight to 35 lbs. The tubes measure 66 in.
Excitation is accomplished solely by hot cathode direct cur-
rent. Although the test wavelength was at 6,328 A, P-E
scientists disclosed that the use of external mirrors in the sys-
tem would permit operation also at 1.15 or 3.39 microns.
New Modulator to Aid ECM Receivers
Three HRB-Singer, Inc., scientists have been awarded
a patent covering a unique strip-transmission-line modulator
that can be used in radio surveillance receivers. Described
as small, lightweight and self-contained, the device will
permit detection of pure CW or FM signals without degrad-
ing the operating capacity of a crystal video receiver. The
inability to detect such non-amplitude-varying radiations has
been a serious limitation in the past for these receivers,
which are widely used for electronic countermeasures.
NMCS Scatter System Delayed
Air Force Project Build Back, a back-up military com-
mand communications system using many tropospheric-scat-
ter sites throughout the continental United States, will be
delayed — at least for a few months. The system as conceived
would provide more than 100 low power stations employing
10-ft. paraboloidal-reflector antennas for over-the-horizon
telecommunications for the National Military Command Sys-
tem. Bids have already been submitted by a number of system
contractors.
VTM's Battered and Beaten, But Still Work
Voltage-tunable magnetrons have been undergoing a
series of rigorous shock and vibration tests at General Elec-
tric's Schenectady Tube Dept. to prove their adaptability for
missile/ space use. Some, said a company spokesman, have
been shock-tested to 1,600 g's (in excess of 80 times design-
specification limits) without adverse effects on performance.
One tube, a type ZM-6032, successfully withstood 45 suc-
cessive blows of greater than 1,000 g's — the upper limit
of the testing machine. The same tube, a 7.5-watt, 1.5-lb.,
bowl-magnet VTM, developed slight epozy cracking at
1,600 g's during another test sequence, but this did not
reduce operating performance. GE claimed.
New Family of Tape Storage Tubes Perfected
A series of tape storage tubes using diffraction gratings
instead of the normal mesh are capable of storing and reading
image signals with a limiting resolution of 3.800 TV lines/in.
More than 20.000 halftone copies have been read out from
a single stored frame of information. Developed by the
Westinghouse Electronic Tube Division, the grating is a
solid piece of metal with grooves cut into one surface. A
dielectric is deposited at a sharp angle to the surface, coating
one side of each groove. As a camera tube, its sensitivity
is comparable to photographic film with a speed index of
ASA 100.
PROPULSION
Power Generating Rocket Exhausts
Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake, Calif., is
firing rocket engine exhausts through the hole in a dough-
nut-shaped, supercold and superconducting magnet in a
project aimed at better understanding of the magneto-trans-
port properties of the thermally generated plasmas. The
work has proved feasibility of generating electricity from
rocket exhaust, according to NOTS spokesmen. Dubbed
THERMA, the project is typical of several being conducted
in NOTS' Propulsion Development department in fluid con-
trol and advanced energy conversion involving interaction of
electric and magnetic fields with electrically conducting
fluids. The magnet is maintained at a temperature of
— 452°F, with liquid helium, as rocket exhaust gases flow
through the magnetic field at a temperature of 5,700°F.
Barrier Flow Experiment Successful
A technique called "barrier flow" by its developers at
Bell Aerosystems Co. permits the burning of high energy
propellant combinations with the same ablative materials
used in relatively low-energy systems. Bell engineers have
fired a number of ablative rockets using a fluorine-hydrazine
combination with combustion temperatures up to 7,000°F.
Throat erosion of less than 1% has been achieved in a full
duration test and this result agreed very well with prior
thermo-dynamic analysis. Bell specialists have determined
the feasibility of using ablatives in high-energy systems
through the barrier concept.
MATERIALS
Heat May Replace Optical Pumping
Possibility of lasering materials by heat i: tead of by
optical pumping is being studied by Electr :al Systems,
Inc., Pasadena, Calif. Although ruby la ;r tormance de-
grades with temperature rise, cesium and some of the
alkaline earths show spectral lines na: enough tc promise
laser action at temperatures as high as 1 .200°C. Present
studies at EOS make use of joule heating, but aim of the
work is to develop a laser that can be pumped by heat from
the Sun or from a nuclear reactor.
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
33
astronautics
Gemini Photos May
Assist in Re-entry
Wake Research
SCHL1EREN PHOTO of spherical re-entry model
shows neck of the wake at center.
by Russell Hawkes
INDUSTRY CAN look for a pro-
posal that cameras or other instruments
be installed aboard an early Gemini
spacecraft to collect information about
the hot wake by which returning space-
craft and re-entering ballistic missiles
are most readily tracked.
Leading wake researchers favor such
a proposal after a half-day conference
with astronauts who reported on the
visual appearance of Mercury spacecraft
wakes during re-entry from orbit. Dr.
Leslie Hromas of TRW Space Technol-
ogy Laboratories said the astronauts who
have experienced orbital flights were
able to contribute four or five key ob-
servations resolving controversy among
theoretical analysts.
The astronauts testified that a disc-
shaped or ring-shaped (they disagreed
on this point) fireball forms in the wake
about 20 ft. behind the capsule. They all
agreed that the fireballs looked some-
thing like the "shock diamonds" that
appear in the supersonic exhaust of an
afterburning turbojet engine or a rocket.
John Glenn disagreed about the distance.
He set it at nearer 50 ft. from the cap-
sule. In general they agreed that the
fireballs were about half the diameter of
the capsule.
• Several questions answered — The
astronauts were able to resolve contro-
versy among experts over whether the
fireballs fluctuate in position, shape or
intensity. They reported that it remains
constant except when it is caused to
dance around by changes and oscilla-
tions in the attitude of the spacecraft.
Color of the fireball is of interest to
analysts since it reveals information
about the energy mechanisms within it.
Reports of the four Mercury astronauts
who have made orbital flights are less
conclusive about this. Two astronauts
reported that the fireballs they observed
were bright orange and the other two
reported that they were bright green.
In both cases analysts believe the
34
color was determined by materials
ablated from the spacecraft. However,
it is believed that air would also glow
visibly in an uncontaminated wake.
During discussions of the flame color
and shape, astronaut Walter M. Schirra
produced a 100-shade collection of
crayons, and the astronauts attempted to
draw the wakes in trapezoidal window-
shaped pictures as they appeared from
inside the spacecraft. The drawings have
been incorporated in a report now avail-
able from the Advanced Research Proj-
ects Agency.
• Wave thermal configuration — The
wake of a re-entry vehicle consists of a
wide-spreading shock wave off the front
end within which is a region of inviscid
flow with temperatures of only about
2,000° K, compared to 8,000° K at the
stagnation point in the center of the
vehicle's forward face.
Directly behind the spacecraft is a
"base region" of viscous flow and high
temperatures tapering to a neck that
is probably the site of the fireball drawn
by the astronauts. The temperature there
is about 4,000° or 5,000° K. Behind this
stretches the wake proper, its diameter
gradually increasing with the cube root
of the distance downstream.
The amount of energy in the whole
flow structure is very large. The temper-
ature in the wake 1,000 re-entry vehicle
diameters behind the spacecraft is still
as high as 1,000° K.
• Flow velocities — The velocity of
the flow with respect to the spacecraft
rises with the distance from the space-
craft. The astronauts all agreed that air
within the conical base region appar-
ently moves very slowly relative to the
spacecraft. All reported that jettisoned
retro-pack straps floated close to the
spacecraft neck for four or five seconds
before drifting out of the base region
and being whisked away in the higher
velocities of the inviscid flow. This time
period included a large fraction of the
re-entry during which about 100,000 ft.
of altitude was lost.
The most valuable tool for ground-
based research on re-entry wakes has
been the ballistic range. Very small re-
entry vehicle models fired from various
types of guns and photographed in flight
have revealed much of what is known
about the flow structure around an ob-
ject moving at re-entry speeds.
• Wake research grows — Re-entry
wakes are providing a booming field of
research and are of interest to virtually
everyone in the missile/ space business.
Spacecraft designers study wakes for
clues to solution of communications
black-outs, which occur during the heat
pulse of re-entry. Those developing bal-
listic missile defenses study the wake as
the most easily tracked phenomenon as-
sociated with such missiles. Ballistic mis-
sile developers study them in the hope
of making the wake invisible or making
decoys with wakes that cannot be dis-
tinguished from wakes of warheads.
STL, one of the leading centers of
wake research, is interested primarily
from the latter point of view since
USAF, its chief customer, is a ballistic
missile operator. Dr. Hromas is optimis-
tic about the chance of making wakes
entirely transparent to radar.
• Vehicle shape determines wake —
The geometry of the vehicle has impor-
tant effects upon the geometry and in-
tensity of wake phenomena. The slim,
low drag bodies used as missile war-
heads and probably to be used for future
spacecraft produce a weaker shock
wave, a cooler inviscid region, a more
turbulent wake and a trail of observable
ions and electrons only a fifth to a tenth
as long as that behind a blunt body.
The visible wake had not been an-
ticipated before the launch of the first
manned Mercury capsule into orbit. It
had been planned that astronaut Cooper
would use a special hand-held camera
to record data about the wake during his
re-entry on the last Mercury flight; how-
ever, the necessity to make a pilot-con-
trolled re-entry made it impossible to
complete this task. ■
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
Controlled Internal Restraint -
Impactor Mechanism-
Planetary Gear-
Tool Housing Lock
Rear Cover
\
Tool Handle (containing batteries)
ABOVE: Drawing shows key parts of powered space tool devel-
oped for the Air Force by Martin Co. and Black & Decker Man-
ufacturing Co. RIGHT: Martin engineer demonstrates tool.
space support
Space Tool for Apollo
Can Deliver 50 Ft.-Lbs. of Work
Middle River, Md. — What is re-
ported to be the first powered space tool
has been demonstrated by the Baltimore
Division of the Martin Co.
The device, which can be used as a
screwdriver, wrench, drill, grinder or
thread tap by changing attachments, has
a reactive torque of 0.5 in.-oz., but
can deliver about 50 ft.-lbs. of work.
It transfers no rotational torque to the
user, although there is minimal pushing
away from the work surface.
The tool was designed for use in re-
pairing vehicles of the Apollo class and
for orbital assembly of space stations.
Spokesmen for the Air Force Systems
Command, which contracted for the
development, said that the Air Force
is also taking a long-range view to the
possibility of maintaining unmanned
satellites in space by astronauts.
• Reducing torque — Martin Co. en-
gineer Martin Goldman, developer of
the device, said the reduction in reac-
tion torque is accomplished this way:
— First, the armature begins turn-
ing. The entire motor and case are de-
signed to rotate on ball bearings inside
the device.
— A controlled restraint system
transfers the reaction from the motor
to the output shaft.
— The work of the motor loads up
a spring, which results in an impact
mechanism transferring this power to
the output shaft. This impact mecha-
nism, operating on the same principle
as those used to tighten automobile lugs,
hits about 1,700 times a minute.
The reactive torque of 0.5 in.-oz. is
constant, Martin engineers say. The
only reaction to different loadings will
be in friction in the motor case bear-
ings. A widely used home utility drill
tool, for comparison, produces 8 ft.-lbs.,
or 1,536 in.-oz.
Extensive vacuum chamber tests
have been conducted, and the device has
operated continuously for two hours
without exceeding a temperature of
85°F. Arcing of the motor brushes in
vacuum is no problem, although devel-
opers said they at first feared this.
Future environmental tests — vacuum
and cold, vacuum and extreme heat —
will be carried out. Black and Decker
Manufacturing Co. engineers said that
final design may require some exotic
materials to withstand the environment.
• Maintenance — Lubrication of the
instrument presents no problem, even
in the vacuum, spokesmen say. A paraf-
fin base, silicon oil was used in vacuum
chamber tests in which the tool was left
for a week at simulated 520,000 ft. alti-
tude.
All components, including the five-
cell nickel-cadmium battery, were devel-
oped by Martin, in conjunction with
Black and Decker. Work was performed
under a $24,000 AFSC contract from
Wright-Patterson Aero-Propulsion Lab-
oratory.
The device has been tested in actual
weightlessness in parabolic flight in an
Air Force KC-135 tanker. For dem-
onstration and development purposes,
a five-degree-of-freedom simulator is
used.
According to Martin developers, the
only problem remaining is a slight push-
ing away when the tool must be held
against the working surface, such as in
driving screws. This, they said, would
require some slight restraint mechanism
to hold the astronaut in place.
Air Force spokesmen said work is
now underway at Wright-Patterson to
develop adhesive type restraint lines. ■
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
37
management
Contractor Gets Steady
Check on Profits With
New PERT-type System
Output of inexpensive computer program developed
by Computer Dynamics treats profits as pieces of hardware
by William Beller
A PERT-type program able to show
a continuous picture of profits through-
out the life of a contract has been de-
veloped.
Shaping and molding of profits as
the contract passes through design, pro-
curement, engineering and fabrication,
for instance, can be monitored as though
the profits themselves were pieces of
hardware being developed under a
PERT/Time system.
The advantage of having a running
picture of the profits a contract is bring-
ing in, or perhaps not bringing in, is
difficult to overestimate from the view-
point of the top management of a com-
pany. It ranks with the advantage oper-
ational management gets from the sched-
uling data put out by PERT/Time, and
in the near future, from cost data put
out by PERT/Cost.
So contends B. J. Hansen, Jr., vice
president of Computer Dynamics, Inc.,
of Silver Spring, Md., and formerly one
of the original Lockheed team that de-
vised PERT/Time for Polaris.
• Extends PERT/Cost— For the
past two years, Hansen has worked in
a general way on a method for getting
HYPOTHETICAL EXAMPLE OF FIXED-PRICE CONTRACT
NEGOTIATED TERMS
Activity
Job
Negotiated
Estimated
Profit Objective
Estimated
Activity
Job
Actual
Profit
Actual
Actual
Package
Time
Cost
% of Cost
Amount
Price
Package
Time
Objective
Cost
Profit
1 to 2
Design
8 wks
$1 ,000
11
$110
$1,110
1 to 2
Design
13 wks
$110
$1,500
($390)
1 to 3
Procurement
8 wks
1,000
3
30
1,030
1 to 3
Procurement
2 wks
30
500
530
2 to 4
Engineering
8 wks
1,000
11
110
1,110
2 to 4
Engineering
3 wks
110
500
510
3 to 4
Fabrication
8 wks
1,000
7
70
1,070
3 to 4
Fabrication
8 wks
70
1,100
(30)
Totals
$4,000
$320
$4,320
Totals
$320
$3,700
$620
AT END OF CONTRACT
8 wks.
$110
L
Start
design
$30
8 wks.
Design
completed
2
Profit Objectives
Start
fabrication
3
8 wks.
$110
Fabrication
completed
4
7
$70
8 wks.
0 TIME 16 wks.
Profit/PERT for negotiated terms.
TIME 16 wks.
Profit/PERT at end of contract.
38
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
profit as the output of a computer rou-
tine that would be easy to apply and
relatively cheap to run. For this pur-
pose, he decided to augment the PERT/
Cost system, not only because it is based
on classical PERT/Time, but also be-
cause it is approved for use on current
contracts of the Department of Defense,
including TFX, Mauler, Subroc, Titan
til, MMRBM, Lance and Polaris.
His goal was reached when Virginia
Iandiorio, Computer Dynamics profes-
sional staff member, made operational
a PERT/Cost system for the small-to-
medium sized computers instead of for
the larger and more expensive comput-
ers generally recommended, and added
the inputs needed for "Profit/PERT."
Top executives need to see the profit
picture while they can still do something
about changing it if it is going bad, or
improving it if the opportunity is there.
At a board of directors meeting, for ex-
ample, where the result of a recently
completed contract is being discussed,
an attitude of "Well, we really got
burned on that one. Let's not go into
this kind of a venture again," is after-
the-fact.
No business lesson was learned, such
as, "We lost money because we empha-
sized the 'low profit' area of production
and didn't put enough effort into the
'high profit' area of design."
This knowledge will become in-
creasingly relevant to the successful op-
eration of any major contract, particu-
larly with the complexities brought in
by the weighted guidelines for profit,
which are being introduced with incen-
tive contracting. In fact, as of the first
of this year, weighted guidelines must
be used for establishing the profits for
all negotiated contracts.
The problem of knowing the current
state of the profit picture without the
help of a computerized system can be
imagined, especially in view of the
range of DOD profit factors, for ex-
ample— engineering labor, 9 to 15%;
manufacturing overhead, 4 to 1% ; man-
ufacturing labor, 5 to 9%.
• Not a new problem — Some exec-
utives complain about the difficulty of
getting a true profit picture at any time
earlier than the completion of a con-
tract, even when operating on a fixed-
price basis. The answer seems to be
that in a large project, a comptroller
cannot possibly have all the factors at
hand at any time before completion of
the contract any more than a general
manager can keep track of such a proj-
ect without the help of PERT or some
other computerized system. Yet profit,
the reason for a private corporation's
existence, is seemingly the last major
item to be given systems consideration.
There are many examples of the gov-
ernment asking for contract changes
whose effects can be seen only dimly.
For instance, a contract administrator
may interpret a contract specification
in broad rather than in the specific
terms the contractor had in mind when
he signed the contract.
If there is not a subsequent meet-
ing of minds, the contractor is usually
the loser. "He might fight harder, and
with more effect, if he had a projection
of his profit picture," says Hansen, sug-
gesting Profit/PERT as one possible
answer.
Clearly, all work in business is not
necessarily profit-making. The task, then,
was to develop a means to show where
the profit-making phases of work are
PROFIT PERT INPUT DATA. SHEET
CHARGE NUMBER PLANNED ACTUAL PROFIT
FACTOR
00001
-00002
1,000
1,500
011
00001
-00003
1,000
500
003
00002
-00004
1,000
600
011
00003
-00004
1,000
1,100
007
PERT COST
MANAGEMENT PROFIT REPORT
ABC -MISSILE & GHE
LEVEL/SUMMARY ITEM:
REPORTING ORGN.
ZYZ - A&S DIVN.
CONTRACT NO.
63(600) 28369A
7/DES. ,PR0C, .ENG. ,FAB. 111111
NEGOTIATED
COST/PROFIT
REPORT DATES
TERM (SPAN) - TOTAL PROJECT
OUT OF DATE - END OF PROJECT
RELEASE DATE - 13 JAN 64
ACTUAL
COST/PROFIT
ITEM
PLANNED
PROFIT
CONTRACT
ACTUAL
PROFIT
COST
FACTOR
PRICE
COST
(LOSS)
DES. ,PR0C. ,ENG . ,FAB .
111111
4,000
8%
4,320
3,700
620
DESIGN
00001-00002
1,000
11%
1,110
1,500
( 390)
PROCUREMENT
00001-00003
1,000
3%
1,030
500
530
ENGINEERING
00002-00003
1,000
11%
1,110
600
510
FABRICATION
00003-00004
1,000
T/o
1,070
1,100
mm
( 30)
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
39
Which haystack hides the needle?
It's hard enough to find a needle in one
haystack. But it really gets difficult when
the needle moves from stack to stack.
This analogy describes the concept
behind a new kind of missile system now
being developed: MMRBM — Mobile
Mid Range Ballistic Missile.
Take an advanced, highly-accurate mis-
sile. Put it into a compact, self-contained
"package" — from which it can be
launched at a moment's notice. Then
move it where you want it.
Like our peripatetic needle, the unique
advantage of MMRBM is in its mobility;
for example, mounted on a "semi" truck
trailer. The total mobility of the weapon
system enables units to be parked at
widely dispersed parking areas and moved
frequently or to operate in a continuously
mobile fashion over highways and
secondary roads. Widely dispersed and
moving in unpredictable patterns, these
MMRBM's would be virtually impos-
sible to keep under surveillance and to
target. No economical defense can nc
be visualized.
These MMRBM "packages" would all
be "air-liftable." Stockpiled at strateg
points, they could be put aboard j
transports and be delivered to trout
spots in hours.
Throughout human history, man hi
recognized the need to provide for his a
his neighbor's safety through streng:
The MMRBM system — versatile, fle
ble, economical — adds a new dimensi
Creating a new world with electronics
( !
HUGHES
the capability for defense in our time,
[ghes, as the Integration, Assembly and
eckout contractor, is proud to be a
mber of the industry team working on
s system for the U. S. Air Force.
my important career opportunities are
lilable for engineers and scientists on
MMRBM program. You are invited
ubmit your resume now to : Mr. Robert
I Martin, 11940 W. Jefferson Blvd.,
Iver City 16, California. Hughes is
equal opportunity employer.
and to get the most out of these. By
flagging these areas, Profit/PERT ap-
parently has the advantage of also show-
ing when a facility, such as a test fa-
cility, may be piling up so much work
that the delays are causing a loss in the
profit margin.
Thus, to bid on another contract re-
quiring use of the same test facility might
even bring a loss to the company in
terms of cutting down the incentive fac-
tor. In this way, Profit/PERT can be
used to tell whether the time is right,
from a profit standpoint, to bid on cur-
rent RFP's.
• Use profit as incentive — Only the
higher echelon officials usually know the
profit structure of a company and sub-
sequently in the most general fashion,
the stockholders. Hansen proposes a
radical move: let the lower levels see
the profit picture, too, in order to in-
crease their motivation.
Even if the percent-profit figures or
the dollar-profit figures are privileged
information for the higher officials — for
labor as well as government reasons — ■
the profit picture can still be drawn on
a unit scale, which, incidentally, is the
way a computer seems to prefer to
work.
As with PERT/Time, the profit pic-
ture can be given in less detail as the
level of management rises. For the op-
erating level, the profit picture can be
given in terms of operating profit. To
the next level, it can be given as profit
before taxes, and to the highest level,
possibly, profit after taxes.
In the example shown here, the
profit picture is shown both at the time
of contract negotiation and at the end
of the contract. In actual practice,
Profit/PERT would show at each re-
porting period — about two weeks apart
— the profit picture for the past, that
is, up to the present; for the present,
that is, up to the next reporting cycle,
and for the projected future. This is no
Command Module IMU
Undergoes First Testing
TECHNICIAN at General Motors' AC
Spark Plug Div. begins testing of the first
pre-production inertial measurement unit
for the Apollo Command Module naviga-
tion and guidance system. The AC-Mil-
waukee Operations will also build the IMU
for the Lunar Excursion Module, and will
integrate and test the complete airborne
package before vehicle installation.
different from conventional PERT re-
porting.
• Mechanics of Profit/PERT —
Profit/PERT calculations lend them-
selves well to computer processing.
Rather than develop a computer pro-
gram for this specific purpose, Com-
puter Dynamics has incorporated the
necessary computations into its existing
program for the DOD/NASA PERT/
Cost system. This system has been de-
signed for the small-to-medium sized
computer on the basis of two factors:
running costs are far less — $35/hour
for small-to-medium versus $700/ hour
for large scale. There are many more
small-to-medium installations.
The input data required in Profit/
PERT are minimal and can be entered
into the computer in the same form as
is normal PERT/ Cost data. As shown
in the highly simplified "Profit/PERT
Input Data Sheet," the additional in-
formation necessary is a profit factor,
and all other pertinent factors, given in
percentage form for each charge num-
ber. The other data are normally used
in PERT/ Cost.
In the computer, the actual cost of
work and materials charged to the item
is subtracted from the contract price.
The difference represents a loss if nega-
tive, a profit if positive.
Within the framework of the PERT/
Cost system, these data are displayed
at any desired level or levels of the work
breakdown structure, for each summary
item on the level. The first line of the
report shows the total data for the sum-
mary item. Subsequent lines give the
data for each component item ema-
nating from that summary item.
Even if a company does make sig-
nificant profits through judicious profit
planning, the money should perhaps not
be converted too quickly into dividends.
Competitors delight in pointing out,
"DOD giveth and the Renegotiation
Board taketh away." ■
41
Tactical rocket probes for over-the-horizon
intelligence will fill a vital need for our Armed Forces.
Getting the job done takes this kind of electronics systems background.
Bendix background in electronics and systems management includes being system manager for AN/AMQ-L
weather reconnaissance program, system integration manager for the Navy's satellite communication's shi
board terminal on the USNS Kingsport, system manager for an Air Force rocket communications syster
and system manager for the Talos missile. This collective experience is currently being applied to activ
rocket probe programs for over-the-horizon intelligence at the Bendix Systems Division, Ann Arbor, Michiga
■V I WHERE IDEA
Bendix Systems Division ^fflT»2^58? I UNL0CK
mmaml the future
Circle No. 6 on Subscriber Service Card
The Industry Week
Mergers and Acquisitions
The Singer Co. has reached tentative agree-
ment with Gertsch Products, Inc., Los Angeles,
to purchase Gertsch for $3,503,510. Gertsch de-
signs, manufactures and markets meters, trans-
formers and other electronics instruments. Singer
is to assume certain Gertsch liabilities in the
transaction. . . . Electronics Accounting Card
Corp., High Point, N.C., has agreed to acquire
all stock of Middle States Mfg. Co., Riverton, N.J.
Both firms manufacture data processing cards.
Purchase price was not disclosed. . . . Fansteel
Metallurgical Corp., Chicago, has agreed to ac-
quire some assets of Stauffer Chemical Co., in-
cluding Stauffer's electron beam furnaces, re-
fractory metalworking equipment and related
laboratory facilities. Fansteel produces tungsten,
molybdenum, tantalum and Columbian products.
. . . International Telephone and Telegraph Corp.
has acquired the assets of John J. Nesbitt, Inc.,
Philadelphia. The new operation will be known
as ITT Nesbitt, Inc. Nesbitt was a producer of
heating, ventilating and air conditioning equip-
ment. . . . Acton Laboratories, Inc., a subsidiary
of Bowmar Instrument Corp., Fort Wayne, Ind.,
has acquired Electronics Systems, Inc., of Boston.
ESI will operate as a wholly owned subsidiary
of Acton. Acton will continue to manufacture
equipment for measurement and control of elec-
trical phase and phase and frequency trackers.
New Firms and Divisions
The Boeing Co.'s Aero-Space Div. has been
reorganized to place increased emphasis on new
business activities. Vice President George Snyder
will head a proposal team for the Manned Orbit-
ing Laboratory program. Robert J. Hileberg will
manage the Lunar Orbiting Satellite program
recently awarded by NASA. Of the division's
four branches, only the Saturn booster branch
remains unchanged. The X-20 and Bomarc
branches have been discontinued.
International
Douglas Aircraft Co. has established an In-
ternational Marketing Office at 34 Rue Jean
Giraudoux in Paris as a field support activity
of its Corporate International Marketing Dept.
The Paris office will work in coordination with
the firm's principal European office in Geneva.
. . . Radiation Incorporated, Philadelphia, and
Melborne, Fla., has licensed a French electronics
firm, Intertechnique, to manufacture and sell
pulse code modulation telemetry equipment
throughout the European Common Market, Is-
rael and the NATO nations ivith the exception
of Great Britain. Contract is for 10 years. . . .
Telemetries, Inc., has appointed Allan Crawford
Associates, Ltd., Willowdale, Toronto, as exclu-
sive Canadian sales representative for its telem-
etry ground station equipment. . . . The General
Electric Co. has made the following changes in
its International Group: The Group will now con-
sist of four divisions — the IGE Export Div. (for-
merly the International General Electric Co. Div.)
and three newly formed divisions to be knoicn as
the Area Divisions — Far East, Europe and Latin
America.
Industry Facilities
Philco Corp.'s Aeronutronic Div. is installing
environmental testing equipment costing approxi-
mately $218,000 in its Environmental Test Lab-
oratory, Newport Beach, Calif. The facilities in-
clude vibration testing equipment and a central
control and monitoring instrumentation room.
. . . Unitrode Transistor Products, Inc., has begun
construction of a new building in Watertown,
Mass. The plant tvill provide 18,000 sq. ft. of
production area and 12,000 sq. ft. for research
and development activities and administrative
offices. Unitrode manufactures electronic com-
ponents for the missile/ space field. . . . Thiokol
Chemical Corp.'s Rocket Operations Div. has
opened a regional office in Denver at 280 Colum-
bine St. . . . General Electric Co. has announced
plans to construct a $l-million, 35,000-sq.-ft. re-
search and development laboratory at its lami-
nated products department in Coshocton, Ohio.
Completion is expected in mid-196U- . ■ ■ Borders
Electronics Co. is moving its headquarters to a
38,000-sq.-ft. facility in Pennsauken, N.J. The
move expands Borders' laboratory and manufac-
turing facilities by five times that of present
headquarters in Philadelphia.
Company Representatives
De Mornay-Bonardi Div., Datapulse, Inc.,
manufacturers of microwave test instruments
and components, has appointed RF Associates,
Inglewood, Calif., sales and engineering represen-
tative in California, Arizona and Nevada. Con-
naughton and Co., Boston, has been named sales
and engineering representative in the New Eng-
land area. . . . General Electric Co.'s Silicone
Products Dept., Waterford, N.Y., has named
Laivrence Electronic Co., Dallas, a stocking dis-
tributor of GE silicone products in the South-
west. . . . Ultronix, Inc., San Mateo, Calif., has
appointed Compar Corp., Burlingame, Calif., as
engineering representative and exclusive national
distributor of its line of high-precision wire-
wound resistors. . . . Vishay Instruments, Inc.,
Malvern, Pa., has appointed EMC Technology,
Inc., Philadelphia, as exclusive manager of its
national marketing and application engineering
of its precision-etched metal film resistor line. . . .
Allegany Instrument Co., a division of Textron
Electronics, Inc., has apopinted Gentry Asso-
ciates, Inc., as its authorized sales representative
in Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, South
Carolina, North Carolina and Tennessee. GA
maintains offices in Orlando, Fla.; St. Peters-
burg, Fla. ; Huntsville, Ala. ; and Burlington, N.C.
lissiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
43
advertising
acceptance
trends
1961 -1963
(36 months)
Missiles and Rockets
3 0 0 pages
Space/Aeronautics
-ii
pages
Aviation week
450
pages
Missiles & Rockets is the only
major missile/ space publica-
tion to show consecutive gains
since 1960*.
'Source: M/R Research Dept.
An American Aviation Publication
1001 Vermont Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C., 20005
contracts
AIR FORCE
$152,600,000 — North American Aviation, Inc.,
Autonetics Div., Anaheim, Calif., for continued
development of the guidance, flight-control and
aerospace ground equipment for the Minute-
man missile.
$30,414,000 — Martin Co., Baltimore, for design
and production of Titan III boosters for space
exploration.
$25,831,115— Westingbouse Electric Corp., Pitts-
burgh, for refueling and reactor plant equip-
ment for nuclear-powered submarines (four
contracts).
$15,700,000— Radio Corp. of America, Defense
Electronic Products Div., Camden, N.J., for
continued work on an early warning system
for ballistic missiles.
$15,400,000— United Technology Center, Sunny-
vale, Calif., for design and production of large
solid rocket motors.
$14,200,000— Boeing Co., Seattle, for further work
on Minuteman missiles at Whiteman AFB,
Mont.
$4,400,000 — Aerojet-General Corp., Sacramento,
Calif., for further work on Titan HI liquid
rocket engines.
$4,000,000— General Electric Co., Syracuse, N.Y.,
for a weapons-control system.
$2,700,000— Philco Corp., Aeronutronic Div.,
Newport Beach, Calif., for engineering services
related to the Shillelagh missile.
$2,500,000— Hazeltine Corp., Little Neck, N.Y.,
for production of improved electronic equip-
ment for an undesignated radar effort.
$2,400,000— Mitre Corp., Bedford, Mass., for
continued research and development in com-
mand and control systems.
$2,200,000 — Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington,
Del., for continued production of rocket en-
gines for stage III motors for the Minuteman
missile.
$1,700,000— Philco Corp., TechRep Div., Philadel-
phia, for provision of systems engineering
technicians at radar installations throughout
the continental U.S.
$1,500,000— Loral Electronics Corp., New York
City, for work on electronic reconnaissance
sets.
$1,400,000— Thiokol Chemical Corp., Bristol, Pa.,
for further research and development on solid
rocket motors at an undisclosed location.
$1,200,000— General Electric Co., Syracuse, N.Y.,
for a weapons-control system.
$1,100,000— General Dynamics Corp., Astronaut-
ics Div., San Diego, Calif., for continued pro-
duction of Atlas space boosters.
$1.000.000— Lockheed Missiles & Space Co.,
Sunnyvale Calif., for continued work on un-
specified satellites.
$1,000,000— General Dynamics Corp., Astronaut-
ics Div., San Diego, for work on Atlas missiles.
$1,000.000— Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City,
Calif., for an automatic test equipment system
for checkout of Titan 11 and Minuteman iner-
tial guidance systems.
$79,455 — Trustees of Princeton University, N.J.,
for a study of propellant ignition and igniter
characteristics.
$78,660 — Penta Laboratories, Inc., Santa Barbara,
Calif., for 690 electron tubes.
$76,236 — Precision Instrument Co., Palo Alto,
Calif., for a study and investigation of coherent
light recording techniques.
$65,006 — Motorola, Inc., Semiconductor Div.,
Phoenix, Ariz., for a 12-month study of failure
mechanisms of metal-dielectric interfaces.
ARMY
$13,100,000— Bendix Corp., Teterboro, N.J., fo
work on the guidance and control system fo
the Pershing missile.
$10,700,000— Sperry Rand Corp., Salt Lake Citj
Utah, for Sergeant missile components.
$5,300,000 — Dynalectron Corp., Washington, D.C
for the collection of missile flight test data a
White Sands-Holloman Missile Range.
$4,000,000— Control Data Corp., Minneapolis, fo
work in research and development on a classi
tied project (two contracts).
$3,500,000— Raytheon Co., Andover, Mass., fo
Hawk missile guidance and control work.
$3,200,000— General Electric Co., New York City
for work on the advanced Nike-Hercules ABN
radar system at an undisclosed location.
$1,900,000— Rohm & Haas Co., Huntsvitle, Ala
for solid-rocket research and developmen
work.
$1,900,000 — Esso Research and Engineering Co
Linden, N.J., for research on solid rocket pre
pellants.
$ 1 ,900,000— Honeywell Regulator Co., Minne?
polis, for research and development on a
unspecified warhead.
$1,600,000 — Emerson Electric Manufacturing Coi
St. Louis, for Honest John rocket motor pari
production.
$1,500,000 — Telecomputing Corp., Panama Citj
Calif., for space data handling at the Whit
Sands Missile Range.
$1,300,000— Lionel Corp., Garland, Tex., fc
Hawk missile metal motor parts.
51,100,000— Standard Oil Co., Linden, N.J., fc
fuel cell research and development.
$ 1 ,000,000— Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver Cit;i
Calif., for further work on the Mauler antitan
missile.
$665,000— Bell Aerosystems Co., Buffalo, N.Y^
for supplying high-performance accelerometei
for the Sergeant missile.
$90,040 — Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del
for a test plant to isolate the cause of prope
lant grain fracture in the Little John missil
rocket motor.
$47,669 — American Bosch Arma Corp., Spring
field. Mass., for nozzle assemblies.
NAVY
$12,500,000— Sperry Rand Corp., Sperry Gyrt
scope Div., Great Neck, N.Y., for work relate
to the Polaris missile and submarine prograi
(four contracts).
$5,700,000 — Honeywell Regulator Co., Minne;
polis, for Polaris A-3 missile accelerometers.
$3,500,000 — General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass
for Polaris missile components.
$3,500,000 — Honeywell Regulator Co., Minne;
polis, for Polaris missile components.
$2,200,000— General Electric Co., Philadelphi;
for work on the Polaris missile program.
$1,900,000 — North American Aviation, Inc., Co
umbus, Ohio, for work on a classified projec
$1,585,067— Tuiokol Chemical Corp., Reactio
Motors Div., Bristol. Pa., for continued pre
duction of the Bullpup A packaged liquid et
gine.
$1,500,000 — Hercules Powder Co., Wilmingtoi
Del., for research and development on pr<
pulsion systems for Polaris missiles.
$1,000,000 — International Telephone and Tell
graph Corp., Fort Wayne. Ind., for researc
and development of image-handling equipmet
for use with surveillance systems.
$505,393 — Chromcraft Corp., St. Louis, for rocki
launchers.
44
missiles and rockets, January 13, 196
MB now offers vibration test systems
at prices as low as $1075
oi Now you can buy a high quality,
i dependable vibration test system for
Hs little as $1075, including amplifier
I and shaker.
The MB Vibramatic system, which
™uses a unique miniature vibration
sxciter, is produced in 3 ranges: a
*25 lb. force system priced at $1075 ;
a a 35 lb. force system at $1350 ; and a
50 lb. force system at $1750. Accel-
aeration rating of all models is 100 g ;
frequency range is over 10,000 cps.
J
The Vibramatic System features
simplicity of design and ease of op-
eration. It is manufactured to the
high quality standards which are
characteristic of the MB line of test
equipment. It is suitable for a wide
range of industrial applications, in-
cluding fracture testing, component
testing and sub-assembly testing.
Vibramatic systems can be used
for automatic sine and random mo-
tion testing by adding suitable read-
Circle No. 14 on Subscriber Service Card
out instrumentation and control ac-
cessories.
MB engineers will be glad to dis-
cuss your vibration testing problem
to determine the suitability of the
MB miniature Vibramatic test sys-
tems to your particular application.
For detailed information and com-
plete specifications on this unique
system, write to MB Electronics,
781 Whalley Avenue, New Haven,
Connecticut.
products and processes
New Product of the Week:
Re-entry Movie Camera
A motion-picture camera that pro-
vides a continuous 16mm film record
of space vehicle re-entry phenomena
despite sudden, extreme changes in
light intensity has been developed by
D. B. Milliken Co.
The Model DBM-30 is designed to
solve the problem caused by rapid in-
candescence of space vehicle surfaces
by bracketing each exposure. Bracket-
ing is achieved by a specially-designed
rotary disc shutter that has openings
of three sizes — 7, 20, and 57 degrees.
For each exposure desired, three differ-
ent exposures are thus registered on
successive frames of film.
Circle No. 225 on Subscriber Service Card
Resolver Tracking Bridge
Interstate Electronics Corp. is mar-
keting a dynamic resolver tracking
bridge with a balanced high-impedance
load in excess of 10 megohms.
The unit has resolution of one sec-
ond of arc and a nominal RMS ac-
curacy of three seconds of arc. It oper-
ates continuously over 360 degrees
through unlimited resolver revolutions
and provides two digital outputs. Digi-
tal resolution is 1:1,296,000.
Circle No. 226 on Subscriber Service Card
DC Electrometer
Washington Technological Associ-
ates, Inc., has developed a solid-state
direct-coupled electrometer amplifier de-
signed to replace vacuumtube devices
used to amplify ion and electron cur-
rents as low as 5 x 10"12 amperes.
The Model 10-11 has a response
time of less than 80 usee, and a noise
level of less than 350 mv p-p. Tempera-
ture stability is 2 mv/°C from —20°
to 50°C: output impedance is less than
12 Kohms.
Circle No. 227 on Subscriber Service Card
Gas Cartridge
A squib-operated gas cartridge for
storage and rapid release of small quan-
tities of gases has been developed by
the Aerospace Div. of Walter Kidde &
Co., Inc.
The device features a disc bushing
that is ruptured by a piston cutter when
a pressurizing squib is fired, thus releas-
ing some 98% of the stored gas in less
than 0.05 seconds. The bushing also
functions as a safety relief in cases of
over-pressurization beyond 6,500 psi.
Typical service pressure is 3,000 psi;
46
proof pressure is 5,000 psi. Tempera-
ture range is — 65° to 160°F.
Design permits adjustment of the
body and piston for storage volumes
larger or small than the usual 0.65 cu. in.
Circle No. 228 on Subscriber Service Card
High Reliability Stabistor
The Model 1N4362 stabistor, with
a failure rate of 0.001% per 1,000
hours, is being marketed by Transitron
Electronic Corp.
The device, designed for use as a
low-level voltage regulator, is rated at
400 milliwatts and has a gated forward
voltage of 1 ma of 0.6 to 0.7v. Mini-
mum-maximum is 0.8 to 0.9v at 100
ma. Inverse current is less than 10
nanoamperes at 50v with a peak inverse
breakdown greater than lOOv.
Circle No. 229 on Subscriber Service Card
Viewing Microscope
Maser Optics, Inc., is marketing the
Model V-301 viewing microscope, a
laser system accessory that automati-
cally focuses the laser beam when vis-
ually focused on the laser target.
The unit provides visual target ob-
servation by means of a precision optical
reticle system. Various magnifications
are possible and focal lengths can be
varied by inter-changeable lenses. The
unit can be optionally provided with a
beam splitter.
Circle No. 230 on Subscriber Service Card
Angle Measuring Device
Honeywell's Aeronautical Div. is
marketing a miniature precision angle
measuring device, designed for minia-
ture inertial platform or star tracker
gimbal angle readout application. The
unit can also be used on rate tables am
precision gauging and gear manufac
turing equipment.
The device, called Dynagon, offer
digital output and unlimited angula
freedom. The unit can resolve a circl
into more than one million bits wit!
RMS errors no greater than one ar>
second. It provides angular rates rang
ing from more than 180 degrees pe
second to less than 0.001 degree pe
hour with incremental data available u]
to a rate of 5.000 cycles per second.
Circle No. 231 on Subscriber Service Card
Miniature Trimmer Capacitoi
Corning Electronic Component!
has developed a miniature trimmei
capacitor, designed to take up minimurr
board area and allow vertical trim'
ming.
All models are Via in. in diametei
and from 0.48 to 0.87 in. high. Th<
units feature a direct traverse tuning
mechanism, giving linear tuning wit!
capacitance change of 0.4 to 0.6 pF pei
turn. DCVW is 750v and dielectric
strength is l,500v. Q factor at 50 mt
is 500 minimum. Operating temperature
range is —55° to 125°C; temperature
coefficient of capacitance is +25 ±5\
parts per million per degree C at 1 mc,
Circle No. 232 on Subscriber Service Card
Pulse Transformer
A high-power direct magnetron-
mounted pulse transformer matched tc
type 4J52 or 6543 magnetrons has beer
introduced by Nytronics, Inc.
The unit is rated at 15,000v 15 am-
peres at a pulse duration of 0.32 to 3.1
usee. It provides safe handling ol
40,000-v pulses in event of magnetron
misfiring.
' Input impedance is 50 ohms, output
impedance is 1,000 ohms. Duty cycle I
0.001 second. Pulse droop is less than
6% when fired into 1,000-ohm load:
Induced voltage of 8,000-v input anj
36,000-v output can be withstood fo!
short periods of time.
Circle No. 233 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, January 13, 196<>
Miniature Osciducer
Solid State Electronics Corp., has
developed the Model OS- 1000 osci-
ducer, a miniature pressure-to-frequency
converter.
The units of the system may be
mounted separately and require three
connections for operations: 28v dc at
2 milliamperes, ground and the output.
A low-impedance output is provided to
isolate the oscillator from external load-
ing.
The units can be supplied for all
IRIG channels. Frequency deviation is
nominally ±7.5% of center frequency.
Diaphragm and flush-type transducers
are available from 5 to 5,000 psi differ-
ential, absolute or gage. The unit will
withstand 2,000 g's of shock for a dur-
ation of 7 milliseconds; vibration of
60 g's, 0 to 2,000 cps; and acceleration
of 3,000 g's.
Circle No. 234 on Subscriber Service Card
angle. Angular readout is a decimal
display providing 0.0001 degree resolu-
tion and accuracy of 0.0005 degree over
a 359.9999 degree operating range. The
device accepts any synchro or resolver
voltage to 0.35f, where f is the operating
frequency within the 50 to 10,000 cps
band.
Circle No. 235 on Subscriber Service Card
Silicon Rectifier
International Rectifier Corp. has
developed a plug-in silicon rectifier,
designed to replace mercury vapor rec-
tifier tubes.
The Model ST-11 is rated at 7,500v
PRV and 5,300v maximum RMS. Maxi-
mum output current is 0.2 amperes
average at 75 °C. Operating temperature
range is —40 to 140°C. Units are
equipped with tube base to allow direct
insertion into existing tube socket.
Circle No. 236 on Subscriber Service Cord
iesolver-Synchro Bridge Speed Control Unit
North Atlantic Industries, Inc., has
developed an instrument that tests three-
vire synchros and four-wire resolvers
vith a single instrument.
The Model RSB-570 bridge can de-
ermine resolver and synchro accuracy
o two seconds of arc for any dialed-in
Globe Industries, Inc., is marketing
a solid-state speed control device, which
maintains a synchronous motor speed
to ±1% from -55° to 75°C, 22 to
32v dc, and within 0.5% in a constant
environment. Speeds from 3,600 to 24,-
000 rpm are available.
The frequency-controlled unit makes
it possible to operate hysteresis syn-
chronous ac motors on dc power. The
unit meets MIL-E-5272 specifications.
Reverse polarity protection, transient
voltage protection and radio noise filter-
ing are available.
Circle No. 237 on Subscriber Service Card
Bandpass Coaxial Filter
E & M Laboratories has available a
series of narrowband bandpass coaxial
filters designed to pass a limited signal
range, rejecting all signals outside the
band.
A typical example of the filter is the
Model L203CBF, which operates at a
center frequency of 800 mc and has a
3-db bandwidth of 20 mc. Insertion loss
is 1.5 db maximum. Maximum VSWR
is 1.2.
The unit has five resonators to pro-
vide the steep skirts necessary to achieve
a 60-db minimum rejection at 70 mc
bandwidth.
Circle No. 238 on Subscriber Service Card
TRAILERS FOR THE SPACE AGE tyDORSiY
Dorsey has built a record of reliability during two decades of handling
a variety of defense assignments and the versatility of our engineering
and production departments is demonstrated by the current projects
illustrated here. For virtually any type of specialized mobile equipment
our Special Products Division engineers help prime contractors and
defense agencies hold time and cost to a minimum.
TOP: Full trailers to transport NIMBUS spacecraft, built for God-
dard Space Flight Center.
CENTER: Elevator-platform trailer designed and built by Dorsey
to raise and lower cargo into and out of aircraft. Contract placed by
Marshall Space Flight Center.
BOTTOM: Electronics van to house equipment for monitoring
acoustical environment around large space vehicles being static fired,
built for the Marshall Space Flight Center.
Write for our brochure,
"Mobile Support Equipment"
Special Products Division
DORSEY TRAILERS / ELBA, ALABAMA
Subsidiary of The Dorsey Corporation
Circle No. 8 on Subscriber Service Card
issiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
47
Gate Expander Module
Scientific Data Systems, Inc., is
marketing an all-silicon gate expander
module that contains 12 two-diode
AND gates and 7 gate load resistors.
Individual circuits can be used to ex-
pand gate structures on other modules
to form combinations of AND/OR
logic constructions.
The module has an operating range
from 0 to 100°C. Noise rejection is
said to be twice that of competitive cir-
cuits. The unit is available in three
models with maximum operating fre-
quencies of 300 kc, 1 mc and 5 mc.
Circle No. 239 on Subscriber Service Cord
Miniature Gas Laser
A miniature helium-neon laser that
emits a single frequency of visible red
light has been developed by Bell Tele-
phone Laboratories.
The unit, with a discharge tube 2 in.
long and 0.04 in. in diameter, operates
continuously at room temperatures on
direct current. Because of its short
length, the unit oscillates at only one
frequency and is less susceptible to
vibration than previous models. This
enables the laser to act as a precise
measuring instrument. With one of the
laser mirrors connected to a positioning
device, frequency displacements of less
than one-millionth inch can be de-
tected and measured with an oscillo-
scope.
Active medium of the laser is seven
parts He3 to one part Ne. Input power
is 5 milliamps at 470v, about 2 watts dc
discharge. Output power is CW milli-
watt from each end. Wavelength is
6,328 A over a 1,500-mc range cen-
tered at 4.73 x 10" cps.
Circle No. 240 on Subscriber Service Cord
Laser Diode Pulser
A laser diode pulser for use with
semiconductor junction lasers, such as
gallium arsenide and indium arsenide,
has been announced by Electro Power-
pacs, Inc.
The system has a pulse rise time of
less than 20 nanoseconds and provides
pulse widths of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5
and 10 microseconds, selectable by a
switch. Pulse height is continuously
variable; repetition rates are controlled
by an internal oscillator and are vari-
able from 50 to 5,000 pps. Output
impedence is 25 ohms; pulse trans-
formers are available for matching to
0.1 ohm through to 5 ohms. Input is
115v, 60 cps, 50 watts.
Circle No. 241 on Subscriber Service Cord
Miniature Pressure Switch
Pall Corp. has developed a sub-
miniature pressure switch with dual cir-
cuits that actuate at different pressures.
The device has a brazed pressure-
sensing element incorporating a metallic
diaphragm. First circuit in the switch
closes at pressures below 90 psi, the
second at pressures below 50 psi. Electri- ■
cal rating is 40 ma at 28v dc. Proof J
pressure is 150 psi.
Circle No. 242 on Subscriber Service Card
Digicator Light Assembly
Digicator light assemblies for read-
out panels, program boards and other
uses are available from Control Switch
Div. of Controls Company of America.
A standard strip holds 10 basic 1
sockets with round or square lenses. I
Lenses rotate in sockets so that strips j
may be mounted vertically or horizon-
tally. Incandescent 6-, 14- or 28-v or
neon midget flange base high-brightness
lamps are available.
Circle No. 243 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
• Opportunities In . . .
MELPARS EXPANDING
AEROSPACE DIVISION
for Supervisory and Technical Personnel *•
;"• •'.« • 1
. . ' These positions result from the constant growth of our pro-
. .. : % grams and possess excellent potential for personal advancement. ""'
AERONAUTICS
Projects have both atmospheric and
space applications and work includes
preliminary design for configurations,
drag estimation, stability and control
parameter estimation, validation and de-
tail of design by wind tunnel testing,
and participation in trajectory studies to
assure capability for the mission. Capa-
bility for structural analysis (vibration and
flutter) is also needed. MS Degree level
of competence is desired.
GUIDANCE AND CONTROL
Projects have both atmospheric and
space applications and include analysis
in both linear and non-linear systems.
Some knowledge of the mathematics of
optimum controls is desirable as is famil-
iarity with the use of analog and digital
computers in solving guidance and con-
trol problems. MS level of capability is
desired.
trade-off studies on sub-system require-
ments and costs, leading to assessment
of the technical and cost effectiveness
of the total system. Knowledge of prob-
ability theory and its uses as well as
use of digital and analog computers, is
required. MS level of competence desired.
SYSTEM TEST & INSTRUMENTATION
To conduct tests (including field tests) '
with special emphasis on telemetry
systems. Familiarity with range of tech- ■
niques and equipments for sounding
rockets and probes in a developmental
program is required. , .
OPERATIONS ANALYSIS
To perform operations analysis of com-
* > plex military and space systems including
. , for details, write in
PROPULSION
Assignments will include preliminary
design of small, high performance solid
propulsion systems. Problems include
grain, case and nozzle design, specifica-
tions writing, and technical participation
in developmental subcontracts. Knowledge
of the use of analog and/or digital com-
puters is essential as is knowledge of
the present state-of-the-art. MS level -■
preferred.
strictest confidence fo: «
John A. Haverlield, Manager — Professional Placement
48
Circle No. 9 on Subscriber Service Card
Temperature Chamber
Delta Design, Inc., is marketing the
Model 1064C, a high-precision, low-
gradient temperature chamber designed
for testing large quantities of electrical
or electronic parts.
The unit will accept six test tray
modules of two types. One holds up to
48 transistors in sockets that minimize
leakage. The other holds up to 70 di-
odes, resistors or other small compo-
nents. Both trays are designed to mini-
mize generation of thermal EMF.
Temperature range is —75 to 315°C
with higher ranges available. Tempera-
ture profile is ± 1 °C. The programmable
temperature control of ±V4°F is main-
tained over the entire range.
Circle No. 244 on Subscriber Service Card
A/D Converters
Packard Bell Computer Div. of
Packard Bell Electronics has added five
models to its line of analog/digital con-
verters.
The series ADC20 to 24 offers bit
conversion speeds from 1.2 to 4 usee,
word lengths from 10 to 17 bits and
accuracy to 0.0 1 % . The models offer
synchronous or asynchronous and uni-
polar or bipolar operation. Other fea-
tures include precision temperature con-
trol of Zener diode (to 0.1 °C) for
voltage reference stability and isolation
of digital output during digitizing by
automatic delay of system clock. Pack-
aging is in standard 19-in. rack-mount-
ing cases.
Circle No. 245 on Subscriber Service Cord
DC-DC Converter
A 28-v dc-dc converter designed as
a missile or satellite flight instrument
has been introduced by Magnetics Div.
of Microdot, Inc.
The Model 1U110 has a battery in-
put range of 22 to 29. 5v dc, with up to
3-v peak-to-peak noise, and provides
isolated dual outputs of 28v dc at 50 ma
each. The unit is protected against both
short circuits and reverse polarity.
Other specifications include regula-
tion of ±0.5%, ripple limited to 10 mv
peak-to-peak, operation under 20-g vi-
bration, temperatures from —65° to
1 10°C and shock up to 40 g's.
Circle No. 246 on Subscriber Service Card
You'll get a bang out of this valve
— right on schedule, exactly as programmed. Bang it's open (or bang it's
closed), no misfires, no maybes, no its, ands, or buts. There just isn't any
faster, surer way to handle critical flows than with a Pelmec propellant-
actuated valve.
Take the Model 1128 normally-closed helium valve, for example. Normally
closed, but not in the normal manner; this one is completely sealed off,
terminating in a seamless, homogeneous metal plug with a helium leak rate,
before firing, of zero.
Bang, and ten milliseconds later, there's a wide-open flow path, completely
unobstructed, with a pressure drop no greater than that for the line itself.
Meantime, there's been no contamination with propellant gases, no rupture
or fragmentation, no leakage (helium leak rate after firing is under a
millionth of a cc per second).
But before you get (pardon the pun) all fired up about the Model 1128,
you should see some of the others we've put in orbit. They're available in
sizes Vi" to %" and larger, in any material, for any environment, pressure-
proof to 10,000 psi and beyond. For
low-pressure details, drop us a note
today.
PELMEC
divisionof Quantic Industries, I nc
1015 Commercial Street
San Carlos, California
m
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
Circle No. 10 on Subscriber Service Card
49
names in the news
BALLMER WISER KAEMPF PRINCE
INSTRUMENTATION,
CONTROLS, AND DATA
ACQUISITION SYSTEMS
for
ENVIRONMENTAL
AND EXPERIMENTAL
TEST FACILITIES
F&M Systems Co. instrumentation experience
includes: NASA Saturn Checkout Facility —
Huntsville, Alabama; USAF Sonic Fatigue
Test Facility — Wright Patterson Air Force
Base, Ohio; Nuclear Flight Engine Test Facil-
ity—Idaho Falls, Idaho; Redstone Arsenal
Missile Environmental Test Facility — Hunts-
ville, Alabama; High Speed Vacuum Test
Facility and Turbo-Jet Engine Test Facility —
West Lynn, Massachusetts.
These F&M Systems programs required: Data
acquisition, analysis and recording systems;
"quick-look" oscillographic data displays;
control systems; audio-video facility com-
munications.
Write for F&M Systems capabilities brochure.
F&M SYSTEMS CO.
M A DIVISION OF FISCHBACH AND MOORE, INCORPORATED
P. 0. BOX 26329 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75226
Circle No. 11 on Subscriber Service Card
Walter Prince: Named director of new
Aircraft Modification Center at Baltimore
Div. of Martin Co.
James E. Ballmer: Appointed head of
Information Systems Research & Develop-
ment Dept. of Bausch & Lomb, Inc.,
Rochester, N.Y.
George L. Wiser: Named senior vice
president of Sierracin Corp., Burbank,
Calif.
Ulrich Kaempf: Appointed European
technical adviser for Fairchild Semicon-
ductor Instrumentation, Palo Alto, Calif.
Donald W. Harvey: Appointed manager
of industrial relations for the eastern
division of Wyman-Gordon Co., Worces-
ter, Mass.
Basil Staros: Appointed director of sys-
tems technology at General Applied Sci-
ence Laboratories, Inc., Westbury, N.Y.
James Jenkins, Jr.: Joined Northrop
Nortronics' Systems Support Dept. as
administrator of the automation systems
section within the Applications Engineer-
ing Group, Anaheim, Calif.
A. Vernon Davis: Named manager of
public relations for the Fairchild Stratos
Corp.'s Aircraft-Missiles Div., Hagers-
town, Md.
Dr. Arnold O. Beckman: Elected chair-
man of the board of trustees of the Cali-
fornia Institute of Technology, Pasadena.
Saul Decker: Appointed section head in
the CBS Laboratories' Military and In-
dustrial Systems Dept., Stamford, Conn.
Louis C. Prisco: Named marketing man-
ager-communications and displays of the
Radio Receptor Div. of General Instru-
ment Corp., Hicksville, N.Y.
Col. Clarence F. Sills (USA Ret.): Named
a systems planning representative of Inter-
state Electronics Corp.'s Washington, D.C.
office.
David C. Carmer: Appointed sales man-
ager of Technical Dynamics, Inc., Santa
Barbara, Calif.
Lewis J. Cox: Appointed group vice
president-industrial/consumer products for
Electronic Specialty Co., Los Angeles.
Richard M. Lintner: Named manager of
the air defense division of System De-
velopment Corp., Santa Monica.
Melvin G. Sulser: Promoted to general
sales manager of Denison Engineering Div.,
American Brake Shoe Co., Columbus,
Ohio.
Willis R. Peterson: Appointed chief of
the checkout and monitoring systems group
in the Systems Support Dept. of Northrop
Corp.'s Nortronics Div., Anaheim, Calif.
William L. Roberts: Appointed manager,
research and development marketing, for
the Data Systems Div. of Litton Indus-
tries, Canoga Park, Calif.
Robert W. Ekis: Named assistant to the
vice president of engineering at Beech Air-
craft Corp., Wichita, Kan.
George M. Underberger: Appointed proj-
ect manager on the technical staff of E & M
Laboratories, Los Angeles.
Peter J. Eelenich: Appointed general
manufacturing manager of Detroit opera-
tions for Ex-Cell-O Corp.'s Precision Prod-
ucts Group.
Bernard R. Welinski: Named Southern
California technical liaison engineer for
the Programs Div. of the G.T. Schjeldahl
Co., Northfield, Minn.
Winston Riley III: Appointed manager
of management science at C-E-I-R Inc.'s
research and computing center, Arlington,
Va.
Warren J. Nichols: Appointed manager
of the Materiel Div. of Space-General
Corp., El Monte, Calif.
Joseph W. Barron: Promoted to vice
president-administration and planning at
General Precision, Inc., Binghamton, N.Y.
Robert J. Campbell promoted to vice presi-
dent-marketing of the Link Div.
Wesley S. Melahn: Elected acting presi-
dent of the System Development Corp.,
Santa Monica, Calif.
BJ. (Bill) DuPriest: Promoted to man-
ager of the Federal-Mogul Service Div.'s
Memphis district.
ENGINEERS
SCIENTISTS
SEEKING INCREASED
CHALLENGE
GROWTH - INCOME
P. R. I. is not an employment agency
Hundreds of immediate positions available
now for degreed specialists. America's most
modern, fully automatic professional career
search service ... an entirely new con-
cept in career registry and placement is
now available. The P. R. I. service is fully
paid by leading national and international
firms in the Electronic, Chemical, Missile
and Aerospace industries. We are con-
stantly searching for outstanding degreed
talent in all disciplines and at all academic
levels. Perpetual registry is maintained,
electronically, to facilitate prompt, efficient,
pin-point analyzation and information sub-
mittal, assuring you access to all applicably
desirable openings.
SUBMIT RESUME OR
WRITE -WIRE - PHONE
1706 CENTRAL AVE., S. E.
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Ph. 247-0425
P ROFESSIONAL
R EGISTRY
| NTERNATIONAL
A division of Vollmer Placement Service, Inc.
50
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
Advertisers' Index
AEROSPACE CORP 6,7
Agency — Gaynor & Ducas, Inc.
AMERICAN TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH
CO., BELLCOMM, INC 4
Agency — N. W. Ayer & Son, Inc.
ATLANTIC RESEARCH CORP 51
Agency — S. G. Stackig, Inc.
BENDIX SYSTEMS DIV., THE BENDIX
CORP 42
Agency — MacManus, John &
Adams, Inc.
CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO.,
INDUSTRIAL DIV., DEFENSE
PRODUCTS 3
Agency — N. W. Ayer & Son, Inc.
COLLEGE HILL INDUSTRIES, INC 10
Agency — Thorndike, Schonfarber &
Thomas
DORSEY TRAILERS, INC., SPECIAL
PRODUCTS DIV., A SUB. OF THE
DORSEY CORP 47
Agency — Morris Timbes, Inc.
F & M SYSTEMS CO 50
Agency — Don L. Baxter, Inc.
GENERAL DYNAMICS/
ASTRONAUTICS 22,23,24
Agency — Barnes Chase/Adv.
HALLIBURTON CO 2
Agency — Glenn Adv. Agency, Inc.
HUGHES AIRCRAFT CO 40,41
Agency — Foote, Cone & Belding
MB ELECTRONICS DIV— TEXTRON
ELECTRONICS, INC 45
Agency — Marsteller Inc.
MELPAR, INC., A SUB. OF
WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE CO.... 48
Agency — Lewis, Dobrow & Lamb
PELMEC DIV. OF QUANTIC
INDUSTRIES, INC 49
Agency — Hal Lawrence, Inc.
PROFESSIONAL REGISTRY INTERNA-
TIONAL, A DIV. OF VOLLMER
PLACEMENT SERVICE, INC 50
Agency — Rollie Melville/Adv.
QUANTIC INDUSTRIES, INC., PELMEC
DIV 49
Agency — Hal Lawrence, Inc.
SPACE & INFORMATION SYSTEMS
DIVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN
AVIATION, INC 11
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine
& Osborn, Inc.
SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABS., A SUB.
OF THOMPSON RAMO WOOLDRIDGE
INC 8
Agency — Fuller & Smith & Ross Inc.
SYSTRON-DONNER CORP 32
Agency — Bonfield Associates, Inc.
TITANIUM METALS CORP. OF
AMERICA 12, 13
Agency — W. L. Towne Co., Inc.
UGC INSTRUMENTS 54
Agency — Bozell & Jacobs, Inc.
WESTERN GEAR CORP., PRECISION
PRODUCTS DIV 53
Agency — MacManus, John &
Adams. Inc.
-when and where
JANUARY
146th National Meeting of the American
Chemical Society, Denver, Colo., Jan.
19-24.
Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Hotel Astor,
New York City, Jan. 20-22.
American Physical Society Conference on
Semimetals, Columbia University, New
York City, Jan. 21.
American Physical Society Meeting, Statler
Hilton Hotel, New York City, Jan.
22-25.
American Mathematical Society 70th An-
nual Meeting, Miami, Fla., Jan. 23-27.
Second Annual Symposium on Funda-
mental Phenomena in the Materials
Sciences, Sheraton Plaza Hotel, Boston,
Jan. 27-28.
Conference on Control and System Opti-
mization, Naval Post Graduate School,
Monterey, Calif., Jan. 27-29.
AIAA Solid Propellant Rocket Conference,
Palo Alto, Calif., Jan. 29-31, (semi-
classified).
American Meteorological Society 44th An-
nual Meeting, University of California
at Los Angeles, Jan. 29-31.
FEBRUARY
American Institute of Chemical Engineer-
ing 52nd National Meeting, Hotel Pea-
body, Memphis, Tenn., Feb. 2-5.
IEEE Winter Power Meeting, Statler-
Hilton Hotel, New York City, Feb.
2-7.
International Congress on Documentation
and Scientific-Technical Information,
Rome, Italy, Feb. 2-11.
International Conference on the Impact
of Modern Physics on Materials, Shera-
ton Hotel, Philadelphia, Feb. 3-7.
IEEE-MIL Fifth Winter Convention on
Military Electronics, Ambassador Hotel,
Los Angeles, Feb. 5-7.
American College of Radiology National
Meeting, Tucson, Ariz., Feb. 5-8.
Institute on Information Storage and Re-
trieval, sponsored by American Uni-
versity, International Inn, Washington,
D.C., Feb. 10-14.
Administration of Government Contracts
Course, sponsored by National Defense
Education Institute, Washington, D.C.,
Feb. 10-14.
Golden Gate Metals Conference, San Fran-
cisco, Calif., Feb. 13-15.
1964 Annual Meeting and Symposium on
Physical Metallurgy of Refractory
Metals, sponsored by AIME, New York
City, Feb. 16-20.
ASCE Transportation Engineering Con-
ference, Netherland Hilton Hotel, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, Feb. 17-21.
International Solid State Circuits Con-
ference, sponsored by IEEE and Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, Sheraton Hotel
and University of Pennsylvania, Phila-
delphia, Feb. 19-21.
9th Scintillation and Semiconductor Coun-
ter Symposium, sponsored by IEEE,
AEC and NBS, Shoreham Hotel, Wash-
ington, D.C., Feb. 26-28.
engineers
scientists
NEW CAREER POSITIONS
at Fast Moving
Atlantic Research Corporation
The continued expansion at Atlantic
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Washington, D. C. area, including the
following :
PRODUCTION ENGINEER —
ROCKET ASSEMBLY
To provide technical support required
by Rocket Assembly in areas of
methods, tooling, fixtures, and equip-
ment; detailed process studies and
design work would be provided through
coordination with technical and en-
gineering operations. B.S. mechanical
engineering with up to six years ex-
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manufacturing and assembly techniques.
PROJECT MANAGER
To assume over-all management of
Areas Sounding Rocket System pro-
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Production customer liaison; produc-
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production planning, scheduling, and
monitoring; budgeting, cost control,
and reporting; and proposals and cost-
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with two years minimum experience
(emphasis on production oriented
training and/or experience i .
Send resume to: Director
Professional Personnel, Dept, 390
Atlantic Research
CORPORATION
Alexandria. Virginia
(Suburb of Washington. 0. C.)
An equal opportunity employer
Circle No. 12 on Subscriber Service Card
M/R BUSINESS OFFICES
Washington 5, D.C.-1001 Vermont Avenue, NW;
STerling 3-5400
A. C. Boughton, National Sales Manager
Craig L. Mason, Director of Research
New York 17, N.Y.-20 East 46 Street; YUkon
6-3900
Paul B. Kinney, Eastern Advertising Manager
Paul N. Anderson
Beverly Hills, California-9301 Wilshire Blvd.;
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Edwin J. Denker, Jr., Western Advertising
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Ronald L. Rose
Detroit, Michigan— 21990 Greenfield Road, Oak
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Michael Rcuff
Chicago 1, Illinois— 1 East Wocker Dr., Room
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missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
51
editorial .
State of the Union
TWO REPORTS concerned with the state of the
Union were given in Washington last Tuesday.
Most of the public attention, of course, was devoted
to President Johnson's first State of the Union mes-
sage to Congress. Of equal import for the industry,
however, was a speech delivered that same night
to the Harvard Business School Club by Air Force
Secretary Eugene Zuckert.
President Johnson strongly reaffirmed the Ad-
ministration's determination to land a manned ex-
pedition on the Moon in this decade. "We must
assure our pre-eminence in the peaceful exploration
of outer space," the President declared.
Mr. Johnson also asserted that the defense budget
which he will send next week to Congress will main-
tain current U.S. military superiority.
With the national military and space postures as
two of his ten major points, President Johnson made
it emphatically clear that he will support the areas
of greatest interest as strongly as his predecessor.
Although not billed as such, Air Force Secretary
Zuckert's speech was a significant preview of Project
Forecast, the long-range study aimed at determining
the areas of Air Force research and development in-
terest over the next ten years.
It was apparent from what Mr. Zuckert said that
the Air Force has taken long strides toward bring-
ing its objectives in line with the policies of Secre-
tary of Defense Robert McNamara and his staff.
The relationship between cost and requirements
obviously has been thoroughly studied by the Project
Forecast group. Mr. Zuckert did not say so, but
Project Forecast took a close look at more than 40
major systems which might be required for Air Force
needs in the ten years ahead. Its recommendations
for initiation of from three to five of these are care-
fully documented and are in accord with the cost
effectiveness and "building block" technological
views of DOD.
Ten areas stressed by Mr. Zuckert were: arms
control, crisis management, deterrence, flexibility,
controlled response, multiple options, survivability,
damage limitation, threshold of negotiation, and
termination capability.
"Those are not new concepts in themselves, but
they are being brought together and used in a new
way for the type of analysis that the Air Force is
now making to determine what future forces might
be like," Mr. Zuckert pointed out. These ten areas
thus provide a clue to what the Air Force is seeking
in hardware:
Arms control — which, as described by the Sec-
retary, now is a military requirement. "Military men
are concerned with it not because it might make
them technologically unemployed, but because it is
a necessary part of the defense package," he said.
Surveillance obviously was one of the things in mind.
Mr. Zuckert also explained that current military plan-
ning must provide for forces not dependent upon
nuclear testing or any other type of restrictions to
which nations may agree.
Crisis management — this was described as the
ability to keep even an intense and long-lasting in-
ternational crisis from exploding into war, or a low-
intensity conflict from escalating into higher dimen-
sions of war. "It requires military forces with spe-
cific warning and response capabilities," the Secre-
tary said. "It takes carefully tailored military power
as well as sound nerves and good intelligence." Re-
connaissance is brought to mind by the Secretary's
words, as well as a force of long-endurance manned
aircraft.
Deterrence — a primary national objective which
includes all of the factors that go into the ability
to discourage an aggressor, or preclude an attack
by the obvious strength to crush it. This includes
the capability to respond with something less than all-
out nuclear response.
Flexibility — a specific meaning in terms of the
organization, equipment and capability for rapid de-
ployment of forces to cover the full range of crisis
situations or war requirements. Airlift obviously is
of major importance to such an objective, although
the Secretary did not mention it in this context.
Controlled response — the ability to adapt the mil-
itary response to the requirement and retain the
initiative. "A choice of options is necessary," Mr.
Zuckert declared. Multiple options must be built into
the forces in terms of alternate target plans, ability
to retarget, multiple delivery systems, selectivity of
both strike characteristics and targets, and versatility
of employment in both strategic and tactical missions.
Survivability — covers pre-launch protection against
nuclear attack, the ability to penetrate defenses, and
immunity to sabotage, clandestine operations and
capture.
Damage limitation — involves accuracy of target-
ing to limit damage to the enemy as well as promptly
responding defensive systems which can neutralize
enemy weapons at safe distances. Also includes ac-
curate assessment of damage.
Threshold of negotiation — reflects determination
to stop war at the lowest point of intensity on fav-
orable terms and acknowledgement that destruction
of an enemy is not an objective.
Termination capability — the capability to stop a
war, which includes all the other capabilities and
requires the ability to counter escalation with in-
creased power at each higher level of intensity.
IT IS APPARENT from the statements of Mr. John-
' son and Mr. Zuckert that the Administration is
in the process of tailoring a taut, effective Air Force
which will be well equipped to assure the future
well-being of the state of the Union.
William J. Coughlin
52
missiles and rockets, January 13, 1964
HOISTS-Western supplies these heavy duty hoists for (1) Nike Zeus (2) Atlas and (3) Minuteman missiles.
1
HORIZONTAL
DAMPER ASS'Y.
LOCKUP HEAD SUB-ASS'Y.
SILO MOUNTING BRACKET
LOCKUP HEAD SUB-ASS'Y.
VERTICAL OAMPER ASS'Y.
SILO MOUNTING BRACKET
SHOCK ISOLATION -Vertical and Horizontal damper assemblies of Western's Shock Isolation System for the Titan II.
SPRING CAN ASSEMBLIES- Built by Western as a precision component in the Minuteman missile silo system.
...and now they're calling us the "missile muscle men
Surprised? This heavy equipment for missile ground handling
and positioning is far removed from the lightweight airborne
gear drives you probably know us for. You'll want to keep track
of how our capabilities keep growing.
For example: Hoists forthe Atlas, Minuteman and Nike Zeus.
Damper assemblies for the Titan ll's in-silo shock isolation
system. Spring can assemblies forthe Minuteman's silo system.
These are just samples of Western's capabilities in ground
handling, missile positioning and shock isolation equipment.
Don't they suggest that you call on our "missile muscle men"
as a reliable source for this type of gear? Write or call for
prompt attention to your newest problems. WESTERN GEAR
CORPORATION, Precision Products Division, P.O. Box 192,
Lynwood, Calif. Cable address WESTGEAR, Lynwood, Calif.
wesTeRn
Circle No. 7 on Subscriber Service Card
GEAR CORPORATION
OSCILLOGRAM DIGITAL CONVERTER FOR ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
The ELECTROSCANNER chart digitizer converts and digitizes instrumentation chart records ready for computer
processing — in a fraction of the time — and at a fraction of the cost of current semi-automatic methods. This
first fully automatic chart digitizing device offers a method of securing digital data for all traces without
additional expensive recording equipment required at the source. Now, current, as well as historical instru-
mentation records, can be economically converted to digital form ready for computer processing. The
ELECTROSCANNER'S optical scanning system rather than curve following system offers a high speed method
of reading multiple traces in a single pass. No distortion of the original record is produced since the
ELECTROSCANNER measurement system is optical rather than electronic. No operator judgment is involved,
and more accurate data results from the absence of manual intervention during the reading process. Chart
data recorded on film or paper can be digitized and read directly into the computer, or recorded onto magnetic
tape for later processing. A brochure will be sent / nHBH^HI P 0 Box 6070
ufacturer of the ELECTROSCANNER chart digitizer.
upon request by UGC Instruments, developer and man-
Shreveport, La.
Phone: 865-1438
Circle No. 13 on Subscriber Service Card
nissiles and rocK
HE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
JANUARY 20, 1964
First Titan III Static Test Tanks
$5,445 Billion Seen Vital for Apollo . . .
DOD Asks $17.2 Billion Authorization . .
Recording System Aids A-ICBM Design .
lOH
. !0H
Four spacecraft programs, each engineered to explore
diverse techniques for earth orbital reentry, are underway at McDonnell.
MERCURY, America's first
manned orbital spacecraft,
utilizes a non-maneuverable
ballistic reentry. After retro-
rockets slow the spacecraft to
bring it out of orbit, reaction
jets position it for reentry.
Mercury's ballistic shape
maintains alignment with the
drag vector as it follows a
ballistic path through the
atmosphere to drogue chute
deployment at 21,000 feet.
Final descent to an ocean
landing is accomplished with
a 63-foot ring-sail parachute.
ASSET, an instrumented, un-
manned, winged vehicle, will
reach speeds of 13,000 miles
per hour in sub-orbital flights
at altitudes of over 40 miles.
This space research program
will provide for study of glide
reentry technology, refractory
materials fabrication experi-
ence, and accelerate the de-
velopment of maneuverable
reentry techniques. A para-
chute landing system enables
recovery of vehicle and data
package for post flight analy-
sis of test data.
AEROBALLISTIC is a word
coined to describe the lifting
body concepts proven by
flights of McDonnell hyper-
sonic missiles from Cape
Canaveral in early 1959. The
test flights demonstrated pre-
cise atmospheric control, the
aerodynamic efficiency of an
Aeroballistic vehicle and were
the first breakthroughs in the
design of maneuverable re-
entry spacecraft. Space mis-
sions utilizing an Aeroballis-
tic type vehicle would termi-
nate with a conventional
runway landing.
GEMINI is a two-man orbital
spacecraft for long duration
and rendezvous missions.
Upon reentry, the crew will
position Gemini's off-set cen-
ter of gravity with attitude
control jets to re-orient the
drag vector and create a lift
component. This lift will en-
able the crew to maneuver
Gemini to any point in a
28,000 square mile landing
area. A paraglider will be
deployed in later flights,
enabling precise astronaut
control of the glide to the
landing field.
With MERCURY, ASSET, AEROBALLISTIC and GEMINI Spacecraft,
McDonnell is perfecting reentry techniques, shapes, materials and manufacturing processes
necessary for the achievement of U. S. leadership in space.
FIRST mi MAN IN SPACE
MCDOWELL
Mercury and Gemini are being designed and built by McDonnell for NASA
under the technical direction of the Manned Spacecraft Center.
• Asset is being developed and built under the sponsorship of
the Aeronautical Systems Division of the Air Force Systems Command.
• Aeroballistic vehicles were developed and tested under contract with the U.S.A. F.
ST. LOUIS
Circle No. 1 on Subscriber Service Card
Canoga currently has under development broadband
tracking antennas in the 200-2400 mc and 1000-12000
mc frequency regions. These "Sunflower" monopulse
tracking antennas contain nine reflectors, each with its
own log periodic feed element of 12:1 frequency band-
width. Featuring low sidelobes, low antenna noise
temperature, high aperture efficiency and relative insensitivity to mechanical
tolerances, the Sunflower antenna design is predicated on years of experience in
the development of Mercury and Gemini telemetry tracking systems & techniques.
It is one of a family of new tracking system developments from Canoga.
canosa ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
8966 Comanche Avenue • Chatsworth, California • Phone: 341-3010
Circle No. 2 on Subscriber Service Card
JULY 12-10:02 AM
2:00 PM
8:17 PM
JULY 13-1:57 AM
UP AND OPERATING IN LESS
THAN A DAY. Within 21 hours and
55 minutes from the time of the alert,
a new microwave tower was up and
operating. That was the result of a
recent restoration drill by the Bell
System, when an announcement at
4:02 AM triggered a realistic test of
a "Condition Red" emergency.
The existing tower and buildings
at Lenape, Kansas, were reported
destroyed. Knocked out were circuits
along the whole Kansas City-Wichita
microwave route.
As men and equipment rushed to
the site, the thousands of circuits
were rerouted according to a prear-
ranged plan. In less than an hour
service was restored, and within 18
hours after work began, the entire
300-foot tower and all replacement
equipment were in operation.
Capable of withstanding 100-mile-
an-hour winds, the portable relay
tower assembles quickly in sections.
And uniquely packaged in weather-
proof aluminum cabinets, the elec-
tronic equipment comes completely
wired for simple installation, and
ease of operation.
Each restoration unit has power
capacity to relay 7200 telephone con-
versations simultaneously, or 24 one-
way television programs, or combina-
tion of calls and TV programs.
The emergency restoration pack-
ages were designed by Long Lines
Department of A.T.&T. and produced
by Western Electric. Located at stra-
tegic points across the United States,
they can be rushed into service when-
ever installations are damaged by
disasters such as hurricanes and tor-
nadoes, or by warfare or sabotage.
In serving people and the nation
with reliable communications, drills
such as this pay off in speedier res-
toration abilities.
BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM
American Tel. & Tel. Co./Western Electric Co.
Bell Telephone Laboratories/21 Operating Companies
missiles and rockets
THE WEEKUY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Volume 14, Number 3
January 20, 1964
Editor
William ). Coughlin
Managing Editor
Reed Bundy
Senior Editors
Charles D. LaFond ". . .Electronics
William Beller Engineering
Associate Editors
David C. Breasted ; Military
Lawrence J. Curran Assistant Managing Editor
Heather M. David ■ .-. .Space Medicine
Michael Getler Electronics
Russell Hawkes , Industry
John F. Judge .Advanced Materials
Robert L. Parker Copy Editor
Rex Pay . Electronics
Hal Taylor .NASA
Contributing Editors
David A. Anderton, James J. Haggerty,
Dr. J. M. Levitt, Dr. Hubertus Strughold
Friedrich Schonbach Art Director
Donald Strickland Assistant Art Director
Eleanor Cobey Editorial Assistant
Suzanne Montgomery Editorial Assistant
BUREAUS
LOS ANGELES 9301 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills
Willard E. Wilks Bureau Chief
NEW YORK j 20 East 46th Street
Michael Getler
CAPE KENNEDY 507 Orange Ave.
Chris Butler Merritt Is., Fla.
PARIS 11 Rue Condorcet
Jean-Marie Riche
GENEVA 10 Rue Grenus
Frank G. McGuire
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Dr. Peter Castruccio Alexander Satin
Conrad H. Hoeppner Dr. Eugen Saenger
Richard F. Gompertz Vice Adm. H. Sanders (ret.)
•
James W. Claar
Publisher
A. C. Boughton National Sales Manager
Paul B. Kinney Eastern Advertising Manager
Edwin J. Denker, Jr Western Advertising Manager
Craig L. Mason .'. .Director of Research
John N. Carlin Director of Circulation
Paddy Nelson Circulation Promotion
R. Virgil Parker Production Manager
Barbara Wiener Advertising Services Manager
Published each Monday with the exception of the
last Monday in December by American Aviation
Publications, Inc., 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington 5, D.C. Cable Address: AMERAV.
Printed at Judd & Detweiler, Inc., Washington, D C.
Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.
Copyright 1964, American Aviation Publications, Inc.
Subscription rates: U.S. and Possessions, Canada, and
Pan American Postal Union Nations: 1 year, $5.00, 2
years $8.00, 3 years $10.00. All other foreign: 1 year
$15.00, 2 years $25.00, 3 years $35.00. Air freight to
Europe: 1 year $20.00, 2 years $30.00, 3 years $40.00.
Single copy prices: regular issues 50 cents each;
special issues $1.00 each. Subscriptions are solicited
only from persons with identifiable commercial or
professional interests in the missile/space industry.
Subscription orders and changes of address should be
referred to Circulation Fulfillment Mgr., Missiles and
Rockets, 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Washington 5,
D.C. Please allow 4 weeks for change to become
effective and enclose recent address label if possible.
President Wayne W. Parrish
Senior Vice President ...Louis C. James
Vice President Fred S. Hunter
cii
THE COVER
First static test tanks for the Air Force
Titan III take shape (right foreground)
on assembly line at Martin Co.'s Denver
plant. The lO-ft.-dia. tanks are fuel and
oxidizer compartments for each of the
Titan HI core vehicle's two stages. Com-
pletion of the tanks confirms production
methods for fabricating first Titan III pro-
duction tanks.
JANUARY 20 HEADLINES
Council Proposes National Academy of Engineering 10
NASA Needs $5,445 Billion to Meet Lunar Goal 14
House Gets FY '65 Arms Bill of $17.2 Billion 15
Canada, U.S. in New Satellite Agreement 16
Second ASSET Launch Scheduled for March 17
NAA Again Heads Space Agency Contractor List 18
Decision Near on 1966 Mars Fly-by or Impact 21
MANAGEMENT
DOD Formulas Help Contractors Justify Profits
Titan Ill-C Stage-Manager Role Revamps UTC
24
34
MISSILE PROPULSION
Honeycomb Matrix Would Join Liquids, Solids 26
SPACE ELECTRONICS f
System Assists in A-ICBM Development
32
DEPARTMENTS
Letters 7
The Countdown 9
The Missile/Space
Week® 10
Technical Countdown 23
The Industry Week 43
Contracts/Procurements 44
Products & Processes 47
Names in the News 52
When & Where 53
Editorial 54
47,500 copies this issue
t U.S. Reg. Pdg.
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
Some customers really challenge us
Take the case of the commercial air-
lines. They needed a transducer that
would accurately measure jet engine
vibration in flight — yet would not dis-
integrate from the vibration as well as
the searing heat.
Since CEC had pioneered and perfected
vibration transducers for reciprocating
engines, we believed we could do the
same for jets. Result: CEC's first models
successfully passed every ground and
laboratory test. But when they took to
the air it was anothei story. Failure
followed failure. The airlines began to
wonder if the answer could be found.
And so did we.
That was six years and hundreds of
experiments ago. Today the engine
nacelles of increasing numbers of jet
airliners carry pairs of tiny CEC 4-125
Vibration Transducers. Some of these
4-125s have already logged more than
3,600 hours — all are still functioning —
and that's a record no other manufac-
turer has approached.
This is another case in point why CEC's
leadership in the development and pro-
duction of all phases of data recording
has been advanced by troublemakers
we're proud to call customers.
And it's why CEC has established a
network of 22 sales and service offices
throughout the nation. To expedite
application engineering. To help train
customer personnel in the use of
advanced instrumentation. To find
positive answers to evasive problems.
Circte No. 3 on Subscriber Service Card
CONSOLIDATED ELECTRODYNAMICS
A SUBSIDIARY OF BELL & HOWELL/PASADENA, CALIF. 91109
INTERNATIONAL SUBSIDIARIES: WOKING, SURREY, ENGLAND
AND FRANKFURT/MAIN, GERMANY
New chart
to help you
This chart will prove most valu-
able to engineers. Instruments in the
four categories shown below are
described in detail with basic
specifications. There are cross-
reference tables to aid in selecting
instrumentation, and information
on how to use combinations of
instruments to meet specific needs.
Write for your chart today.
Sensors and Pickups
Chart shows 43 transducers
available for pressure, vib-
ration, and acceleration.
II
Signal Conditioners
Chart shows 11 basic
types and where they
may be required.
Magnetic Tape
Chart shows 8 analog
and digital recorder/
reproducers with support
equipment.
Direct Readout
Chart shows 5
recording oscil-
lographs and 33
galvanometers and where they can
be used; also support equipment.
Write for your chart today. Request
CEC Chart DM-37-X10.
CONSOLIDATED ELECTRODYNAMICS
A SUBSIDIARY OF BELL & HOWELL/ PASADENA, CALIF. 91109
INTERNATIONAL SUBSIDIARIES: WOKING, SURREY, ENGLAND
AND FRANKFURT J MAIN, GERMANY
— letters
Pro Cape Kennedy
To the Editor:
Any controversy arising over the name
change of Cape Canaveral to Cape Ken-
nedy has been caused by a noisy minority
of partisan "die-hards," most of whom even
now are uninformed concerning the his-
tory of the Cape, how it received its
name, etc. The great majority of Floridians
are greatly honored that the Cape should
be named after President Kennedy. It is
a shame and a disgrace that these few
partisan newcomers to our state and
transients should give the impression that
the majority of Floridans are opposed to
the name change.
It is true that Congressman Gurney's
main purpose in life since going to Wash-
ington has been to oppose the renaming
of the Cape. Perhaps the voters of his
district will do something about this in
November.
John P. Tanner
Orlando, Fla.
For Private Labs
To the Editor:
The letter from N. A. Renzetti (M/R,
Jan. 6, p. 6) requires an answer. After
25 years as a government researcher, Mr.
Renzetti opines that both research and
advanced development should be done in
government laboratories such as the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory. He is willing to let
private industry do the manufacturing, di-
rected by the government lab.
My 22 years' engineering experience,
15 doing research including two at JPL,
didn't make me an expert in politics, eco-
nomics, or defense planning. But logical
thinking, plus reading such documents as
the Constitution of the United States,
plus personal observation of competitive
free enterprise in action, convince me that
Mr. Renzetti would think differently if
he could discard his narrow, self-serving
viewpoint.
It boils down to this: A company can
get underhanded and unfair, but if it has
competition it can't get too inefficient. A
government agency can get as corrupt and
inefficient as the citizens will tolerate (or
even more so if they can be kept ignorant
of the true state of affairs).
Knowingly or not, Mr. Renzetti advo-
cates a giant step toward more govern-
ment control of our lives. I'd rather see
us move the other way, because I believe
that would reduce my children's chances
of living in the U.S.S.A.
James D. Thackrey
Santa Ana, Calif.
Angular Momentum
To the Editor:
In the Letters column of your Dec. 9
issue, Mr. Ecklin asks what is the mecha-
nism which increases the kinetic energy of
a mass revolving about a center if the con-
necting string is made shorter. The answer
can be seen if one draws the following
picture:
Draw the original orbit and the orbit of
shorter radius, then draw the curved path
the mass would follow if the mass moves
from one orbit to the other. Is the force
provided by the string now normal to this
path? The component of the string's force
which lies along this path is the "mecha-
nism" that increases the velocity of the mass
as it moves to the smaller orbit. Since there
is no net external torque acting on the
system, angular momentum is conserved.
Mr. Ecklin should convince himself that
the force of attraction between planets is
indeed like the case above. Kepler's third
law is derived from the conservation of
angular momentum and Newton's law of
universal gravitation.
David R. Hollinbeck
Eng. Physics Student
Boulder, Colo.
'Profile
Of An Industry'
Reprints
IN RESPONSE to wide-
spread reader interest, Missiles
and Rockets has prepared re-
prints of the three-part "Profile
of an Industry" series by Senior
Editor William Beller. Based on
recent surveys by U.S. Govern-
ment agencies and the Stanford
Research Institute ( under a con-
tract from the Aerospace Indus-
tries Association), the articles
first appeared in the Oct. 28,
Dec. 2 and Dec. 16, 1963, issues
of M/R. Together they provide
an unprecedented report on the
growth of the Missile / Space in-
dustry— now the second largest
employer in the United States
— and its impact on the national
economy and technology.
The twelve-page reprint may
be ordered from:
Research Department
Missiles and Rockets
1001 Vermont Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20005
Price of the reprint is $.50
(fifty cents) per copy.
Circle No. 4 en Subscriber Service Card
7
SYSTEMS
INTEGRATION
AND
INTERFACE
CONTROL
are essentials to the successful devel-
opment of any complex system. Vitro
has performed these and all other
phases of systems engineering with
complete objectivity for more than
twelve years. This skilled technical
staff developed many techniques now
standard. It has gained wide experi-
ence throughout the years working
on weapon systems currently in the
Defense arsenal. Our experience and
knowledge can be adapted to your
program. For specific information,
call or write Vitro Laboratories,
14000 Georgia Avenue,
Silver Spring, Maryland,
Attention: Joseph C. Kinsey.
VITRO CORPORATION OF AMERICA • 261 MADISON AVENUE • NEW YORK 16, NEW YORK
Circle No. 5 on Subscriber Service Card
l/ifi
TO
The Countdown
WASHINGTON
Launch Business Ready to Boom
What could be a spectacular space year for the U.S. will
be kicked off by eight launches scheduled for the first quarter.
The first will be two-stage SA-5 Saturn I slated for Jan.
29. Following this is another try for a successful reconnais-
sance of the lunar surface with Ranger in the Jan. 30-Feb. 5
period. Other shots scheduled for February are the Relay
communications satellite from Cape Kennedy on the 21st
and the Echo passive comsat from Pacific Missile Range on
the 23rd. Also due in February-March are the S-48, S-52
and S-66 satellites. First-quarter schedule may be topped by
first unmanned Gemini flight in March, but this could slip.
Who'll Buy MOL Geminis?
Defense Dept. and NASA are threshing out the question
of who will buy the Gemini X capsules for the Manned Or-
biting Laboratory. NASA maintains that the Air Force
should buy the capsules through the space agency. The Air
Force wants to do the buying itself, holding that NASA is
not sure enough what it will do with Gemini beyond the
sixth flight.
Missile Master Follow-on
Army plans to invite bids in February on its TSQ-51
missile fire coordination system to replace Missile Master
systems controlling Nike-Hercules batteries around major
U.S. target areas. Wanted is a more compact, cheaper sys-
tem than the eight Missile Master installations in operation,
which cost $11 million apiece and require about 600 men to
operate and maintain them.
Laser Tracking Gets a Push
NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center is asking industry for
proposals on a study contract of a high-priority development
of laser tracking techniques between Earth and a manned
deep-space vehicle or between a satellite and two manned
spacecraft. System must be capable of handling two-way
telemetry and voice communications, as well as spacecraft-
to-ground television. Bids are due by Jan. 22.
Small Business Losing Space Work
Based on net value of awards, small business's share of
NASA contracting continues to fall. In Fiscal 1960, small
business received 17% of space agency awards. In FY '61,
this fell to 15%, in FY '62 to 12%, in FY '63 to 8%.
MSFC Is Top Space Contract Source
Marshall Space Flight Center awarded almost one-third
of NASA's FY '63 business with industry. Its contracts to-
talled $949.8 million— 29% of the agency's $3.2 billion.
Manned Spacecraft Center was second, with awards of
$737.2 million, followed by Western Operations Office
($412.3 million) and Goddard SFC ($303.5 million).
INDUSTRY
Space Radiator Support Discussed
More serious thought is reportedly being given within
NASA to backing research into development of space nu-
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
clear reactors which can operate in conjunction with gaseous-
core reactors to multiply the 2,000-3,000/sec. specific im-
pulses expected of the gaseous systems operating without
radiators. Study of radiator design has been soft-pedalled
pending some indication that it would be possible to solve
major nuclear fuel containment and materials problems.
Optimism regarding some of these troubles was expressed
last week by United Aircraft Corp. scientists in a New York
briefing. UAC's research lab was awarded $460,000 by
NASA in December to study the gaseous-core design, an
area which previously had Air Force support. UAC recently
received a smaller contract aimed specifically at fuel con-
tainment.
Ozone Difluoride Progress Reported
Researchers report work with ozone difluoride to render
liquid oxygen hypergolic with fuels such as liquid hydrogen,
RPL and hydrazine looks very promising and that application
probably could be made quite soon. It appeared earlier that
the additive might pose severe handling problems, but it now
appears that the hazard may be less than that associated with
liquid hydrogen.
Second Polaris Trainer Bought
Republic Aviation Corp. has ordered a PC- 12 analog
computer for a second Polaris submarine trainer, to be in-
stalled at Pearl Harbor. The earlier $180,000 PC-12 from
Electronic Associates, Inc., is operating at Charleston, S. C.
It performs very-high-speed on-line computation for closely
simulating submarine operation, motion and fire control.
Weightless But Not Effortless
Controversy is continuing over the amount of energy
astronauts will use while moving about in zero-gravity en-
vironment. Some evidence has been reported that as much,
or perhaps even more, energy may be rquired to move about
in zero-gas compared to a one-g environment. "It's not just a
matter of floating effortlessly from one point to another," one
researcher commented.
INTERNATIONAL
U.S. Contract for Aussie Jindiviks
The U.S. Navy has signed a $2,250,000 contract for
the Australian pilotless jet target aircraft, the Jindivik. The
award, announced by the Australian Minister for Supply,
was arranged through Ling-Temco-Vought, serving as agent
for the Australian government. Contract was awarded after
a series of Navy evaluation tests at Pt. Mugu. Jindiviks will
be an integral feature of operational training with guided
missiles.
Italian Hot-Water-Boosted Rocket
A low-cost, recoverable rocket powered by hot water has
been successfully test-fired by the Societa Trasporti Missilis-
tici of Rome. Designated "Grillo," the 6.6-ft.-long vehicle
has a launch velocity of 394 ft. /sec. and is propelled by
10.57 quarts of water heated to 330°C by a "rapid heating
process of chemical type." The company says it can be
launched immediately after command for initiation of the
heating process.
9
WALK
THROUGH
to SAFETY
DECONTAMINATION
SHOWER model 8562
Ready for action! 16-FULLJET
nozzles drench the body when
large Push-Type instant-action
ball valve is opened. Here is the
instant first aid so vital to coun-
tering body contamination. A
Haws stainless steel (Model
7900-B) eye/face-wash is
mounted on paneled side to pro-
vide a complete "one-stop" safe-
ty station. Functional parts are
rugged red brass. Write for de-
tailed specs: Haws Drinking
Faucet Company, 1443 Fourth
St., Berkeley 10, California.
Since 1909
EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
The Missile/ Space Week
Engineer Academy Proposed
Establishment of a National
Academy of Engineering, analogous
to the National Academy of Science,
is anticipated within the next six
months, according to spokesmen for
the Engineers Joint Council.
Eric A. Walker, retiring presi-
dent of the council, said that the
group will ask this session of Con-
gress for the required charter to set
up the academy. It will be a step to-
ward the "needed involvement of en-
gineers" in national policy planning.
Walker made his statement in Wash-
ington Jan. 14 at a press conference
closing the EJC's annual meeting.
The academy for the nation's 800,-
000 engineers is to be patterned after
the NAS, which has been working
with the EJC in setting up the new
body. Like the NAS, the engineering
academy would advise the Adminis-
tration and Congress, when re-
quested, on matters involving engi-
neers.
Speaking for his profession,
Walker expressed a wish to be in on
the planning stages of national R&D
work instead of the design stage.
Membership in the NAE would be
limited to those involved in the "suc-
cessful design of an important en-
gineering work," said Walker. Mem-
bership would be open to non-engi-
neers and Walker predicted cross-
membership between the two bodies.
A proposed location for the new
Washington academy is a wing on
the present NAS building, but
Walker stressed that the two bodies
would have no organizational ties.
Glenn to Seek Senate Seat
Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., ap-
parently has decided to contest in-
cumbent Ohio Sen. Stephen M. Young
for the Democratic nomination in the
upcoming Senatorial elections in that
state. This was the report of a State
Democratic spokesman the middle of
last week.
Glenn, who has termed himself
a political independent in the past,
has been wooed as a prospective can-
didate for public office by both Dem-
ocrats and Republicans.
The winner of the Young-Glenn
contest will face either Republican
Representative Robert A. Taft, Jr.,
or Ohio Secretary of State Ted W.
Brown.
Lockheed Mars Mission
Re-entry System Proposed
THIS MANEUVERABLE Earth re-entry-
vehicle conception is the result of a prelim-
inary design for a 1975 Mars Mission done
for NASA by Lockheed Missiles and Space
Co. The craft could return as many as six
astronauts to Earth, after being detached
from the main mission module eight hours
before the end of a 400-day trip. It would
protect its crew in air where temperatures
could reach 20,000°C resulting from re-
entry speeds up to 65,000 fps. Design was
done for NASA's Manned Spacecraft Cen-
ter, Houston.
DOD Awards Top $6.6M
The Dept. of Defense last week
awarded two firms more than $6.6
million in contracts.
Lockheed Missiles & Space Co.,
Sunnyvale, Calif., received a $4,194,
660 Navy contract for the manufac-
ture of test equipment for Polaris
missiles. Most of the work will be
subcontracted to Nortronics Div.,
Northrop Corp., Anaheim, Calif.
Rocketdyne Div. of North Ameri-
can Aviation, Inc., received a $2.5-
million contract from the Air Force
for Atlas rocket engine propulsion
systems. The work will be done at
Neosho, Mo., and Canoga Park, Calif.
Anderson Cites Apollo Threat
The Senate Space Committee
chairman has suggested that manned
lunar landing might be put off until
after the 1968-70 peak solar-flare
activity period because of the radia-
tion hazard.
Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-
N.M.) told a Washington, D.C., meet-
ing of the American Institute of As-
tronautics and Aeronautics "this
concern with radiation hazards to
10 Circle No. 6 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
RSE Model 1021 Portable FM Signal Gener-
ator. Also available in a standard 19" rack
mount (Model 1021R).
Checking Out Command
and Telemetry Receivers
If you've ever lugged heavy equipment to the launch site, you
know what we mean.
RSE's new self-contained, light-weight portable (17 lbs.) FM
SIGNAL GENERATOR brings laboratory accuracy to the flight
line or launch site. Containing both an accurate signal source
and a ten channel coder, this versatile test set produces CW
or coded FM telemetry or command signals, or generates
standard IRIG tones for testing decoders, etc. You can verify
flight readiness of on-board command or telemetry systems
with this precision instrument, or you can use it as a calibrated
low power test transmitter for proving the complete installa-
tion, including antenna, cables, receiver/decoder — without
direct connections.
The Model 1021 is crystal controlled.
Plug-in heads are available in the 216
to 260 or 406 to 550 Mc ranges. Plug-in
subcarrier oscillators provide up to
ten channels selected by front panel
switches. Connect the 1021 to either a
28 vdc source (such as a battery pack)
or a 117 vac source (50 to 400 cps).
The 1021 is a versatile laboratory in-
strument, and can speed production
testing operations.
Write for specifications and/or a demon-
stration. Information also available on RSE
Model 1001 FM Signal Generator and RSE
Models 1851 and 1853 Coders.
RS ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
A Division of Pacific Industries, Inc.
795 Kifer Rd. • Sunnyvale, Calif. 94086 • Phone: (408) 739-3230
Circle No. 20 on Subscriber Service Card
Open House
for Creative Minds
Completion of RAC's new research center holds important
meaning for the organization itself and for the experienced
scientist or engineer seeking a home for his talents and room to
grow personally and professionally.
The research center was specifically designed to stimulate the
creative intellect and encourage interplay of ideas among RAC s
topflight professional staff. The new building also gives RAC
the additional space demanded by our rapidly increasing respon-
sibilities.
RAC's work is scientific problem-solving on a global scale. We
apply operations research and systems engineering techniques to
the study and solution of major military problems and related
technical, political, and economic questions . . . with European
and Southeast Asia offices to supplement our efforts in this coun-
try. RAC's growth has created permanent career opportunities
of great potential for men and women who hold advanced degrees
in mathematics, statistics, a physical science, economics, or engi-
neering. A particularly urgent need exists for systems engineers.
Problem-solving at RAC is vital, challenging work . . . with
compensation that is fully equal to the importance of your assign-
ments. For further information, please send your resume to Mr.
John G. Burke, Professional Staffing, Research Analysis Corpo-
ration, McLean, Virginia (residential suburb of Washington,
D. C). An equal opportunity employer.
Research Analysis Corporation
pogo effect. Also on board the shot
was a 117-lb. scientific pod contain-
ing a liquid-to-gaseous oxygen con-
verter, data from which was relayed
to Earth.
ICBM Dependability Debated
The ICBM dependability dialogue
between Presidential aspirant Sen
Barry Goldwater and Defense Secre
tary Robert S. McNamara appears to
be resting with a Goldwater sugges
tion that a Senate investigation be
conducted to either prove or disprove
his recent charge that America's
ICBM's are "undependable."
McNamara termed the Goldwater
charge "completely misleading, polit
ically irresponsible and damaging to
the national security."
Shortly after the Arizona sena
tor's initial blast at the ballistic mis
sile program, Cape Kennedy sources
released figures to the effect that
70% of U.S. long-range missile tests
have been completely successful and
that more would have to be termed
at least partial successes.
Goldwater mentioned as among
the "many factors" making the
ICBM unreliable as a retaliatory
weapon the possibility that an elec
tromagnetic pulse from a nuclear
explosion could render missile guid-
ance systems inoperable (see M/R
Sept. 16, p. 14).
Gemini Booster Test Slips
Test firing of the Titan II slated
to carry the first Gemini into orbit
was postponed again last Tuesday
Failure of a gas generator starter
cartridge caused the latest delay. An
earlier test scheduled for Jan. 9 was
scrubbed when trouble was indicated
in a pre-valve actuator.
Next attempt is not likely before
Jan. 21, and that time appears doubt
ful because of the scheduled launch
that day of NASA's Relay II.
Low Bid on MILA Facility
A joint bid of $1,443,289.20 aj
parently has won the contract 1
build a frequency control and cal
bration facility on Merritt Island
W. V. Pangborn and Co., Inc
Philadelphia, and Lowery Electric
Inc., Coral Gables, Fla., submitted
the low bid for the work, which will
be jointly funded by NASA and the
Air Force.
The facility, which will become
part of the Atlantic Missile Range
tracking network, will be aimed at
support of the Titan III and Saturn
V Apollo programs.
12
Circle No. 8 on Subscriber Service Card
Circle No. 9 on Subscriber Service Card
AUTOMATIC MESSAGE PROCESSOR FOR THE U.S. AR
I The U. S. Army was looking for
| a solution to a communications
i problem, and found it in the
| Burroughs Militarized D825
j Modular Data Processing Sys-
• tern. With its totally modular
j concept, the D825 accommo-
j dated several special modules.
\ The resulting modular complex
i became a communications
j switching system.
The flexible organization that
permitted the inclusion of these
specially designed modules was
| the most decisive factor in the
Army's choice of the D825. Two
; other important reasons that in-
| fluenced their choice were :
1. Availability. The D825 organi-
zation, with a minimum addition
of functionally independent yet
interconnected modules, provides
] useful redundancy so the system
I cannot be disabled by failure of
any module. In actual perform-
ance, the D825 has passed MIL
Spec environmental tests involv-
ing three points: temperature
range (0°C— 50°C), time of run,
and record protection. In addi-
tion, the D825 has the ability to
automatically recover from
; power failure without loss of
information.
2. Programming. The program-
ming features of arbitrarily
relocatable programs and data,
a comprehensive interrupt sys-
tem, and simplified storage
i allocation contributed to the
effectiveness of the D825 in the
real-time environment of a com-
munications switching system.
The simplicity of the D825's
modular organization in meeting
j the processing requirements of
real-time application contributes
to system efficiency. For example,
j the system is designed to permit
from one to four compute
modules, each with its own th
film scratch pad memory, and
\ from one to ten 10 control mod-
ules to fully share the expandable
memory of 4,096 to 65,536 words.
; The D825's AOSP (Automati
Operating and Scheduling Pr
I gram) permits unified syste
• balance for real-time respons
It enables the system to aut
■ matically schedule itself and
ensure its own maximum effi-
ciency. In case of any system
malfunction, AOSP enables the
system to automatically diagnose
and bypass the trouble, while
! the system as a whole continues
to run.
For further details, write for our
; folder, Burroughs M ililarized
i D825 Modular Data Processing
System. Or let us make arrange-
■ ments to prove this system's
J greater throughput on any
application. Write to Deft'i
and Space Group, Burroughs
Corporation, Paoli. Pa.
Burroughs-TM
| Burroughs Corporatio
In new funding .
$5,445 Billion Vital to Moon Goal
by Hal Taylor
NASA HAS DECLARED officially
that Congress must approve $5,445 bil-
lion in new appropriations this year or
the lunar landing goal will not be met.
Dr. Robert C. Seamans, agency as-
sociate administrator, said that a sup-
plemental Fiscal '64 appropriation of
$141 million and a new Fiscal '65
budget of $5,304 billion is required if
this country is to land a man on the
Moon by 1970.
"As far as the manned lunar land-
ing is concerned, we are now cut back
to the point that we cannot carry out
the program unless we get the full sup-
port of Congress, and even then we will
have no time to fall back on," Seamans
said.
He said that the supplemental ap-
propriation of $110 million for the
Saturn V and $31 million for the Apollo
spacecraft would be used to release the
job freeze currently in effect among
lunar landing program contractors, as
well as pay for some needed backup
systems for critical items.
The FY '65 request includes $4,-
438,000,000 for research and develop-
ment, $281 million for construction of
facilities and $641 million for admin-
istration operations.
• Manned programs dominate — The
agency's manned spacecraft activities
will — as in FY '64 — receive more than
two-thirds of the budget, or $3,011,-
900,000. Budgets for other program
offices include $776.9 million for Space
Sciences and Applications, $320.3 mil-
lion for Advanced Research and Tech-
nology, $267.9 million for Tracking
and Data Acquisition, and $5 million
for Technology Utilization and Policy
Planning.
If Congress appropriates the full
$5.445-billion request, it will still be
$225 million below the Fiscal '64 re-
quest of $5.7 billion, but $345 million
above the amount actually appropriated
by Congress.
Seamans said that the Fiscal '64
reduction of $600 million forced a
one-year delay in the Apollo program.
The supplemental request, he con-
tinued, would enable NASA to make up
six months of the slippage. Approval
of the full supplemental and the Fiscal
'65 budget would make a lunar landing
attempt possible "just a little bit better
than the last half of 1969," the NASA
official said.
He also admitted that the space
agency had originally submitted a total
request of $5.97 billion for the next
fiscal year, but that President Johnson
had trimmed the total by some $668
million.
He added that FY '65 will be the
peak funding year for Project Apollo
and the space agency. He added, how-
ever, that if new programs are funded
in FY '66, it could make that budget
higher than the request for FY '65.
• New endeavors planned — Despite
the agency budget squeeze, three new
programs have been added. They in-
clude :
— A new Advanced Technology Sa-
tellite series which will replace the Ad-
vanced Synchronous Communications
Satellite program. The project calls for
the launch of five satellites to test both
communications and meteorological
equipment at medium and 22,300-mi.
synchronous orbits. Tests will also be
made of radiation and navigation equip-
ment in the flights slated for 1966-68.
One major test will involve studies of a
gravity gradient stabilization system for
the Department of Defense. Hughes
Aircraft Co. is expected to be selected
to make a study of the satellite's design.
Proposals from industry on devel-
opment of the satellites will be re-
quested by NASA from industry as soon
as the funds are approved.
— NASA is undertaking a program
to use a fluorine/oxygen mixture in
NASA FY '65 BUDGET REQUEST
(In thousands of dollars)
FY 1964
PROPOSED
SUPPLE-
FY1964 MENTAL Fy 1965
Research, development and operation
Research and development $3,909,615
Construction of facilities 673,500
Administrative operations 516,851
Transfers to General Services Ad-
ministration 34
TOTAL APPROPRIATIONS. $5,100,000
$141,000
$4,382,000
281,000
641,000
$141,000 $5,304,000
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
MANNED SPACE FLIGHT $2,649,800
Gemini
Apollo
Advanced missions
Completed missions
SPACE SCIENCE AND APPLICA-
TIONS
Geophysics and astronomy
Lunar and planetary exploration
Sustaining university program. ...
Launch vehicle development
Bioscience
Meteorological satellites
Communication satellites
Advanced techological satellites .
ADVANCED RESEARCH AND
383,800
2,243,900
22,100
$141,000
$3,011,900
308,400
2,677,500
26,000
Bas
ic research
$ 742,500
$ 776,900
186,200
190 200
270,800
300,400
40,000
46,000
125,100
128,200
20,600
31,000
67,800
37,500
13,500
1 2,600
18,500
31,000
$ 320,200
S 320,300
21 ,000
21,000
Space vehicle systems 49,000
Electronic systems 28,700
Human factor systems 13,200
Nuclear-electric systems 44,700
Nuclear rockets 82,700
Chemical propulsion 45,800
Space power 13,000
Aeronautics 22,100
TRACKING AND DATA ACQUI-
SITION $ 210,000
TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION . $ 3,500
TOTAL $3,926,000
$141,000
■m
38,800
28,400
16,200
48,100
58,000
59,800
13,000
37,000
267,900
5,000
,382,000
CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES PROGRAM
MANNED SPACE FLIGHT
John F. Kennedy Space Center, NASA (Cape
Kennedy)
Manned Spacecraft Center (Houston)
Marshall Space Flight Center (Huntsville, Ala.)... .
Michoud Plant (New Orleans)
Mississippi Test Facility (Pearl River, Miss.)
SPACE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS
Goddard Space Flight Center (Greenbelt, Md.) . . .
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, Calif.)
Wallops Station (Wallops Island, Va.)
ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
Ames Research Center (Mountain View, Calif.) . . .
Electronics Research Center (Location undetermined)
Flight Research Center (Edwards, Calif.)
Langley Research Center (Hampton, Va.)
Lewis Research Center (Cleveland)
Nuclear Rocket Development Station (Nevada). .. .
Various locations
Facility Planning and Design
TOTALS
$284,916
$ 91,261
35,172
25,166
28,980
15,288
8,688
6,534
93,656
61,991
17,033
1,300
2,998
3,714
505
1,804
11,044
6,081
10,000
1,157
8,204
4,454
18,634
810
3,240
148,783
37,597
10,490
15,000
$673,500
$281,000
14
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
At $17.2 billion . . .
DOD Authorization Bill
May Be History's Biggest
the Atlas booster, which it says will in-
crease payload capability by some 30% .
Two flight tests of the new fuel mixture
will be made using the Atlas vehicles
left over from the Mercury program.
— Backup systems for certain com-
ponents of the Saturn V booster and the
Apollo spacecraft will be procured if
the supplemental appropriation bill is
approved. Space agency officials are
currently studying a list of 26 possibil-
ities, but it is unlikely that more than
five to 10 will be funded. Decision as
to which backup systems have the high-
est priority is imminent.
• Ups and downs — In other com-
ments on the budget, Seamans said:
— Space Sciences and Applications
— Funding of the heavy observatory
satellites will increase while spending
on the Explorer satellites will decrease.
Money for the Ranger program will
drop to $5 million, but requests for the
Surveyor and Lunar Orbiter spacecraft
will show a substantial increase. The
budget in this area will also make pos-
sible a Mariner fly-by of Mars with the
Atlas-Centaur booster in 1966. The
Pioneer solar probe program is also
slated for substantial funding.
In the communication and metero-
logical satellite areas, the Advanced
Synchronous Satellite has been dropped,
but two more Nimbus weather satellites
will be developed. Studies of the Syn-
chronous Meterological Satellite (SMS)
will also continue.
Advanced Research and Technology
— Project Fire and the Micrometeoroid
Detection Satellite projects will con-
tinue. Funding for the SERT and
SNAPS experimental programs will
increase slightly. The request for chem-
ical propulsion shows an increase pri-
marily for the M-l engine and the
260-in. solid motor development pro-
gram which has been transferred to
NASA from DOD.
Manned Spaceflight — The request
for Project Apollo will be up sharply to
$2,677,500,000. Project Gemini will
drop slightly to $308 million. The space
agency, however, is re-programming
$73 million from the FY '64 budget
for its unmanned projects for the two-
man spaceflight series.
The heavier spending is required to
overcome problems with the fuel cell
and the reaction control system.
"POGO" vibration problems in the
Titan II also increased launch vehicle
procurement costs. Some $26 million
will be spent on future studies with
emphasis on manned space station and
lunar base work.
Tracking — Three new tracking sta-
tions for Project Apollo will be built,
including one in Spain. Funding of re-
covery ships for the three-man space-
flight program is also included in the
budget. ■
THE DEPARTMENT of Defense
has slashed its procurement budget re-
quest to less than two thirds of last
year's request, and its research, devel-
opment, test and evaluation to $690
million under what it asked from Con-
gress for FY 1964.
Nevertheless, the total authorization
bill introduced on the House floor by
Armed Services Committee Chairman
Carl Vinson (D-Ga.) amounts to $17.2
billion, believed to be the largest single
authorization bill ever to be considered
by Congress.
DOD is asking $10.6 billion for
procurement of missiles, aircraft and
ships, and $6.6 billion for research, de-
velopment, test and evaluation. Last
year's procurement request was for
$16.7 billion, which finally resulted in
Congressional appropriations of $15.7
billion. RDT&E request was $7.3 bil-
lion, which Congress eventually trimmed
to $6.9 billion.
This is how the Fiscal 1965 budget
breaks down:
— Air Force — DOD is asking $1,-
730,000,000 for missiles, and $3,663,-
000,000 for aircraft. It also asks $3,-
205,000,000 for RDT&E.
— Army — The service asks $282,-
600,000 for missiles, $443,600,000 for
aircraft, and $1,397,000,000 for
RDT&E.
— Navy — DOD seeks $660,100,000
for missiles, and $1,854,900,000 for
Navy and Marine aircraft. The Marine
missile request is $13,100,000. Navy
and Marine Corps RDT&E is $1,451,-
000,000, and the naval vessel request
is $1,966,000,000.
— Defense Agencies — For research,
development, test and evaluation, DOD
requests $519,000,000.
This brings the total missile request
to almost $2.7 billion, and the total
aircraft request is $5.96 billion.
• To work — Hearings will begin
Monday, Jan. 27, on the defense bill,
with Secretary of Defense Robert S.
McNamara as the first witness in closed
door hearings.
This marks the first year that the
Armed Services Committee will con-
sider research and development other
than for ships, missiles and aircraft in
the defense budget. In previous years,
the remainder of R&D was subject only
to the scrutiny of the appropriations
committees. This additional research
and development, which last year
amounted to a little over half the R&D
budget, includes space programs. DOD's
space budget for FY 1965 is estimated
at about $1.7 billion (M/R, Jan. 13,
p. 15).
In view of this added responsibility,
the House Armed Services Committee
last year created a new subcommittee
on R&D, chaired by Rep. Melvin Price
(D-I1L). This group met in closed hear-
ings several times a week for several
months last session to familiarize it-
self with the programs of the three
services.
Chairman Vinson, in presenting the
new bill to Congress, said he was "sat-
isfied that the Department of Defense
has made every effort to ask for au-
thorizations for only what they consider
to be essential items. However, the
Committee on Armed Services will go
over each of the items very carefully."
He added that "we will have to be
convinced that every dollar is justified."
The House Armed Services and De-
fense Appropriations subcommittees are
currently holding hearings on repro-
gramming actions within the Depart-
ment of Defense. ■
Comparative FY '64 and '65 Figures
(in millions)
FY '65 FY '64 Actual FY '64
request request appropriation
Procurement of missiles, ships and aircraft $10,613 $16,724 $15,760
Research, development, test and evaluation 6,572 7,262 6,914
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
15
During 1965-70 . . .
U.S., Canada To Launch 4 Satellites
Series to study upper atmosphere during solar-cycle
maximum and minimum; to use Alouette and ISIS satellites
CANADA AND THE U.S. have
signed an agreement calling for the
launch of four new satellites in the
1965-70 period.
Canada will design and develop the
ISIS (International Satellites for Iono-
spheric Studies). The series will include
Alouette B and ISIS A, B and C.
In addition, Canada's Defense Re-
search Board will provide the basic top-
side sounder experiment, which will
study the upper atmosphere, and will
operate at least one ground station.
The U.S. representative, NASA, will
provide four boosters for the program
and will launch the satellites. It will also
launch up to five sounding rockets to
test components and subsystems.
Basic objective of the satellite series
is a comprehensive study of the upper
atmosphere from the solar-cycle mini-
mum in 1965 to its maximum in 1970.
• Alouettes — Alouette B will carry
experiments designed to continue the
work of Alouette I, launched by NASA
in September, 1962.
Alouette I contained four experi-
ments: a fixed-frequency device for
sounding or charting the ionosphere
from above; instruments to measure cos-
mic noise; equipment to investigate up-
per-atmosphere radio "signals" initiated
by lightning strokes; and several ener-
getic-particle detectors.
Alouette B will resemble its prede-
cessor in size, shape and 320-lb. weight.
It will repeat Alouette I's experiments as
it passes over the Earth's poles in an
elliptical orbit varying in altitude from
460 to about 1,600 statute mi. Alouette
I is in a circular orbit over the poles at
630-mi. altitude. Along with Alouette
B, NASA will launch a Direct Measure-
ment Explorer satellite similar to Ex-
plorer VIII.
Components similar to those carried
in Alouette I will be redesigned to con-
form with the increased altitude of the
new satellite, and the telemetry trans-
mitter power will be increased. A mag-
netometer and solar-aspect sensor will
be included to provide continuous in-
formation on the satellite's orientation.
Alouette B will also differ from its
predecessor by carrying a fifth experi-
ment, an electron probe designed by
NASA to determine the temperature of
electrons in the vicinity of the orbiting
satellite. The short, antenna-like probes
on Alouette B will relay the temperature
and data from the other four experi-
ments, to 1 3 worldwide ground stations.
Atlas Decoy
Pods Shown
FIRST PHOTO of a U.S. ICBM car-
rying penetration aids. Philco/Aero-
nutfonic, which developed and is
building the decoys for the Air Force,
says the devices make it impossible
to tell a real Warhead from the ac-
companying set of decoys. The de-
coys are carried by the Atlas F and
Titans I and II.
Space for this fifth experiment was
provided by redesigning the nickel-cad-
mium batteries employed in Alouette I
to permit employment of fewer battery
units. These batteries will be charged
by 6,500 solar cells, more resistant to
radiation than those now in use and
protected against micrometeorites.
The launch, by a Thor-Agena from
the Pacific Missile Range, is slated for
the first half of 1965.
• ISIS outlook— Plans for the ISIS
satellite series are still in the preliminary
stages. ISIS A will be a completely new
spacecraft but will carry experiments
similar to those in Alouette B. Addi-
tional experiments such as electron and
ion probes, which measure the tempera-
ture and densities of the hydrogen,
helium and oxygen present at satellite
altitudes, and an ion-mass spectrometer
to confirm the identification of the indi-
vidual ions, probably will be included.
Firm specifications for ISIS A have
yet to be determined. Design will begin
in January with launching of the satel-
lite planned tentatively for 1967.
Because the ISIS B spacecraft will
be planned as an "even more experi-
mental" satellite than its predecessors,
its experiments and design will depend
on data returned from Alouette II and
the Direct Measurement Explorer. De-
sign and launch time have not yet been
discussed in specific terms.
The design phase of ISIS C, which
will closely resemble ISIS A, is expected
to begin in 1966 for a launching ten-
tatively set for early 1969 during the
maximum phase of the sunspot cycle.
Associated with Canada's Defense
Research Telecommunications Estab-
lishment throughout the program will be
research laboratories in the U.S., the
United Kingdom, and other countries.
NASA's Office of Space Science and
Applications will have overall responsi-
bility for U.S. participation in the pro-
gram. Goddard Space Flight Center will
participate in data analysis and carry
out the companion sounding rocket ex-
periments and the Direct Measurement
Explorer project. ■
16
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
New details disclosed . . .
ASSET Will Become
More Sophisticated
In X-20 Substitute Role
by David C. Breasted
THE AIR FORCE plans a March
launching in its ASSET program, which
has gained new attention and stature
since the demise of the X-20 last
month.
Spokesmen said last week that the
current six-shot program probably will
end in January, 1965. While liberal
with additional details of the present
ASSET vehicles and test objectives,
sources in the Air Force and Director-
ate of Defense Research and Engineer-
ing remained mum on what ideas they
are entertaining for the "expanded"
ASSET program for investigating less
expensively some of the phenomena
X-20 was meant to probe.
It is apparent, however, that both
Air Force and DDR&E favor develop-
ment of a new and varied family of
ASSET vehicles rather than doctoring
Gemini and Adapter
At Cape Kennedy
GEMINI SPACECRAFT #1 is raised into
position above adapter section in Hanger
"AF" at Cape Kennedy. Structure at right
will provide white-room atmosphere for
spacecraft checkout.
and extending the life of the current
6-ft. model.
In exploring maneuverability and
other technological problems of high
lift-over-drag follow-on vehicles, the
Air Force would like to widen its
knowledge of high temperature-resistant
bearings and activation devices, skin
friction, and boundary layer phenom-
ena, among other things.
The March shot of ASSET (Aero-
thermodynamic/elastic Structural Sys-
tems Environmental Tests) will send an
1,140-lb. vehicle in a 196,000-ft. arc
from Cape Kennedy more than 1,000
mi., with a planned re-entry velocity
starting at 18,000 feet per second.
• Progression — If all goes well, a
third shot planned for May will ap-
proach the maximum series velocity of
19,500 fps. The sixth shot is planned
for this velocity.
ASSET has an improved floatation
system for recovery. It was developed
after the otherwise successful first ve-
hicle sank after impact in September.
Temperatures will vary from about
4,000°F at the zirconium-rod nose caps
used in five of the vehicles to about
1,000°F at the titanium aft bulkheads.
Three layers of insulation between the
exotic-metal bottom and the titanium
floor, plus additional inside layers, will
keep the interior temperature at about
160 degrees. A sixth craft during the
series will employ a coated tungsten
nose cap.
Four ASV (Aerothermodynamic
Structural Vehicles) recoverable craft
will be used. The remaining two will
be AEV's (Aerothermodynamic Elastic
Vehicles), differing in having two ex-
perimental movable panels on the bot-
tom. One will be a lx2-ft. spring-acti-
vated columbium flap in the trailing
edge which will oscillate at 25 cycles
through 2 degrees.
The other is a flutter panel of very
thin refractory material mounted for-
ward of the "break" on the bottom to
test phenomena which will be encount-
ered by thin-skinned vehicles such as
Aerospace Plane.
The AEV's are slated for the fourth
and fifth firings, tentatively scheduled
for July and September. Little is known
of flutter phenomena during re-entry,
and conditions cannot be duplicated in
wind tunnels, according to Air Force
spokesmen. ■
AF Pressed to Define MOL Experiments
DEFENSE DEPT. research and
engineering officials have given de-
tailed thinking on the Manned Or-
biting Laboratory a clean bill of
health. They have left it largely up
to the Air Force when and how to
proceed with study contracts.
But the Air Force is sweating
under relentless pressure to define
within the nth tolerance what ex-
periments it proposes to put aboard
MOL and why. Delay in awarding
$1 million in study contracts is partly
due to studied AF deliberation in
anteing up on the long-sought
manned military space proposal.
The laboratory concept is mov-
ing toward a "plug-in" approach
while avoiding imposition of unde-
sirable constraints on the operational,
scientific, and biological monitoring
experiments under study. From pre-
cise definition of experimentation
will follow determination of such re-
quirements as compartmentalization,
stabilization, and different configura-
tions for different flights, one top
official stressed.
"I would like to see MOL stim-
ulate the scientific imagination of
the country — ideas pour in. I don't
mean crackpot ideas," he said.
The official cited several cost re-
duction areas in which the Air Force
Gemini X capsules will differ from
NASA Gemini versions over-de-
signed for possible lunar probes.
Among these were:
Fuel cells: Gemini X will require
fewer of the costly cells, which are
"not out of the woods yet by any
means."
Computer: "Very expensive" and
more than the return vehicle would
need.
Flight control: "Adaption of the
Mercury system might do just fine."
The general idea, he said, is to
"take out as much as possible" rather
than redesign.
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
17
As top contractors .
NAA, McDonnell Repeat at NASA
NORTH AMERICAN Aviation,
Inc., retained its ranking as NASA's
biggest industrial contractor during Fis-
cal 1963.
The firm, with prime contracts for
the command and service modules of
the Apollo spacecraft and part of the
Saturn V booster, received $525,806,-
000 in direct awards from the space
agency. Its total represented 23.2% of
NASA's business with industry in FY
'63.
McDonnell Aircraft Corp., with
contracts for the development of the
Mercury and Gemini capsules, also re-
tained its number two rating with total
awards of $193,052,000.
Aerojet-General Corp., with con-
tracts worth $160,483,000, and Doug-
las Aircraft Co., Inc., with $133,006,-
000, were third and fourth, respectively,
in the list of the agency's top 100
contractors.
One major switch saw the Boeing
Co. jump from 13th in FY '62 to sixth
in FY '63. The firm received $101,031,-
000, primarily because of its role as
prime contractor for the Saturn V.
Other highlights of NASA's annual
procurement report for FY '63 include:
- — In net value of awards, cost-plus-
fixed-fee contracts accounted for 77%
of NASA's total awards. Seventy per-
cent of such contracts received a profit
fee ranging from 6 to 6.99% . Twenty-
three percent received profits running
from 7 to 7.99% .
— California was again the leading
state sharing in NASA procurement
with total awards of $1,099,000,000.
The second ranking state, Missouri, re-
ceived only $197 million.
NASA LIST OF FY 1963 100 TOP PRIME CONTRACTORS
CONTRACTOR
M
IKI cv
1962
MPT V At 1 IF
mc 1 VMLVC
OF AWARDS
(■UN 1 KAIIUK
P AM <
1 M C V
MET w A 1 lip
I1CI VALUE
np awadhc
n c n r"i I I A o c
rtKL-EPII ur
AWAcnc Tfl
A.IICJMFC.C
DU9II1C39
nt nm i a dc
rtKC.cN! Ur
A uu A D nc in
An AKU J IU
BIICIMCCC
TOTAL AWARDS TO BUSINESS
Z"> oai Ann
5 1, ZO 1 ,OUU
inn n
_
barren Corp.
***
i'777
.
Packard Bell Electronics Corp.
7 7 i\
n 1
'"■
North American Aviation, Inc.
525,006
s s
Swenson, Carl N. Co.
n 1
0.1
2.
McDonnell Aircraft Corp.
1 93 052
™
SA
American Telephone & Tele-
3.
Aerojet-General Corp.
4
1 60,4 83
graph Co.
J* ■
4-
Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc.
1 1 ^ nn a
__
Calumet & necla, Inc.
OA07
General Dynamics Corp.
1 0?'o3 ?
J A
Pearce & Gresham Co.
***
OA7T
ni
6.
Boeing Company
r,
1 3
4 5
59
Ball Bros. Research Corp.
39
2 593
0 1
7.
Chrysler Corp.
6
75',4 1 6
3!3
6o]
Thompson- Ramo-Wooldndgr?
General Electric Co.
a!
9.'
United Aircraft Co.
5
48^879
2'2
61.
Control Data Corp.
2^457
10.
Grumman Aircraft Engineering
62.
Piracc! Construction Co. Inc.
2,422
0.1
Corp.
9
48,197
2.1
63.
Doyle & Russell Inc.
45
2,273
0.1
1 1.
Radio Corporation of America
1 1
42,169
1 .9
64.
Noble Co.
95
2,227
0.1
12.
International Business Ma-
65.
Vitro Corp of America
50
2,187
0.1
chines Corp.
15
36,135
1.6
66.
Kaiser Engineers
2,144
0.1
13.
Bendix Corp.
12
32,517
1.4
67.
Electronic Associates, Inc.
69
2,045
0.1
14.
Space Technology Labora-
68.
Northrop Corp.
63
1,958
0.1
tories, Inc.
14
32,510
1 .4
69.
Western Electric Inc.
19
1,930
0.1
15.
Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc.
8
26,722
1.2
70.
Sverdrup & Parcel & Associ-
16.
Brown Engineering Company
16
24,104
1.1
ates, Inc.
53
1,928
0.1
17.
Lockheed Aircraft Corp.
21
23,656
1.0
71.
Canoga Electronics Corp.
1,897
0.1
18.
Hughes Aircraft Co.
18
18,317
0.8
72.
Consolidated Electrodynamics
19.
Mason-Rust
62
16,406
0.7
Corp.
73
1,764
0.1
20.
Hayes International Corp.
17
15,433
0.7
73.
Spacecraft, Inc.
1,762
0.1
21.
Philco Corp.
26
14,864
0.7
74.
Wyle Laboratories
*+»
1,696
0.1
22.
Union Carbide Corp.
25
12,747
0.6
75.
Scientific Data Systems
1,639
'V Oil, ,
23.
Lear-Siegler, Inc.
1 1,582
0.5
76.
American Machine & Foundry
24.
General Motors Corp.
59
10,170
0.4
Co.
1,617
0.1
25.
Republic Aviation Corp.
20
9,273
0.4
77.
Beech Aircraft Corp.
1,586
0.1
26.
Universal Marion Corp.
8,999
0.4
78.
Consolidated Systems Corp.
48
1,520
0.1
27.
Martin Marietta Corp.
47
7,173
0.3
79.
Textron, Inc.
1,504
0.1
28.
Raytheon Co.
7,141
0.3
80.
Management Services Inc.
43
1,496
0.1
29.
Norair Engineering Corp.
100
7,072
0.3
81.
Rohr Corp.
71
1,473
0.1
30.
Electro-Mechanical Research,
82.
Space-General Corp.
83
1,448
0.1
79
6,821
0.3
83.
Electronic Communications
31.
Bellcomm Inc.
6,355
0.3
Inc.
1,440
0.1
32.
Fairchild Stratos Corp.
6,241
0.3
84.
Electro-Optical Systems, Inc.
87
1,397
0.1
33.
Catalytic Construction Co.
5,850
0.3
85.
Textron Electronics Inc.
1,336
0.1
34.
Kollsman Instrument Corp.
70
5,061
0.2
86.
Pacific Gas & Electric Co.
1,320
0.1
35.
Radiation Inc.
37
4,874
0.2
87.
Federal Service Inc.
1,320
0.1
36.
Collins Radio Company
31
4,599
0.2
88.
Ryan Aeronautical Co.
1,303
0.1
37.
Federal Mogul Bower Bear-
89.
International Telephone &
ings, Inc.
46
4,281
0.2
Telegraph Corp.
40
1,302
0.1
38.
Air Products & Chemicals Inc.
35
3,893
0.2
90.
Progressive Welder &
39.
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
34
3,820
0.2
Machine Co.
58
1,266
, 0.1 , ,t
40.
Ampex Corp.
44
3,765
0.2
91.
Computer Control Corp.
1,253
0.1
41.
Avco Corp.
57
3 700
0.2
92.
Bechtel Corp.
78
1,249
0.1
42.
Thiokol Chemical Corp.
88
3,690
0.2
93.
Alco Products Inc.
1,243
0.1
43.
Telecomputing Corp.
82
3,632
0.2
94.
Schrimsher J. T. Construction
44.
Sullivan Long & Hagerty
3,515
0.2
Co.
66
1,243
0.1
45.
Documentation Inc.
67
3,416
0.2
95.
California Computer Products
46.
Spaco Inc.
56
3,374
0.1
Inc.
92
1,230
0.1
47.
Sperry Rand Corp.
41
3,210
0.1
96.
Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co.
84
1,186
0.1
48.
Minneapolis-Honeywell Reg-
97.
Gulton Industries Inc.
98
1,174
0.1
ulator Co.
23
3,175
0.1
98.
Quiller Construction Co., Inc.
1,164
0.1
49.
Bell Aerospace Corp.
3,096
0.1
99.
McDonough Construction Co.
1,151
0.1
50.
Motorola Inc.
22
3,057
0.1
100.
Geophysics Corp of America
68
1,148
0.1
51.
Roediger Construction Inc.
3,000
0.1
Other
281,927
1 1.5
52.
Algernon Blair, Inc.
52
2,952
0.1
18
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
Debate on landing timing . . .
NASA Near Decision on Whether
To Impact or Fly By Mars in '66
by Heather M. David
NASA OFFICIALS will announce
a decision next month on whether the
Mariner B spacecraft will impact or
fly by Mars in 1966.
Back of the decision is some heavy-
weight wrestling among space biology
experts and hardware engineers on the
proper timing of a Mars landing. All,
however, now agree that this planet is
the major goal of the search for extra-
terrestrial life, since temperature read-
ings of Mariner II have virtually ruled
out Venus.
These are the factors now under
discussion:
— Will it be possible to land a
Mariner payload of any scientific sig-
nificance on Mars in view of the now
generally accepted estimate of the at-
mospheric pressure as about 10-20 milli-
bars?
— Is it sure enough at this time
that techniques of sterilization will pre-
vent contamination of the planet?
— Should the payload consist of in-
struments to make physical measure-
ments or should it be a biological ex-
periment to determine whether life
exists?
• Atmosphere — The announcement
by Dr. Gerard Kuiper of the University
of Arizona of the 10-millibar density
of the Mars atmosphere confirms work
done about two years ago by Kaplan,
Spinrad and Muench of the Mt. Palo-
mar Observatory.
While much of the theoretical work
regarding possible types of life on Mars
has been done with the assumption of
an atmosphere with about 80 millibars'
pressure, NASA biologists say the re-
vision does not affect their thinking on
this score.
However, the problem of landing
a spacecraft with usable instruments
is a real one. Much of the weight al-
lotted to experiments must now be used
for retrorockets. Apart from making
the choice of experiments more diffi-
cult, some biologists at a recent Space
Biology workshop conference at the
University of Rochester fear that retro-
rockets might either chemically pollute
or scorch the area around the landing
site and render it useless for biological
experimentation.
• Choice of experiments — One of
the decisions NASA must make next
month is whether a biological experi-
ment should be included in the first
Mars lander. Space biologists generally
are pressing for this — although there
are substantial drawbacks.
If the Mariner is not sent into orbit
around the planet, a landing package
will have a limited time — perhaps an
hour — to gather data and transmit it
to the satellite as it passes the planet.
It may be difficult to detect the presence
of life in this time.
If the first experiment fails to pro-
WOLFTRAP draws soil samples into chamber and culture tubes.
duce results, it may damage the whole
program from a political point of view.
A positive answer, however, would
greatly enhance the idea ventured by
many biologists (M/R, Jan. 6, 1964)
that a major probe of Mars should get
top national priority. As it now stands,
there are no funds for a Voyager or
modified Mariner flight in 1969 in the
FY '65 budget.
According to NASA exobiologists,
these experiments might be ready for
Mariner B in 1966:
• Gulliver — Termed the experiment
nearest being ready for flight, Gulli-
ver employs three "sticky strings"
which are shot out by bullets, then
reeled back, hopefully drawing samples
of Martian soil and microorganisms.
This material is put into a radioisotopi-
cally-tagged culture medium — which in-
cidentally contains nutrient for both L
and D (mirror image) amino acids. A
radiation counter then is used to detect
metabolic products.
Dr. Gilbert V. Levin and Dr. Nor-
man Horwitz, developers of the con-
cept, told the Space Biology conference
that there is some chance the nutrient
could be dropped directly on the sand
rather than bringing the sand to the
chamber. This would simplify the sys-
tem considerably.
• Multivator — This instrument,
which determines
the presence of
phosphatase, now
measures about
10 in. long and
2 in. in diameter
and weighs one
pound. Measure-
ment of fluores-
cence— indicating
the presence of
phosphatase — is
made by a photo-
multiplier tube
and transmitted
back to Earth.
The multiva-
tor could give an
almost instantane-
ous readout of the
presence of phos-
phatase— essential in living systems for
energy transport — and the instrument
is considered well along in development.
Dr. Joshua Lederberg heads a team of
developers at Stanford University.
• Wolftrap — The device named for
its inventor. Professor Wolf Vishniac of
the University of Rochester, measures
growth by change in acidity and turbi-
dity of the media (see photo). The
entire instrument has now been reduced
in size to little more than the size of a
book of matches. It is in breadboard
stage and could be ready by 1966,
NASA says. ■
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
21
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reactor systems for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Respon-
sibilities of the company include the entire SNAP 10A and
SNAP 2 systems, as well as the reactor for SNAP 8. These power
sources are designed to generate from 500 to 35,000 watts of
electricity for a one-year period of unattended operation in
space. Already several A.I. SNAP reactors have successfully
passed their initial ground operating tests.
For the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, A.I. is
studying the uses of compact nuclear power sources on the
moon. To be determined: what design modifications would fit
SNAP 2 and SNAP 10A for powering instruments and com-
munications equipment on the lunar surface? Also, how could
SNAP 8 be adapted to the power needs of a manned lunar
base? SNAP applications might include lunar communications
stations capable of operating for long periods unattended . . .
perhaps a manned lunar experimental laboratory or astro-
nomical observatory.
If you are interested in these and other rewarding challenges
of space, the time for action is now. Opportunities now avail-
able in Atomics International's SNAP programs and other
advanced nuclear work include the following:
SYSTEMS & CONTROL ANALYSIS — Analysis and simulation of
complete nuclear power plants to develop reliable, automatic con-
trol and instrument systems to analyze reactor kinetics, dynamics,
stability, thermal characteristics and reliability.
STRESS ANALYSIS — Provide stress analysis of compact nuclear
power plants for space applications including review of all designs
with respect to stresses resulting from thermogradients; transients,
static loadings, vibrational and shock loadings.
COMPONENT TESTING — Analysis of liquid metal heat transfer
components in the SNAP 2/1 OA systems. Calculations involve
knowledge of fluid flow, heat transfer, stress analysis and basic
electrical engineering.
ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING — Plan and provide instrumentation
for environmental tests of SNAP components and systems primarily
for shock, vibration, acceleration, static loading and acoustics.
STRUCTURES — Analyze, investigate and physically test SNAP 2
radiator condensers and test fixtures to determine structural charac-
teristics for launch loads, aerodynamic heating, shock and vibration.
DESIGN — Design high temperature, high reliability nuclear
reactor auxiliary systems. Skills required in mechanical design,
stress analysis and heat transfer.
Contact: Mr. H. A. Leighton
Personnel Office, Atomics International
8900 De Soto Ave.
Canoga Park, California
Manned moon base Illustrated at(l) would receive Its power from SNAP reactor
(2) beneath lunar surface. (3) shows power conversion units; (4) Is radiator to
dispose of excess heat. Roving electrical vehicle (5) would use SNAP power to
charge Its batteries.
All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin.
ATOMICS INTERNATIONAL
DIVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION
Technical Countdown
ELECTRONICS
Japanese Comm. Facility Nears Completion
The new Kashima, Japan, research station for the Radio
Research Laboratories, designed particularly for studies of
space communications, will be completed within the next
few months. The station's principal antenna is a 30-meter-
dia. paraboloidal reflector employing a Cassegrain feed.
Operating frequencies will be: 1,725 mc, (transmit); 4,170
mc, (receive); and 4,080 mc and 136 mc, (tracking). In-
stallation of a wideband transmitter, a communications re-
ceiver employing a liquid Nj-cooled parametric amplifier,
and a tracking receiver will complete the facility, according
to Nippon Electric Co., prime contractor for the station.
The system already has been used for beacon tracking of
Relay, Telstar II and Tiros satellites.
System Detects, Recognizes Geometric Shapes
Advances in the development of optical spatial filtering
techniques may lead to early development of a practical
automatic reading or translating machine. Under the joint
sponsorship of the Army Electronics Command and the
Air Force Avionics Laboratory, scientists at the University
of Michigan Institute of Science and Technology have de-
vised a complex filter capable of employing both phase and
amplitude information without the use of auxiliary phase
filters. Outputs are recorded directly on ordinary photo-
graphic film. No scanning is required. The experimental sys-
tem includes a conventional coherent optical processing sys-
tem, interferometers, and a gas-laser light source.
SPACE MEDICINE
Martin Apollo 'Flights' Require 28 Days
Four complete simulations of the Apollo lunar landing
mission using a Lunar Excursion Module will be conducted
this month at the Martin Co.'s Baltimore facility for the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Twelve Air
Force Aerospace Research Pilot School graduates will partici-
pate in the human-reliability studies in crews of three. Each
simulation will take seven days and use a full-size Command
Module and a simulated LEM crew compartment.
Infrasonic Dynamic Pressure Chamber Ordered
The latest simulation chamber to be built at the Aero-
space Medical Research Laboratories at Wright-Patterson
AFB will be a dynamic pressure chamber with a noise-
generating capability equivalent to that produced by multi-
million-pound-thrust rocket engines. This will mark the
first human tests of infrasonic noise of this magnitude
(1 to 30 cps). Air Force researchers will try to determine
human safety limits and tolerances. MB Electronics, a divi-
sion of Textron Electronics, Inc., will design and build the
chamber.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
NOL Develops Sendust Sheet
A process for forming the brittle magnetic alloy of
silicon, aluminum and iron — Sendust — into sheet form has
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
been perfected by the Magnetism and Metallurgy Division
of the Naval Ordnance Lab, White Oak, Md. The metal
powder-rolling technique results in improved room tempera-
ture ductility. The lab reports an immediate interest in ap-
plications as recording and playback magnetic tape heads.
The processed Sendust has a lifetime 100 times that of cur-
rent materials. There are also applications in audio and
pulse transformers because of the alloy's low losses at high
frequencies.
Two-Phase Flow Choking Analyzed at NBS
Idealized design solutions for problems of choking two-
phase fluid flow have been proposed by the National Bureau
of Standards. R. V. Smith of the NBS cryogenic engineering
lab studied hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and refrigerants
and produced design recommendations in graphic form.
Choking two-phase flow is defined as a Mach 1 condition of
a liquid-gas mixture at the discharge of a constant area
device or in a flow restriction in a system such that further
reduction of downstream pressure will not increase the mass
rate of flow. The data is available from the Superintendent
of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing-
ton, D.C. 20402 for $.75 under the title of NBS Technical
Note 179 (Aug. 3, 1963).
Prototype Ti Component Lab Set
An engineering laboratory aimed at providing low-cost
prototype titanium parts to speed development of new
markets for the metal will be established in Monroe Town-
ship, N.J., by Titanium Metals Corp. of America. The lab
will also conduct specialized investigations into the behavior
of titanium under specific circumstances as requested by
TMCA customers. The lab will concern itself only with
limited size and low-quantity production parts, while TMCA
will continue to recommend qualified fabricators for large
production quantities of titanium parts. Missile and space
applications took almost a third of the 12.3 million lbs. of
titanium mill product shipments in 1963 — by far the largest
single customer area.
Silicone Shields F8U-2U from Sidewinder Exhaust
A spray-on coating of Dow Coming's 2-0103 protects
the fuselages of the Navy's Crusader aircraft from the
erosive exhaust gases of the Sidewinder missile it fires. The
silicone rubber coating lasts through repeated launchings —
up to 40 — depending on conditions. More than 65 materials
were evaluated by the Navy before the problem was solved.
PROPULSION
Polaris Ejection Rocket in Production
The small solid rocket developed by Hercules Powder
Co. at its Allegany Ballistics Lab for the new Polaris missile
ejection system is now in production at the firm's Kenvil,
N.J., plant. The motor is mounted on the side of the Polaris
launching tubes. Polaris launch power is provided by passing
the hot exhaust gases of the motor through a water chamber,
generating steam. The motor has a designed burning rate
that provides an increasing volume of exhaust as the Polaris
is forced up the launching tube. The system eliminates the
complex valving and plumbing in the current compressed
air ejection method.
23
management
Incentives Marked by Profit Formulas
Renegotiation Board not bound by DOD equations, but they
are accepted as valid guidelines for justifying profits
by William Beller
COMPANIES EARNING profits on
missile/space contracts with wide-rang-
ing incentive fees may have to give back
part of the money under a Renegotiation
Board "no formula for profits" criterion.
It is very likely, however, that the
documentation required by the Dept. of
Defense to support the award of a large
profit to a company will also help sup-
port that company's right to it in the
eyes of the Board.
This is the feeling expressed in Mis-
siles and Rockets' interviews held last
week with Lawrence E. Hartwig, Rene-
gotiation Board chairman, and Graeme
C. Bannerman, Deputy Assistant Secre-
tary of Defense (Procurement).
Asked if the Board went along with
DOD's method of awarding profits on a
formula basis — such as the one used on
the Space Technology Laboratories con-
tract for the nuclear detection satellite
program, formerly Vela Hotel — Hartwig
said "Congress instructed us to get away
from formula renegotiation, and to
apply judgment in each case. Where you
have an act of such broad discretion as
the Renegotiation Act, you cannot have
certainty, as with a fixed formula."
Hartwig explained that with a for-
mula rate of return, there would be no
consistent rewards for companies oper-
ating efficiently or at low cost, no matter
how ingeniously the rates were set. He
pointed out, at the same time, that the
Board does not examine single contracts,
but looks over a company's entire con-
tracts for the fiscal year.
"Ours is a fact-finding board looking
for evidence of company efficiency and
reasonableness of cost," said Hartwig.
"Incentive is one of the keystones of the
Act and is why the act is so broadly
stated."
"Incentive" is also vital in DOD
thinking. Bannerman said that DOD and
the Renegotiation Board have been
working very closely together for the
past year, a fact confirmed by Hartwig.
• Renegotiation up, profits down —
Since 1956, the total value of the con-
tracts in the Renegotiation Board's back-
log has steadily increased. At the same
time, industry's profit rate, measured as
a percentage of costs, has steadily de-
creased except for one two-year period
when it remained constant. In 1956, for
instance, the Renegotiation Board was
processing $25 billion worth of contracts
and the rate of profit was 6.1%; by
1962, the profit rate had dropped to
3.1%, and by 1963, the profit rate had
dropped to 2.9% on a total of $31 bil-
lion worth of contracts.
These figures do not necessarily re-
flect the profit picture or the value of
contracts open for renegotiation for any
given year; the volume of the Board's
work has put the agency between one
and five years behind.
It is estimated that DOD spends be-
tween 75 and 80% of this money. The
rest is spread between the Atomic
Energy Commission, NASA, and to
some extent the Federal Aviation
Agency.
Practically all the business done by
the Defense Dept. is subject to renego-
tiation. There are two main exceptions:
1) if a company does not have over $1
million in billing in the fiscal year; and
2) in the sale of standard commercial
articles, which can be purchased on a
price-competitive basis.
• Board not a bogey man — Banner-
man said that companies probably are
worrying too much about the possibility
of the Renegotiation Board's taking
some of the profits earned on an incen-
tive contract. He stressed that the factors
that yield a good profit for a company
operating under an incentive contract
are the same factors that the Board
considers as a justification for earning
such a profit; high risk-taking on the
part of the company, good cost control,
timely completion of the project and
good performance of the hardware.
Bannerman pointed out that under
incentive contracting, DOD actually as-
sists the contractor with a well-docu-
mented record as to why he got his
profit, which record can be presented to
the Board. Incidentally, these data also
help DOD get the performance records
it needs in evaluating contractor per-
formance.
"I see no conflict with what we are
doing and with what the Renegotiation
Board is set up to do; in fact, we com-
plement one another," Bannerman told
M/R.
He stressed, though, that such con-
tracting by no stretch of the imagination
means that the Renegotiation Board has
abdicated in the field of incentive con-
tracts.
He added that inventiveness, innova-
tion and initiative are to be encouraged
on the part of the contractor, and will
produce correspondingly high profits.
© Incentive formula — In incentive
contracting, the cost-plus-incentive-fee
works as follows : The total cost estimate
may be $1,000. The total fee may be
$70 or 7%. There will be an incentive
swing from 0 to 14%. Thus, the con-
tractor will find that if the cost rises to
$1,500 as a maximum, for instance, he
gets no fee, and if it is $500, say, he gets
$140 profit.
On a fixed-price incentive, the gov-
ernment would share in good perform-
ance. It may be on an 80% -20% basis,
wherein the government would get 80%
of the cost savings and the contractor
would get 20% — or any other relation-
ship, depending upon the extent of risk
the contractor takes.
• Money-making machine — As con-
tractors gain experience with incentive
contracting, they grow more enthusiastic
about supporting this type of relation-
ship with the government, according to
Bannerman. This was borne out by a
spokesman for Space Technology Lab-
oratories— holder of the first DOD in-
24
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
i m
N T I "V
ERROR
EARLY DEMONSTRATION
of 1st satellite
1. SEPARATE/AGENA 2. SPIN 3. SEPARATE S/C 4. INJECT
* LIFE
BRIEF IDEA OF THE GAME
INCENTIVE is a game for two players, the GOVERNMENT and a CONTRACTOR. The
government starts out with all the MONEY. OBJECT of the game is for the contractor to
take as much MONEY away from the government as possible.
centive contract for a major space sys-
tem— who enthusiastically told M/R
that each of its two satellites in orbit will
soon be earning a penny a mile, thereby
transforming them into money-making
machines.
This profit, of course, is the result
of STL's successful organizing of 50
subcontractors and suppliers, working
with eight participating Federal agen-
cies. The program effected one million
man-hours of research, development, de-
sign, fabricating, integrating and testing,
and, this October, launched a pair of
satellites that are operating so success-
fully that subsequent launches may not
be needed.
The Advanced Research Projects
Agency, contracting office for the nu-
clear detection satellites, possibly could
save the Air Force several million dol-
lars by shortening the program and at
the same time get the same results called
for by the original five-launch program.
It is surmised that this reasoning lies be-
hind the delay in orbiting the second
pair of nuclear detection satellites.
• Reflects government needs — In-
centive contracting forces government
officials awarding such contracts to
examine them very carefully to see if
the government's needs are adequately
given in terms of penalties and bonuses.
If, for example, a development is to be
completed between 32 and 36 months,
but the exact time within this span is not
too important, light penalties can be
assigned as the period approaches 36
months. However, if failure to finish
the contract by the end of 36 months
might be costly to the government,
heavy penalties could begin with every
day following the 36th month. Bonus
and penalty techniques for forcing com-
panies to adhere to government objec-
tives are presently being worked out.
Bannerman said inter-relationships
of profits probably will be introduced
by attaching multipliers of less than one
to each of the profit factors. For ex-
ample, if the three profit-making factors
in an incentive contract are perform-
ance, time and cost, and if the contract
is not being finished on time, then a
contractor, besides losing some of his
profit on the time factor, would also be
assigned multipliers to performance and
cost, thereby making it unprofitable for
the contractor to ignore one factor in
favor of another. B
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
25
missile propulsion
Honeycomb Propellant
Matrix Could Permit
Solid, Liquid 'Mating'
SRI experiments, under ARPA-funded Hexcel contract,
spark industry studies, but firms lack enthusiasm
Berkeley, Calif. — Experimental
firings at Stanford Research Institute
have led to further work in industry to
investigate feasibility of a honeycomb
propellant matrix concept that would
permit high-energy liquids, cured to a
viscous state, to be packaged into "solid"
motor grains.
Researchers believe the concept,
originated by Wells A. Webb at Hexcel
Products, Inc., may offer the possibility
of designing strong propellant grains
that have the advantages of both liquid
and solid systems without certain dis-
advantages. Preliminary Hexcel investi-
gations in 1959 led to $240,000 in fund-
ing from the Advanced Research Proj-
ects Agency.
The investigations have been aimed
at showing that appropriate foil gage
metal honeycomb can contain compati-
ble or non-compatible propellants in
solid or gel form in various cellular
sizes and structural arrangements, and
that combustible honeycomb can rein-
force high-energy propellant grains with
or without increased burning rates.
Non-compatible propellants are iso-
lated in separate cells and the cells
sealed to produce an end-burning grain.
Mixing and combustion occur as the
honeycomb burns away.
The honeycomb can also be ar-
ranged for burning in the across-cell
ARTISTS CONCEPTION of a cutaway
experimental honeycomb propellant matrix.
direction where the flame front proceeds
at right angles, burning through the
cell walls.
SRI, which performed all propellant
formulation and testing in the honey-
comb propellant matrix (HPM) work
under subcontract to Hexcel, conducted
more than 80 experimental firings.
Motors tested were 2-in. and 5-in. dia.
and used aluminum honeycomb cells up
to 0.25 in. across. Wall thicknesses
ranged up to 5 mils. SRI's propulsion
sciences division reported that firings
yielded 87% -90% combustion effi-
ciency.
Hexcel, not seeking to enter the
rocket motor field itself, interested other
firms and organizations in the research,
including Lockheed Propulsion Co.,
Thiokol Chemical Co., United Tech-
nology Center, Hercules Powder Co.,
and Picatinney Arsenal. The concept
has "shown some good-looking possi-
bilities, but when they will be realized,
or whether, remains to be seen," says
one industry spokesman.
• Early test results — Initial investi-
gations have shown that the honeycomb
will not only contain viscous propel-
lants without slump for long periods
of time, but that it will permit smooth
burning of the laminar-type grain that
is formed by the array of honeycomb
cells.
In the SRI work, thickened high-
energy liquids were packaged in HPM
structures that provided a unit with
the configuration, case, and nozzle of a
solid rocket. Various fuel-oxidizer con-
figurations were tried with experimental
success.
In initial experiments, a high-
energy propellant selected for research
purposes was cast in individual honey-
comb cells and cured to a rubbery con-
sistency. But it tended to shrink and
pull away from the walls or distort the
cells.
To alleviate this, SRI cured the
same propellant only partially, to a
fairly hard gelled but viscous state. In
this state, changes in propellant volume
were accommodated by fluid movement
only in the cell axis direction, permitting
the propellant to maintain contact with
the cell wall and prevent the flame from
entering the interior portions of the
grain.
As heat was transmitted along cell
walls, it was found, the propellant ad-
jacent to the walls ignited sooner than
propellant farther away, producing a
pyramid-shaped surface within each
cell, thus increasing the burning surface
and burning rate.
Control of the increase in burning
rate was achieved by selecting honey-
comb materials of appropriate thickness
26
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
RF space envelope... 40 million cubic miles
This vast space environment— illuminated
by hundreds of ground or airborne radars
—can be created at will with a Reflectone
simulator for SAC ground training.
Reflectone is producing Electronic
Warfare simulators for the entire B-52
aircraft series. Each is equipped with a
signal generator system which generates
the complex illuminations in a 40-million-
cubic-mile space envelope.
This RF space envelope is militarily
REFLECTON
®
applicable for years to come. It can be
"placed" anywhere in the world to simu-
late virtually any environment which a
mission might encounter under actual
conditions. For example, in the morning
the system might be used for continental
U. S. training. The same afternoon, it
could be programmed for a ready crew's
strike assignment anywhere in the world.
Reflectone's signal generator system
has been developed and proved in simu-
lators for the B52B, F, G and H. For use
in new aircraft configurations, this sys-
tem would require development of only
the student's mock-up station. Thus,
through use of this advanced system, Re-
flectone can reduce development costs,
insure reliability, and speed delivery-
providing complex mission simulation
well in advance of operational systems.
For further information on our capa-
bilities, write Dept. MR-8.
A SUBSIDIARY OF
UNIVERSAL MATCH CORPORATION
REFLECTONE ELECTRONICS, INC. • STAMFORD, CONNECTICUT
UMC'S GOVERNMENT PRODUCTS GROUP CONSISTS OF UNIDYNAMICS, A DIVISION, AND REFLECTONE ELECTRON ICS, INC., A SUBSIDIARY.
Circle No. 10 on Subscriber Service Card
years,
what?
Perhaps the best way to look 50 years into the
future of flight is to look back fifty years.
When the Wright Brothers achieved powered flight
on Kill Devil Hill, did anyone expect to see super-
sonic aircraft? Aircraft carriers? Helicopters and
hovercraft ?
On July 20 of last year, United Technology Center
fired a solid propellant rocket motor which devel-
oped over a million pounds of thrust— two and one
half times the power needed to send astronaut
Cooper into a 23-orbit flight last year. Where will
this development lead in 50 years? Interplanetary
freight lines? Space spas? Shipping fleets of rocket
propelled craft?
One thing is certain : this country must continue to
move out into space. Interplanetary exploration
will soon provide the same opportunities that once
took bold men across oceans and into new-found
continents. In fact, space power may ultimately
decide the fate of nations.
United Technology Center is among the leaders in
research, development and production of the wide
range of propulsion systems that will bring the
space age to maturity. Concentrating its efforts on
liquid, hybrid, and solid propellant rocket motors,
UTC has demonstrated a capability ranging from
giant first-stage "booster" motors to tiny retro-
rockets and guidance motors for lunar landings.
UTC has contributed to a number of major de-
velopments in the field of space technology : the
"building block" concept of segmented solid rock-
ets ; liquid rocket engine throttleability ; the first
fiberglass-filament-wound segmented solid propel-
lant motor; hybrid engines that combine the ad-
vantages of both liquids and solids for start, stop,
and re-start capability; thrust vector control of
solid boosters; "space storable" fuels for liquid
motors; and the successful firing of the first solid
propellant rocket motor to develop more than a
million pounds of thrust.
Two factors work together to make such accom-
plishments possible at UTC: the kind of people
we have, and the tools we furnish them.
UTC is managed by a team of men who combine
the roles of scientist and businessman. These men
have a depth of experience and knowledge in rocket
propulsion technology ; their technical and adminis-.
trative skills have already been demonstrated dur-
ing exceptional careers both in defense programs
and in private industry. Using the project manage-
ment concept for complex programs in research
and production, the individual project teams have
at their disposal any technical capability within
the company which is necessary to support a par-
ticular program.
To carry out these individual and combined efforts,
UTC has made major investments in the future of
space. A complex of company-owned facilities —
designed expressly for the tasks at hand — has been
established near Coyote, California, 25 miles south-
east of the research, engineering and administra-
tive headquarters at Sunnyvale. This huge Devel-
opment Center is a completely integrated "factory"
for developing, testing, and processing solid, liquid,
and hybrid propellant engines. Facilities include
the world's largest vertical test bay for solid pro-
pellant rocket motors, which can handle static fir-
ings with up to four million pounds of thrust;
production facilities capable of producing filament-
wound motor casings up to 20 feet in diameter ; in-
ground ovens for casting and curing booster motors
and motor segments over 200 inches in diameter ;
and a new generation of materials-handling equip-
ment to process and move these mighty motors.
UTC's research and development programs are
concerned with the broad evaluation of scientific
phenomena as they relate to advanced propulsion
concepts. These programs reflect UTC's interest in
a broad spectrum of space propulsion activities:
advanced high performance propellant ingredients,
storable bipropellants, development of high-tem-
perature metals and structural materials for engine
systems, methods of ignition and thrust vector
control, basic research in hybrid combustion, the
response of materials and propellants to radiation
and space environments, and many others.
As a natural corollary to these fundamental studies,
UTC has accumulated "technical fallout" of great
potential value to industries not directly related
to space : high strength metals, chemical processing
techniques, specialized electronics systems for data
gathering, advanced techniques in plastic fabrica-
tion, plus a surprising number of new uses for
materials that have long been familiar to science
and industry.
United Technology Center's present position in the
rocket propulsion field is not a matter of chance.
As an operating division of United Aircraft Cor-
poration, it draws on a depth of technical, financial
and management resources accrued by the parent
company during four decades of flight propulsion
accomplishment.
Accelerated by the spur of national interests, the
rapid development of space technology in the United
States is inevitable. Through careful planning and
dedicated effort, UTC will continue to play an im-
portant role in that development.
United Technology Center
SUNNYVALE, CALIFORNIA
u
DIVISION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION
Circle No. 11 on Subscriber Service Card
TAPE COPY STATION FOR ATLANTIC MISSILE RANGE
Six 1.5-mc Mincom CM-100 Recorder/Reproducers form the backbone of an extremely complex tape
copy station delivered to the Atlantic Missile Range. This station makes possible for the first time
as many as five first-generation copies of prime data tapes in one operation. In addition to the six
CM-100's, it also includes two 600-kc Mincom G-100's, two degaussers, and an advanced monitor
alarm system policing forty-two 1.5-mc channels. The station is the result of Mincom's long experi-
ence with frequency responses of better than 1 mc— an outstanding reliability record sincel955.
mincom Division
2049 South Barrington Avenue, Los Angeles 25.
425 13th Street N. W., Washington 4, D. C.
Circle No. 12 on Subscriber Service Card
• O O O • ._
O o o •
HtJ- o o o o •
-•<& o o o -©■ o~_
Joocoo o .
-Cr o o o o :
C- O O C- o <v <
ABOVE: Section through closure of
a composite end-burning honeycomb-
structured grain with ports to selected
cells. LEFT: Edge-stabilized section
of fanwise expanded annular honey-
comb. RIGHT: Eighty experimental
firings with 2-in. and 5-in.-dia. motor
grains have proved potential feasibil-
ity of honeycomb propellant matrix.
and materials, metal or plastic. The
matrix may comprise only 3% of the
system weight. It does not add signifi-
cant combustion heat to the system.
The concept's originators believe
it could offer a means to produce
high-energy grains of great structural
strength for high-acceleration vehicles,
although appropriate centrifuge re-
search remains to be done.
• Lockheed sees potential — Indus-
try researchers so far do not seem
overly excited about the concept, be-
lieving it presents complications that
may outweigh advantages. Lockheed
Propulsion Co., however, which now
employs Webb, the originator, as a
senior technical specialist in its pro-
pellant application department, reports
that its own small-scale firings indicate
the concept may offer possibilities in
three areas:
— Separation of very-high-energy,
partially cured, liquids to achieve a
"solid" grain.
- — Use of materials, both solid and
liquid, of good performance but having
poor structural properties.
— Control of burning rates over a
wide range.
Problems involved in the approach
include:
— Filling the cells and later cell
leakage.
— Bonding of the honeycomb matrix
to the motor case. In some designs and
with some materials, there are prob-
lems of flashdown burning between the
propellant and honeycomb material.
Bonding within the honeycomb material
itself also presents problems.
— The honeycomb system can be
highly anisotropic in its burning charac-
teristics, behaving much the same as
wires in propellant.
• Enthusiasm is restrained — LPC,
which has only a modest exploratory
effort underway, reports it is less in-
terested in the structural properties of
HPM than in other possible advantages.
UTC reports HPM shows some
promise in a number of high-perform-
ance systems. The firm is looking at the
concept "in more than just liquid appli-
cations." However, effort to date has
not been on a large scale because re-
searchers feel the approach may be too
complicated.
SRI used a composite, double-base
propellant in a number of firings. In
firings designed to test the separation
qualities of the honeycomb matrix, a
fuel, cast as an irreversible gel, was
inserted into some cells. Oxidizer-rich
propellant was inserted into other cells.
Isolation of the two ingredients was
successful.
SRI conducted extensive experi-
mentation with the adjustment of both
the propellant viscosity and the cell
configuration. The experiments indi-
cated that changes of honeycomb con-
figuration were possible to allow for
use of either conventional fully-cured
solid propellants or propellants in a
semi-liquid state. The concept appears
applicable where propellants may be in-
compatible with curing agents.
• Configurations tested — The honey-
comb was tested in a variety of con-
figurations. Smooth burning resulted
from firing of end-burning grains and
two tubular grains. The honeycomb in
both grains was adapted in the shape
of a doughnut sandwiched between
outer layers of self-supporting oxidizer.
In one doughnut shape, the honey-
comb cells were parallel to the grain
cylinder axis. In the other approach,
the cells were oriented radially, perpen-
dicular to the grain axis.
The parallel-axis configuration pro-
duced fairly smooth burning. Burned
out inhibitor casings taken from motors
after firings showed nearly complete
utilization of the honeycomb. The re-
maining material amounted to less than
0.5% of the initial propellant weight.
SRI tried aluminum coated with
polyethylene, uncoated aluminum and
stainless steel as honeycomb material,
later using aluminum exclusively. ■
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
31
Data-Processing System
Aids Zeus Development
space electronics
by Michael Getler
U.S. ANTIMISSILE system design-
ers are being aided by a new digital
data-processing system now in full op-
eration at the Army's Nike-Zeus/
Nike-X test complex at Kwajalein Is-
land in the Pacific.
Designated the Model II Zeus De-
fense Center Tape and Buffer System
(ZDCTBS), the new installation is a
subsystem of the Zeus Acquisition
Radar Data-Processing net. It helps to
analyze the performance of the Nike-
Zeus Track Processor and its associated
Target Detector and Coordinate Con-
verter from the tape records of their
outputs.
In effect, introduction of the TBS
to the Acquisition Radar (AR) extends
operational analysis and simulation ca-
pabilities from an earlier single-target
processing system used with the Zeus
Target Track Radars (TTR's) into mul-
tiple-target environments associated
with the AR.
In the Zeus Defense Center concept,
the AR complex serves to initiate all
subsequent action. Targets detected at
relatively long ranges by the AR are
passed on to discrimination radars for
decoy /warhead sorting and then on to
the TTR's, which track single targets
for individual missile intercepters.
Whereas the earlier TBS systems dealt
with the single-target TTR problem
(M/R, Oct. 30, 1961, p. 29), use of
an advanced TBS unit with the AR —
where the number of targets at least
theoretically approaching several dozen
in number might have to be handled,
almost simultaneously — represents a
much more complex recording problem.
The ZDCTBS, located in the same
building as the AR transmitter and
receivers, takes data on-line via cable
connections, rather than on tape as in
earlier systems, from the AR special-
purpose computer, or Track Processor.
Data are recorded and then translated
by the TBS from the high-density Zeus
format into the standard IBM word
format for subsequent analysis or
simulation use through a general-pur-
pose IBM 704-type computer.
• Functions— The Model II TBS is
primarily a recording and analysis
mechanism for improving the tech-
niques of missile defense and scoring
the effectiveness of actual intercepts
being made against Atlas- and Titan-
boosted test vehicles in the continuing
round of Pacific test firings. The system
also serves an important secondary
function as a simulation device capable
of translating a standard computer-
format intercept program into a format
which looks as though it were generated
by an operational AR system. Along
these same lines, engineers report the
system has been very useful in setting
up the A-ICBM systems operation.
In addition to the primary analysis
and simulation modes of operation,
there are several other operator-se-
lected modes associated with on-line
systems test, checkout and display.
Since the ZDCTBS system must be
capable of taking a great deal of data
very rapidly — faster than it can be put
on magnetic tape for recording, the
system is designed with two coincident
current memories or buffers. Automatic
switching circuits channel data into the
second buffer after the first has been
fully loaded, allowing the contents of
the first buffer to be recorded while the
second is loading incoming information.
Included in the TBS inputs are such
parameters as target X, Y, and Z co-
ordinates, a time base, and assigned in-
dividual target track numbers.
Several special-purpose computers,
designed by Bell Telephone Labora-
tories, in the overall AR system are as-
sociated with the Track Processor, Co-
ordinate Converter (to polar coordi-
nates) and Target Detector. The TBS
provides links between all of these spe-
cial computers in addition to the link
with the General-Purpose IBM 704
computer used in the simulation and
analysis role.
The Model II ZDCTBS was de-
signed and built for the Army-Bell
Labs-Western Electric Co. Zeus team
by Radiation, Inc. The Melbourne,
Fla. -based firm has been building TBS
units for the Zeus program since 1959,
including equipments for the TTR, an
earlier version of the ZDCTBS, since
modified to Model II status, for the
White Sands test center, and most re-
cently, a system which now is operat-
ing with the Zeus Discrimination Radar
at Kwajalein. Total contractual value
of the firm's efforts in this area is esti-
mated at about $5 million.
• Future uncertain — The ZDCTBS
Kwajalein set-up has now reportedly
been in full operation for about six
months. Test firings of Zeus from White
Sands have been completed, and the pro-
gram will be continued at Kwajalein as
part of the Nike-X development effort
(M/R, Dec. 23, p. 9).
Though the TBS unit at Kwajalein
is now said to be probably the major
current means of collecting and evaluat-
ing A-ICBM performance against mul-
tiple-target threats, and though in-
formed sources say it is aiding develop-
ment plans for Nike-X system design,
the future use of these units in any
forthcoming Nike-X /Sprint develop-
ment site is not at all certain. Despite
on-line display and checkout capabil-
ities, use in operational sites would be
quite limited, project engineers say.
The ZDCTBS uses two Ampex
TM-2 digital tape handlers for record-
ing data from the track processor and
playing it back for conversion to IBM
format. The TM-2's are also used in
selecting data to be typed out for dis-
play by a Friden Flexowriter. The sys-
tem also has an Ampex FR-400 tape
handler used for recoding data for an-
alysis in IBM 704 format. These tapes,
or tapes generated by the 704, accord-
ing to Radiation, may be played back
on the FR-400 for entry into the track
processor or the flexowriter.
Search and type features of the TBS,
Radiation points out, provide typed
copy of the data stored on either the
TM-2 or FR-400 tapes. The Flexowriter
also produces a punched tape for mak-
ing copies of original data.
The Model II system is also re-
ported to have an expanded test and
checkout capability, including the abil-
ity to check out virtually the entire sys-
tem with the exception of certain com-
puter interfaces without the associated
computers in operation. The TBS also
contains the logic necessary to test the
computer modes of system operation.
Performance of the system during
operation can be checked from the
control center by parity error indi-
cators and data and control indicators.
Individual circuits can be monitored at
test points in the test panel. ■
32
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
Lockheed's new Research Center:
An advanced
aerospace complex
for the Southeast
Today, more than 3,000 Lockheed-Georgia employees are
scientists and engineers. And the number is constantly
increasing. To provide more modern facilities for their
important work, the company is building a multimillion-
dollar Research Center near the main plant in Marietta.
The first door will open this year. The entire facility will
be completed in 1965.
This new Lockheed-Georgia Center marks a major
milestone in the Southeast's continuing advance into the
space-nuclear-electronics age. Among the research and
development activities to be carried out in the modern
complex will be space studies, aerospace sciences, physics,
chemistry, metallurgy, nucleonics, mathematics, hyper-
sonic navigation, communications, and human factors.
The Research Center complements Lockheed-Georgia's
nuclear facilities at Dawsonville, Georgia, as well as addi-
tional research, development, and engineering operations
throughout the entire Lockheed-Georgia plant.
Lockheed-Georgia Company, Marietta, Georgia: a division of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
management
Titan lll-C Stage Zero'
Role Revamps UTC Structure
Firm has had to acquire skills not usually associated
with propulsion contractors; 40% of work subcontracted
by Robert Lindsey
Sunnyvale, Calif. — Motor design
is absorbing barely 40% of United
Technology Center's development effort
on the solid-propellant first stage for
Titan lll-C, emphasizing a significant
aspect of the program that could por-
tend further shifts in the traditional
division-of-labor structure within the
aerospace industry.
In a little noticed facet of the proj-
ect, the Air Force Titan ///-624A pro-
gram is the first in which a propulsion
company has developed an entire stage
for a major rocket system. The United
Aircraft Corp. division is responsible
not only for developing the 120-in.
solid motors for Titan III-C's "stage
zero," but also handles every aspect
of the stage except guidance — from
ground-support equipment to flight con-
trols.
As the first year of the development
program ended last month, company
officials told Missiles and Rockets
the new approach has made substantial
changes in the makeup of the company,
requiring acquisition of skills, resources
and other capabilities not traditionally
within the sphere of propulsion con-
tractors.
• Concept's advantages — Despite a
few problems, they said, the new ap-
proach is proving itself by eliminating
or reducing interface problems among
contractors, speeding up communica-
tions between engineering groups work-
ing on related subsystems, expediting a
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permits numerous configuration options to meet
custom design requirements.
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For filter requirements, consult Circle Seal's Microporous Filter Division
Circle No. 16 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
Task Force. Under Sperry systems management, 337 companies, including 18 major subcontractors,
share responsibility for the navigation of every Polaris-firing submarine. It was Navy's precept that the
nation's best talents be teamed for the job. □ Because the system must continuously and precisely provide
exact position information for launching the Polaris, our long experience in navigation
and inertial technology made Sperry a logical management choice. □ Among new tech-
nologies contributed to the program by Sperry were ultra-low drift gyroscopics, the SINS
inertial system, the advanced NAVDAC computer, and new processing techniques for a
sea of technical and management data. Vital to U.S. defenses, Polaris will serve other free division of
SPERRY RAND
world forces as well. SPERRY POLARIS, Sperry Gyroscope Co., Great Neck.NewYork. corporation
Circle No. 14 on Subscriber Service Card
Ill:
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ON
THE
FIRING
LINE
of the Big Birds at the Atlantic Missile Range
All the knowledge and experience of the Operations Engineers with Pan
Am's Guided Missiles Range Division at Cape Kennedy come into play in
the vital decision which starts at countdown -the decision to launch.
Whether ballistic missile, manned space vehicle, satellite or space probe,
these Engineers coordinate all of the range instrumentation systems from
countdown through to impact. This responsibility encompasses real-time
monitoring of the vehicle's performance in flight ... an exacting responsi-
bility shared by Pan Am Operations Engineers at down-range tracking sta-
tions and on the fleet of advanced range instrumentation ships.
For engineers who can make significant decisions while under pressure, and
who have 3-5 years experience in instrumentation systems employing radar,
telemetry, optics, infrared, and supporting data handling equipment, these
important positions are open at Pan Am: Superintendents of Range Opera-
tions (at Cape Kennedy) / Base Operations Managers (at down-range sta-
tions) / Ship Operations Managers (on board tracking vessels).
Address inquiries in confidence: Manager, Professional Employment, Dept. 56A-3.
Jjgfc, GUIDED MISSILES
RANGE DIVISION
PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS, INC.
P. 0. BOX 4465, PATRICK AIR FORCE BASE, FLORIDA
An equal opportunity employer
totally integrated design approach, and
giving management a more confident
hand.
Some evidence of the soundness of
the approach will be demonstrated Jan.
25 when the second full size, five-seg-
ment Titan III solid motor will be
tested at UTC's Coyote test facility
near here.
Essentially, the test motor will be
identical to that fired successfully last
July 20. The initial motor, however,
included several components made be-
fore the final design was firm. The up-
coming test will be of a full prototype.
Chief improvements include slight
changes in the grain configuration; the
secondary fluid injection thrust-vector-
control system will be complete; and
minor changes in the distribution of in-
sulation will be made.
In previous major missile and rocket
programs, propulsion contractors have
supplied only the basic engine. This
concept was perhaps an extension of
the division-of-labor approach of the
aircraft industry, where engines and
airframe are produced by different man-
ufacturers. UTC is developing both.
• Adjustments required — Dr. Dean
Rains, manager of the fluid and control
systems branch in the 624A program
for UTC, said the stage-manager ap-
proach poses many new challenges for
a solid propellant rocket maker, requir-
ing capabilities new to the propulsion
industry, including these:
— Vehicle integration, including in-
terface with other stages.
— Launch operations, including final
SECOND UTC-developed 120-in. motor
segment like this one will be fired Jan.
25. Firm's first test of such a segment last
July 20 was highly successful, but the
segment included several components made
before the final design was firm. Upcom-
ing test will be of a full prototype.
36
Circle No. 15 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
assembly, check-out and count-down.
— Structures.
— Thrust-vector-control systems.
— Vehicle electrical systems.
— Flight instrumentation.
— Ground-support equipment, in-
cluding mechanical and electrical sys-
tems for transport and assembly and
automatic checkout equipment.
— "Software," including training,
human factors analysis, logistics and
maintainability.
One statistic clearly indicates the
impact of the approach: Of some 500
UTC engineers on the program, less
than 200 are dealing with the motor;
the rest are working in the so-called
"new" areas.
Rains said UTC has employed a nu-
cleus of engineers assembled when the
company was born to direct its entry
into non-motor areas. Most of the spe-
cialists who contributed to UTC's pro-
posal in the 120-in. competition now
direct groups assigned to engineering
of these areas.
He added, however, that UTC is
relying heavily on the engineering forces
of program subcontractors. Much of
UTC's engineering role is monitoring
subcontractors; a surveillance approach
is eased by the program's heavy state-
of-the-art emphasis and extensive "pre-
engineering" during the program-defini-
tion phase of the program, plus heavy
emphasis on quality control and re-
liability testing by UTC.
In some cases, components are a
design collaboration of UTC and the
subcontractor. Others are designed by
the subs, while still others are UTC de-
signed and made by subcontractors to
its specifications (See box).
• Big slice subcontracted — UTC
says it is subcontracting approximately
40% of its funding in the 624A pro-
gram. This means subs will share
roughly $70 million for the motor-de-
velopment phase, which runs through
the third quarter of 1966.
Asked to describe problems gen-
erated by the company's assignment as
a stage-management contractor, Rains
said integration of all aspects of the
effort into direct management lines was
initially a problem but this has long
since been solved.
"The area in which we had to learn
the most was vehicle integration . . .
how to operate with interfaces. We had
very few experiences we could draw
upon. In vehicle checkout and launch
base operations we've also had to start
from scratch."
Also, he said, the company didn't
realize initially the extensive commit-
ment that would be necessary in such
fields as human factors, training, lo-
gistics and maintainability.
• Interface obstacles cut — Reduc-
about TELEDYNE® and TELEFLIGHT8 pressure systems
Taber Transducers are Martin choice to
pick up engine data during Titan flights
Operating as components of a Martin Co. Instrumentation System, Taber
TELEFLIGHT® Bonded Strain Gage Pressure Transducers gather im-
portant engine performance data during flights of the Air Force's Titan I
ICBM. The 0-750 psia Taber Transducer, shown above, checks the
pressure of engine number one thrust chamber. Three other Taber Trans-
ducers are used to measure ( 1 ) engine number one start gas pressure,
(2) sustainer engine LOX injector manifold pressure, and (3) sustainer
engine gas generator pressure. Martin chose these instruments "because
of their ability to continually give accurate data even when subjected to
extreme temperatures."
Taber performance advantages are many: long term stability, infinite
resolution, hysteresis less than 0.25% full scale, and low sensitivity to
temperature effects, shock or vibration. Models are produced for a wide
variety of test, ground support or airborne applications, with pressure
ranges from 0-5 to 0-20,000 psi. Write for literature.
AEROSPACE ELECTRONICS DIVISION
Taber Instrument Corporation
Section 217, 107 Goundry Street, North Tonawanda, N. Y.
1
Taber
TELEFLIGHT*
Pressure
Transducers
for in-flight
applications
L
Taber
TELEDYNE*
Pressure
Transducers
for test and
ground support
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
Circle No. 13 on Subscriber Service Card
39
How high is your goal?
Ours are out of sight — in the labyrinth of space.
But your opportunities are a tangible reality, here
and now at North American's Space and Infor-
mation Systems Division.
STRUCTURAL SCIENCES
Advanced aerospace engineering research
positions are available in Structural Sciences to
perform original research studies on complex
structural problems related to advanced aerospace
vehicles. Emphasis will be placed on thermal
buckling, stress distribution, and behavior of
composite structures.
SENIOR STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
Senior Structural Engineers to perform loads,
methods and criteria; structural loads, thrust vari-
ations, inertia and control characteristics.
STRESS ENGINEERS
Stress Engineers and Senior Stress Engineers with
a BS degree or equivalent and experience in basic
aircraft or missile stress analysis to perform
responsible work on any of the following tasks:
• Complex systems components and installations
subjected to vibration and thermal environ-
ments.
• Evaluate and determine major structural test
requirements, coordinate testing, and evaluate
results.
• Stress methods development work on space
vehicle structural components.
IMPACT, FLOTATION, AND DOCKING
Investigate impact loads and stability during land
and water landing through full scale model test
programs.
VIBRATION UNIT
To conduct analytical and experimental studies
of structural vibration and shock. These studies
shall include the evaluation of the vibration
characteristics of structural elements. The re-
sponse of these elements to acoustic, mechanical
and explosive or impact forces and the resultant
dynamic load factors.
Interested? Contact
MR. B. A. GLIDER
ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC EMPLOYMENT
12214 LAKEWOOD BLVD.
DOWNEY, CALIFORNIA
All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employ.
1 ment without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin.
SPACE AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION
ing interface problems among contrac-
tors has proved to be one of the most
significant technical and time-saving ad-
vantages of a system in which the motor
manufacturer develops the rest of the
stage, he said.
Integration of motor and structure,
for example, is greatly eased because the
same stress-analysis group works with
both the motor-design group and the
structure-design group, eliminating per-
haps several layers of interface prob-
lems.
The dual 120-in. motors, initially
regarded as the first stage of the Titan-
III-C, are now known officially as
"stage zero," to avoid confusion with
the stage designations of Titan II.
Reviewing last July's 1 20-in. maiden
firing, UTC spokesmen said it success-
fully confirmed the system's basic de-
sign, specifically its grain, nozzle, case,
ignition and thrust-vector-control sys-
tems.
The firing yielded data for several
improvements in the TVC system. Rela-
tively few changes in the motor were
dictated by analysis of data from this
test, company officials said. Changes in
distribution of insulation within the
motor is regarded as the most prominent
change resulting from data analysis.
• Education in welding — UTC en-
gineers reported welding technology has
been the biggest problem in the pro-
gram. "This has been the eye opener,"
one engineering administrator said.
"We've learned you have to develop
new welding techniques when you enter
these new areas with large size hard-
ware."
Poor welds, too little strength and
ductility plus other flaws have caused
rejection of components submitted by
subcontractors. But welding technology
improvement is managing to slowly
meet the demands, they said.
UTC has two advantages going for
it in transition from a propulsion R&D
company to manager of a major rocket
stage development effort. It was a rela-
tively new company when it won the
624A contract, so it entered the new
fields directly, without the evolutionary
problems of a more established rocket
developer.
Secondly, a large solid-motor stage,
as advocates of solids have long argued,
is essentially much simpler than a large
liquid-fueled system. The motor is a
much smaller factor in the total com-
plexity of the system than in a liquid
propellant stage. Therefore, a propor-
tionately larger factor of a company's
capabilities can be devoted to non-mo-
tor areas.
Although some industry sources
doubt the approach will ever become
widespread, it has set a precedent and
it is testing the propulsion industry's
flexibility. ■
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
3 AMPEX CORP. 1963
HI
©
>
O
What has a drive concept so simple it's revolutionary?
AMPEX TM-7
Here's a transport that's far in advance of anything
in its class— the all new Ampex TM-7. It's a low-cost
tape transport designed for less maintenance, less tape
wear. And its most advanced feature is the revolution-
ary single capstan drive system. The new drive system
has three major moving parts— a capstan and two reels.
As a result, most of the components found in this type
transport have been eliminated. Maintenance is far
less. And tape wear? Virtually none. The two vacuum
chambers keep a uniform tape tension on the capstan.
There is nothing to smear the tape; nothing to stretch
it. Tapes last and last. Even the old soft-binder tapes
can be used with very little wear. The new Ampex TM-7
is completely compatible with IBM tape formats and
with other Ampex equipment. It has a packing density
of 200 and 556 bpi. A tape speed of 36 ips. A start
and stop time of 10 ms with tape distance held within
±10%. Also, Ampex designed a new series of data and
control electronics for the TM-7 to provide low-cost
tape memory systems. The TM-7211 is a complete
memory system enclosed in a 19 inch rack cabinet.
And the TM-7212 is a complete shared system with
four TM-7 transports in one cabinet. Write to the only
company providing recorders, tape and core memory
devices for every application: Ampex Corporation,
Redwood City, California. Worldwide sales and service.
Circle No. 17 on Subscriber Service Card
ENGINEERS/SCIENTISTS
WORK ON PROBLEMS
LIKE THIS...
...IN THIS PROFESSIONAL ATMOSPHERE
The Douglas Advance Missile Technology Department is
a professional community charged with the responsibility
of evolving new concepts which contribute to the technical
superiority of the nation.
It combines research and advance design functions in a
self-administered unit having the atmosphere of a small,
highly qualified engineering organization. But it also has
the advantage of having at hand the vast support functions
and facilities of a major aerospace company. Its studies are
tempered by the scientific critique of its research groups
and the realism required by the knowledge that eventually
"hardware" end products are involved.
AN INVITATION. Key openings are now available for
WITH ASSOCIATES
LIKE THESE...
Mr. E. P Williams (left) is Chief of the Aeromechanics
Branch, Advance Missile Technology. He directs efforts in
the Flight Mechanics, Aerothermodynamics, Aerodynamics
and Nuclear Effects Sections. Mr. Williams was among the
Douglas engineers who went with the Rand Corporation
when it became independent of Douglas in 1948. He
became head of Aerodynamics at Rand and specialized in
hypersonic aerodynamics and glide rocket research
and engineering.
Mr. J. L. de Grandpre (right) is Douglas Study Director
for the USAF Foreign Technology Division, Analysis and
Synthesis of Military Space Systems. Previously he was
Director of the Advanced Computer Program Develop-
ment Section within Advance Missile Technology. Earlier,
he was engaged in systems analysis and flight simulation
work in Canada.
qualified professionals with experience and /or advanced
degrees, particularly in the disciplines of aerodynamics,
communications, guidance and control, flight mechanics,
fuzing and arming, and operations analysis. We invite you
to look into them by writing (please include resume) to
the following address:
Mr. W. S.
MISSILE Si SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
2700 Ocean Park Boulevard, Santa Monica, California
An equal opportunity employer
The Industry Week
Mergers and Acquisitions
Garrett Corp., Los Angeles, will merge with
Signal Oil and Gas Co. Jan. 20. The merger was
arranged last fall as a means of strengthening
Garrett's position in resisting take-over by Cur-
tiss-Wright Corp. (M/R, Oct. 28). . . . Radiation
Service Co., a subsidiary of Radiation Incorpo-
rated, Melbourne, Fla., has acquired Alert Com-
munications Co., Villa Park, III. . . . Ling-Temco-
Vought, Inc., Dallas, has agreed to sell its Ed
Friedrich, Inc., subsidiary to American Investors
Corp. of Phoenix, Ariz. The sale was said to be
in keeping with LTV's policy of "divesting itself
of interests not basically related to the electronics
and aerospace industries." Friedrich makes air
conditioning and refrigerated display equipment.
New Firms and Divisions
Radio Corp. of America has established a new
microwave solid-state engineering activity at the
headquarters of RCA Electronic Components and
Devices in Harrison, N.J. The move is in con-
nection with recent consolidation of RCA's Elec-
tron Tube and Semiconductor divisions. . . . Con-
solidated Dynamics Corp. has been formed as a
50/50 joint venture on the parts of SCM Corp.
and Taller & Cooper, Inc., a subsidiary of Apollo
Industries, Inc. The new firm will make special-
ized data-collection equipment at an SCM plant in
Orangeburg, S.C.
Industry Facilities
United Technology Center has begun con-
struction on a $400,000 rocket motor packaging
and shipping building at the firm's Coyote
(Calif.) processing and test center. The 13,000-
sq.-ft. building will be used for inspection, prepa-
ration and packaging of the 50-ton segments and
other large components of the solid-propellant
rockets that UTC is building for the Air Force's
Titan III-C standard launch vehicle. . . . Hazel-
tine Corp. is transferring its technical develop-
ment operations from Indianapolis, Ind., to the
company's Greenldwn, N.Y., site where the firm
recently completed a 50,000-sq.-ft. development
laboratory. . . . Admiral Corp. is to move its
Palo Alto, Calif., production and research opera-
tions to company headquarters in Chicago. The
move will consolidate all of Admiral's military
production and engineering facilities in Chicago.
. . . Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., has opened a
field office at Grand Forks AFB, N.D., to direct
installation of the underground communications
system for the Minuteman system there. Some
950 miles of underground cables will link 165 mis-
sile sites with control centers over 7,500 sq. mi. . . .
Hollywood Plastics, Inc., Los Angeles, manufac-
turer of thermoplastic shipping and storage boxes
for missile/space products, has leased a 30,000-
sq.-ft. building to expand raw materials storage
and protective storage for dies. . . . International
Telephone and Telegraph Corp. has opened a new
research facility in San Fernando, Calif. . . . The
53,000-sq.-ft. facility will be engaged in studies
in optical communications and electronic sur-
veillance R&D. The move brings ITT's gross
plant investments in California to $U2 million.
. . . Thiokol Chemical Corp.'s Panelyte Industrial
Div. has dedicated a new research laboratory in
Trenton, N.J. The 8,000-sq.-ft. lab will include a
research section for in-glass experimentation, a
pilot plant that will include complete processing
equipment such as a self-contained high-pressure
press and a pilot-sized treater. and an instru-
mental analysis section. Over half of the building
is to be used for pure research, while the re-
mainder will consist of research offices and other
support areas. . . . Edgerton, Germeshausen &
Grier, Inc., electronics and nuclear science firm
has opened a 30,000-sq.-ft. laboratory in Santa
Barbara, Calif. The new facility cost some
$750,000 and permits consolidation of EG&G's
Santa Barbara operations. One structure houses
a linear accelerator for use in high-energy nu-
clear physics research.
Company Representatives
Dana Laboratories, Inc., Santa Ana, Calif.,
manufacturer of electronic equipment, has named
Applied Science Associates to represent its prod-
uct line in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas and west-
ern Lousiana. ASA has headquarters in Dallas
and a branch office in Houston. . . . Magnetic Core
Corp., Newburgh, N .Y -based specialist in the
manufacture of powered iron components for
electrical and electronics applications, has ap-
pointed five new sales representatives to cover
13 states and Canada. Reed & Riddett Co., Little-
ton, Mass. is to serve all of New England; Robert
Neill Co., Toronto, Onterio, will cover Canada;
Connolly & Co., Mountain View, Calif., will be
responsible for northern California, Oregon,
Washington, Nevada, Utah and Colorado; south-
ern California ivill be the territory of the Mulvin
Co., Inc., of Pasadena; and Stasco, Irving, Tex.,
ivill service Texas.
Miscellaneous Intelligence
The Outer Baldonian "legation" in Washing-
ton has placed advertisements in the Wall Street
Journal and other newspapers expressing a desire
to commission the building of a rocket "capable
of carrying 15 pounds of mail 16 miles and re-
leasing it upon radio command." The "princi-
pality" of Outer Baldonia is located off the coast
of Nova Scotia, and is owned, governed, con-
stituted— and sometimes solitarily inhabited — by
former Pepsi Cola executive Russell M. Arundel,
who apparently has a postal delivery problem.
The legation is prepared to consider proposals
from interested rocket manufacturers. Address:
Legation of Outer Baldonia, 203 World Center
Building, Washington 6, D.C.
ssiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
43
contracts and procurements
AWARDS
AIR FORCE
$12,000,000 — Boeing Co., Seattle, for further work
on Minuteman ICBM's.
$7,200,000 — Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., Walt-
ham, Mass., for further work on electronic
systems related to Minuteman ICBM.
$5,000,000 — Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp., Salt-
ville, Va., for production of anhydrous hydra-
zine for Titan II program.
$3,300,000 — Sylvania Electric Products, Inc.,
Mountain View, Calif., for continued work
on Minuteman ICBM's.
$2,100,000 — Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.,
Sunnyvale, Calif., for PMR launch service ap-
plicable to Agena D boosters for calendar
1964.
$1,400,000— North American Aviation, Inc., Rock-
etdyne Div., Canoga Park, Calif., for Atlas
missile propulsion systems.
$1,000,000 — University of New Mexico, for follow-
on work for research and operation of the
AF shock tube facility at Sandia AFB, N.M.
$747,000 — Lear Siegler, Inc., Santa Monica, Calif.,
for production of test equipment and spare
parts for AN/TPQ-11 cloud-height radar.
$338,722— Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.,
for high-energy solid-propellant fuel.
$275,000— Shell Development Co., Emeryville,
Calif., for synthesis of high-energy solid-oxi-
dizer binder propellants.
$240,000 — Texaco, Inc., New York City, for basic
chemical research for advanced storable liquid
oxidizers.
$83,451 — Cornell Aeronautical Laboratories, Inc.,
Buffalo, N.Y., for research study of high-
temperature phenomena in hypersonic flows.
$51,000 — University of Akron, Institute of Rubber
Research, Akron, Ohio, for study of low-
temperature propellant polymerization.
Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp., Fairchild
Space and Defense Systems Div., Palo Alto,
Calif., for experimental design of single-axis
flight-control system utilizing microelectronic
techniques (undisclosed amount).
ARMY
$5,300,000 — Dynaelectron Corp., New York City,
for missile test data collection.
$1,100,000 — Technical Operations, Inc., Burling-
ton, Mass., for research and studies to support
Combat Development Command Program.
$500,000 — General Dynamics Corp., Pomona Div..
Calif., for Fiscal Year 1964 Redeye missile re-
search and development program.
$79,055 — Vitro Corp. of America, Vitro Labs
Div., West Orange, N.J., for impacting plasma
studies including acceleration investigation.
NAVY
$4,800,000— Westinghouse Electric Corp., Sunny-
vale, Calif., for technical engineering assist-
ance on Polaris missile launching systems.
$1,232,000 — Maxson Electronics Corp., Great
River, N.Y., for production of center or
"warhead" sections for Bull pup air-to-surface
missiles.
NASA
$1,800,000 — General Dynamics Corp., Astronautics
Div., San Diego, Calif., for space boosters for
Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO) pro-
gram.
44
$1,499,111 — Martin Co., Baltimore, for one-year
study of large launch vehicle.
$334,409 — Sperry Rand Corp., Farragut Div., Bris-
tol, Tenn., for vehicle simulation system.
$177,533 — Thiokol Chemical Corp., Bristol, Pa.,
for feasibility test program of integral man-
drels for large solid-propellant boosters. Work
to be performed at Huntsville, Ala.
$85,293 — Dynamic Science Corp., South Pasa-
dena, Calif., for study to determine require-
ments for facility to investigate electrical
hazards to spacecraft.
$83.200 — Defense Research Corp., Santa Barbara.
Calif., for study of amplification of acoustic
disturbances by oscillatory chemical reactions.
$55,234 — B.F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio, for
design, fabrication and testing of microwave
absorbent materials for installation in anechoic
chamber facility at Goddard Space Flight
Center.
$53,656 — Republic Aviation Corp., Farmingdale,
N.Y., for mapping study of radiation-safe
corridor.
$40,477 — Northrop Corp., Nortronics Div., Palos
Verdes, Calif., for spare parts to maintain
stable platform subsystem.
U.S. COAST GUARD
ITT Federal Laboratories, Nutley, N.J., for de-
velopment of components for worldwide net-
work of Loran-C long-range navigation ground
stations (undisclosed amount).
AEC
Martin Co., Baltimore, for development of ad-
vanced nuclear electric generator for under-
sea navigation beacons and deep-sea oceano-
graphic research (undisclosed amount).
INDUSTRY
$4,000,000 — Kaiser Aerospace & Electronics Corp.,
Oakland, Calif., from Thiokol Chemical Corp.,
for production of thrust-vector-control nozzles
for stage I engines for Minuteman ICBM's.
$768,000 — Systems Programming Corp., Santa
Ana, Calif., from Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
for programming support to JPL computing
center and technical staff in study and solu-
tion of problems associated with planetary
and lunar space missions conducted by JPL
for NASA.
$247,000— D.B. Milliken Co., Arcadia, Calif.,
from The Boeing Co., for Dyna-Soar photo-
instrumentation systems.
$200.000— RdF Corp., Hudson, N.H,. from North
American Aviation's Space and Information
Systems Div., for design, development and
manufacture of specialized high-accuracy tem-
perature transducers.
$164,346— Cook Electric Co., Wirecom Div., Chi-
cago, from Bendix Corp's Radio Div., for d-c
coil relays to be used at high degrees of no-
contact-miss ratings in dry-circuit systems.
$45,000— Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, from Lock-
heed Propulsion Co., for metallurgical studies
of 156-in.-dia. solid-propellant feasibility dem-
onstration program being conducted by Lock-
heed.
$33,000 — Documentation, Inc., Bethesda, Md..
from Council on Library Resources, Inc., for
further development of portable, inexpensive
reader-printer for microcopies which possess
capability of producing paper prints of selected
microimages.
REQUESTS FOR BIDS
GENERAL PROCUREMENTS
U.S. Army Natick Laboratories
Natick, Mass.
Negotiations will be conducted with Goodyear
Aerospace Corp., Litchfield Park, Phoenix, Ariz.,
for modification and fabrication of pilot's torso
lifeshields leading to fabrication of five each
pilot's torso shields. RFQ AMC(X)-19-129-64-327-
JQ. Note: For information only. RFQ not avail-
able.
Directorate of R&D Procurement
Systems Engineering Group (RTD)
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
Negotiations will be conducted with Tech-
nology, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, for advanced electro-
magnetic compatibility techniques investigation.
This is a continuation of Contract AF 33(657)-
U 119. Note : For information only. RFP not
available. RFP N1-5418-KEB.
Research in new techniques of thermocatalytic
combustion encompassing (1) high-temperature
refractories radiating preferentially in the infra-
red; (2) sub-surface ignition techniques; (3) tech-
niques leading to elimination of flashback prob-
lems; (4) techniques leading to reduction of
visible radiations; (5) techniques leading to same
element of spectral control within near-IR region
of spectrum; and (7) use of exotic fuels for energy
source. Briefing will be scheduled in the RFP.
Request for this RFP must be in writing. Address
your requests to Seg (RDT) Attn: SEKEB.
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. RFP N-5392-KEB.
Headquarters
Ballistic Systems Division
Attn: BSQKE
Norton AFB, Calif.
Research and development and production of
WS-133B security subsystem, 410 launch facility
systems, plus indefinite number of spares. Various
destinations. RFP 04694-64-194Q. RFP due date
2-12-64. Only two sources have been requested to
submit proposals. These two sources have been
selected based on earlier work accomplished by
both contractors on the WS-133A security sub-
system. Adequate plans, drawings or specs to
describe requirements are not available. The firms
to submit request for proposal are: Boeing Co.,
P.O. Box 3707, Seattle 24, Wash., and Sylvania
Electric Products. Inc., Electronic Systems Div.,
Mountain View, Calif. It is suggested that small
business firms and others interested in subcon-
tracting opportunities make direct contact with
the above firms.
Aerospace Medical Division
Attn: AMKRB
P.O. Box 35448
Brooks AFB, Tex.
Negotiations will be conducted with Northrop
Space Laboratories, Hawthorne, Calif., for re-
search and reports on data survey and analysis of
animal and human exposure to high wind blast.
For information only. RFP not available.
Negotiations will be conducted with Regents
of the University of California for research and
research reports on subconvulsive effects of
UDHM on nervous system. For information only.
RFP not available.
Directorate of Procurement
Arnold Engineering Development Center
Arnold AFB, Tenn.
Negotiations will be conducted with Cornell
Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., Buffalo, N.Y., for
further research and experimental studies of sur-
face catalysis in non-equilibrium flows. Note:
For information only. RFQ not available.
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
\
FIRE EATER
cools hot head problems for keeps!
Scotch® brand Heavy Duty Instrumentation Tape is the
name. And it takes hot recorder heads in stride by resisting
tape surface temperature as high as 250 °F! Shrugs off the in-
tense, localized heat that higher tape speeds and tensions
build up at recording heads. Keeps the magnetic record
straight by minimizing rub-off, pro-
tecting against drop-outs.
What's more, "Scotch" Heavy Duty
Tapes, with a special high-potency
oxide and binder formulation, out-
wear ordinary tapes at least 15 times.
Conductivity is greater, too. 1000
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Scotch
magnetic tape ■
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built-in Silicone lubrication minimizes head and tape wear.
16 different heavy-duty constructions meet all requirements,
even involving extremely high speeds, short wavelengths.
TECHNICAL TALK Bulletin No. 3 discusses effects of fac-
tional heat on tape performance as well as heavy-duty oxide
and binder formulations. Free. Write 3M Magnetic Products
Division, Dept. MBW-14, St. Paul 19, Minn.
magnetic Products Division
gin
M COMPANY
Circle No. 18 on Subscriber Service Card
Lightweight Emergency
Power
Gas Turbine
Paralleled primary mobile power
Standby power
45 days delivery
High production, low cost
Fuel versatility ; uses kerosene, JP4
or natural gas
Instant starting at temperatures from
-65°Fto +125°F
Small size, lightweight — under 2000 lbs
Accepts full load in 20 seconds
Two or more sets may be operated in parallel
Over 100 pounds-per-minute bleed air
available
• The Garrett-AiResearch PGS-125 generating set
requires no special installation. It is readily moved,
and may be quickly separated into two parts for heli-
copter lift. Enclosure is optional. It is backed by
AiResearch experience in building over 10,000 gas
turbine engines. Parts and service are already avail-
able on a world-wide basis. For information on the
PGS-125, or other available systems ranging from
30 to 300 kw, contact AiResearch, Los Angeles.
AIRESEARCH MANUFACTURING DIVISIONS • Los Angeles 9, California • Phoenix, A
Systems and Components for:
Aircraft, Missile, Spacecraft, Electronic, Nuclear and Industrial Applications
Circle No. 19 on Subscriber Service Card
products and processes
New Product of the Week:
Magnetic Environment
Vickers, Inc., Div. of Sperry Rand
Corp. has developed a dynamic con-
trolled magnetic environment, called the
DYCOME.-.
The unit provides a constant, pre-
cise and uniform field of any desired
magnitude within a ±600 milligauss
range, and will maintain a zero magnetic
field in any location. It automatically
nulls ambient magnetic disturbances,
thus eliminating the need for shielded
rooms and remote installation locations.
The system consists of a three-axis
Helmholtz coil available in 4-ft. or 8-ft.
dia., a three-axis fluxgate magnetometer
probe assembly, and a control console.
Specifications include an accuracy
of ±2.0 milligauss, response down 3
Output Amplifier
A single-ended output amplifier de-
signed for amplification of low-level emf
signals has been introduced by Elec-
tronic Associates, Inc.
The Type 6.544 thermocouple unit
features gain to 10,000, and consists of
a converter, ac amplifier, rectifier and
high-gain dc amplifier. Input impedance
is 10 megohms minimum; output im-
pendance is 0.1 ohms typical with a
gain accuracy of ±0.1%. Output volt-
age range is ±10v minimum: open loop
dc gain is 3 x 107 minimum; drift is
0.1 .uv/°F.
Circle No. 152 on Subscriber Service Card
Recorder Calibrator
MED Electronics, Inc., has avail-
able a light, portable, multiple range,
reference source for calibrating dc chart
recorders.
Check measurements may be ob-
tained through a vernier output control
knob, which gives potentiometer con-
trol over any one of 3 millivolt ranges.
Power is furnished by two standard type
"D" flashlight batteries and one mercury
cell. The unit weighs HVi lbs.
Circle No. 153 on Subscriber Service Cord
db at 10 cps and power requirements of
60 to 400 cps.
Circle No. 151 on Subscriber Service Card
Loop Recorder/Reproducer
A continuous loop recorder/repro-
ducer designed for data reduction or
data monitoring and storage where
machine workload is heavy has been
by Consolidated Electrodynamics Corp.
The GL-2S10 handles magnetic-tape
loops at any of six tape speeds from 60
ips through 1% ips. The tape transport
accommodates V2 or one-in.-wide tape
loops. Separate plug-in record and re-
produce amplifiers of direct FM or
PDM types provide optimum system
makeup and change flexibility.
Circle No. 154 on Subscriber Service Cord
High-Temp Transducer
Winsco Instruments & Controls Co.
is marketing a series of resistance tem-
perature transducers, designed for ap-
plication in advanced rocket engines.
The series operates at temperatures
up to 1,700°F and vibration levels to
100 g's. It is available in several me-
chanical configurations and two basic
electrical terminations, one being a high-
temperature connector rated for con-
tinuous operation at 1.500°F and the
other, a swaged tubing rated for con-
tinuous operation at 1,700CF.
Circle No. 155 on Subscriber Service Card
Inert-Atmosphere Conner
An inert-atmosphere canner, de-
signed for protective packaging of deli-
cate parts and sensitive instruments, is
being marketed by FMC Corp.'s Cen-
tral Engineering Laboratories.
The system consists of three func-
tional units: a vacuum/ pressure cham-
ber; a vacuum pump and a variable
speed drive. The canner evacuates the
can and seals the part or instrument in
an inert gas. The type of packaging ex-
cludes all oxygen. The unit meets MIL-
P-l 16 specifications and provides a stor-
age life of up to 5 years.
Degree of vacuum (up to 29.9 in.
of mercury), length of evacuation cycle,
duration of purging cycle, purging pres-
sure, gases used for purging, number of
purging cycles, pressurization for seal-
ing, gases used for sealing and speed
of rotation during sealing are all vari-
ables the operator can control.
Circle No. 156 on Subscriber Service Card
Thin-Film Bonder
Unitek Corp. is marketing Modular
Microbond, a thin-film bonder devel-
oped for single surface welding of wire
of 0.001 in. in diameter and ribbon of
0.001 in. thick and 0.02 in. wide to
deposited thin-film circuits of 300 Ang-
stroms or more.
The system has an input of 100 to
130v ac, 50 to 60 cps. Weld power is
provided by three sequential cycles,
each independently controllable for weld
pulse duration and amplitude. Cycle
duration is controllable from 0 to 1,000
milliseconds, cycle amplitude from 0 to
100 watts into a 0.10-ohm load.
Circle No. 157 on Subscriber Service Cord
Electronic Counter-Controller
U.S. Electrical Motors is marketing
a line of electronic counter-controllers
with count totals up to 999,999 and
count rates of 300,000 per minute.
Designated the Accra-Count, the
line includes digital totalizers, digital
batch controllers, digital rate and speed
indicators, and digital ratio indicators
and controllers.
The units provide for a direct read-
out in the form of cold cathode counter
tubes, with a standard option of NIXIE
in line numeric readout. An end-of-
count pulse generation can be provided
without loss of count.
Customer requirements are matched
by the use of standard enclosed modules
which are used as "building blocks."
Circle No. 158 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
47
missiles and rockets
DOD Military System
A Report on the DDR&E
DDR&E, the Directorate of Defense Research and Engineering,
is one of the most important offices in the Department of Defense.
It has a complement of 145 men, supervising some 30,000 others
and directly affecting over 125,000 industry personnel. DDR&E annu-
ally contracts for $7 billion dollars in space and military systems re-
search, development, test and engineering services from its suppliers.
The March 30 issue of missiles and rockets win
present an in-depth report on DDR&E covering:
DDR&E Operation ■ Relationships with Industry and the Services ■ Current
& Advanced Programs ■ In-House R&D Capabilities ■ Future Expenditures ■
Key Personnel
Issue Date: March 30, 1964
;sue, March 30, 1964
The DOD Military Systems
Issue will be must reading for over 45,000
program and project managers, engi-
neers, and scientists in industry and the
military. Advertise in this issue to gain
maximum exposure for your products,
capabilities, or services.
Buy proven performance
In MISSILES AND ROCKETS — 275 page
advertising gain in 1963 over 1962; 3700
new paid subscribers gained during 1963;
total paid circulation of over 45,000.
Advertising Closes:
__ , fyt>pL/0 Ail^HS — - — * ■
G
J
cg0|\ dm ernes
Chalk this up to experience!
This is a functional way of looking at one of the largest concentrations of systems hardware and
software specialists in the nation. You can see why we don't only pursue monumental military
programs like 465-L and NTDS. Some of our most interesting company-funded projects are small
... but not their potential. Our approach to modern information systems design is at once theo-
retical, analytical and empirical. To our long and growing list of customers, we sell a "marriage"
of software skills, applications know-how, communications orientation, and hardware virtuosity.
This mix seems to be pretty appealing to high level contributors in our field as well. Maybe you?
Write Mr. E. A. Smith, Manager of Employment, Div. 77-WHJTT Data and Information Systems
Division, Rt. 17 & Garden State Parkway, Paramus, New Jersey. (An Equal Opportunity Employer)
ITT
DATA AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
Tunable X-Band Filter
A wide-band Yttrium iron garnet filter for microwave
applications operating over a 8.0 to 12.4-gc tuning range
is available from Physical Electronics Laboratories.
The device has a frequency drift from —30° to 70°C,
less than 50 kc/°C, and a tuning sensitivity of 10 mc/ma.
Bandwidth at the 3-db points is 30 mc ±2 mc and at 30 db,
is 225 mc. Insertion loss at the center is less than 2.5 db.
Circle No. 159 on Subscriber Service Card
Flash Machine
Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grier, Inc., is marketing a
variable energy and pulse duration flash machine for appli-
cations in laser pumping.
The unit is capable of generating peak-power electro-
magnetic radiation pulses at lengths of 2.7, 1.25 and 0.66
millisec. duration. Energy per flash is variable from 2,000
to 13,000 joules.
Circle No. 160 on Subscriber Service Card
High Field Generators
Advanced Kinetics, Inc., is offering a series of high
field generators in both air-cooled and liquid-cooled models.
Energy storage of 6,000, 12,000 or 18,000 joules is
available. The 6,000-joule unit has a rise time of less than
5 [xsec. and generates peak current pulses up to 200,000
amps. The 12,000-joule unit generates up to 400,000 amps;
the 18,000-joule unit, up to 600,000 amps.
The units have a 10-kv power supply and triggering
circuitry with external synchronization mode. .
Circle No. 161 on Subscriber Service Card
DC-AC Inverter
Instrumentation and Control Div. of PneumoDynamics
Corp. is marketing the Model 653A square wave inverter,
designed for high reliability under extreme environmental
conditions.
Th 28-v solid-state inverter has an input source of 115v
ac, 400 cps, for gyros, torquers and other electrical instru-
ments. The unit incorporates a two-transformer inverter cir-
cuit for maximum efficiency and minimum line current
ripple. Efficiency is better than 72% at 80 va; temperature
range is —55° to 70°C; output power rating is 80 va.
Circle No. 162 on Subscriber Service Cord
Dry-Film Lubricant
A non-flammable dry-film lubricant, containing dispersed
colloidal molybdenum disulfide for high load service, is avail-
able from Acheson Colloids Co.
Designated 'dag' 211, the lubricant is applicable for oven,
furnace and kiln mechanisms, asbestos and metallic gaskets
and seals, wire-drawing lubricants and stop-off coatings. The
ultra-fine size of the molybdenum disulfide resists settling of
the particles in the container and promotes long shelf-life.
The lubricant can be applied by conventional spray, brush
and dip techniques.
Circle No. 163 on Subscriber Service Card
Sensemeter Leak Detector
Robinair Manufacturing Corp. is marketing a solid-state
electronic leak detector.
The Sensemeter features a sound device that "squeals" in
the presence of halogen gas while the meter indicates the
leak. The device can detect a leak of Vi oz. per year in one
second.
Circle No. 164 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
© Facing © Straight turning or boring © Angular cuts
©Taper turning or boring ©Necking ©Threading
® Contouring © Key waying
GRAPHITE for aerospace applications can be
machined to almost any shape imaginable — and to
extremely fine tolerances. The above illustration
indicates a few of the basic graphite shaping possibil-
ities. We have many advanced machine tools at your
command — some especially designed to our specifica-
tions for highly sophisticated graphite work.
Tell us what you want machines to do to graphite for
you. We have the machines that can do it — superbly.
WRITE FOR FREE BOOKLET: Graphite For
Diversified Industrial Applications"
GREAT LAKES CARBON CORPORATION
IS EAST 48th STREET- NEW YORK, N Y 10017 - OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES
Circle No. 7 on Subscriber Service Card 51
names in the news
KNOX
GREEN
DENTON
BOETTCHER
Dr. Cameron Knox: Appointed vice
president of engineering of Acoustica As-
sociates, Inc., Los Angeles.
A. Raymond Farrell: Appointed mar-
keting manager of the Aerospace Div. of
Babcock Electronics Corp., Costa Mesa,
Calif.
Eugene C. Ketcham: Named manager
of the Contract Administration Dept. at
Aeronutronic Div. of Philco Corp., New-
port Beach, Calif.
Farno L. Green: Named vice president
and general manager of Ex-Cell-O Corp.'s
new subsidiary, Viso Corp., Detroit.
Robert H. Denton, Jr.: Appointed man-
ager-market research and planning at
Motorola's Chicago Military Electronics
Center.
Robert W. Finn: Joined Rocket Re-
search Corp., Seattle, as manager of gase-
ous bipropellant systems.
John D. Melville: Appointed assistant
to the vice president of marketing for the
Fenn Manufacturing Co., Newington,
Conn.
Edwin W. Templin: Joined D. B. Mill-
iken Co., Arcadia, Calif., as chief engineer.
/ WBHfcecu— _ .
PICO " 9 1 * 1
■ ■ w ^ actual size
Miniature
FREQUENCY STANDARD
Smallest size %" x %" x %", weighing less than
% oz.
Widest range Expanded frequency range is
from 2 kc to 50 kc and is available
with accuracies from 0.001% to 0.2%
over temperature variations from
-55°Cto +125°C.
Designed tor shock and vibration appli-
cations. Ideal for space and aircraft use.
Write for PM Catalog
ACCURATE INSTRUMENT CO.
P. O. BOX 19426 • HOUSTON 24, TEXAS
Manufacturers of frequency standards and test instruments
Henry E. Cooley: Appointed vice pres-
ident-development and manufacturing op-
erations at International Business Ma-
chines Corp.'s Federal Systems Div., Rock-
ville, Md.
Daniel Burr Jones: Appointed a senior
psychologist in the Management Systems
Div. of Operations Research, Inc., Silver
Spring, Md.
Byron K. Boettcher: Appointed Eastern
regional manager of Avco Corp.'s Defense
and Industrial Products Group and man-
ager of the Washington, D.C., office.
Jack D. Wills: Named product man-
ager-antenna systems at Canoga Electron-
ics Corp., Chatsworth, Calif.
Robert E. Warren: Appointed general
sales manager for inertia compensated re-
corder-reproducers and pressure switches
at College Hill Industries, Inc., Warwick,
R.I.
Fred R. Sullivan: Elected president
and chief executive officer of Walter Kidde
& Company, Inc., Belleville, N.J.
Dr. Charles Feldnian: Appointed man-
ager of the Physical Electronics Labora-
tory, Physics Research Dept., at Melpar,
Inc., Falls Church, Va.
Douglas D. Danforth: Appointed exec-
utive in charge of Westinghouse Electric
Corp.'s consumer products group, Pitts-
burgh. Robert E. Kirby named executive
in charge of the industrial products group.
Robert F. Robinson: Named manager
of the systems analysis department at
Bendix Systems Div., Ann Arbor, Mich
Douglas A. Worth: Named senior con-
tracts engineer in the Electro-Optical Div
of Perkin-Elmer Corp., Norwalk, Conn.
Richard J. De Cloux: Named vice
president of Beede Electrical Instrument
Co., Inc., Penacook, N.H.
M. O. Kappler: Appointed vice presi-
dent of Computer Science Corp., El
Segundo, Calif.
52
Circle No. 21 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
Advertisers' Index
ACCURATE INSTRUMENT CO 52
Agency — Cooley & Pate Inc.
AEROJET-GENERAL CORP., A SUB.-
THE GENERAL TIRE & RUBBER CO. 56
Agency — D'Arcy Adv. Co.
AIRESEARCH MFG. CO., THE GARRETT
CORP 46
Agency — J. Walter Thompson Co.
AMERICAN TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH
CO 4
Agency — N. W. Ayer & Son, Inc.
AMPEX CORP 41
Agency — Cunningham & Walsh Inc.
ATOMICS INTERNATIONAL, A DIVI-
SION OF NORTH AMERICAN AVIA-
TION, INC 22
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine
& Osborn, Inc.
BURROUGHS CORP., DEFENSE &
SPACE GROUP 13
Agency — Campbell-Ewald Co.
CANOGA ELECTRONICS CORP 3
Agency — Jordan Adv., Inc.
CONSOLIDATED ELECTRODYNAMICS
CORP 6, 7
Agency — Hixson & Jorgensen, Inc.
DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT CO., INC 42
Agency — J. Walter Thompson Co.
GRAPHITE PRODUCTS DIV. /GREAT
LAKES CARBON CORP 51
Agency — Davis, Parsons & Stroh-
meier, Inc.
HAWS DRINKING FAUCET CO 10
Agency — Pacific Adv. Staff
HUGHES AIRCRAFT CO 55
Agency — Foote, Cone & Belding
ITT DATA & INFORMATION SYSTEMS
DIV 50
Agency — Deutsch & Shea, Inc.
JAMES, POND & CLARK, INC 34
Agency — Weir Adv., Inc.
LOCKHEED-GEORGIA CO., A DIV. OF
LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORP 33
Agency — Foote, Cone & Belding
MARTIN CO., DIV. MARTIN MARIETTA
CORP 53
Agency — Ball & Davidson, Inc.
McDonnell aircraft corp 2
Agency — John Patrick Starrs, Inc.
MINNESOTA MINING & MFG. CO.-
MAGNETIC PRODUCTS DIV 45
Agency — MacManus, John & Adams.
Inc.
MINNESOTA MINING & MFG. CO.,
MINCOM DIV 30
Agency — Reach, McClinton & Co.,
PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS,
INC., GUIDED MISSILES RANGE DIV. 36
Agency — Deutsch & Shea, Inc.
RS ELECTRONICS CORP., A DIV. OF
PACIFIC INDUSTRIES, INC 11
Agency — Bonfield Associates, Inc.
RESEARCH ANALYSIS CORP 12
Agency — S. G. Stackig, Inc.
SPACE & INFORMATION SYSTEMS
DIVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN
AVIATION, INC 40
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine
& Osborn, Inc.
SPERRY GYROSCOPE CO., DIV. OF
SPERRY RAND CORP., SPERRY
POLARIS 35
Agency — Reach, McClinton & Co ,
Inc.
TABER INSTRUMENT CORP 39
Agency — Harold Warner Adv., Inc.
UNITED TECHNOLOGY CENTER, DIV.
OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORP. ... 28, 29
Agency — Cunningham & Walsh Inc.
UNIVERSAL MATCH CORP., GOVERN-
MENT PRODUCTS GROUP 27
Agency — G. M. Basford Co.
VITRO CORPORATION OF AMERICA . . 8
Agency — Buchen Adv., Inc.
—when and where—
JANUARY
Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Hotel Astor,
New York City, Jan. 20-22.
American Physical Society Conference on
Semimetals. Columbia University, New
York City, Jan. 22-25.
SBA-SAVE Value Engineering and Analy-
sis Symposium, Americana Hotel, New
York City, Jan. 23.
American Mathematical Society, 70th An-
nual Meeting, Miami, Fla., Jan. 23-27.
Second Annual Symposium on Fundamen-
tal Phenomena in the Materials Sci-
ences, Sheraton Plaza Hotel, Boston,
Jan. 27-28.
Conference on Control and System Opti-
mization, Naval Post Graduate School,
Monterey, Calif., Jan. 27-29.
AIAA Solid Propellant Rocket Conference,
Palo Alto, Calif., Jan. 29-31 (semi-
classified).
American Meteorological Society, 44th
Annual Meeting, University of Cali-
fornia at Los Angeles, Jan. 29-31.
FEBRUARY
American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
52nd National Meeting, Hotel Pea-
body, Memphis, Tenn., Feb. 2-5.
IEEE Winter Power Meeting, Statler Hil-
ton Hotel, New York City, Feb. 2-7.
International Congress on Documentation
and Scientific-Technical Information,
Rome, Italy, Feb. 2-11.
International Conference on the Impact
of Modern Physics on Materials, Sher-
aton Hotel, Philadelphia, Feb. 3-7.
IEEE-MIL Fifth Winter Convention on
Military Electronics, Ambassador Ho-
tel, Los Angeles, Feb. 5-7.
American College of Radiology National
Meeting, Tucson, Ariz., Feb. 5-8.
Institute on Information Storage and Re-
trieval, sponsored by American Uni-
versity, International Inn, Washington.
D.C., Feb. 10-14.
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missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
53
editorial . . .
The Incentive Game
ONE OF THE MOST stimulating aspects of the
McNamara regime in the Pentagon has been
its frank recognition that the profit motive is the
spark plug of the free enterprise system.
This has, in fact, gone beyond recognition to open
support of the thesis that industry is entitled to fair
profit in its work for the Government and that the
extent of this profit should vary with such factors as
risk-taking and performance.
The profit policies of the Dept. of Defense this
year become more critical to industry than ever, with
increasing emphasis on incentive contracting and with
institution of the mandatory weighted guidelines sys-
tem, effective on the first of the month.
The weighted guideline system is aimed at estab-
lishment of Government profit objectives in nego-
tiated contracts, where price competition is absent or
inadequate.
There is still considerable confusion and some
question about DOD profit policies. Much of the con-
fusion centers around the weighted guidelines sys-
tem and its relationship to incentive contracting. The
question generally concerns the attitude of the Re-
negotiation Board to industry profits in excess of the
norm.
We present on Page 25 of this issue, together with
an article on the subject, a visualization of all this in
the form of a game which it has pleased us to call
Incentive. Any game-player worth his salt immedi-
ately will recognize the kinship between this and
Monopoly. The final square, with its question mark
concerning renegotiation, smacks all too painfully of
"Go Directly to Jail, Do Not Pass Go, Do Not Collect
$200."
The risk is similar. Every major company in this
business faces the spectre of the Renegotiation Board
at the end of each year's contractual relationship with
the Government. This is a point on which the indus-
try needs additional reassurance in order for DOD in-
centive contracts to function as they should.
This is what the executive of one defense firm
had to say in an internal memorandum: "We clearly
are running the risk of having to repay the Govern-
ment any substantial 'windfall profits' if we solve all
of our problems too quickly."
He advised a course of action for the firm which
would "protect reasonable profit rather than open the
door to 'windfall profits.' "
He suggested doing this by carefully determining
the objectives and work elements, then fully staffing
for them — as well as using all of the time budgeted
according to the performance level required by the
proposal.
"This insures us against future Government
claims that our time estimates were inaccurate, and
if there are 'breakthroughs,' the surplus time can be
applied against related work."
Under the wrong conditions, it is thus apparent,
an incentive contract can become a deterrent to per-
formance as well as an incentive.
To understand this, it is necessary to understand
what DOD is talking about in its weighted guidelines
system and its incentive contracting.
The weighted guideline system is intended to pro-
vide Government contracting officers with a numeri-
cal guide to use in deciding what a reasonable profit
would be. Industry will be expected to use the same
guidelines in deciding what its profit objectives are.
Differences will be settled at the negotiating table,
thus determining the profit dollars to be added to the
cost base recognized by the contracting officer.
The weighted guidelines will recognize and reward
or penalize for such factors as the contractor's as-
sumption of risk, his investment in facilities, his past
performance and other variables.
The system, used to determine the particular
profit percentage to be applied to contract cost, is
not in itself a direct incentive, although it encour-
ages the contractor to conduct his business in such
a manner that he will earn the highest possible profit
percentage.
Incentive contracting itself depends upon per-
formance during the life of the contract. This will
vary profit percentage, previously determined, within
a specified range.
Thus, if the Government and the contractor have
agreed through use of the weighted guidelines system
upon a profit of 7 percent, the incentive contract
may set a range of perhaps 0-14 percent around this,
the exact and final amount to depend on performance
during the contract. If the contractor achieves a
sharp reduction in the cost base, his final profit could,
of course, amount to considerably more than 14
percent of the final cost, although it would be only
14 percent of the estimated cost.
It would not be surprising if a profit of, say, 20
percent or more were to raise eyebrows at the Re-
negotiation Board, even though the net effect was
a substantial saving to the Government. But, as every
Monopoly player knows, a board is necessary. It is
here said to be necessary because factors of judgment
play a large role in all of this, despite the application
of formulas.
The Defense Dept. itself, in outlining the weighted
guidelines philosophy, acknowledges that "pricing
by way of cost analysis necessarily involves estimates,
and that experienced profits will differ from those
contemplated at the time of negotiation and agree-
ment."
FOR THESE REASONS, Mr. Lawrence Hartwig,
Renegotiation Board chairman, is on sound ground
when he declares that the board must apply judgment
in its determinations, not a fixed formula.
But it should be recognized by all three parties —
the Board, DOD and the industry — that successful
operation of the incentive contracting system depends
to a considerable extent on the board's attitude. Per-
haps a new statement by the Renegotiation Board
that it believes DOD is on the right track would help.
William J. Coughlin
54
missiles and rockets, January 20, 1964
Two Unique Reasons
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and responsibility for technical
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These policies have contributed
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Hughes systems analysis is not
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For immediate consideration,
please airmail your resume to:
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power, with increasing promise for in-space propulsion and weapon systems. ■ Why ? Among the hybrid's advan-
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GENERAL M
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FOR RELEASE AT 12 NOON (E.S.T.) TUESDAY, JANUARY 21, 1964
There should be no premature release of this
riUllvlj! Budget nor should any of its contents be para-
phrased, alluded to, or hinted at in earlier stor-
ies. There is a total embargo on this Budget until 12 no
January 21, 1964, which includes any and all references to
any material in the Budget or the Budget Appendix.
PIERRE SALINGER,
Press Secretary to t he President
LBJ Asking
$16.38 Billion
For Missiles
And Space
THE BUDGET
OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30
1965
DOD Request
Turns Downward
Apollo Schedule
In New Jeopardy
Cover of FY '65 Budget
AN AMERICAN AVIATION
PUBLICATION
A BENDIX/CORRELATED DATA PRODUCT
from
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The latest from Bendix-Pacific— Model DDS-1000 solid-state Pulse Code Modulation ground station. This
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The DDS-1000 is adaptable to all bit, word, frame, and code formats now in use or planned for the future.
The station incorporates an advanced bit synchronizer and signal conditioner for processing serial PCM
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This 0.55-cubic-foot computer,
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808 Western Ave., Glendale 1, California
Circle No. 2 on Subscriber Service Card
SPINNING -COMPUTING -SIMULATING
...to ready man for outer space
A MATHEMATICAL SPACE SYSTEM has been built by
Douglas to save thousands of hours in building the real one.
Computers analyze all the requirements for a complete life
support and environmental system, figure out how to satisfy
them, and even indicate design details of equipment.
FLYING A SPACE MISSION without
leaving earth is one of the functions of the
Douglas Bio-Technology Laboratories.
Here, the environments of spacecraft cabins
are simulated for missions of extended dura-
tion to test men and systems. This research
provides important information vital to
the success of man-rated space voyages,
EXERCISE MACHINE FOR SPACEMEN, this small
centrifuge is designed to restore vigor to astronauts
weakened by lack of gravity in an orbiting laboratory.
Designed and being tested by Douglas, it will be used
periodically by members of a space crew and will rotate
without disturbing the equilibrium of its space vehicle.
ex
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DOUGLAS
MISSILE £ SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
Circle No. 3 on Subscriber Service Card.
missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Volume 14, Number 4
January 27, 1964
Editor
William |. Coughlin
Managing Editor
Reed Bundy
Senior Editors
Charles D. LaFond Electronics
William Beller Engineering
Associate Editors
Divid C. Breasted Military
Lawrence J. Curran Assistant Managing Editor
Heather M. David Space Medicine
Michael Getler Electronics
Russell Hawkes Industry
John F. Judge Advanced Materials
Robert L. Parker Copy Editor
Rex Pay Electronics
Hal Taylor NASA
Contributing Editors
David A. Anderton, James J. Haggerty,
Dr. J. M. Levitt, Dr. Hubertus Strughold
Friedrich Schonbach Art Director
Donald Strickland Assistant Art Director
Eleanor Cobey Editorial Assistant
Suzanne Montgomery Editorial Assistant
BUREAUS
LOS ANGELES 9301 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills
Willard E. Wilks Bureau Chief
NEW YORK 20 East 16th Street
Michael Getler
CAPE KENNEDY 507 Orange Ave.
Chris Butler Merritt Is., Fla.
PARIS II Rue Condorcet
Jean-Marie Riche
GENEVA 10 Rue Grenus
Frank G. McGuire
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Dr. Peter Castruccio Alexander Satin
Conrad H. Hoeppner Dr. Eugen Saenger
Richard F. Gompertz Vice Adm. H. Sanders (ret. I
THE COVER
Cover page of President Johnson's Fiscal
Year 1965 budget, which went to Con-
gress Jan. 21. Administration request for
missiles and space reflects a levelling
trend in procurement. M/R's detailed,
illustrated report begins on p. 14.
JANUARY 27 HEADLINES
First Gemini-rated Titan II Passes Static Test . 10
SA-5, Ranger Poised for Launch from Cape Kennedy 10
FY '65 MISSILE/SPACE BUDGET REPORT—
Administration Request Is $16.38 Billion . . 14
Missile Buy Triggers DOD Downturn 15
Apollo Jeopardized Despite Increase 17
DOD, NASA Programs at a Glance 18
AEC's Flight-Testing Efforts Trimmed 21
Weather Bureau Gets More Tiros Money 21
Gun-launched Missiles To Get Booster Assist 22
Early Relay II Performance Termed 'Beautiful' 36
lames W. Claar
Publisher
A C. Boughton National Sales Manager
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Craig L. Mason Director of Research
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Barbara Wiener Advertising Services Manager
Published each Monday with the exception of the
last Monday in December by American Aviation
Publications. Inc.. 1001 Vermont Ave., N W Wash-
ington, D.C., 20005. Cable Address: AMERAV.
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effective and enclose recent address label if possible.
President Wayne W. Parrish
Senior Vice President Louis C. James
Vice President Fred S. Huntei
11 ®
SPACE MEDICINE
Boeing, NASA Resume Aborted Life-Support Tests 28
ADVANCED MATERIALS®
Systems Approach Advocated for EBW Ordnance 30
DEPARTMENTS
Letters 6
The Countdown . 9
The Missile/Space
Week ®
Technical Countdown
The Industry Week
10
27
39
Contracts/Procurements 40
Products & Processes 41
Names in the News 44
When & Where 45
Editorial 46
47.900 copies this issue
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
5
letters
The Raven
To the Editor:
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over the reports and figures I'd been working on since four —
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping.
As if someone gently rapping, rapping at my office door.
" Tis the janitor," I muttered, "come to dust and sweep the floor —
Only this and nothing more."
Ah, distinctly I remember it was early last December.
It was felt that very shortly we would be employed no more.
Every day we feared the morrow; vainly we had sought to borrow
Funds to budget us tomorrow for our work on Dyna-Soar —
On the sleek and winged spacecraft that they called the Dyna-Soar —
Cancelled now forevermore.
The tapping noises which I mention filled me with a curious tension —
Filled me with an apprehension I had never felt before;
So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating,
" 'Tis the janitor entreating entrance at my office door —
Just the janitor entreating entrance at my office door —
This it is and nothing more."
Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer,
"Sir," said I, "good fellow, truly your forgiveness I implore;
But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping.
And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my office door.
That I scarce was sure I heard you," here I opened wide the door —
An empty hall and nothing more.
Long into that hallway peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing.
Doubting, thinking thoughts that I had not allowed myself before;
But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token.
And the only word there spoken was a whispered "Dyna-Soar."
This I whispered, and an echo softly murmured "Dyna-Soar."
Merely this and nothing more.
Back into my office turning, as my ulcer started burning,
Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.
"Aha!" said I, a minute later, "it's coming from the ventilator!
I'll have a look behind that grate, or this will bug me more and more.
I'll mount a chair, remove that grating and this mystery explore.
A bolt is loose and nothing more."
From off the duct I pulled the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter.
Out there flew a stately raven of the saintly days of yore;
Not the least obeisance made he; not a minute stopped or stayed he;
But, with mien of lord or lady, perched beside my office door —
Upon a bust of Eugen Saenger on the bookcase by the door —
Perched, and sat, and nothing more.
Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling.
By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore,
"This program they have chopped and shaven, but, surely, none would be
so craven
As to send a lousy raven to review the Dyna-Soar.
Tell me what your need-to-know is, and just what you're looking for."
Quoth the raven, "Nevermore."
Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly.
Though its answer little meaning, little relevancy bore;
For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being
Ever yet was blessed with seeing on the bookcase by the door
Such a fowl, and, on inquiring what the bird had come there for,
Have it answer "Nevermore."
Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore —
What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt and ominous bird of yore
Meant in croaking "Nevermore."
This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing
To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core.
This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining
On the cushioned naugehyde lining as the lamplight gloated o'er
The pictures on the panelled wall of TFX and Dyna-Soar —
They shall fly — ah, nevermore!
Then it seemed the air got thicker! Was I mad or was I sick, or
Was this raven telling me that they had cancelled Dyna-Soar?
"Wretch!" I cried, "who was it sent you? For what purpose have they
meant you?
It bodes no good in the event you speak the truth of Dyna-Soar.
Don't bother me with rumors wild — we shall develop Dyna-Soar!"
Quoth the raven, "Nevermore,"
"Prophet!" said I, "Thing of evil! Tell me, agent of the devil,
Whether McNamara axed the program or just cut it back some more.
Will he make a presentation to Congress for appropriations?
Does he plan continuation after Fiscal '64?
Is there funding in the budget? Tell me — tell me, I implore."
Quoth the raven, "Nevermore."
"Prophet!" said I, "Thing of evil! Tell me, agent of the devil,
Has this man in Washington whom all of us are working for
No semblance of imagination nor a sense of exploration?
Bitter will be our frustration if our work is truly o'er.
Won't he give our team a chance and reinstate the Dyna-Soar?"
Quoth the raven, "Nevermore."
"Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!" I shrieked, upstarting.
"Fly back up into that air duct — to this place return no more.
Leave no black plume as a token of that lie you just have spoken!
Cease this blasphemy you're croakin' — quit the bust beside my door!
Leave me to my charts and figures! Leave this office, I implore!"
Quoth the raven, "Nevermore."
And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting
On the bust of Eugen Saenger on the bookcase by the door.
There he perches, symbolizing efforts at economizing
That succeed in paralyzing Man's desire to explore.
And the sleek and winged spacecraft that they called the Dyna-Soar —
It shall orbit — nevermore!
Andy Oberta
Sacramento, Calif.
'Profile of an Industry' Reprints
IN RESPONSE to widespread reader interest,
Missiles and Rockets has prepared reprints of
the three-part "Profile of an Industry" series by
Senior Editor William Beller. Based on recent sur-
veys by U.S. Government agencies and the Stanford
Research I nstitute ( under a contract from the
A erospace Industries A ssociation ), the articles
first appeared in the Oct. 28, Dec. 2 and Dec. 16,
1963, issues. Together they provide an unprece-
dented report on the growth of the Missile / Space
industry — now the second largest employer in the
Untited States — and its impact on the national
economy and technology.
The twelve-page reprint may be ordered from:
Research Department
Missiles and Rockets
1001 Vermont Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20005
Prices of the reprint is $.50 (fifty cents) per
copy.
And the raven, sitting lonely on that placid bust, spoke only
That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour.
Nothing farther then he uttered — not a feather then he fluttered —
Till I scarcely more than muttered, "Hatchet men they've sent before.
On the morrow he will leave me, as our hopes have flown before."
Then the bird said, "Nevermore."
Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken,
"Doubtless," said I, "what it utters is its only stock and store
Taught by one who is resistant to a program somewhat distant
Even though we've been insistent we know what we're working for — "
From deep within the Pentagon his melancholy burden bore
Of "Never-nevermore!"
But the raven still beguiling my sad fancy into smiling,
Straight I wheeled my swivel chair in front of bird and bust and door;
Then, upon the leather sinking, I betook myself into linking
6
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
• • • •
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• • •
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• • •
•
• •
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•
•
•
Program for a mission, pattern for a launcher
Punched cards and aluminum honeycomb played an important
part in the development of an advanced ECM simulator, and
production of a lightweight launcher for ASROC. While the de-
sign problems were different, they were solved by a similar
capability— engineering skill and ingenuity offered by Universal
Match Corporation's Government Products Group.
A simple punched-card system provides a flexible method
for programming the T-4 Electronics Countermeasures Simu-
lator, developed by Reflectone Electronics, Inc., a UMC sub-
sidiary: T-4 can duplicate virtually any RF condition which a
B-52 ECM officer might encounter over enemy territory.
Engineers at UMC's Unidynamics Division combined light
weight and high strength needed for ASROC's unique launcher
through use of honeycombed aluminum. The unit not only
nests eight missiles above deck, but also serves as launcher.
This imaginative design technique points the way toward more
reliable launchers of increased mobility.
UMC's Government Products Group offers the capability for
solving many diverse problems, and the ability to design and
produce advanced systems important to our defense posture.
UNIVERSAL MATCH CORPORATION
GOVERNMENT PRODUCTS GROUP
UNIDYNAMICS DIVISION REFLECTONE ELECTRONICS, INC.
472 Paul Ave., St. Louis, Missouri Stamford, Connecticut
Circle No. 5 on Subscriber Service Cord
U.S. AIR FORCE BALLISTIC SYSTEMS DIVISION ANNOUNCES NEW FLIGHT TEST PROGRAM
OF GENERAL PRECISION SYSTEM
The Guidance and
Control Package for
(Stellar Acquisition Feasibility Flight)
STAFF will provide data on the combined performance of a star tracker and a ballistic missile in the boost phase and in space
environment. The special test vehicle, including guidance and control package incorporating the stellar acquisition equipment,
is being developed by General Precision Aerospace. "Flight tests of the system, using the Polaris A-l, will be conducted at the
Atlantic Missile Range in 1964',' said a USAF Ballistic Systems Division Announcement.
General Precision Aerospace has long been a pioneer in the field of celestial-inertial guidance and navigation. In-house and study
contracts have led to the successful development of the Star Angle Comparator prototype and advanced instrumentation systems for
re-entry vehicles. General Precision Aerospace's responsibility for guidance and control for STAFF is a natural extension of this
capability.
Openings now exist on STAFF and applications of this concept for other programs in diverse areas of advanced aerospace guidance.
Qualified professionals are invited to consider these openings at intermediate and senior levels:
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS Specify guidance equations and targeting pro-
grams. Investigate dynamics performance of guidance steering loops.
Develop digital computer error analysis program.
FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Adaptive flight control
systems analysis and design for a mobile missile. Duties are concerned
with aero-dynamics stability, systems simulations and servo feed-back
control techniques.
DIGITAL COMPUTER PROGRAMMING — SPECIAL PURPOSE
Develop real time airborne digital computer special purpose programs.
Heavy requirements for those experienced in numerical analysis, self-
test routines, diagnostic programs, acceptance test programs and time
storage estimates.
DIGITAL COMPUTER PROGRAMMING - GENERAL PURPOSE
Translation of scientific mathematical expressions into FORTRAN and
FAP for computer solution in IBM 7000 series or RPC 4000 machines.
Scientific programs involve guidance equations, physical parameters,
terrestrial deployment and trajectory simulations, adaptive flight con-
trol systems and hybrid guidance systems.
GUIDANCE SYSTEMS INTEGRATION Analysis, integration, and test
of prototype inertial guidance systems. Familiarity with performance
criteria of stable platforms, digital computers and astro trackers
is desirable.
GUIDANCE SYSTEMS DESIGN Develop unique, advanced guidance
systems and follow hardware through to test, instrumentation and
evaluation. Experience in systems environmental test and performance
analysis highly desirable.
DIGITAL SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Systems application and utiliza-
tion of real time airborne digital computers for stellar inertial guidance
systems. Major technical task responsibilities in preliminary systems
logic and circuit design. Evaluation of computer development and
vendor technical techniques.
FLIGHT TEST ANALYSIS Create and design flight and sled test pro-
grams for ballistic missiles and analyze system performance data.
ELECTRO-OPTICAL SYSTEMS Analysis of electro-optical equipment
for integration in inertial guidance systems. Requires knowledge of star
sensors in digital data handling and signal processing devices.
INERTIAL SYSTEMS ELECTRONICS Analysis and design of sophisti-
cated electronics devices for inertial systems implementation. Requires
background in one or more of the following: guidance and control sys-
tems, analog computer electronics, network theory, information theory,
solid state and micro-miniature circuit design and electronic packaging.
SYSTEMS RELIABILITY Conduct systems reliability data integration,
failure and predictability studies. Requiring technical depth in such
subsystems as airborne digital computers, inertial guidance platforms'
and related electronics.
TEST INSTRUMENTATION -AEROSPACE ENVIRONMENTS
Design and specify closed servo loop control systems and instrumenta-
tion networks for environmental testing programs. Design complete test
process control and instrumentation systems for missile-borne stellar
inertial guidance and control systems. 5-10 years' experience
in instrumentation design and engineering of programmed dynamic
test process control. Also thorough knowledge in selection and appli-
cation of transducers for measurements of environmental and aero-
dynamic parameters.
ADDITIONAL ENGINEERING OPENINGS:
Gyro Stable Platforms □ Servo Test Tables n Microelectron-
ics-Thin Films □ Quality Control-Systems □ Metrology-
Mechanical.
Write Val Metelsky at General Precision Aerospace, Dept. 13-C,
1150 McBride Ave., Little Falls, N.J.
*©LIK][I03£ML
£\HK@©[P/^©Li
GENERAL PRECISION, INC.
KEARFOTT DIVISION
GPL DIVISION
SYSTEMS DIVISION
RESEARCH CENTER
An Equal Opportunity Employer
Circle No. 6 on Subscriber Service Card
Hie Countdown
WASHINGTON
Weather Bureau Settles for Tiros
The low-boiling controversy between NASA and the
Weather Bureau over what satellite system the Bureau will
fund for operational use is apparently being resolved. The
Bureau will use FY '65 funds to order three Tiros-type
satellites with its own modifications. Engineering details are
being worked out.
Elections Put Push Behind Budget
Congress is getting a head start in its yearly hassle with
the Federal budget. The House Armed Services Committee
already has begun closed-door hearings on the DOD budget
and the House Space Committee begins next week. The
House is particularly interested in getting the money bills
pushed through this year because all its members are up
for re-election.
Scientists-in-Balloons Project Still in Works
The Navy-NASA proposal to put groups of scientists
aloft in balloons to test operational space equipment is still
progressing, though at a slower pace than originally pro-
jected. The Navy is taking extra time to map out require-
ments.
Boston Odds-on Favorite for ERC
NASA will submit to both House and Senate Space Com-
j mittees on Feb. 1 its report on the need for, and location of,
its proposed Electronics Research Center — now believed al-
! most certain to wind up in Boston, where it was originally
intended to be. Administrator Webb has made it clear that
he favors the Boston location for the $50-million complex.
If there's no Congressional action against the proposals by
45 days after presentation, the report will be considered
accepted. The initial $5-million funding request for the
Center has already been appropriated.
INDUSTRY
New H-l Ordered for Saturn IB
Saturn IB will get increased booster capability for
manned Earth-orbital missions through a more powerful H-l
engine being developed at Rocketdyne Div. of North Ameri-
can Aviation. A joint Rocketdyne-NASA announcement
says the new engine — first copy to be delivered early next
year — will develop 200,000 lbs. of thrust, compared with
180,000 lbs. for the current H-l engine in Saturn I. Eight
of the new H-l's will give Saturn IB total thrust of 1,600,000
lbs. Estimated extra cost is $5,000,000. A stainless-steel
tubular wall thrust chamber, a redesigned turbopump, and
modifications to valves and ducting will be incorporated in
the new engine, which will use the same propellant combina-
tion, RP-1 and LOX.
Titan III Program Cost Holds Tight
Total face value of the Titan III program has increased
only one-third of one percent during the first 10 months of
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
the 3 >/2 -year program. When all contract negotiations pres-
ently in hand are definitized, increase will amount to ap-
proximately 1.2% of original space values, says Maj. Gen.
Ben I. Funk, commander of Air Force Space Systems Divi-
sion. The Titan III program is operating 98% on incentive
contracts.
'Lidar' Device for Orbit Checks
Satellite orbits may be determined with extreme ac-
curacy with use of "Lidar," a laser mounted with a photo-
cell detector on a gun mount so that it may be aimed easily.
NASA plans to test the concept with a satellite equipped
with corner reflectors. The reflectors have very precisely
made right-angle corners to reflect an intercepted beam back
toward its source.
Value-Engineering Payoffs Reported
Value-engineering clauses have been inserted by the Air
Force Space Systems Division in some 75 contracts with
total face value of $1.3 billion. To date, SSD reports, it has
effected value engineering savings of $16.1 million, of which
$2 billion has so far passed audit. It credits industry with
initiating value-engineering actions which called for con-
tract changes producing a potential saving of $3.4 million
thus far.
Lunar Seismograph May Spot Nuclear Tests
Columbia University's Lamont Geological Observatory
predicts a "major breakthrough" in underground nuclear
test detection may be obtained with a permanent seismic
station to be located two miles deep on the ocean bottom
150 mi. west of San Francisco. Lamont will install and op-
erate the station under contract to ARPA. Heart of the sta-
tion will be a modified version of a compact seismograph
developed at Lamont for operation by remote control on
the Moon.
Perkins New Head of AIAA
New president of the 30,000-member American Institute
of Aeronautics and Astronautics is Prof. Courtland D. Per-
kins, Chairman of the Dept. of Aerospace and Mechanical
Sciences at Princeton University. He succeeds Dr. William
H. Pickering of Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Perkins, a
former Air Force chief scientist, is also chairman of the
NATO Advisory Group for Aeronautical R&D, succeeding
the late Dr. Theodore von Karman, and vice chairman of
the USAF Scientific Advisory Board.
INTERNATIONAL
Japan To Launch Bigger Lambda
Japan plans to launch a two-stage Lambda III this year
as part of its participation in the International Year of the
Quiet Sun. The new space observation rocket will be more
powerful than Lambda II, launched last Dec. 1 1 from Tokyo
University's Kagoshima Space Center on Kyushu. The new
vehicle is among nine research programs being conducted
by the Japanese during the IQSY. Others include terrestrial
magnetism, cosmic-ray studies, solar activities, and the
ionosphere.
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The Missile /Space Week
Ranger, Saturn Set To Go
NASA plans two major space
flights this week. Ranger VI is to be
launched on a hard-landing lunar
photographic mission and the Sa-
turn SA-5 with an Earth-orbital
capability.
Ranger VI will be sent aloft with
an Atlas-Agena from Cape Kennedy
no earlier than Jan. 30. The 804-lb.
spacecraft will carry six television
cameras to photograph the lunar sur-
face. The pictures are to provide sup-
port data for the soft-landing Sur-
veyor and the Apollo manned lunar
landing.
If successful, the Ranger VI will
send back the first space photographs
of the Moon since those of the So-
viet's Lunik III in October, 1959.
Five previous Ranger launches were
unsuccessful.
Ranger's planned trip to the
Moon will take about 66 to 68 hours.
During the last 10 minutes of flight,
cameras will take more than 3,000
photographs. The craft will then
crash on the Moon's surface at a
velocity of 6,000 mph. No other scien-
tific experiments will be aboard.
The fh-st complete Saturn vehicle
will be launched from Cape Kennedy
no earlier than Jan. 27. The SA-5
will be the first of the Block II series,
in which the second stage is "live,"
and is capable of placing more than
20,000 lbs. in Earth-orbit.
The S-l first stage will be pow-
ered by eight H-l engines, each pro-
ducing 188,000 lbs. of thrust. The
second-stage S-IV is powered by six
RL-10A3 engines, with a total thrust
of 90,000 lbs. The S-IV, being flown
for the first time, burns a liquid hy-
drogen/liquid oxygen combination.
Shots of the Week
The Air Force scored two suc-
cesses with its Minuteman "Instant
ICBM" Jan. 16, one from Cape Ken-
nedy, the other from Vandenberg
AFB, Calif. The Cape Kennedy shot
was a test of devices in the warhead
designed to confuse enemy defenses.
The Vandenberg shot was described
as a routine training launch by a
Strategic Air Command crew.
• NASA's X-15 rocket plane was
flown Jan. 16 in a test to determine
if sharpening the leading edge of the
craft's vertical stabilizer would re-
duce re-entry heating.
• NASA fired a series of five
Nike- Apache sounding rockets from
its Wallops Island, Va., launch site
Jan. 15-16 bearing sodium vapor
payloads. The agency used cameras
to record wind direction and velocity
as indicated by the vapor clouds.
• The Navy successfully launched
a Polaris A3 Jan. 20 from a surface
ship cruising off the Florida coast.
The success was the 20th in 32 fir-
ings of the missile.
• The Air Force on Jan. 19
launched a Thor-Agena carrying a
secret satellite. Firing was from
Vandenberg AFB, Calif.
• Relay II, NASA's communica-
tions satellite, was set into orbit Jan.
21 with a Delta rocket (see p. 36).
USSR To Join in Echo Tests
NASA Deputy Administrator
Hugh L. Dryden has announced Rus-
sian plans to cooperate with the U.S.
in radio and optical experiments
involving the Echo balloon satellite,
which was to have been launched
late last week.
The possibility that Russian sci-
entists will also join in Echo radar
experiments still exists, but the So-
viet Union has not made any commit-
ment as yet in that area.
The move was the first on the
part of Russia to implement the U.S.-
Russian space cooperation agreement
signed last summer. Other details of
the plan have been bogged down in
technical disagreements between the
two countries.
Gemini-Titan II Firing a Success
A highly successful sequence
compatibility firing of the Gemini-
Titan II booster Jan. 21 at Cape Ken-
nedy has raised hope that the first
manned Gemini flight will still take
place in 1964.
Charles W. Matthews, Gemini
project manager for the Manned
Spacecraft Center, admitted that de-
lays in making the static test had
cost some time, but said effort will be
made to bring the program back on
schedule.
Matthews added that the flight
readiness firing, normally made after
the stages are assembled vertically,
will be eliminated because the static
firing test met all pre-launch re-
quirements.
The first and second stages were
mounted side by side, and engines of
each stage were run at full 500,000-
lb. thrust for 30 sec. Total firing time
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
was 60 sec. The stages, linked by
cable, fired in sequence as they will
in actual flight.
A full 300-min. countdown was
run to permit insertion of a full pro-
pellant load, and final checks of elec-
trical, propulsion, and guidance sys-
tems were made as though it was
allocated in the countdown for check-
out of an imaginary spacecraft and
insertion of two astronauts.
Areas checked during the static
test included engine gimballing, pro-
pellant pressurization, engine shut-
down methods, propellant flow rates,
electrical system verification and
operation of the malfunction detec-
tion system.
Strike Looms at Cape
Labor peace that has existed at
Cape Canaveral-Cape Kennedy for
the past three years may soon end
with 11,000 to 12,000 building trades
and industrial union members leav-
ing their jobs.
Cause of the impending walkout
is the planned turnover of railroad
operations on the Cape and Merritt
Island to the Florida East Coast Rail-
road after construction of tracks is
completed on March 2.
The railroad was struck by 11
non-operating unions on Jan. 23,
1963, but has continued to move
freight trains on a limited basis
through use of supervisory person-
nel.
The railroad company recently
completed a $3.5-million project to
link Merritt Island with the main-
land by a causeway across the Indian
River. The work was done at the
railroad company's expense with an
agreement the firm would be per-
mitted to operate trains on the gov-
ernment reservation to serve the
MILA industrial and launch areas
and the Air Force Titan III complex.
International representatives of
several trades met at a recent AFL-
CIO convention in New York City
and pledged support to the striking
railroad men. Speculation is that this
would bind the local unions to ob-
serve picket lines if and when they
appear and indications point to such
action if the railroad company does
start running all trains to Merritt
Island and the Cape.
Martin, TRW Form New Firm
Bunker-Ramo is the name of a
new jointly owned electronics firm
announced late last week by Martin
Marietta Corp. and Thompson Ramo
Wooldridge, Inc.
Martin Marietta president George
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
M. Bunker will represent that com-
pany's controlling interest in the new
enterprise as chairman of the board.
Dr. Simon Ramo, vice president of
TRW, will serve as president.
TRW will contribute the physical
assets of its Computer Div. at Canoga
Park, Calif., and plans to transfer
ownership in computer operations in
France, England and Japan to Bun-
ker-Ramo.
Bo ma res Being Retired
Early (A) models of the Bomarc
air defense missile are to be dis-
mantled by the end of 1965 according
to the Defense Dept.
The 150-mi. -range missiles have
been in operational status at Dow
AFB, Maine; Suffolk County AFB,
N.Y.; McGuire AFB, N.J.; Otis
AFB, Mass. ; and Langley AFB, Va.,
since 1959.
Senate To Study ICBM Reliability
Sen. John C. Stennis (D-Miss.),
chairman of the Senate Preparedness
Subcommittee, has announced plans
to bring "up to date" that body's
information on the U.S. ballistic mis-
sile deterrent.
The decision is viewed as a direct
outgrowth of a recent charge by Sen.
Barry Goldwater (R-Ariz.) that this
country's ICBM's are "undepend-
able."
Sen. Goldwater suggested at the
time of his missile statement that
a Senate investigation be conducted
into the matter. Sen. Stennis, how-
ever, stressed that the subcommittee
study does not herald definite plans
for a formal investigation.
'Outer Space' Definition Sought
The New York law firm of Hy-
man, Hayman and Harris has re-
ceived from an Air Force scientist
a definition of the demarcation line
between Airspace and outer space.
Office of Aerospace Research
scientist Norman Sissenwine, speak-
ing strictly in technical terms, stated
that "the lowest altitude at which
. . . the line of demarcation should
be drawn is 100 kilometers."
Hyman, Hayman and Harris
sought the counsel of Sissenwine in
attempting to make a legislative in-
terpretation on the point for the
Congress of the International Astro-
nautical Federation and the Inter-
national Institute of Space Law.
Rockets are faster but you'd
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13
FY '65 BUDGET/MISSILES, SPACE
LBJ Asks for $16.38 Billion
PRESIDENT JOHNSON has sent
to Congress a sharply pruned Fiscal
Year 1965 missile and space budget
calling for $16,383 billion, down more
than $1 billion from last year's record
funding level of $17.9 billion.
The missile/space request fell victim
to a heavy cutback in missile procure-
ment, a reduction in Dept. of Defense
space spending, a leveling off of NASA's
budget and completion of the Polaris
submarine-building program.
With an election year approaching
and tax-cut legislation pending, it may
be in for further rough seas as it moves
through Congress.
While the Fiscal '65 budget request
marks the first downturn since 1961,
the picture could brighten in Fiscal
1966.
DOD officials report that a decision
on development of the Nike-X anti-bal-
listic missile program — at a total cost of
$12-20 billion — may be made in calen-
dar '64. If approved, first hardware de-
velopment funds for the program would
be included in the budget presented to
Congress in January of next year.
At the same time, sufficient funding
has been requested in FY '65 for a start
on a real development program for the
Air Force's Manned Orbiting Labora-
tory project.
With a total cost estimated at from
$1 to $3 billion, it is earmarked for FY
'65 funding of just under $100 million.
This will probably mean selection of
a prime contractor in 1964 as well as
increased military space spending in
the future.
The major reason for the slashed
FY '65 request is the cutback in missile
funding for both procurement and re-
search, development, test and evalua-
tion.
Total obligational authority for mis-
sile procurement was reduced from
$3,865 billion to $2,988 billion as Atlas
and Titan II procurement in any sig-
nificant volume ended in FY '64. The
major new missile buy will be for 50
more Minuteman II silos, which will
increase the Minuteman force from 950
to 1,000. More of the long-range mis-
siles will also be purchased as the Air
Force begins to replace the earlier
Minuteman I. Missile RDT&E alsol
dropped from $2,526 billion to $1,851
billion.
Completion of the Polaris subma-
rine-building program — budgeted at
$750 million — also was a major reason
for the budget reduction for the next
fiscal year. Procurement of Polaris mis-
siles, however, will continue.
• Space Budget — The overall ad-
ministration space budget was also
sharply reduced from last year's $7,666-
billion level to just about $7.1 billion.
The major factor was the reduction
of NASA's budget from the $5.7 bil-
lion requested last year to $5,304 bil-
lion. The agency total includes $4,382
billion for research and development,
$641 million for administrative opera-
tions and $281 million for construction.
The DOD space budget was cut by
some $140 million to about $1.5 billion.
The request last year was for some
$1,667 billion. Reportedly, however,
DOD officials reduced this to $1,615
billion during the year by re-program-
ming and assessing Congressional cuts.
$13.50
$16.22
$17,951
$16,383
15
to
c
o
= 10
.Q
c
($2,048)
($2,700)
Related Areas
($5.35)
($2,323)
($1,800)
($3,700)
NASA
($1,450)
($1,667)
($1,150) Military
Astronautics
($8,231)
($8,371)
Military Missiles
($8,886) j
($2,040)
($5.30-4)
($1.50)
($7,539)
1962
1963
1964
est.
1965
est.
MISSILE/SPACE FY '65
BUDGET REQUEST
(in millions of dollars)
Missile Procurement 2,988.0
Missile RDT&E 1,851.0
Missile Maintenance 2,000.0
Missile Base Construction 700.0
NASA R&D 5,023.0
NASA Construction 281.0
Military Astronautics 1,500.0
AEC Astronautics 200.0
Weather Bureau
Astronautics 37.0
NSF Astronautics 3.0
Associated Electronics 550.0
Military Science, Foreign
Sales and Military
Assistance 1,250.0
TOTAL
16,383.0
14
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
FY '65 BUDGET/DEFENSE
Cut in ICBM Buying Lowers Request
McNamara to spell out further details this week; a breakdown
by services; funding up in some areas and Nike-X may lie ahead
DEFENSE SECRETARY Robert S.
McNamara was scheduled to lay before
Congress this week the details of a
$52.4-billion budget request for total
obligational authority in Fiscal 1965.
Administration spokesmen, with eyes
cocked toward the Hill and the elec-
torate, stressed that the FY '65 budget
marked the first downturn in requests
since the Kennedy Administration took
office three years ago.
The decline showed in two other
key budget categories — the request for
new obligational authority, and esti-
mated expenditures. The general down-
turn reflected itself in turn in a net
reduction in requests for research, de-
velopment, test and engineering.
At the root of the trend, as one
DOD spokesman pointed out and Mc-
Namara had stressed earlier, is the sharp
reduction in the huge capital outlay ex-
penditure for new missile systems over
the past several years. One effect of this
is the cutback in RDT&E funding be-
cause, as the spokesman pointed out, the
current family of ICBM systems are in
the "final and less expensive" stages of
testing and evaluation.
• Nike X factor — However, he
pointed out. calendar 1964 could see a
decision on whether or not to produce
Nike X. This is '"possible"' in the coming
year, but would be too late to affect
the FY '65 budget. It is "not clear"
whether there will be a basis from in-
coming test results and other informa-
tion for the Administration to make the
decision for Fiscal 1966.
Total obligational and new obliga-
tional authority requests were down
slightly, $28 and 120 million respec-
tively. The DOD reduction in actual
spending estimates compared with FY
1964 was $1.1 billion, down to $51.2
billion, including $1.2 billion military
assistance.
Administration spokesmen said that
the funding level for the Air Force's
Manned Orbiting Laboratory would bz
slightly below $100 million for the
initial stages of the program. The
ASSET program was expected to be well
above the $8.5 million FY '64 level.
The military space R&D program,
including certain related procurement,
was expected to be funded at about $1.5
billion, according to Administration
sources.
For missile procurement, the three
service requests for total obligational
authority amounted to $2,988 billion.
( Total obligational authority means new
obligational plus residual authority
DOD is requesting from prior years.)
• By services — Significant break-
outs for ballistic missiles, other mis-
siles, modifications, spares, and other
GROWTH OF
MILITARY
SPACE
SPENDING
(In Billions)
support, were (in millions):
—Air Force: $947.7; $110.0; $232.6;
$67.0: and $524.4, the last including a
number of important classified projects.
DOD spokesmen said the Air Force
will increase the Minuteman force to
1 ,000 missiles, will replace one squad-
ron of Minuteman I with the much-
admired Minuteman II, and plans to
retrofit the Minuteman I silos to ac-
commodate Minuteman II in the fu-
ture.
—Navy: $423.1; $296.1; $4.1; $5.3;
$21.4. In addition to Polaris, Navy will
continue procurement of Tartar, Talos,
Terrier, Sparrow, Sidewinder, Shrike
and Bullpup missiles, the latter four also
on the Air Force's list. The Navy will
also buy its new Subroc submarine-
launched ASW missile.
— Army: $258.6 million for all mis-
$1.15
$1.45
$1.65
$1.5
1962
1963
#964^
1,965 i
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
15
I
2,432
2,469
Procurement
Research, Development, Test & Evaluation
1,895
FY
'63 '64
Actual
22 .2
14.6
13.1
'63 '64 '65 FY
Actual est.
siles, plus $24.0 million for spares.
Army plans initial Lance and Shillelagh
procurement, and 55-/7 antitank buys
for helicopter mounting.
In RDT&E, missiles accounted for
total obligational authority of $1,851
million, down from $2,169 last year.
Of this total. Nike-X will gain a sub-
stantial increase over last year.
The Mobile Medium Range Ballistic
Missile (MMRBM) will also gain fund-
ing. Also in the works is continued
Lance development, and work on a
new ship-to-air missile system for the
Navy.
Project Defender elements in the
Advanced Research Project Agency will
come in for about $100 million.
• Military Space— The $140-mil-
lion cutback in the DOD space budget
marks the first time it has taken a down-
ward turn since 1961. The original re-
quest in FY '64 was for $1,667 billion,
but reportedly DOD later reduced it to
$1,615 billion. This would make the
FY '65 total for space spending about
$1,475 or just about $1.5 billion.
In explaining the reduction. DOD
said it was possible becaus; of the can-
cellation of the Dyna-Soar project and
the peaking of Titan III funding in the
current fiscal year.
The funds for the next fiscal year
will pay for continued development of
the Titan III, the first real development
of the Manned Orbiting Laboratory
(MOL) using the Gemini-X spacecraft,
the Transit navigation satellite, mili-
tary communication satellites, tracking
equipment, developing identification and
interception capability and experimental
Nuclear Detection Satellites.
Increased funds will also be spent
on research on re-entry vehicles and
lifting bodies.
• Military Construction — Funding
of major construction projects in the
Air Force, Army and Navy totals almost
$1 billion, with a large portion involving
missile, space projects.
The Air Force budget for major
items totals $359.9 million in total ob-
ligational authority. One of the big
projects will be the construction of silos
and related buildings and equipment for
one additional hardened-site Minuteman
squadron. Money is also included for
increasing survivability through im-
provement of facilities for the previously
authorized Minuteman squadrons and
improvement of the Titan missile sites.
Funding for the Army's major con-
struction items totals $371 million,
much of it devoted to structures to
provide site relocations, additions and
improvements for the Nike-Hercules
air-defense missile and further work to
protect the system against radiation.
A major portion of Army construc-
tion for research and development will
be devoted to facilities for development
of the Nike-X. Other important Army
projects provide for a missile system
calibration laboratory at Redstone Arse-
nal and land purchase at White Sands.
Navy funding will total $256.2 mil-
lion. Part of it will pay for construction
for the Polaris missile system, which
will contribute to the "operational read-
iness" of the system. ■
Budget Terms Explained
What the Administration
terms its Direct Budget Plan
corresponds to Total Obliga-
tional Authority (TO A). This
is the total cost of a program
planned in connection with the
particular fiscal year. This sum
comes for the most part from
Congressional authority to com-
mit funds in that year and, in
small part, from obligational au-
thority granted in previous
years, but under which funds
were not committed.
New Obligational A uthority
( NO A ) is the amount asked
from Congress after financial
adjustment to allow for funds
already authorized in previous
years but not yet expended.
Obligated Funds represent
contracts to be let in a given
year, although the money it-
self may be disbursed in later
years. Money actually to be
spent in a given fiscal year is
listed as Expenditures. This con-
sists of funds obligated in that
year or in earlier years for that
year.
Most NASA figures empha-
size NO A; DOD is inclined to
stress TO A.
16
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
FY '65 BUDGET/NASA
Apollo in Trouble Despite Increase
TWO NEW FLIGHT PROGRAMS
and a sharp rise in Project Apollo spend-
ing are included in NASA's FY '65
budget of $5,304 billion despite a slight
drop from the agency's FY '64 $5.35-
billion authorization level.
A total of $2.6 billion in R&D funds
has been requested for the manned lunar
landing program, including $945.8 mil-
lion for the spacecraft and $988.4 mil-
lion for the Saturn booster.
This is more than $400 million
above the FY '64 budget of $2.2 billion.
The three-man space flight project will
also receive another $141 million if
Congress approves the space agency's
supplemental appropriation bill for the
current fiscal year.
The two new flight programs, an
Advanced Technology Satellite and the
new FLOX Atlas tests, are ticketed for
a total of $48.5 million.
• New program details — A con-
tractor for the satellite project — which
will be used to test equipment for com-
munication, weather and navigation sat-
ellites— will be selected within the year.
A total of $31 million has been re-
quested for the flight series, with $29.9
million for the spacecraft and $1.1 mil-
lion for supporting research and tech-
nology.
Funding of the new FLOX Atlas
program will jump from $1.9 million in
FY '64 to $17.5 million in the next
fiscal year as the space agency moves
toward two new flight tests of the
fluorine/oxygen mixture in the booster.
Most of the funds will go to the launch
vehicle's prime contractor, General
Dynamics Astronautics, and the engine
contractor. Rocketdyne Div. of North
American Aviation, Inc.
The large increase in funding of
Apollo, however, may not be enough to
prevent the program from slipping into
the 1970's. Space agency officials have
declared that Congress must approve
the FY '65 budget and FY '64 supple-
mental request if the U.S. is to meet
the goal of landing a man on the Moon
by the end of this decade.
• Apollo in jeopardy — In an elec-
tion year, Congress is unlikely to heed
this warning and some reduction in the
request is almost certain. In addition,
the ever-present technical problems
that have delayed this country's other
manned spaceflight programs, Mercury
and Gemini, are expected to play havoc
with the Apollo schedule.
NASA's FY '65 budget was pre-
sented to Congress by President John-
son Jan. 21. It included $4,382 billion
for research and development, $281
million for construction and $641 mil-
lion for administrative operations.
(For other details of the agency's
funding request, see page 19 in this
issue, and M/R, 1/20/64, p. 14.)
In addition to manned spaceflight,
the only other R&D area showing a
major increase is the lunar and planetary
program, which rises from $270 million
to $300.4 million. The heavier funding
is accounted for by development funds
for the Lunar Orbiter program, $49.3
million; Surveyor, $136 million; and the
Pioneer solar probe series, $21.1 mil-
lion.
Partially offsetting was a sharp cut-
back in the Ranger program — $52.2
million to $10.8 million. The Mariner
interplanetary spacecraft program
budget was also reduced slightly from
$59.1 million to $54.1 million. fl
BREAKDOWN OF Fy*65 MAJOR
NASA CONSTRUCTION
(In thousands of dollars)
PROJECTS BY LOCATION
AMES RESEARCH CENTER
Administrative management building
Flight simulator For advanced aircraft
Instrument building extension
ELECTRONICS RESEARCH CENTER
Center support facilities
Electronic components laboratory
Engineering and administration building
Qualification and standards laboratory
GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER
Earth albedo and infra red simulation system for the space environment
simulator
STADAN engineering and real time station
Relocation of Wallops Island training facility
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
Addition to spacecraft development engineering building No. 233.
25-Foot simulator modification
Supporting services building — (Edwards Test Station).
JOHN F. KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, NASA
Addition, manned spacecraft checkout building
Advanced Saturn launch complex No. 39
Extension to central supply complex
Manned spacecraft static test facility
Propellant systems components laboratory
Utility installations — New area
Modifications to Centaur launch complex No. 36
Modifications to launch complex No. 17
LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER
Thermal control housing and building addition for dynamics research
laboratory
Fatigue research laboratory
Central high pressure air supply
$ 6,085
1,451
2,630
1,996
$ 10,000
1,950
3,200
1,850
3,000
$ 1,300
500
400
400
$ 3,714
564
2,350
400
$ 91,261
16,316
63,284
952
2,780
588
5,600
451
465
$ 4,454
801
1,221
2,077
LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER
34.5-138 KV Electrical Power Substation
MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
Modification to environmental testing laboratory.
Electronic systems compability facility.
Lunar mission and space exploration Facility. . . .
Central data Facility extension
Technical services Facility
Flight crew operations Facility
MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER
Extensions to Saturn V ground support equipment test Facility
Cold Flow test Facility.
Extension of components test facility instrumentation
Extension to the propulsion and vehicle engineering laboratory.
Saturn support test area
MICHOUD PLANT
Facility additions to support Saturn SIB and SIC production.
Alterations to Saturn first stage production Facilities
Central computer facility extensions and alterations..
MISSISSIPPI TEST FACILITY
Additional utility installations and support Facility
Components service facility
Saturn V first stage (S-IC) static test facility
Saturn V second stage (S-ll) static test facilities
VARIOUS LOCATIONS
Facilities for F-1 engine program
Facilities for J-2 engine program
Facilities for S-ll stage program
Facilities for S-IVB stage program
Facilities for M-1 engine program
Addition to space radiation effects laboratory for added capabilities
Apollo network ground stations — new stations
Apollo network ground stations — additions.
WALLOPS STATION
Launch area modification
Support facilities
ALL LOCATIONS
Facility planning and design
TOTAL
FY 1965
$ 810
810
$ 25,166
9,416
4,110
2,647
2,658
2,240
1,764
$ 15,288
2,495
2,368
1,814
2,230
3,206
$ 6,534
2,735
628
1,160
$ 61,991
9,533
5,499
26,384
20,575
$ 37,597
2,707
10,971
2,024
10,709
3,970
1,876
4,010
1,330
$ 1,804
684
1,120
$ 15,000
15,000
$281 ,000
: s m
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
17
TITAN III
MINUTEMAN
FY '65 Budget-
POLARIS (MISSILES)
DYNA-SOAR
MOL
AADS-70
ASROC
BMEWS
BULLPUP
DAVY CROCKETT
DEFENDER
FALCON
FIREBEE
HAWK
HONEST JOHN
HOUND DOG
LANCE
LITTLE JOHN
MAULER
MMRBM
NIKE-HERCULES
NIKE-ZEUS
NIKE-X
PERSHING
REDEYE
SATELLITE INSPECTOR
MILITARY COMSAT
SERGEANT
SHRIKE
SIDEWINDER
SPACE SURVEILLANCE
SPARROW
SPRINT
SUBROC
TALOS
TERRIER
TARTAR
TRANSIT
TYPHON
PHOENIX
SS-11
REDHEAD ROADRUNNER
SHILELLAGH
TOW
DEFENSE
Procurement complete. Thirteen squadrons to be reduced to nine.
Procurement complete. All 54 missiles operational through 1965.
Production, installation and checkout continues. Number of squadrons increasing frc
12 to 16.
Development continues. R&D peak in '64; therefore, funding drops.
Additional buy of 50 Wing VI missiles requested. Total Minuteman program is 1,0(
missiles (200 Wing VI). Others will be purchased as replacement of Minuteman
Funding declines at FY '65.
A-l, -2 procurement completed. A-3 procurement continues with Navy budget of $41
million for Polaris missiles and related equipment. Low-level funding for studies of <
advanced sea-launched ICBM.
Cancelled in calender year 1963.
Development continues with slightly less than $100 million in FY '65.
Studies continued.
Procurement continues.
O&M funds for support of three sites.
Procurement by AF and Navy of improved version continues. Procurement of Bullpi
training missile will continue.
Procurement complete.
Support continues at $100-million level.
Procurement of various advanced models continues.
Procurement on used basis continues.
Program complete except for addition of limited anti-tactical ballistic missile capabilil
Procurement complete except perhaps for limited funds to maintain a production cap
bility; a new warhead to be procured and improvement program will be initiated.
Procurement complete.
Development continues; first procurement will be initiated in FY '65.
Procurement complete.
Development continues; procurement delayed by development problems.
Development continues at higher level than FY '64.
Program complete except for addition of limited anti-tactical ballistic missile capabilit
Development will continue as part of overall Nike-X program. Development fundir
"significantly higher" than the $246-million requested in 1964. Decision on progra
go-ahead may be made in calendar '64 with funds included in FY '66 budget.
Procurement continues.
Procurement initiated by Army and Marines with latter's budget at about $13 million.
Development continues.
Development funding essentially the same as FY '64.
Procurement complete.
Procurement by both Navy and AF continues.
Procurement of 1C version continues by Navy and AF.
Development of SPADATS and Satellite Interceptor continues.
Procurement of III version by AF and Navy continues.
Development continues as part of the missile mix for the Nike-X system.
Procurement continues.
Procurement of improved version continues.
Procurement of improved version continues.
Procurement of improved version continues.
Replacement satellites for operational system to be procured. Improvement progra;
continues.
Development of shorter range version continues.
Development of long-range missiles for TFX continues.
Procurement continues for employment on Army helicopters.
Procurement continues.
Procurement initiated in FY '65.
Development continues.
Programs at a Glance
GEMINI
APOLLO
LUNAR LOGISTICS VEHICLE
MANNED ORBITING SPACE
STATION
ADVANCED MANNED
MISSIONS
SATURN V
SATURN I
SATURN IB
LIQUID ROCKET ENGINE
SOLID ROCKET ENGINE
LARGE LAUNCH VEHICLES
SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATORIES
EXPLORERS
RANGER
SURVEYOR
A
MARINERS
LUNAR ORBITER
PIONEER
CENTAUR
FLOX ATLAS
SCOUT
DELTA
SOUNDING ROCKETS
BIOSATELLITES
WEATHER SATELLITES
COMMUNICATIONS
SATELLITES
ADVANCED TECHNO-
LOGICAL SATELLITES
BASIC RESEARCH
SPACE VEHICLE SYSTEMS
SNAP 8
SERT
NERVA
SPACE POWER
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
HUMAN FACTORS SYSTEMS
TRACKING AND DATA
ACQUISITION
NASA
Funds drop from $383.8 million to $308.4 million, including $168.9 million for the space-
craft and $11 1 .3 million for the Titan II and Atlas-Agena launch vehicles.
Funds jump from $2,244 billion $2,678 billion. Spacecraft program will get $945.8
million in FY '65 and $31 million in FY '64 supplemental appropriation request.
No development funds will be provided. Studies to continue.
No development funds. Studies will continue.
Funds for studies of space stations, lunar base and manned interplanetary flight projects
increase slightly to $26 million.
Funds jump by almost one-third from $689.6 million to $988.4 million. In addition, the
project will receive $110 million in the supplemental FY '64 request.
Termination of last four flights means a cut from $204.2 million to $120.6 million.
Funds increase by more than $100 million to $260.1 million as booster moves toward
its 1966 launch date.
H-l engine funding drops to $9.8 million, RL-10 engine to $17.9 million. Request for
F-l increases to $64.1 million and J-2 engine to $61 .6 million, M-l engine to $25 million.
260-in. motor program transferred to NASA from DOD. Will be funded at $13 million.
No funds requested. Studies will continue.
Orbiting Solar Observatory funds down from $14.7 million to $13.1 million. Other
projects include Advanced Orbiting Solar Observatory, $9 million; Orbiting Astronom-
ical Observatory, $51 million; and Orbiting Geophysical Observatory, $55.4 million.
Funding for small scientific satellites drops from $34.2 million to $31.9 million.
Funds drop sharply from $50 million to $10.8 million as five spacecraft are cut.
Sharp increase in development funds to $136 million as the program moves toward its
first flights in 1965.
Funding drops from $59.1 million to $54.1 million.
New project will be funded at $49.3 million.
Slight increase in solar probe program from $17.7 million to $21.1 million.
Budget request drops from $108.1 million to $92 million.
Sharp increase from $1.9 million to $17.5 million as space agency plans two flights to
test fluorine oxygen mixture.
No development funds. Procurement money included in other projects.
No development funds. Procurement money included in other projects.
$15 million for scientific sounding rockets. Weather sounding rocket budget increases
from $2.9 million to $3 million.
Budget request increases from $8.5 million to $19.2 million.
Funds drop sharply from $67.8 million to $37.5 million, with $18.9 million for Nimbus,
$5.8 million for Tiros and $3.2 million for Synchronous Meteorological Satellites.
Slight decrease from $13.5 million to $12.6 million, with $300,000 for Echo, $1.8 million
for Relay, $2 million for Syncom and $5 million for a gravity gradient test.
New flight project budgeted for $29.9 million.
Funding remains at FY '64 level of $21 million.
Budget reduced from $49 million to $38.8 million, with $26.3 million for supporting
research and technology, $3 million for small flight projects, $2 million for Scout re-
entry tests, $2.6 million for the Micrometeoroid Detection Satellite, and $3 million for
Project Fire.
Funds increased from $15.5 million to $18 million.
Budget increased slightly to $5.1 million.
Budget drops from $52 million to $34.5 million.
Research funds remain at $13 million.
$28.4-million budget includes $25.4 million for supporting research and technology,
and $3 million for small flight projects.
Funding request of $16.2 million includes $13.2 million for supporting research and
technology, and $3 million for small flight projects.
Funds increase from $210 million to $267.9 million, including $152.6 million for equip-
ment and components, $99.8 million for network operations, and $15.5 million for
supporting research and technology.
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FY '65 BUDGET/AEC
Ground R&D Stressed, Flight Trimmed
NEW BUDGET figures show that
the Atomic Energy Commission has or-
dered a slowdown and critical appraisal
of the Satellite and Small Power Sys-
tems program — still referred to as
SNAP, after its earlier designation. Sys-
tems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power.
Total astronautics figure for the
AEC is about $199 million, with nu-
clear weapons programs at $771.8 mil-
lion and military reactor systems at
$111.7 million (including ground-based
systems).
While the astronautics figure is very
close to that for Fiscal Year 1964,
items in the budget reflect an emphasis
on ground research and a cutback in
flight programs.
AEC officials indicated at a budget
briefing that SNAP 10A (0.3 KW) and
SNAP 2 (3 KW) are being re-evalu-
ated in terms of whether flight testing
should ever occur. Even if flights are
made, the officials said, "we will not
go ahead in full form."
• SNAP cutbacks— SNAP 2 has
been cut to a base effort and has no
program funds in the FY '65 budget,
compared with $8.5 million in the cur-
rent year. "The program is in question."
AEC officials said. "There is no out-
standing mission now."
The smaller SNAP 10 A has been cut
from $15 million in FY '64 to $8.6 mil-
lion in FY '65. Flight program also is
under evaluation, AEC said.
Only SNAP 8 apparently will pro-
gress at full steam. The 35-KW flight
reactor program will be increased to
$16 million, compared with $11 million
in the current fiscal year.
AEC has decided to stretch out the
SNAP 50 program, which is to provide
power from 300 KW to 1 MW. "The
decision has been made to proceed
slowly," a spokesman explained. "It
amounts to a change in emphasis in the
program." SNAP 50 has been cut about
$5 million from the previous year, to
$17 million in FY '65.
However, the approach to SNAP 50
will be the same as originally planned.
AEC officials stressed. The hardware
will just be delayed in coming. The
spokesmen also said that the decision to
stretch out the program was not based
upon NASA information.
• Rover — The agency has inaug-
urated a significant step-up in an ad-
vanced, higher-power graphite reactor
program (Phoebus). From $7.8 million
during the current fiscal year, the AEC
has jumped to a request for $17.5 mil-
lion for FY '65. In fact, the total ad-
vanced research and technology budget
has almost doubled, from $14.8 million
in the current year, to a requested $27.8
million for FY '65.
The Kiwi program, as expected, has
only $1 million, since the program is
being phased out. Funding in the cur-
rent year is $14.2 million.
NERVA engine funding has been
cut back from almost $54 million in the
current year to $48 million for FY '65.
Rocket station operations increased
slightly, from $7 million to $8 million.
AEC officials confirmed recurrent
rumors that the Rover program has been
cut to a ground-based, research and en-
gineering effort only. "The flight pro-
gram definitely has been deferred until
we have a firmer mission and have bet-
ter demonstrated what we can do." Both
NASA and AEC officials testified that
"If we have good progress this year, we
could start RIFT (reactor-in-flight tests)
in the early 1970's."
• Pluto slashed too — The AEC also
is asking for $3 million in obligational
authority for research and development
test plants for Rover at Los Alamos and
about $6 million for plant and general
equipment. This brings the Rover total
to $93 million.
The Pluto missile propulsion reactor
falls quite short of the current year's
funding level of $14 million, with $8
million asked for FY '65. AEC said
that this program is about to wind up.
and that future developments depend
upon user agencies.
Pluto efforts during FY 1965 will
consist of completing the Tory II-C
tests and some concurrent work on com-
ponents for a high-temperature reactor.
This work, said AEC, will lead to a
better basis for evaluation by potential
users on what their requirements are.
A medium-power reactor at Oak
Ridge, which might have some space
research applications, will be funded at
$4 million for FY 1965. In addition.
AEC allots a certain percentage across
the board in advanced space research
and technology. The FY '65 figure is
$199 million. ■
FY '65 BUDGET/WEATHER BUREAU
Bureau Buying 3 Tiros-type Satellites
THE WEATHER BUREAU will
order three operational meteorological
satellites of a modified Tiros type with
Fiscal '65 funds, although launch may
come in a later calendar year.
The Bureau's meteorological satellite
group will seek to spend $35.3 million
on its operational satellite program in
Fiscal '65, and $2,325 million in asso-
ciated research.
The agency's funds — found in the
Dept. of Comemrce budget — will call
for only $18 million in new obligational
authority for operations, since more
than $17 million is left over from previ-
ous authorizations.
As expected, there are no funds for
Nimbus in the total of $26. 8 million
for spacecraft and launching. The sat-
ellite center already has announced that
it will embark upon an intermediate
meteorological system based upon Tiros
technology, rather than the more ex-
pensive Nimbus to which it was first
committed.
Capital outlay for command and
data acquisition will drop to $2 million,
from $4.76 million last year, and data-
processing, analysis and archiving fund-
ing will remain at the same $500,000
level.
In actual operating costs, the group
will seek $9.68 million, compared with
$6.55 million in FY '64. While total
costs add up to almost $39 million, ex-
cluding R&D, nearly $4 million of this
is already in stock. Thus, actual expendi-
tures for this year are only $35.3
million. ■
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
21
For gun-launched missiles . . .
16-in. HARP Booster Nears Flight
by Michael Getler
New York — First flight tests of
a new 16-in. rocket motor to be used
to boost 100-lb. vertical-gun-launched
payloads to altitudes of 1,000 mi., or
1,000-lb. payloads to 300,000 ft., is
expected in May at the U.S. Army-
McGill University (Montreal) Project
HARP test complex at Barbados Is.,
British West Indies.
Static tests on the engine, being de-
veloped by Canadian Arsenals Ltd. in
Valleyfield, are under way.
In addition to vertical flight capa-
bilities, project sources say, use of mul-
tiple staging with the engine would
allow placement of 50-70 lb. payloads
into a 60-100-mi. Earth orbit.
Though satellite launching is not
now an announced requirement under
HARP (High-Altitude Research Probes),
it is known that initial feasibility calcu-
lations have been completed and show
that satellites could be placed in orbit
with rocket-boosted gun launchings and
guidance problems do not appear "too
difficult."
Under HARP, McGill Univ. and
the Army, with technical and contrac-
tual responsibility lodged with the Bal-
listics Research Lab (BRL) at Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Md., have teamed up
to use several different bore-diameter
guns to vertically launch a family of
non-rocket-assisted and rocket-boosted
missiles to high altitudes for scientific
research.
The program has expanded greatly
in the past 12-18 months. Some 70
vertical firings have been made, mostly
engineering development flights, and
about 60% have been successful.
• Growth potential — Despite its di-
rection towards atmospheric research,
there has been considerable speculation
that the program may grow further.
Apart from the obvious economies in-
volved in a perfected system, allowing
other nations to launch probes and satel-
lites inexpensively, it might find a role
in an anti-satellite or A-ICBM system.
The latter possibility is based pri-
marily on HARP's very high launch
velocities, which eliminate low-altitude
wind problems and permit very close
impact prediction. Guidance problems
in some of these situations depend to a
large extent upon the range and type
of warhead used.
First details on HARP, and its pos-
sible evolution into defense systems,
were reported by M/R last summer
(July 1, 1963, p. 18).
Spending on the program is now
said to be approaching $1 million an-
nually, up from about $50,000 less than
2 years ago, according to informed
sources. Army support is said to total
about $800,000, with a slight increase
expected in FY '65. Some outside
agency support is also probable. Inter-
est has also been expressed by Greece,
Argentina, Egypt, Britain and France.
Successful firing of the new 16-in.
motor could lend impetus to extending
application of these techniques beyond
HARP objectives. The new launch
vehicle will be the next generation in
the McGill "Martlet" missile series, but
will drop the Martlet designation.
• Firing plans — The May test series
will include some 30 firings from the
16.4-in. gun. In addition to the shots
with the 16-in. motor, first tests of new
versions of earlier Martlet-series mis-
siles will be made. Martlet 2 vehicles,
not rocket-assisted, will be test-fired
using a new gun propellant expected to
yield muzzle velocities of 6,000 ft. /sec,
lifting a 180-Ib. vehicle over 100 mi.
The rocket-boosted Martlet 3B, also to
be fired for the first time, is 2 in. wider
than its predecessor, the 6-in-dio. 3 A,
and uses a steel airframe rather than
aluminum. A 5,000-ft./sec. muzzle
velocity is hoped for, with a 200-mi.
altitude capability for a 45-lb. payload.
Total launch vehicle weight is reportedly
about 240 lbs., and the vehicle costs
about $1,000. Smaller-diameter missiles
fired from the 16-in. gun use wooden
sabots to guide them down the barrel.
Also in the offing are first firings
with new 7-in.-dia., very long gun bar-
rels now being mounted at Aberdeen.
These are expected to undergo hori-
zontal test firings next month and first
vertical firings in April, probably from
NASA's Wallops Island station. In about
6 months, the 7-in. gun could be moved
to Barbados to take part in a dual gun
experiment in which the 16-in. gun
places about 100 lbs. of chemicals at
250,000 ft. and the 7-in. gun fires a
series of electron-density measurement
probes.
Whereas firings made earlier in the
HARP Project verified performance of
a gun system without rocket boost, the
first rocket-assisted firing was made in
September at Barbados using a 170-lb.
Martlet 3 A. Four tests were made; two
reportedly were perfect and two un-
successful due to sabot failures.
In the tests, the 3 A, which carries
50 lbs. of N-5 propellant (case-bonded
to a 7-in. body) with a 5-sec. burning
time and specific impulse of 200 sec,
glided for 14 sec. after gun launching
to an altitude of 30,000 ft., where the
rocket motor was ignited. The muzzle
velocity was 3,180 ft./sec. and a velocity
increment of over 3,000 ft./sec at motor
ignition was observed by phototheodo-
lite cameras.
• Recent series — Dr. Gerald V. Bull
of McGill University in Montreal and
Charles H. Murphy of BRL, who re-
ported on the September launchings at
the American Institute of Aeronautics
and Astronautics meeting in New York
last week, also told M/R about the
latest series of firings in the gun-
launched missile program just com-
pleted in mid-January.
This series of 16 shots, including
both Martlet 2 and 3 A launchings, was
especially significant in that it marked
the first operational receipt of telemetry
signals from the vertically fired vehicles,
and also first use of a scientific payload
with the 16-in. gun at Barbados (other
experiments with smaller-bore guns have
been carried out in HARP).
The telemetry system, provided by
Computing Devices of Canada, in-
volved hooking up a sub-carrier oscil-
lator to a pressure transducer in the
rocket engine to measure pressures dur-
ing burning. The signal was received
over the 250-mc band by Army ground
vans and also by the Twin Falls Victory
tracking ship, off-shore for a portion
of the flights. Telemetry was being re-
ceived to the 300,000-ft. altitude and
survived 3,750 ft./sec. muzzle velocities
and launch g's estimated at about 6,000.
Transmitters of 1,680 mc are under
development for improved range and
angle data telemetry for ground stations.
Included in the just-completed series
of Martlet 2 flights was an AF Cam-
bridge Research Lab experiment in
which tri-methyl-aluminum and sodium
were carried aloft. The 2 lbs. of TME
was released at 70 km and upwards and
combined with atomic oxygen so that
photo stations could gather data on
upper wind profiles. ■
22
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
HIGHLY QUALIFIED
PROPULSION ENGINEERS
WORK ON PROBLEMS
LIKE THIS...
An annular cluster of engines is used to form a truncated
plug nozzle. How do we provide efficient cooling of the
plug under varying engine conditions and during engine-
first re-entry from orbit?
WITH ASSOCIATES
LIKE THESE...
R. H. Michaelis is currently responsible for propulsion
system design and analysis for advanced launch vehicles.
Previous assignments include studies of manned lunar
landings, orbital propellant storage, and high energy upper
stages; the design of various Saturn S-IV propulsion sub-
systems; and the deployment of Thor IRBMs in England.
Mrs. M. L. Williams is presently conducting research on
advanced propellants and combustion. Her background
includes 13 years of experience with U.S. Naval Ordnance
in the fields of physical chemistry, propellant process
development, and propellant research. She is a member of
ReSA. an Associate Fellow of AIAA and the author of
many technical papers.
...IN THIS PROFESSIONAL
ATMOSPHERE
The Douglas Advance Space Technology Department is
a professional community charged with the responsibility
of evolving new concepts for the nation's space program.
It combines research and advance design functions in
a self-administered unit having the atmosphere of a small,
highly qualified engineering organization. But it also has
the advantage of having at hand the vast support functions
and facilities of a major aerospace company. Its studies
are tempered by the scientific critique of its research groups
and the realism required by the knowledge that eventually
"hardware" end products are involved.
AN INVITATION. Key openings are now available in the
Propulsion Branch for qualified professionals with expe-
rience and/or advanced degrees, in all areas of rocket pro-
pulsion; i.e., chemical, nuclear and electric. We invite you
to look into them by writing (please include resume) to
the following address:
Mr. W. S. Ames ^ — ^ /
DOUGLAS, -
MISS/LE £ SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
2700 Ocean Park Boulevard, Santa Monica, California
An equal opportunity employer
These systems were diverse, incompatible, inharmonic
Integrating an avionic system is a little like commanding a
United Nations army.
Each subsystem speaks its own language. Each must do
its work in its own way, co-operate with all the others but
not interfere with them. The babble of tongues from the
input systems must be translated into computer language.
The computer must analyze and evaluate their intelligence.
then issue commands. The commands must be transit
into another set of languages for the output systems.
Northrop Nortronics has been solving these polygloi
zles for nearly 20 years, progressing from the firsjf
weather interceptor system back in the 1940's through
first intercontinental missile guidance system in the «
'50's to the extraordinarily precise and reliable PNS a
I
similar, competitive, cantankerous and antagonistic
We made them work together.
al system now flying.
ng the way we invented the digital differential analyz-
the benefit of the computer industry and were the
3 combine it with a magnetic-drum memory. We flew
•st airborne solid-state computer. Developed and re-
the technology of astro-inertial guidance. Put to-
l systems involving such diverse elements as radar,
communications, navigation, fire control, power plants, air-
frames, cockpits.
We're system integrators with long experience — most of
it at the limits of the state of the art. We have groups of
specialists in every area of avionic system technology. And
the technical managers to integrate them.
NORTHROP N RTRONICS
Behind
all
three ...
...omni-data
electrostatic recording
and printout— at speeds
never before possible
with paper tape
Now we offer you three different high-speed
printout methods using OMNI-DATA paper-
tape recording:
1. EDGE-INTERPRETED CODED PAPER TAPE
(5- to 8-channel) produced on our Model
ETR-7 recorder at code speeds up to 2,000
characters a second;
2. ONE- TO FOUR-LINE STRIP PRINTING
on our Model ATR-7, for quick-look computer
readout, high-speed printing of mailing
labels, or low-cost communications readout
at 600 characters/second/line;
3. NUMERIC COLUMNAR PRINTING (up to
five columns) on our Model ITR-7 ... an on-
line real-time window into telemetry,
data-acquisition, and control systems at 300
lines a second.
Which of these OMNI-DATA recorders do you
need at your system output or communi-
cations terminal? Let's talk applications and
operating economies.
omnitronics, inc.
Subsidiary of Borg-Warner Corporation mmmm
511 N. Broad St.
Philadelphia, Pa. 19123
Phone (215) 925-4343
BORG-WARNER
~« • mm mo
en
o
cz
Technical Countdown
ELECTRONICS
Electronics Market to Double by 70's
The constant-dollar value of military and space electronics
shipments is expected to double between 1961 and 1970 —
from $5.5 billion to $10.7 billion, according to a U. S. Dept.
of Labor estimate. The anticipated growth rate in shipments
for this product category is higher than that for any other
major product category, but most of the expansion is ex-
pected to occur before 1965. Value of total electronics
shipments, in constant 1960 dollars, is expected to reach
nearly $20 billion by 1970. This is a rise from $10.8 billion
in 1961.
Apollo Motion Simulator Proposed
Development of a 23-ft.-dia. spacecraft dynamic motion
simulator capable of unlimited angular motion has been
proposed by Westinghouse to NASA. A 34-in.-dia. scale
model already has been built for the Houston Manned Space-
craft Center and soon will be placed in operation to prove
conceptual feasibility. The simulator, conceived for use with
Apollo-size vehicles, employs six sets of steerable dual air-
craft wheels, driven and steered by hydraulic motors. By fix-
ing the wheel assemblies to the spacecraft mounting super-
structure, the entire system can rotate within a cup-shaped
hemispherical base. Pilot control actions are signalled to a
computer that in turn provides the control for proper drive
and direction to the outer wheels.
MINS Touted for Dual Capability
Kearfott claims a dual application for its Miniature
Inertial Navigation System. A non-fluid-filled MINS stable
platform, for aircraft use, will withstand up to 70 g's, while
the fluid-filled version for missiles will survive over 100 g's,
the General Precision, Inc., division asserts.
Detector Aids IR-Laser Beam Study
Kodak IR Phosphor, a new infrared detector, has been
used by scientists at Eastman Kodak Co. to show location
and rough distribution from IR lasers operating in the 0.7
to 1.3-micron range. The device provides a convenient
method also for determining the shape or size of the far-field
pattern at various distances from the laser rod. The phosphor
detector is coated on white paper and laminated between
2 x 3-in. sheets of Tenite. Precharged with ordinary fluor-
escent-lamp white light, the phosphor emits an orange light
when hit by the laser beam. The beam pattern on the
phosphor can be photographed for record.
Hot Spots in the Atmosphere
Peculiarities in the upper atmosphere, possibly having
profound effects on the Earth's weather, can be detected
by infrared instruments aboard a weather satellite or space-
craft. This conclusion is part of a NASA-funded study aimed
to test out a new physical principle proposed by the Geo-
physics Corp. of America calling for a "mathematical analysis
of imbedded atmosphere heat sources." The company says
the theory should lead to meteorological inferences of a
number of atmospheric variables not presently taken into
account either in weather forecasting or in meteorological
studies of other planets. Some of these "inaccessible varia-
bles": concentration and distribution of water vapor, carbon
dioxide and ozone; zones of atmospheric instability; the
pressure at the surface or tops of clouds.
SPACE MEDICINE
NASA Documents 100% Oxygen Apollo Choice
Choice of a 5-psi, 100% oxygen environment is docu-
mented by Edward L. Michel, George B. Smith, Jr., and
Richard S. Johnston of NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center
in the December Journal of Aerospace Medicine. They rate
it above 7-psi, 50/50 oxygen-nitrogen in weight, leakage
rates, system simplicity, reliability, and decompression pro-
tection. It ranks lower in fire dysbarism and atelectasis
protection categories, they said.
OAR Report Questions Astronaut Adaptability
Two scientists under contract to the Air Force Office of
Aerospace Research report that astronauts may not adapt
as easily to space conditions as has been accepted. Dr. San-
ford Freedman of Tufts University and Dr. Richard Held,
Professor of Experimental Psychology at Massachusetts In-
stitute of Technology, say that, in vision and hearing, if
there is no correlated feedback, the accuracy of performance
is degraded. In movement, if the body or its parts are
prevented from making contact with external objects in a
normal consistent manner, muscular contraction may be
unrelated to certain aspects of bodily movement.
PROPULSION
Navy to Develop Army Hovering Rocket
A 16-man team at the Naval Ordnance Test Station, China
Lake, Calif., will develop a Hovering Rocket System (HRS)
for the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratories, according
to NOTS. Designed for use in upper atmosphere research,
HRS will use a two-stage, 27-ft.-long vehicle that will place
a 700-lb. payload at an altitude between 65,600 and 164,000
ft. The second stage will be capable of stabilized hovering
for 30 to 120 sec. in the upper atmosphere or near Earth
space. The second stage, or hovering platform, measuring
19 ft. long and 3 ft. in diameter, will hold the guidance
package. Present plans will utilize the second stage of the
Army's Pershing missile as the HRS first, or booster stage.
MATERIALS
Shell Structures Studied by Martin
Martin-Denver engineers will investigate a theory that
the most minute initial imperfections in lightweight, high
strength metal shell structures affect shell behavior under
pressure. Sponsored by the Air Force's Office of Scientific
Research, the study will make use of a digital computer
program written to solve the finite-deflection equations for
shells of revolution under axisymmetric loads. The test
models involved will be equivalent to the tank domes used
in the Titan I. Titan II, and Titan HI.
Circle No. 9 on Subscriber Service Card
27
space medicine
NASA, Boeing Resuming
Life-Support Tests
More experiments encouraged by results of aborted
attempt last summer; outlook for success improved
by Heather M. David
THE NATIONAL Aeronautics and
Space Administration and the Boeing
Co. in about two months will attempt
to re-start a 30-day life-support ex-
periment that was aborted after five
days last July.
Although the experiment had an
unfortunate and premature ending last
summer, NASA's Office of Advanced
Research and Technology reports that
it learned perhaps more from it than
from any other test in this field.
The five-man simulated space en-
viroment marked the first time chemi-
cal, physico-chemical and biological
subsystems were integrated into a
manned, regenerative operating life-sup-
port system. Almost all systems were
boilerplate space cabin models.
According to NASA's Dr. Michael
Del Duca, the trouble was caused by
interaction between normally non-toxic
materials. The run was shut down
after all subjects developed extreme
nausea and lost all interest in food.
Subjects also complained of an itchy
feeling in the eyes, headaches, soreness
and bleeding from the gums, welts on
the mouth and lips, and one case of
intense pain in the teeth of the upper
jaw. At least one subject began pers-
piring, emitting a sweet pungent odor
— the same found in the chamber during
the run.
• Changes made — NASA and Boe-
ing have spent the last six months
examining materials and interactions
to determine what went wrong. Care-
ful bacteriological studies have been
conducted on all samples taken during
the test.
A number of minor modifications
have been made, although the basic
systems remain the same. They are:
Chemical — Sodium superoxide is
used to adsorb carbon dioxide and
other contaminants and to regenerate
oxygen. Re-engineering included a look
at canister design, size of crystals,
compacting and resistance and possi-
ble contamination, in order to insure
reliability of the system.
Bottled nitrogen is used to main-
tain a 21/79 mixture of gases at sea-
level pressure.
Biological — An "activated sludge
system," which consists of a bacterial
suspension that feeds on waste mate-
rials from the crew and on food wastes.
The processed material is then moved
into a holding tank. This system has
undergone modification to insure proper
circulation of oxygen. Other minor me-
chanical fixes were made in the system.
Physical — Because of the weight-
lessness requirement, a rather sophis-
ticated centrifugal system for separat-
ing gases, solids and liquids in the
holding tank had to be developed.
Water is purified by vapor dis-
tillation over a platinum aluminum
catalyst, and recondensation. Gases in
the effluent are channeled into a Hop-
calite burner to remove contaminants
and odors, and remaining solids are
rechanneled into the bacterial tanks.
For the ground experiment, the
crew is provided with a two-gallon,
recirculating shower system. Soap and
dirt are removed by an activated char-
coal filter, and an ionic resin cell is
used to neutralize hardness. Some other
means, probably sponges, would be used
in space, NASA said.
• Noise problem — The experiment-
ers are now fitting components back
into the chambers and carefully testing
each. A number of short manned and
unmanned checks will be made during
the next month, until NASA is confi-
dent all the kinks have been worked
out.
According to NASA's Layton In-
gelfinger, there is some concern about
noise levels in the chambers since in an
effort to remove possibly contaminating
organic materials, more metal surfaces
were exposed. Engineers are now check-
ing this area so that the level does not
become irritating when the chamber
is closed.
28
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
Purify Waste
Water
Oxidize Volatile
Impurities
and
Kill Bacteria
1
Solids and
Gas
1
Potable Water
Storage
Kill Condensate
Bacteria
Water from
Condensate
Human Waste
Water
Treat Human
Waste and
Recover Water
Human Waste
Water
Grind Feces
and Mix
Liquids
and Solids
Distribute Air and
Control
Temperature and
Humidity
Air Distribution
t
Atmosphere
Control
Cabin Air
Humidity Controlled
Heat
Exchange
Waste Reactor
Degrade Organic
Contaminants
Sodium
Superoxide
Personal
Cleanliness
Air and Water
Mixed
While
Bathing
Water Separator
Fresh Water
i
Wash Water
1
Oxidize
Trace
Contaminants
Cabin
Air In
Catalytic
Reactor
Filter
~i
To Cabin
Food
Preparation
LEFT: Boeing technician monitoring Life-Support experiment console. ABOVE: Diagram of NASA/ Boeing 30- to 60-day life sup-
port system units.
• Significance — What makes the
test so important to NASA is that it
is the first time a biological system
has been operated with other systems
and with a man. "This gives us the
first step in looking at the problems
of biological systems," Ingelfinger told
Missiles and Rockets.
Ultimately, a food cycle could be
attached by using the solid waste pro-
cessed by the waste reactor for growing
edible plants. In the present system,
this is fed back into the reactor.
NASA points out that this combi-
nation of subsystems is not necessarily
the latest word in a complete life-sup-
port system. Rather, its was chosen to
study this very problem of interfaces
that caused so much trouble.
If the 30-day test is sucessful. the
space agency may decide to increase
the run to 60 or even 90 days, or it
may turn to optimizing the system by
substituting more efficient subsystems.
The Office of Manned Space Flight also
is partially sponsoring the experiment.
• Schedule — If all goes well, the
five men will remain in the 2,300-cu.-
ft. chamber for a month, performing
simulated space tasks. The cabin is
equipped with bunks, a recreation area,
eating area and bath.
One main console serves as control
center for the capsule and has all sub-
system information. The subsystems are
completely operated by the crew, who
are provided with operating manuals
and instructions from the ground
through closed-circuit TV.
Food is freeze-dried and prepared
in a small galley, with 90° and 160° F
water available. In addition, the crew
has a small cooling ring for storage of
prepared foods and beverages at 35° to
450° F.
Tasks performed by the crew in-
clude tracking, navigation, guidance,
data gathering and mathematics. In ad-
dition, visual and auditory tasks and
other psychological tasks will be used
to check crew performance.
Much the same monitoring equip-
ment used in the first test will be used.
Dr. Del Duca said that the equipment
did tell the experimenters that trouble
was developing in the first run, and
that "probably no test has been better
monitored than this one."
Monitoring included physiological,
psychological, bacteriological, gas sam-
pling, nutritional, and chemical analyses.
Naval Research Laboratories, Army's
Ft. Belvoir, the University of Washing-
ton, Galbraith Labs, Beckman Instru-
ments and three Boeing laboratories
participated in analytical studies of the
gaseous environment. Bacteriological
studies were done at Boeing.
• What may have gone wrong —
Although NASA feels it is not ready
to claim it can pinpoint the trouble
areas until it is sure the test will now
be successful, Boeing's Dr. R. H. Lowry,
chief of bioastronautics, mentioned
these possibilities in an earlier report:
— hydrogen developed in the super-
oxide containers as the chemical in-
teracted with the aluminum honeycomb
canister material.
— ammonia in the waste reactor
passed across the Hopcalite filter at
350° F and was partially oxidized into
nitrogen dioxide. This gas also devel-
oped in the water purification system as
it passed over the platinum catalyst
at 1,100° F.
— polyvinyl sleeving covering elec-
trical cables may have emitted tricresyl
phosphate.
— neoprene rubber tubing, when
carrying heated gases, began emitting
the sickly sweet odor.
Re-engineering has eliminated these
areas, Dr. Lowry said. But as Dr. Del
Duca pointed out: "The integration
parameters don't lend themselves to
analysis. We really have to make the
run to find out." ■
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
29
advanced materials
EBW Field Needs Systems Approach
Complex electro-explosive interface is core of problems
hobbling successful application in missile/ space areas
THE MAIN CAUSE of the troubles
plaguing exploding bridgewire ordnance
in missile and space programs is the
failure of the designers to consider
ordnance as a system.
Weldon Bankston of Hi-Shear Corp.,
Torrance, Calif, says that with the ad-
vent of exploding bridgewire (EBW)
ordnance, companies in aerospace and
military programs were quick to incor-
porate the devices in their ordnance
system designs.
Most of the projects ran into diffi-
culties, since the majority of EBW ord-
nance systems were approached with a
split responsibility.
• Schizoid approach — An ordnance
manufacturer was given the task of
fabricating an EBW ordnance device
and an electronics component manufac-
turer the task of producing the firing
unit or power supply.
At first glance, says Bankston, this
would have appeared to be a logical
approach to the problem — but the de-
sign interface here becomes extremely
critical. Definitions of the interface, as
well as its method of measurement, must
be determined and rigidly monitored.
by John F. Judge
Not all wire explosions are the
same. The explosive output of a wire
is affected by its material type, diam-
eter, length, current density and rate of
application of the electrical energy.
These requirements, coupled with the
ordnance material requirements of
proper crystal size, density and header
geometry, illustrate the complexity of
the interface that must be determined
and controlled.
Since on one side of the interface —
the wire — there is a complex electrical
phenomenon and on the other side a
chemically explosive reaction, a true
and critical electro-explosive interface
exists, says Bankston.
• Early systems mismatched — The
result of initial attempts of most pio-
neering companies in EBW was a mis-
matched system that lacked reliability.
In most cases, it was a direct result of
inadequate interface definition and
control.
Bankston points to the analogous
situation in designing an efficient trans-
mitter. Transmission line is designed by
one firm, efficient antenna by another,
with all unknowns being centered in
the matching device — which was not
completely defined. The matching de-
vice in the EBW ordnance system, is
the exploding wire/ordnance interface.
Bankston says this is also the point
at which the most variables occur. For
this reason, most of the interface val-
ues must be determined empirically,
then carefully controlled.
A complete EBW ordnance system
as produced by the Hi-Shear Corp.
consists of an EBW ordnance device,
transmission line, and initiator com-
mand module (ICM).
• Safety considerations — Although
EBW ordnance cannot normally be
actuated by power sources used for
conventional ordnance, ac line voltages
(110, 220v ac) can initiate it by brute
force if inadvertently applied across the
device.
To counteract this eventuality, and
to take advantage of the high-voltage
nature of EBW, a spark gap is placed
in series with the wire in the device.
The breakdown voltage of the gap is
generally set between 500 and l,000v.
thereby preventing anything except a
high-voltage, high-current pulse from
30
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
jumping the gap and exploding the
wire.
The Hi-Shear Corp. has established
the interface requirements for its EBW
ordnance devices by determining the
quantity of electrical energy required to
initiate each of them, and the rate of
application at the interface.
These requirements are said to be
satisfied by Hi-Shear's EBW initiator
command modules or their equivalents.
The ability of other EBW firing units
to reliably initiate Hi-Shear EBW ord-
nance can be determined by use of the
Hi-Shear TL-2 test load, which dupli-
cates the dynamic resistance of the
ordnance.
Several types of ordnance material,
some of proprietary nature, have been
successfully and reliably incorporated
in the Hi-Shear ordnance systems.
Many secondary high explosives —
among them PETN — have been deto-
nated by Hi-Shear exploding wire sys-
tems. To date, only PETN is being
used in the Hi-Shear PE500 detonators.
Other high-explosive detonator types
are being tested.
Primary high-explosive sensitivity
hazards are not present in Hi-Shear
EBW ordnance systems since no pri-
mary high explosives are employed.
Powder crystal sizes, packing density
and header geometry are proprietary,
but meet conventional ordnance re-
quirements.
• Little theory — Although a great
deal of the information concerning
EBW systems is determined empirically,
says Bankston. some analytical consid-
erations can be made. To elaborate on
the five previously outlined items that
affect the functioning of an EBW sys-
tem, the best starting point is the wire
itself.
Basically, wire materials fall into
two categories: those of a low boiling
point, low heat of vaporization, and
those of a high boiling point, high heat
of vaporization.
Evaluations made with wires, with-
out ordnance, indicate considerably
more energy can be placed in the low-
boiling-point materials before the physi-
cal explosion of the wire than can be
placed in the high-boiling-point mate-
rials. This results in "superheating" of
the wire materials and appears to pro-
vide greater velocity to the shock front
produced from the wire explosion. It
is also hypothesized to be the cause of
the "anomalous resistance" of exploding
wires, says Bankston.
The energy placed in the wire before
detonation is represented by
U = f 'b ivdt
J o
in which /' is the current in the wire,
v the voltage across it during the ex-
plosion period, and tb the time of wire
burst. However, one of the most im-
portant equations that can be used in
practical systems applications is the
"action integral" represented by
I(t) = f rdt= Jidq.
Many elaborate test and instru-
mentation arrangements have been de-
vised to monitor the current in the
wires during the explosion, as well as
to measure voltage across them. Energy
determinations made in this fashion lend
themselves to laboratory conditions but
lack the consistency obtained with the
"action integral", says Bankston.
For this reason, the current-time
dynamics of the Hi-Shear EBW ord-
nance systems are used to evaluate sys-
tem condition and adequacy. Bankston
says measurement of current during the
explosion provides accurate insight into
the operation of the system.
• Wire diameter — Conventional
low-voltage ordnance devices fire ac-
cording to a current versus time curve
(Fig. 1). The curve merely indicates
that for a given device, a certain level
of current applied for a finite period of
time results in a "fire." Lower currents
must be applied for longer times and
higher currents for shorter times to fire
the same device.
The "no-fire" levels are represented
by the areas in which the graph becomes
asymtotic, indicating either a high-
current value applied for an extremely
short time or a very low current ap-
plied for a long time, both insufficient
to initiate the device.
Exploding wire ordnance depends
on much the same type curve, except
/, or current scale, is replaced by Id,
or "current density," in the wire, with
each wire diameter of the same mate-
rial requiring the same current density
for a similar reaction (Fig. 2). Hold-
ing the current source constant and
varying the wire diameter produces the
same type curve (Fig. 3), demon-
strating that increasing the current den-
sity reduces the reaction time of the
wire.
Care must be taken, notes Banks-
ton, when using this curve for ordnance
application — because all wires that
"snap" do not explode.
• Explosions vs. snaps — There is a
definite amount of current that must be
delivered to all wires within a finite time
to produce an "explosion," as opposed
to merely a snap. The difference cannot
be ascertained audibly, says Bankston.
and in system applications must be de-
termined by precise measurements. Tests
designed to measure the shock waves
produced by the wires can, and do.
indicate when sufficient current density
is reached in the wire.
Energy level determinations made at
Hi-Shear on exploding wires have re-
sulted in the use of two wire materials
in the various EBW ordnance devices.
One is a high-boiling-point alloy, the
other a low-boiling-point alloy for heat
and shock wave generation, respectively.
In the design of an EBW system.
Bankston maintains that detailed con-
sideration must be given to the dynamic
and static voltage breakdown character-
istics of any voltage-blocking device
placed in series with the wires of the
EBW ordnance device.
Since there are a variety of items
that can be used (spark gaps, diodes,
compounds, etc.) and each has special
breakdown characteristics, Bankston
says that among the design considera-
2000
Amps
•
lima m
■riMHnii
O 1 2
Time ifls)
Figure 4 CURRENT DISCHARGE
THROUGH EBW TEST
LOAD
An example of the current
pulse used to explode the
wires of EBW devices is
shown in Fig. A. This oscillo-
scope photo was taken across
a non-inductive resistive load
that simulates the dynamic
resistance of the wire during
the explosion. The resistance
value was laboriously deter-
mined from energy measure-
ments on the wire during the
explosion. When compared
with Fig. 5, it can be seen that
the slope of the current di/dt
in the resistive load duplicates
the slope of the current in the
wire up to the point of wire
burst t,..
!■■■■■■■■■!
Amps
dim
O 1 2
Time (.fjs)
Figure 5 CURREr- r DISCHARGE
THROUGH EBW
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
31
missiles and rockets
DOD/Military
Systems Issue
March 30, 1964
One of the most important offices in the Depart-
ment of Defense is the Directorate of Defense Research
and Engineering (DDR&E). It has a complement of
145 men, supervising some 30,000 others and directly
affecting over 125,000 industry personnel while an-
nually contracting for $7 billion dollars in space and
military systems research, development, test and
engineering services from its suppliers.
The March 30 issue of Missiles and Rockets will
present an in-depth report covering the DDR&E opera-
tion, its relationship with industry and the services,
its current and advanced programs, in-house R&D ca-
pabilities, future expenditures, and lists of key per-
sonnel.
Sell your products, capabilities or services to over
44,000 program and project managers, engineers
and scientists by advertising in M/R's DOD/Military
Systems Issue. ,
publication date: march 30, 1964
tions that must be made upon selecting
any such device are the following: re-
peatibility of breakdown voltage; low
voltage drop; low capacitance; invul-
nerability to high-voltage spikes, and
most important, capability of being
tested within the ordnance device.
Assuming that these considerations
have been made and met, the next re-
quirements fall upon the electrical inter-
face of the firing unit, transmission
line, and the ordnance device. Since
several thousand volts are used in this
application, Bankston says that good
standard engineering practices must be
observed in designing the interface —
particularly if it is to be used at alti-
tude.
Coaxial connectors lend themselves
quite readily to this application, since
they may be easily matched to low-loss
coaxial transmission lines, and the pin-
to-case spacing of the ordnance device
provides a long arc path in a minimum
area. For isolated grounds, it becomes
necessary to use two pin devices.
• The transmission line — The next
consideration involves the transmission
line. Assuming that the current density
required by the wire has been estab-
lished, that tests are completed, the
current-density curve plotted, the mini-
mum rate of current application to the
wire, and the maximum time allowed
to deliver it have been defined, the
optimum operating range is then de-
fined by dl/dt, or the slope of the
current density curve with limits on time
so that:
dl/dt
where / is the current density in the
wire and t,, t2 are the minimum and
maximum time limits, respectively.
The significance of this value, when
related to the transmission line, is that
it establishes the maximum inductance
permitted in the line (i.e., maximum
line length) while remaining on the
firing curve. It has been noticed in
some applications that a certain amount
of inductance in the circuit is desirable.
When evaluating the current-shap-
ing effects of line inductances, Banks-
ton says the oscilloscope photographs
across the pre-calibrated dummy load
are invaluable. The dummy load, used
in conjunction with established test
values, allows accurate determinations
to be made of any power source's ca-
pability to initiate the EBW ordnance
device for which it has been calibrated.
Some transmission lines, such as
ribbon cable, though of low impedance,
have the disadvantage of high ca-
pacitance. The capacitance of the line
shunts a portion of the current pulse.
For this reason low capacitance is de-
sirable in the transmission line.
HE250
INITIATOR
COMMAND
MODULE
Monitor
Circuit
A low-resistance
line is desirable to
eliminate the large
voltage drops asso-
ciated with the ex-
tremely high cur-
rents involved.
With a total system
series resistance of
0.10 ohms, the
3 .000-ampere cur-
rent pulse suffers
a voltage drop of
300v, says Banks-
ton. Thus, if an
EBW system's elec-
trical requirements
are not properly
defined and cali-
brated, the accu-
mulated effects of
uncontrolled circuit
characteristics can
greatly reduce the
desired reliability.
• Power source
— The electrical
source must be
capable of deliver-
ing the electrical
power required to
the wire at a rate
that places it within
its explosive curve
while overcoming
all circuit losses.
The source or fir-
ing unit that pro-
duces the largest
current pulse with
the sharpest rise
time can effectively
be used with the
longest (most in-
ductive, resistive
and capacitive) fir-
ing lines, all other
things being equal.
Firing units for EBW devices are
usually solid-state in design and are
armed by the application of low-voltage
batteries or ac line voltages. The input
voltages are either "chopped" and/ or
amplified, rectified and stored on a
capacitor. The stored voltage is gen-
erally greater than 2,000v.
A high-voltage switch is then em-
ployed to transfer the stored energy
of the capacitor to the transmission line.
Again, the firing unit's discharge cir-
cuit plays an important part, says
Bankston. The "turn on" time of the
switching device must be taken into
account and pre-conductance or "sput-
tering" cannot be tolerated.
Other considerations, dependent pri-
marily on the intended environment of
the unit, include volume, tightness,
weight, charge time and power source.
In general, the electrical input char-
J ' Mild
Detonating
Fuse (MDF)
Typical Hi-Shear Corp. EBW system.
acteristics are much more easily re-
solved than the discharge characteris-
tics.
• RF hazards — Bankston says that
EBW ordnance has been shown to be
relatively insentisitve to initiation by
electromagnetic radiation at all fre-
quencies. Most EBW ordnance devices
are evaluated at 10 to 100 times the
RF power levels to which low-voltage
ordnance is tested.
When discussing RF hazards with
respect to EBW systems, however, the
firing unit sentitivity must also be con-
sidered. In general, it is easier — since
there is more working volume — to
decrease the sentitivity of the firing
units to a failure level much greater
than that of conventional ordnance
used as a reference. Several methods
of accomplishing this are used and
all methods generally employ some
form of voltage blocking, rectifying
and filtering. ■
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
33
informs //i
missiles and rockets
HUM
SPACE
MISSILES AND ROCKETS
is the Weekly of Space Systems
Engineering and is published for
missile/space scientists, engineers,
designers and managers, M/R pro-
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Precisely orbited . . .
Relay II Performance Is Beautiful
In Initial Test Transmission
RCA-built satellite passes early transmission tests; longer
operating life and improved work expected; Delta's 22nd success
by Chris Butler
Cape Kennedy — The Relay II com-
munications satellite was launched Jan.
21 here into an orbit that almost exactly
matched pre-launch predictions.
Trackers fixed the orbit path the
next day at 4,606.27 mi. apogee, and
1,298.1 mi. perigee, with a period of
194.73 minutes and inclination of
46.312 degrees.
The 183.6-lb. spacecraft, built by
Radio Corp. of America, successfully
transmitted television test patterns at the
end of its first orbit and performed suc-
cessfully when tested on subsequent
orbits.
On the fourth orbit, Jan. 22, engi-
neers in Nutley, N.J., and West Ger-
many conversed via the satellite.
A NASA spokesman said the space-
craft was "working beautifully. We're
very pleased with it."
Last-minute details of arrangements
postponed the Relay's first planned live
television demonstration on the 22nd,
when President Johnson was to have
greeted Japanese viewers.
Eventually, ground stations in seven
nations on four continents are expected
to conduct TV, radio, teletype and tele-
phone experiments utilizing Relay II.
The satellite carries new electronic sys-
tems which are expected to enable it to
operate for several years, withstanding
effects of radiation and other space
hazards.
• Changes made — Relay II is very
similar to Relay /, launched from Cape
Kennedy Dec. 13, 1962, which proved
a tremendous success in intercontinental
communication transmission.
Principal differences between the
satellites are Relay IVs more efficient
orbit, longer expected operating life and
several internal changes designed to im-
prove operation over the earlier design.
The planned orbit — so nearly
matched in the launching — called for
an apogee of about 4,600 mi., similar
to that achieved by Relay I, but a peri-
gee of 1,325 mi., considerably higher
than Relay I's 818 mi.
The less elliptical orbit is designed
to lengthen periods of mutual visibility
between ground stations, permitting up
to 70 minutes of continuous transmis-
sion between U.S. and European sta-
tions and 40 minutes between U.S. and
Japanese stations.
The use of N-on-P solar cells is ex-
pected to extend the life of Relay II
to as much as 10 years, but spokesmen
from Goddard Space Flight Center and
Radio Corp. of America stressed that
such a life span also would depend on
the lifetime of other components of the
spacecraft. Robert H. Pickard, space-
craft manager for GSFC, said P-on-N
cells on Relay I have degraded from
radiation to only about 40% of the
original output.
Included among Relay H's 8,215
solar cells is a panel with 30 selected
cells to study damage from radiation.
The test cells include a number of N-on-
P and P-on-N cells to provide a com-
parison of deterioriation, and 10 gallium
arsenide cells. The latter include two
unshielded cells and two each with
shielding of two, six, 12, 30 and 60 mils
thickness.
The solar cell panels on the octag-
onal satellite will supply power to three
nickel-cadmium storage batteries con-
taining 21 cells each to provide suffi-
cient power for the spacecraft's aver-
age operational requirement of 45 watts.
Designers of Relay II substituted an
unpressurized traveling wave tube for
one of the two pressurized traveling
wave tubes on Relay I, in order to per-
I
mit comparison of performance while I
the spacecraft is in orbit.
Other changes included elimination J
of the one-year timer, improvement of |
command circuitry to reject spurious |
commands generated by stray radiation, |
installation of improved transistors in 1
the high-power voltage regulator, addi- 1
tion of magnetic latching relays to pro- *
vide a redundant method of turning off!
the wideband power supply, and instal-j
lation of five sensors near voltage reg- ;|
ulator transistors to determine whenj
temperatures become critical.
Like Relay I, the new satellite carries j
redundant transponders to assure that!
communications tests can be run. Itl
also has the same complex telemetry!
and command system to operate and!
report on the satellite's condition and
performance.
• 22 for Delta — The satellite launch
by the three-stage Delta was described
as "routine." A yaw movement wasj
programmed into the first-stage flight
for the first time. Yaw movements also,!
were programmed into the second- and
third-stage flights.
The satellite, spin-stabilized at 150:.
rpm, was injected into orbit over the
Atlantic Ocean in the 22nd consecutive
success for the Douglas-built Thor-Delta
booster.
The next assignment for Delta —
expected before the end of March —
will be the launch of the S-66 Polar
Ionosphere Beacon satellite, which orig-
inally was intended for launch on the
West Coast. It will be the first time a j
near-polar orbit has been attempted
from Cape Kennedy.
The Delta will be launched south
eastward from Cape Kennedy and ex
ecute a difficult dogleg turn to the south
to place the satellite in an orbit with
70-degree inclination to the equator.
36
missiles and rockets, January 27, 196
The Industry Week
Mergers and Acquisitions
National Measurements Laboratory has ac-
quired Metrolonics Associates, an independent
standardization laboratory located in Burbank,
Calif. Metrolonics will be operated as a division
of NML and will remain in Burbank. . . . Kaivecki
Chemical Co., Boyertoivn, Pa., has acquired Penn
Rare Metals, Inc., of Revere, Pa. Kaivecki, ivhich
has held a 50% interest in Penn and acted as its
exclusive sales agent since 1960, will assume di-
rect management of Penn and operate it is a
ivholly owned subsidiary. Penn produces germa-
nium, cesium, rubidium, tellurium and other high
purity metals and compounds. Kawecki's present
major products are columbium, tantalum, sele-
nium and aluminum-base master alloys.
New Firms and Divisions
Martin Marietta Corp. and Thompson Ramo
Wooldridge, Inc., have jointly established The
Bunker-Ramo Corp. in Canoga Park, Calif., to
continue and expand work both companies have
been pursuing in the design and installation of
electronic control systems for government and
industry. The new corporation has acquired the
products, resources, facilities and personnel of
two existing divisions of the parent firms. It will
manufacture precision electronic equipment, but
primary purpose is design, engineering and in-
stallation of on-line control systems requiring
many types of electronic, mechanical and com-
puter devices. Martin Marietta will own 90% of
the new corporation. TRW will own 10% initially,
with an option to double its holdings. TRW also
will receive cash approximating its investment in
the computer operation. . . . Avco Corp.'s Re-
search and Advanced Development Div. has estab-
lished a new organization to direct and conduct
space systems ivork. The neiv organization is to
conduct the division's present space programs and
space-oriented research and development and ivill
direct research and facilities planning necessary
for Avco participation in future space systems.
Objective is to provide centralized management
for an integrated approach to research problems
and systems development problems common to
space programs. . . . Lockheed Missiles & Space
Co., Sunnyvale, Calif., has established a new sub-
division within its Space Programs Div. The new
organization, Large Space Vehicles Programs,
succeeds Nuclear Space Programs, which con-
ducted the RIFT project. Large Space Vehicles
will conduct supporting research and technology
related to large space vehicles of the Saturn class.
. . . Anken Chemical & Film Corp., Newton, N.J.,
manufacturer of photocopy equipment and sup-
plies, has formed an Aerospace Div., ivith head-
quarters in Los Angeles, to specialize in develop-
ment, sales and service of equipment geared to
the specific needs of the missile/space and avia-
tion industries. The new division ivill represent
AC&F in manufacturing , research and develop-
ment of applications for photocopy equipment and
sensitized materials in the missile/space indus- If
try. The division will also administer unified ||
sales, training and service policies to the industry g
throughout the country. I
A.I. P. to Offer Placement Service
H
The American Institute of Physics will hold
a placement service register in conjunction with
a joint meeting with the American Association
of Physics Teachers at the Statler-Hilton Hotel g
in New York City Jan. 22-25. The register offers
physicists who have given their qualifications to 1
the placement service and notified it of their in- §|
tention to attend the joint meeting the opportu- g
nity of meeting with representatives of indus-
trial, academic and governmental research insti-
tutions to discuss employment.
H
International
Houston Instrument Corp Houston, has com- ||
pleted a cross-licensing agreement with Advance
Components, Ltd., of Essex, England. The agree-
ment is effectively a merger, except for an ex- g
change of stock. Initially, Advance exercised its
option to manufacture and market Houston's
X-Y and T-Y recorder line. HI elected to pro- l
duce Advance's line of signal generators, a milli-
voltmeter and its double pulse generator. Under M
the agreement, HI will limit its future marketing g
operations on all licensed products to the Ameri- g
cas and surrender most of its other foreign sales
to the English company. The move is said to
nearly double the R&D facilities of both firms. %
P
Industry Facilities
Electra Manufacturing Co., Independence,
Kan., has announced plans for establishment of
a central research laboratory in southern Cali- ||
fornia. The plant will be responsible for all tech- g
nical activities relating to new products and
processes. . . . Sylvania Electric Products, Inc.,
New York, has erected a 15,000-sq.-ft. structure ||
at its Mountain View, Calif., plant. The inflated m
nylon structure will house expanded research and
development of rigid foam antennas and devices ||
for the company's Electronic Systems Div. . . .
Hoffman Electronics Corp., formerly of Los An-
geles, has moved its facilities to El Monte, Calif. g
. . . Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp., Bridgeville, 11
Pa., has begun operation of tivo new vacuum arc M
remelting furnaces at its Titusville, Pa., plant. g
Company Representatives
Royco Instruments, Inc., Menlo Park, Calif.,
has named two new distributors. Fisher Scientific
Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., will cover areas east of the
Rocky Mountains, including Canada. Van Waters
& Rogers, Inc., Brisbane, Calif., will handle areas
west of the Rockies, including Alaska and Hawaii.
Royco manufactures test and measuring instru-
ments for the electronics and missile/ 'space in-
dustries.
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
39
contracts and procurements
AWARDS
AIR FORCE
$9,500.000 — Page Communications Engineers, Inc.,
Washington, D.C., for a Far East communi-
cations system, including installation, produc-
tion and checkout.
$6,700,000— Boeing Co., Seattle, for continued
production and installation of Minuteman
ICBMs at Grand Forks, AFB, N.D.
$2,500,000 — North American Aviation, Inc.,
Rocketdyne Dir., Canoga Park, Calif., for
continued production of engines for Atlas
boosters.
$1,700,000— General Dynamics Corp., New York
City, for launch support services for the
Atlantic Missile Range.
$1,400,000— Trustees of Columbia University, New
York City, for continuation of Project De-
fender studies of ARPA origin.
$1,000,000— Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.,
Sunnyvale. Calif., for work on a classified
contract.
$300,000— Allis-Chalmers, Milwaukee, Wis., for
production of three self-contained fuel cell
systems for possible use as power sources in
future space projects.
$179,343— California Institute of Technology.
Pasadena, for research on stellar composi-
tions and processes.
$117,440 — Boeing Co., Seattle, for engineering
services applicable to Minuteman ICBMs.
$71,971 — Atlantic Research Corp., Alexandria,
Va., for continued research on deflagration of
high-energy solid oxidizers.
$64.501 — Bendix Corp., Eclipse-Pioneer Div.,
Teterboro. N.J.. for an interferometric shaft
encoder.
$38,199 — Radiation Applications, Inc., Long
Island City, N.Y., for radiation-initiated solid
rocket propellant decomposition.
$33,250 — Essex Cryogenics, Inc., St. Louis, Mo.,
for a reliability LOX converter.
$28.900— California Institute of Technology, Pasa-
dena, for research in laser electromagnetics.
Ling-Temco-Vought, Dallas, for continuation of
advanced development studies on the Low
Altitude Supersonic Vehicle ( LASV) pro-
gram (undisclosed amount).
ARMY
$63,366,378 — Morrison-Knudson, Perini Corp., and
Paul Hardeman, Inc., South Gate, Calif., for
general and mechanical construction work to
complete the John F. Kennedy Space Center's
vertical assembly building.
$15,599,775— Boeing Co., Seattle, for development
of a new high-acceleration experimental missile
booster.
$9,700.000— Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City,
Calif., for satellite communications system
terminals.
$5,000,000— Burroughs Corp., Detroit, Mich., for
work on a classified electronics program.
$4,000,000— Philco Corp., Philadelphia, Pa., for
work on a classified electronics program.
$1,200,000— Western Electric Corp., New York
City, for work supporting Project Sleighride,
an effort aimed at investigating vulnerability
of missiles as they re-enter the atmosphere.
$124,000 — Regents of the University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Mich., for a one-year study and
research and development effort for target
signature work.
$107,701— Martin Marietta Corp., Orlando Div.,
Fla., for technical non-personnel services in
the field for the Nike-Hercules Missile Master
system.
$26,656 — American Bosch Arma Corp., Spring-
field, Mass., for 3012 nozzle assemblies for
rockets.
NAVY
$54.600,000 — Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.,
Sunnyvale, Calif., for continued research and
development on the Polaris A3 missile.
$11,900,000— General Electric Co., Pittsfield,
Mass., for manufacture of advanced Polaris
guidance system assemblies.
$5.700,000— Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.,
Sunnyvale, Calif., for Polaris missile test
equipment.
$5,300,000— General Instrument Corp., Hicksville,
N.Y., for production of countermeasure sets
to be used on Navy ships.
$3,600,000— Northrop Corp., Norwood, Mass.,
for manufacture of Polaris missile system
gyros.
$1.800,000— North American Aviation, Inc.,
Rocketdyne Div., Canoga Park, Calif., for
production of rocket motors for Sparrow 111
missiles.
United Aircraft Corp., Norden Div., Norwalk,
Conn., for 615 shaft position encoders for use
in the Polaris missile program.
NASA
$2,000,000— Computer Applications, Inc., New
York City, for provision of automatic data
processing services, including the operation of
a large computing installation for the Launch
Operations Center near Cape Kennedy.
$1,000,000— Vector Manufacturing Co., Inc., Col-
lege Park, Md., for telemetry equipment.
$977,100 — Her Majesty's Postmaster General in
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland, for communications services.
$450,000— Bendix Corp., Bendix-Pacihc Div.,
North Hollywood, Calif., for telemetry com-
ponents for the Centaur space vehicle (several
contracts) .
$215,000 — Technical Materials Corp., Mamaro-
neck, N.Y., for high frequency diversity radio
receivers and spare parts.
$185,800 — American Machine and Foundry Co.,
Santa Barbara, Calif., for a deceleration
mechanism for a drop tower.
$140,801— Space Craft, Inc., Huntsville, Ala.,
for fabrication of welded circuit modules.
$102,875 — Textron Electronics, Inc., Sylmar,
Calif., for solar cell panels.
$97,778— Boyd & Goforth, Inc., Charlotte, N.C.,
for construction of additional facilities at the
Rosman, N.C., site of NASA's wideband data
acquisition facility.
$97.000 — Rocket Research Corp., Seattle, for
the development of a solid propellant rocket
for the control of satellites and space vehicles.
$48,000 — Space General Corp., El Monte, Calif.,
for evaluation and review services covering
the Surveyor program.
$30,590 — Motorola, Inc., Western Div., Scotts-
dale, Ariz., for command receivers.
INDUSTRY
$535,000 — Universal Match Co., Unidynamics
Div., Phoenix, from the Boeing Co. Aero-
space Div., for stage separation and skirt
removal kits for Minuteman ICBMs.
$250.000— PurOlator Products, Inc., Mark Coup-
lings Div., Los Angeles, from North American
Aviation's Space and Information Systems Div.,
for the development and production of helium
disconnect couplings for the Apollo manned
lunar landing program.
$175,000— Rohr Corp., Riverside, Calif., from
Lockheed Propulsion Co., for insulation of
motor case segments to be used in a 156-inch
diameter solid propellant rocket feasibility
demonstration program.
Electro-Mechanical Research, Inc., Sarasota, Fla.,
from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, for an
investigation of video modulation techniques
suited to the transmission of single-frame tele-
vision pictures from an unmanned vehicle in
deep space (undisclosed amount).
Swedlow, Inc., Los Angeles, from North American
Aviation's Rocketdyne Div., for motor case
insulative liners for the Sparrow III air-to-
air guided missile (undisclosed amount).
REQUESTS FOR BIDS
GENERAL PROCUREMENTS
Purchasing Dept. 311-4
Naval Supply Center
Oakland. Calif.
The Contracting Officer, Purchasing Dept., will
negotiate a contract with Bendix Systems Div.,
Bendix Corp., Ann Arbor, Mich., for continua-
tion of research work previously performed re-
garding effect of gamma rays on electronic cir-
cuitry. This notice is for record purposes only.
Adequate plans, drawings or specs are not avail-
able. RFP-228-2196-64. RFP available at the
Naval Supply Center, Oakland, Calif.
Advanced Studies Branch, SEKMA
Systems Engineering Group
Research & Technology Div.
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
Negotiations to be conducted with Electro
Optical Systems, Inc., 125 N. Vinedo Ave.,
Pasadena, Calif., for extension of Contract AF33/
657/7940, inter-action between electric arcs and
gas flows in the arc column region. Note: For
information only. No RFP available. PR 192835-
KMA.
Negotiations to be conducted with General
Electric Co., 4966 Woodland Ave., Cleveland 4,
Ohio, for extension of Contract AF-33/657-8206,
research on electric arc cathode and adjoining
transition regions. Note: For information only.
No RFP available. PR 92833KMA.
Aerospace Medical Div.
Attn: AMKRB
Post Office Box 35448
Brooks AFB, Tex.
Negotiations will be conducted with the Hine
Laboratories. 1099 Folsom St., San Francisco,
for studies to assess the influence of variation in
environmental temperature on the systematic ef-
fects of alcohol. For information only. RFP not
available.
40
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
products and processes
New Product of the Week:
Welding Positioner
A 50-lb. capacity welding positioner
for use in inert gas atmosphere and
vacuum welding chambers is being mar-
keted by Aronson Machine Co., Inc.
The model B50P features a lubri-
cated and sealed positioner mounted
inside a chamber and an external elec-
tronic control panel for easy access.
The unit provides 360-degree table ro-
tation at 0.1 to 10 rpm, plus 360 de-
gress of tilt with 45-degree index lock-
ing and 360-degree pedestal rotation.
Circle No. 151 on Subscriber Service Card
Midget Chopper
Cambridge Scientific Industries is
marketing a midget electro-mechanical
chopper, measuring 0.4 in. in diameter
and weighing 12 grams.
The all-welded unit has a noise level
of less than one microvolt RMS as
measured into a 100-K-ohm load. It
can withstand vibrations of 10 g's to
2,000 cps. The unit can be driven by
almost all wave shapes; frequencies up
to 1,000 cps are available. Operating
life exceeds 2,000 hours.
Circle No. 152 on Subscriber Service Card
Digital Encoder
A 1,024-count one-brush absolute
position digital encoder is being mar-
keted by Perkin-EImer Corp.
The Model 1/1024 utilizes a one-
brush concept of obtaining absolute
position information and provides low
running and starting torques. The only
moving members of the system are the
brush and shaft.
A range of four-digit solid-state read-
outs provide decimal light readout 8421
BDC output, buffer storage, decimal
printer output or any combination.
Circle No. 153 on Subscriber Service Card
L-Band Klystron
Electron Tube Div. of Litton In-
dustries has developed a 5-megawatt,
300-kilowatt average L-band klystron.
The L-3401 is tunable from 1,254 to
1,386 megacycles with an RF duty
cycle of 0.063 and a pulse length of 42
microseconds.
Typical operating parameters are a
beam voltage of 135 kv, a beam current
of 120 amperes, with an average beam
power of approximately 1.3 megawatts.
Gain is rated at 35 db.
Circle No. 154 on Subscriber Service Card
Digitizing Data System
A data system that automatically
digitizes stereo photogrammetry infor-
mation from X, Y, Z coordinates into
computer language for further reduc-
tion has been manufactured jointly by
the Kelsh Instrument Co., Inc., and
Data Instruments Div., Telecomputing
Corp.
The unit is basically a plotter
equipped with magnetic reading heads,
a digitized computer input converter
and any of several output recording
devices.
System specifications include a count
rate of 0 to 50,000 per second, accuracy
of ±one count, power requirements of
105 to 120v, 60 cps, 50 watts.
Circle No. 155 on Subscriber Service Card
Transistor Tester
Sierra Electronics-Philco Corp. has
developed the Model 500A power tran-
sistor test set designed to measure the
parameters of transistors and other semi-
conductor devices while operating at
ambient to elevated temperatures.
Featuring a heat-sink that can be
controlled for temperatures of ambient,
40°, 50°, 60°, 70° and 80°C, the unit
can test PNP, NPN, medium- and high-
power transistors, rectifiers, diodes,
SCR's and zener diodes at voltage levels
to 300v with peak currents to 50 am-
peres.
The instrument presents digital read-
out of transistor beta in 0 to 50 or 0
to 500 ranges, with an accuracy of 3%
of the actual reading. A SCR gating cir-
cuit generates 20% duty cycle, high
peak-power pulses. A transistor switch
protects the instrument from shorted
transistors.
Circle No. 156 on Subscriber Service Card
Temperature Chamber
Gruenberg Electric Co.. Inc.. is mar-
keting a line of precision temperature
chambers with control to 0.1 °F in a
range of —100° to 500°F.
Two models with working capacities
of one and four cubic feet are liquid
COo cooled. The units feature high vol-
ume air flow, temperature rate control
and hinged removable door. Auto-
matic cycling is available.
Circle No. 157 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
41
AC Stable Standard
Rotek Instrument Corp. is market-
ing the Model 715 ac stable standard,
designed for use in gyro systems devel-
opment and test.
The unit has an output voltage of
1 to 121v RMS and is available in
decade selections and with continuous
resolution. Stability is guaranteed to be
50 ppm per week; frequency range is
350 to 4,800 cps; distortion from 0 to
full load will not exceed 0.03%.
The system features linear, tran-
sient-suppressed switching circuits; an
output meter; 50% over ranging on
voltage, and MIL-E-4158 specifica-
tions.
Circle No. 158 on Subscriber Service Card
A-D Converters
Systron-Donner Corp. is marketing
the Models 1234 and 1234A analog-to-
digital converters, designed for instan-
taneous response and 2-u.sec. conver-
sion.
With an input of ±10v full scale.
Model 1234 samples at 300 per second
to ±0.05% and Model 1234A at 30
per second to ±0.01%. The units fea-
ture in-line readout, stored BCD out-
put and synchronization with external
programmers.
Circle No. 159 on Subscriber Service Cord
Remote Control System
A solid-state remote control system
for VHF radio base station switching
has been developed by Noller Control
Systems, Inc.
The system provides remote control
facilities with check-back from remote
terminals for any VHF radio voice
communication installation of up to
nine remote stations per channel fre-
quency. The dispatcher is provided with
10 individual and/or 10 common con-
trols for each remote station. Operat-
ing speed is less than 200 ms for all
functions.
Control commands include station
select, frequency select, individual and
common receiver mute and release,
open and close V.F. line on far side
of selected remote, all call, system reset
and push-to-talk.
Circle No. 160 on Subscriber Service Cord
Optical Angle Sensor
Perkin-Elmer Corp. is marketing a
subminiature two-axis optical pickoff
for precision angular alignment. Resolu-
tion exceeds 0. 1 second of arc.
The Model 1C is especially suited to
sensing attitude of gyro rotors since
the only contact with the monitored
element is with a beam of collimated
light. The unit can generate a signal to
hold components in a fixed relation-
ship or used as a follower for tracking
angular movements. Operating fre~
quency range is 50 to 400 cps.
Circle No. 161 on Subscriber Service Card
Automatic Check-Out Tester
The Model CT-1 automatic check-
out tester for electronic and electro-
mechanical equipment and components
is being marketed by Dimensions, Inc.
The self-checking unit initiates a
process or cycle with an electrical or
mechanical signal and receives a signal
from equipment under test signifying
satisfactory operation. Number of ini-
tiations and responses are separately
counted. The device has operating
speeds up to 50 cps (180,000 cph). Life
exceeds 100 million cycles. Double and
tripple redundancy is available for ex-
tra reliability. Input is 117v ac.
Circle No. 162 on Subscriber Service Card
Digital Clock
Dymec Div. of Hewlett-Packard Co.
is marketing the DY-2509A digital
clock, which provides time information
as a continuous 24-hr. visual display
and an electrical output available on
demand for recording purposes.
The solid-state instrument has pulse
outputs available at precise intervals for
timing external functions. A front-panel
pushbutton provides output interval se-
lection of a pulse every one second, 10
sec, one min., 10 min. or one hour.
Circle No. 163 on Subscriber Service Cord
VHF Transistor
A 12-v VHF communication tran-
sistor for mobile and portable equip-
ment has been introduced by TRW
Semiconductors, Inc., a subsidiary of
Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Inc.
The Model PT4800 planar epitaxial
silicon transistor delivers a 1-watt mini-
mum output at 70 mc from a 12-v
power source with greater than 50%
efficiency. Typical power gain at 70 mc
is 7 db. Substantial RF power output
can be obtained from supply sources as
low as 6v. The device has a TO-5 pack-
Circle No. 164 on Subscriber Service Card
NOW!
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lies beautiful, tropical GRAND BAHAMA, the fast-
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all this growth on Grand Bahama Island, situated
14 miles from thriving West End and 314 miles from
the fast-growing city of Freeport, we are offering a
limited number of homesites and acreage tracts.
HOMESITES
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ACREAGE TRACTS
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businesses and the new 406-room Lucayan Beach Hotel and
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450-room Jack Tar Hotel and Country Club, championship golf
course and marina • OVER 20 SCHEDULED FLIGHTS DAILY
FROM FLORIDA • STEAMER SERVICE • NOW! YOU CAN OWN
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777 Metropolitan Bank Building, Dept.MR-4
Miami, Florida 33132
42
Circle No 16 on Subscriber Service Cord
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
Tapped Delay Line
Solistron
Power Transformer
The Model 53-63 delay line, fea-
turing a maximum time delay of 20.3
(xsec and taps at 1.45-usec intervals, is
available from ESC Electronics Corp.
Three trimming sections of 0.02,
0.03 and 0.05 usee permit precise ad-
justment of the main delay line. The
unit has a rise time of 0.20 u.sec maxi-
mum, impedance of 470 ohms, and an
attenuation of 6 db maximum with a
10-K load at each tap. Delay tolerance
is ±0.03 ixsec and spurious response is
10% maximum at any tap.
Circle No. 165 on Subscriber Service Card
In-Line Vernier Attenuator
An in-line vernier attenuator de-
signed to provide for fine control of at-
tenuation when used as a separate unit
or in series with 1.0-db step attenuators
has been announced by Kay Electric
Co.
The device provides attenuation
values in 0.1 steps from 0.1 to 1.1 db
at frequencies up to 500 mc. Typical
accuracies exceed ±5% overall at 100
mc; ±10% at 250 mc. Maximum
VSWR is 1 .4 at 250 mc. Units are avail-
able in 50, 70 and 90 ohms.
Circle No. 166 on Subscriber Service Card
Mercury- Wetted Relay
A line of "short can" mercury-
wetted relays measuring 1.875 in. in
height has been introduced by Bab-
cock Relays, a division of Babcock Elec-
tronics Corp.
The BW-3 series features a tempera-
ture range of —37° to 107° C and a
life expectancy of more than one billion
cycles. The units operate at speeds as
high as one millisecond and on power
as low as 1.2 mw. Contact breaking
acceleration is 1,500 g's.
Other specifications include a maxi-
mum power dissipation of 1.5 watts and
a maximum contact resistance of 40
milliohms.
Circle No. 167 on Subscriber Service Card
Logarithmic Spiral Antennas
Dome & Margolin, Inc., is market-
ing two omnidirectional, elliptically po-
larized antennas, designed for the mis-
sile/space industry.
The Models AR18 and AR19 loga-
rithmic spiral antennas cover the fre-
quency range from 250 to 10,000 mc
and provide complete omnidirectional
coverage when used with appropriate
broadband, directional antennas.
AR18 has an operating range of 250
to 1,000 mc; AR19 from 1,000 to 10,-
000 mc. Axial ratio of polarization
ellipse is less than 2 to 1 ; VSWR is less
than 2 to 1 for the entire band.
Circle No. 168 on Subscriber Service Card
Western Microwave Laboratories is
marketing the solistron, a microwave
source that provides solid-state klystron
performance.
The unit features single-knob me-
chanical tuning to 10% of bandwidth
and electronic tuning to 4% bandwidth.
Power outputs from 3 to 100 milliwatts
are available with single-voltage power
supply requirement of 1 to 20v. Models
are available in the 900-mc to 3-gc
range.
Circle No. 169 on Subscriber Service Card
Abbott Transistor Laboratories, Inc.,
is marketing a line of hermetically
sealed power transformers designed ex-
clusively for 400 cycles.
The Model 175E, a 175-watt series,
measures 2.7 x 2.7 x 2.25 in. and is
capable of operation at temperatures
up to 105°C. The unit meets MIL-T-
27A specifications. Primary voltage on
standard units is 115v, 400 cps ±20
cps, 1 phase, with secondaries available
from 5 to 5,000v ac, 175 watts.
Circle No. 170 on Subscriber Service Card
• Opportunities In . . . *•
MELPAR S EXPANDING
AEROSPACE DIVISION
for Supervisory and Technical Personnel ••
.* ■
, . These positions result from the constant growth of our pro-
. . : •. grams and possess excellent potential for personal advancement.
AERONAUTICS
Projects have both atmospheric and
■ space applications and work includes
preliminary design for configurations,
drag estimation,' stability and control
parameter estimation, validation and de-
tail of design by wind tunnel testing,
and participation in trajectory studies to
assure capability for the mission. Capa-
bility for structural analysis (vibration and
flutter) is also needed. MS Degree level
of competence is desired.
GUIDANCE AND CONTROL
Projects have both atmospheric and
space applications and include analysis
* in both linear and non-linear systems.
Some knowledge of the mathematics of
optimum controls is desirable as is famil-
iarity with the use of analog and digital
computers in solving guidance and con-
;. trol problems. MS level of capability is
desired.
OPERATIONS ANALYSIS
To perform operations analysis of com-
•,_plex military and space systems including
. .... For details, write in :
trade-off studies on sub-system require-
ments and costs, leading to assessment
of the technical and cost effectiveness
of the total system. Knowledge of prob-
ability theory and its uses as well as
use of digital and analog computers is
required. MS level of competence desired.
SYSTEM TEST & INSTRUMENTATION
To conduct tests (including field tests)'
with special emphasis on telemetry
systems. Familiarity with range of tech- •
niques and equipments for sounding
rockets and probes in a developmental
program is required. . .
-. . .■
PROPULSION
Assignments will include preliminary
design of small, high performance solid
propulsion systems. Problems include
grain, case and nozzle design, specifica-
tions writing, and technical participation
in developmental subcontracts. Knowledge
of the use of analog and/or digital com-
puters is essential as is knowledge of
the present state-of-the-art. MS level '■■
preferred. ■ ... -.
strictest confidence to: •
John A. Haverfield, Manager—Professional Placement
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
Circle No. 17 on Subscriber Service Card
43
CLEAN ROOM
APPAREL LAUNDERING
CERTIFIED TO MEET GOVERNMENT
SPECIFICATIONS (T.O. 00-25-203)
Engineered to Meet Your Most
Critical Requirement Levels
U.S. AIR FORCE AND NAVY APPROVED FACILITIES
Atlas can also supply Clean Room
Garments for Class 1 thru 4 Programs.
AIR DELIVERY OUTSIDE OF WEST COAST AREA
For Complete Information, Inquire
DIRECTOR OF SALES. DEPT. B
ATLAS
. COVERALL & UNIFORM
*•: SUPPLY COMPANY
1441 EAST ADAMS BLVD.
LOS ANGELES 11, CALIF.
PHONE: ADams 2-3271
Circle No. 13 on Subscriber Service Card
M/R BUSINESS OFFICES
Washington, D.C., 20005-1001 Vermont Ave-
nue, NW; Sterling 3-5400
A. C. Boughton, National Sales Manager
Craig L. Mason, Director of Research
New York, N.Y., 10017-20 East 46 Street;
YUkon 6-3900
Paul B. Kinney, Eastern Advertising Manager
Paul N. Anderson
Beverly Hills, California, 90210-9301 Wilshire
Blvd.; CRestview 4-8791
Edwin J. Denker, Jr., Western Advertising
Manager
Ronald L. Rose
Detroit, Michigan— 21990 Greenfield Road, Oak
Park, Mich., 48237; 547-8880
Michael Rouff
Chicago, Illinois, 60601-1 East Wacker Dr
Room 1522; 321-1444
Charles E. Durham, Jr.
Miami, Florida— P.O. Box 890, Hollywood, Flo
33022; Wilson 7-6072
London, W.I., England— 44 Conduit Street,
REgent 4714
American Magazine Group
Geneva, Switzerland— 10 Rue Grenus; Geneva
321044
Paris, France— 11 Rue Condorcel; TRU 15-39
names in the news
Thomas J. Carter: Appointed manager
of international and commercial marketing
for United Technology Center, Sunnyvale,
Calif.
Roger Damm: Appointed marketing
services manager at Motorola Semicon-
ductor Products, Inc., Phoenix.
Dr. Carl L. Frederick: Named manager
of the Washington, D.C. district office of
HRB-Singer, Inc.
Gerald Miller: Named manager, sales
planning and promotion at Memorex
Corp., Santa Clara, Calif.
Harold Rapaport: Promoted to execu-
tive vice president and general manager
of ITT Kellogg Communications Systems
Div., New York City.
Jack J. Marks: Joined Northrop-Ven-
tura, Newbury Park, Calif., as assistant
program manager, Apollo Earth landing
system.
F. Eugene Newbold, Jr.: Appointed as-
sistant general manager of the Wright
Aeronautical Div., Curtiss-Wright Corp.,
Wood-Ridge, N.J.
Joseph K. Mann: Joined Eitel-Mc-
Cullough, Inc., San Carlos, Calif., as a
senior project engineer in the high power
microwave laboratory.
Charles A. Mitchell: Appointed director
of planning for the Geophysics Corp. of
America, Bedford, Mass.
John P. Thurman: Named small busi-
ness administrator for North American
Aviation's Los Angeles Division.
Frederick W. Howells: Appointed di-
rector of the Washington, D.C. Research
Center of Technical Operations Research,
Burlington, Mass.
Courtland D. Perkins: Chairman of the
Dept. of Aerospace and Mechanical Sci-
ences at Princeton University., elected 1964
president of the American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics.
A. L. Feldman: Appointed assistant
plant manager in charge of Aerojet-Gen-
44
eral Corp.'s liquid rocket plant production
programs, Sacramento, Calif.
Edwin L. Rule: Named vice president-
manufacturing of Hexcel Products, Inc.,*
Berkeley, Calif.
Caleb B. Hurtt: Titan I program di-
rector for the Martin Co.'s Denver Div.,
awarded a public affairs fellowship by the!
Brookings Institution for Advanced Study
in Washington, D.C.
Richard B. Mulock: Named manager
of product assurance at Lenkurt Electric
Co., Inc., San Carlos, Calif.
Dr. T. A. Neely: Named director of
research and engineering at the Hunts-
ville, Ala., plant of Thiokol Chemical
Corp.'s Alpha Div.
Edwin J. Kirschner: Appointed di-
rector of research and development at
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Institute, Mi-
ami.
Dr. Mark K. Smith: Appointed execu-
tive vice president of Geophysical Service,
Inc., a subsidiary of the Science Services
Div. of Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas.
Harold Desmond Shelley: Named sales
engineer for telemetry and surveillance
equipment at Vitro Electronics, Silver
Spring. Md.
Ralph W. Rawson: Elected president
and a member of the board of directors
of Firth Sterling, Inc., Pittsburgh.
Robert Landon: Appointed manager of
advertising and public relations for Eitel-
McCullough, Inc., San Carlos, Calif.
Milton V. Richards: Appointed mar-
keting manager- Air Force programs for
Philco Corp.'s TechRep Div., Washing-
ton, D.C.
Jack I. Hamilton: Resigned as vice!
president and executive assistant to the
president, Menasco Mfg. Co., Burbank,
Calif., and Fort Worth, Tex.
Bruce G. Oldfield: Appointed vice
president, space programs and field opera-
tions in the IBM Federal Systems Div.,
Rockville, Md.
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
Advertisers' Index
AEROSPACE DIV., REINFORCED
PLASTICS DEPT., RAYBESTOS-
MANHATTAN, INC 48
Agency — Gray & Rogers
ATLAS COVERALL & UNIFORM
SUPPLY CO 44
Agency — Paul & Baum/Adv.
BENDIX CORP., THE, BENDIX-
PACIFIC DIV 2
Agency — John B. Shaw Co., Inc.
DELTA AIR LINES, INC 13
Agency — Burke Dowling Adams, Inc.
DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT CO., INC 4, 23
Agency — J. Walter Thompson Co.
ELECTRONIC SPECIALTY CO., EEMCO
DIV 47
Agency — Grant Adv., Inc.
GENERAL PRECISION AEROSPACE,
GENERAL PRECISION, INC. ...
Agency — Deutsch & Shea, Inc.
GRAND BAHAMA PROPERTIES, LTD. . 42
Agency — Arthur R. Mogge, Inc.
HYDRODYNE DIV. OF DONALDSON CO.,
INC 10
Agency — West Associates
LIBRASCOPE DIV., GENERAL
PRECISION, INC 3
Agency — Weekley & Valenti, Inc.
MELPAR, INC., A SUB. OF WESTING-
HOUSE AIR BRAKE CO 43
Agency — Lewis, Dobrow & Lamb
NORTHROP CORP., NORTRONICS
DIV 24, 25
Agency — Doyle, Dane, Bernbach, Inc.
OMNITRONICS, INC., SUB. OF THE
BORG-WARNER CORP 26
Agency — Irving Gould Adv., Inc.
SPERRY GYROSCOPE CO., DIV. OF THE
SPERRY RAND CORP., RADIATION
DIV 20
Agency — Reach, McClinton & Co.,
Inc.
UNIVERSAL MATCH CORP., GOVERN-
MENT PRODUCTS GROUP 7
Agency — G. M. Basford Co.
-when and where—
JANUARY
AIAA Solid Propellant Rocket Conference,
Palo Alto, Calif., Jan. 29-31, (semi-
classified).
American Meteorological Society, 44th An-
nual Meeting, University of California
at Los Angeles, Jan. 29-31.
FEBRUARY
American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
52nd National Meeting, Hotel Peabody,
Memphis, Tenn., Feb. 2-5.
IEEE Winter Power Meeting, Statler Hilton
Hotel, New York City, Feb. 2-7.
International Congress on Documentation
and Scientific-Technical Information,
Rome, Italy, Feb. 2-11.
International Conference on the Impact of
Modern Physics on Materials, Sheraton
Hotel, Philadelphia, Feb. 3-7.
IEEE-MIL Fifth Winter Convention on
Military Electronics, Ambassador Ho-
tel, Los Angeles, Feb. 5-7.
American College of Radiology National
Meeting, Tucson Ariz., Feb. 5-8.
Institute on Information Storage and Re-
trieval, sponsored by American Uni-
versity, International Inn, Washington,
D.C., Feb. 10-14.
Golden Gate Metals Conference, American
Society for Metals, Fairmont Hotel,
San Francisco, Feb. 13-15.
1964 Annual Meeting and Symposium on
Physical Metallurgy of Refractory
Metals, sponsored by AIME, New York
City, Feb. 16-20.
ASCE Transportation Engineering Con-
ference, Netherland Hilton Hotel, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, Feb. 17-21.
International Solid State Circuits Con-
ference, sponsored by IEEE and the
University of Pennsylvania, Sheraton
Hotel and University of Pennsylvania,
Philadephia, Feb. 19-21.
9th Scintillation and Semiconductor Coun-
ter Symposium, sponsored by IEEE,
AEC and NBS, Shoreham Hotel, Wash-
ington, D.C., Feb. 26-28.
MARCH
ASME Gas Turbine Conference and Prod-
ucts Show, Shamrock Hilton Hotel,
Houston, Mar. 1-5.
Atmospheric Problems of Aerospace Vehi-
cles, sponsored by FAA and AMS,
National Aviation Facilities Experi-
mental, Atlantic City, N.J., Mar. 2-5.
15th Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical
Chemistry and Applied Sprectroscopy,
Penn-Sheraton Hotel, Pittsburgh, Mar.
2-6.
Fifth Symposium on Thermal Radiation
of Solids, Sheraton-Palace Hotel, San
Francisco, Calif., Mar. 4-6.
advertising
acceptance
trends
1961 - 1963
(36 months)
Missiles and Rockets
+ 3 9 0 Pages
Space/Aeronautics
-1100
pages
Aviation week
-450
pages
Missiles & Rockets is the only
major missile/ space publica-
tion to show consecutive gains
since 1960*.
'Source: M/R Research Dept.
An American Aviation Publication
1001 Vermont Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C., 20005
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
45
editorial . . .
An Adeqi
IT IS NOW UP TO CONGRESS to determine
whether this nation will have a Fiscal 1965 mis-
sile/space budget adequate to its needs. President
Johnson has sent to the Hill a sharply pruned budget
for missile and space activities.
If the Congressional committees holding authori-
zation and appropriations hearings accept as sincere
the effort of the Administration to hold the line on
spending, the funding of missile/space programs will
remain approximately at the same level as in the
current fiscal year. At this time, it is an acceptable
level from the standpoint of the nation's require-
ments.
The pruning by the Presidential shears has been
a careful one, allowing those programs to grow which
are most vital, cutting back those where delay can
be accepted. Congress, however, can wreck the entire
effort if it does not recognize this approach. The John-
son budget cannot withstand massive cuts of the kind
made in the FY '64 Dept. of Defense authorization
or the rough treatment accorded the National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration budget last year.
It can be anticipated that the FY '65 budget for
DOD will be more acceptable to Congress than its
predecessor. The new obligational authority requested
is $2.7 billion less than sought last year and, at $50.9
billion, just about on a level with the $51 billion
provided by Congress for FY '64. Since President
Johnson shrewdly has decided to seek a '64 supple-
mental to cover the military pay increase, this means
new money available in the DOD budget should
total about the same as last year.
Most of the reduction in funding requests for
missile/space activities can be attributed to the an-
ticipated peaking-out of the nation's ICBM require-
ments. Missile procurement drops from $4,108 bil-
lion to $2,988 billion in the new budget. Missile
RDT&E drops from $2,117 billion to $1,851 billion.
The Minuteman program calls for 50 new silos
of Minuteman H's, less than the Air Force had hoped
to add. This is offset, however, by the decision to
retrofit 800 silos for the Minuteman II, which has
longer range, a heavier payload and multiple target
capability. The ICBM forces of Titans, with / and
// all now operational, will remain at the same level.
The Atlas force will decrease somewhat with phase-
out of the first-generation Atlas D.
Further drop in the missile budget is accounted
for by completion in the Fiscal '64 budget of fund-
ing for the 4 1 Polaris submarines.
All of these reductions could be anticipated; they
represent no shock to the industry's financial well-
being.
A top Dept. of Defense official says a decision
will be made this calendar year on whether to initiate
procurement of Nike-Zeus and Nike X, a move that
could cost from $12 billion to $20 billion in the
years ahead. As we pointed out several weeks ago,
if the decision is favorable initial funds for this will
be sought in the FY '66 budget. The decision will
depend not only on progress of Nike X but also on
how the Soviet ICBM buildup proceeds.
Other missile activity continues. Troubled Mauler
drops back into R&D, but Shillelagh will move out of
\e Budget
program definition, improved versions of Sidewinder
and Bullpup are funded, procurement of the opera-
tional Pershing continues, and there is new life for
MMRBM. These, and others, add up to an active
year in the missile field.
There are, moreover, significant studies under way
which bode well for future missile development. Some
$5 million is allocated for the study of a missile plat-
form aircraft which will require a new missile, pos-
sibly of the CLAM or SLAM nature. Work on SLAM,
the nuclear supersonic low-altitude missile, will be
continued with some $20 million divided between
the Atomic Energy Commssion and DOD budgets.
There also will be funds for study of advanced land-
and sea-based ICBM's.
The budget for military space drops slightly this
year. This plateau in military space spending should
not be of concern, however. The $140-million reduc-
tion results from the Dyna-Soar cancellation and the
peaking-out of Titan III funding in the Fiscal '64
budget. Secretary of Defense McNamara's initiation
of the Gemini-X and Manned Orbiting Laboratory
programs carries assurance of considerable Air Force
activity in this field, to be reflected by sure growth of
the DOD space budget.
ALTHOUGH IT CAN BE EXPECTED that pas-
sage of the DOD budget will be smoother, due
to an effective cost reduction program and other
economies, the NASA budget once again faces rugged
going. Congress must understand, therefore, that the
economic pressure on the FY '64 budget has had its
effect. Administrator James Webb considered his last
budget austere and, to him, this one smacks of down-
right starvation.
The manned lunar landing program, as before,
will get the roughest treatment. In regard to this,
Associate Administrator Robert Seamans says "we
are now cut back to the point that we cannot carry
out the program unless we get the full support of
Congress, and even then we will have no time to fall
back on."
An examination of the NASA budget shows that
it has indeed been pared to concentrate on the Apollo
program. Funding for Apollo is peaking now, and
the space agency is cancelling or delaying a number
of unmanned projects to keep the lunar program mov-
ing. These cuts have been substantial, have been
achieved at the cost of some dissension in the agency,
and should be accorded due recognition by Congress.
Ranger has been slashed from $52 million to $10.8
million, the Nimbus weather satellite from $41.2 to
$18.9 million, RIFT from $7.5 million to zero, Proj-
ect Fire from $8 to $3 million. These are but a few
of the cutbacks.
Congress, in its last examination of the NASA
budget, demanded some harsh economies. It should
acknowledge that this demand has been heeded and
that the fat has been trimmed out of the budget sent
to the Hill. There should be a thorough examination
of the NASA budget, certainly, but with the knowl-
edge that any deep cuts can damage severely the
nation's vital space program.
William J. Coughlin
missiles and rockets, January 27, 1964
ACTUATOR SYSTEM
BYEEMCO
The vertical landing and take-off feature of the Army's XV-5A aircraft
demanded a light weight, reliable, wing flap actuator system. EEMCO built it
for Ryan Aeronautical Company, builders of the XV-5A, the world's first lift
fan aircraft. □ The EEMCO flap actuator system is exceptionally light weight,
1 1.75 pounds, and consists of two ball-type screw jacks powered by a central
drive unit through flexible shafting. The jacks are irreversible with non-jam-
ming end stops. The drive unit is powered by a 28 volt DC motor having an
electro-mechanical clutch and brake. Adjustable travel and interlock switches
obtain an electrical stroke of 5.9 inches with an adjustment range of ± .25
inches. □ For further information on wing flap actuator system D 1518 — or
for information on motors and actuators for aerospace and industrial applica-
tions—write or call the EEMCO Division of Electronic Specialty.
1 r^S is a diversified, dynamic,
multi-divisional organization serv-
ing defense and industry over a
broad range of vital areas with
advanced systems, sub-systems,
and state-of-the-art components.
Major contributions are currently
being made in the following:
ELECTRONIC AND
ELECTROMECHANICAL
CONTROLS:
gyroscopes, relays, static switching
devices, sensors, flashers, regula-
tors, converters, rotary and linear
actuators, motors, generators,
weapon and camera controls, elec-
tromechanical assemblies for aero-
space applications.
COMMUNICATIONS:
antennas, flexible and rigid wave-
guides, coaxial switches, diplexers,
power dividers, filters, radio tele-
scopes, solar furnaces, matching
networks, antenna drive motors
and controls.
POWER:
precise power systems, dynamo-
tors, computer power sources,
motor - generators, actuators,
starter generators, power conver-
sion systems, transmission towers
for public utilities.
SPACE CONDITIONING:
electronically programmed envi-
ronmental controls and systems for
industrial, commercial, and mili-
tary applications.
SYSTEMS:
Systems Laboratories conduct
research, development and study
programs in reconnaissance, elec-
tronic countermeasures, interfer-
ometer phased array systems, and
total energy packages; integrating
divisional components, sub-sys-
tems, and specialized technical
skills.
For information concerning the cor-
porate systems capability, product line,
or research and development programs,
write to the Director of Marketing,
address below.
ELECTRONIC SPECIALTY CO.
EEMCO DIVISION • 4612 WEST JEFFERSON BLVD.
LOS ANGELES 16, CALIFORNIA • PHONE REPUBLIC 3-0151
Circle No. 15 on Subscriber Service Card
Fr* O TO:
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R/M ASBESTOS PHENOLICS CUT MISSILE
"HOTWARE" MATERIAL COSTS 50% . . . AND MORE
In your value analyses of current or advanced aerospace "hotware," have
you recently taken a long hard look at basic materials? Among those
with proved reliability, R M asbestos reinforced plastics stand alone
by offering the high strength, light weight, dimensional stability,
superior thermal insulation and ablation properties you require at
half the cost or less of other types of materials . You should get
the R/M story now. Consult the technical data in your company's
VSMF microfilm catalog or write for RPD Data File #6. Aerospace
Division, i nforced Plastics Department, Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc.,
Manheim, P
Circle No. 14 on Subscriber Service Card
Westidghqype's Scanning Electron Microscope
Saturn SA-5 Shows U.S. Booster Muscle . . . MtPn^ATm!Y MSEtQg >
SPECIAL REPORT ON MICROELECTRONICS— M mron^on imm
Market, Manufacturers, State of Art .... 22 AN AMERICAN AVIATION PUBLICATION
NOW AVAILABLE TO THE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY:
PROBLEM
Experience in
power transmission,
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Creative engineering,
quality assurance,
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Application
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Development and
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ting of new
components
How Clark capability solves military
or aerospace mobility problems
This is the Clark capability diagram. It shows the two basic ways Clark Equipment
Company can solve your mobility problem.
The broken white line shows how Clark can apply a unique combination of experience,
creative engineering and testing to develop new equipment and components to solve
mobility problems.
The solid white line demonstrates how Clark can often save critical time and cost by
applying experience and existing off-the-shelf components to the solution. In many
cases, development time is cut in half through this technique.
Clark capability is being used today to design, engineer and build solid-propellant
rocket motor shipping containers and transporters, airborne handling vehicles and
other military/aerospace equipment.
Write or call Manager, Clark Development Division,
Clark Equipment Company, Battle Creek, Michigan.
EQUIPMENT
MICROMINIATURE CIRCUITRY...
part of the big world of electronics at Boeing
Microminiature thin-film circuitry research is one
of the many advanced areas of electronics activities
at Boeing's Aero-Space Division.
Engineers in the Division's electronics techniques
organization superimpose a series of film shapes as
thin as 1 4,000,000th of an inch, to create a com-
plete electronics network. A microminiature net-
work, measuring 1 10" square, is shown magnified
above, mounted on a header.
Boeing microminiature electronics capabilities
include development of circuits on silicon transistor
chips, vacuum deposition of thin-films and mathe-
matical analysis of circuits.
In all, more than 4,000 Aero-Space Division
employees are engaged in electronics at Boeing,
including systems design and production work for
Minuteman ICBM, Saturn S-1C, HiBEX. hydrofoil
research craft and the lunar orbiting satellite.
AERO-SPACE DIVISION
missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Volume 14. Number 5
February 3, 1964
Editor
William J. Coughlin
Managing Editor
Reed Bundy
Senior Editors
Charles D. La Fond Electronics
William Beller Engineering
Associate Editors
David C. Breasted Military
Lawrence J. Curran Assistant Managing Editor
Heather M. David Space Medicine
Michael Getler Electronics
Russell Hawkes Industry
John F. Judge Advanced Materials
Robert L. Parker Copy Editor
p,ex pay Electronics
Hal Taylor' NASA
Contributing Editors
David A. Anderton, James J. Haggerty,
Dr. J. M. Levitt, Dr. Hubertus Strughold
Friedrich Schonbach Art Director
Donald Strickland Assistant Art Director
Eleanor Cobey Editorial Assistant
Suzanne Montgomery Editorial Assistant
BUREAUS
LOS ANGELES 9301 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills
Willard E. Wilks Bureau Chief
NEW YORK 20 East 46th Street
Michael Getler
CAPE KENNEDY 507 Orange Ave.
Chris Butler Merritt Is., Fla.
PARIS 11 Rue Condorcet
Jean-Marie Riche
GENEVA 10 Rue Grenus
Frank G. McGuire
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Dr. Peter Castruccio Alexander Satin
Conrad H. Hoeppner Dr. Eugen Saenger
Richard F. Gompertz Vice Adm. H. Sanders (ret.)
THE COVER
First successful scanning electron micro-
scope in U.S. is this Westinghouse Re-
search Labs' device that "sees" with a
thin electron beam. The instrument aids
in detailed studies of the intricate sur-
faces of molecular electronic blocks and
other microelectronic components. Ml R's
special report on microelectronics begins
on page 22.
FEBRUARY 3 HEADLINES
Echo II Is Functioning Despite Gas Leakage 10
Hornig Named Presidential Science Advisor 13
DOD Moves To Ease Program Cancellation 'Pains' 13
LBJ, McNamara Re-emphasize Missile Reliability 14
Successful SA-5 Gives U.S. Booster Leadership 17
Cook Capsules Protected SA-5 Movie Cameras 18
Johnson Disclosure Indicates MIDAS Dependability . 19
McNamara Optimistic About Solving A-ICBM Problems 20
James W. Claar
Publisher
A. C. Boughton National Sales Manager
Paul B. Kinney Eastern Advertising Manager
Edwin J. Denker, Jr. . .Western Advertising Manager
Craig L. Mason Director of Research
John N. Carlin Director of Circulation
Paddy Nelson Circulation Promotion
R. Virgil Parker Production Manager
Barbara Wiener Advertising Services Manager
Published each Monday with the exception of the
last Monday in December by American Aviation
Publications, Inc., 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington, D.C., 20005. Cable Address: AMERAV.
Printed at Judd & Detweiler, Inc., Washington, D.C.
Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.
Copyright 1964, American Aviation Publications, Inc.
Subscription rates: U.S. and Possessions, Canada, and
Pan American Postal Union Nations: 1 year, $5.00, 2
years $8.00, 3 years $10.00. All other foreign: 1 year
$15.00, 2 years $25.00, 3 years $35.00. Air freight to
Europe: 1 year $20.00, 2 years $30.00, 3 years $40.00.
Single copy prices: regular issues 50 cents each;
special issues $1.00 each. Subscriptions are solicited
only from persons with identifiable commercial or
professional interests in the missile/space industry.
Subscription orders and changes of address should be
referred to Circulation Fulfillment Mgr., Missiles and
Rockets, 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20005. Allow 4 weeks for change to become
effective and enclose recent address label if possible.
President Wayne W. Parrish
Senior Vice President Louis C. James
Vice President Fred S. Hunter
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
^ SPECIAL REPORT: MICROELECTRONICS
Compiled under the direction of Senior Editor Charles D. LaFond
Part I/Market Summary-Sales Will Top $1 Billion
Over Next Six Years 22
Part 1 1 /Manufacturers— Five Companies Likely
To Retain Present Leadership 31
Part Ill/State of the Art— A Detailed Assessment
of Trends in Technology 50
DEPARTMENTS
Letters 6 Contracts/Procurements 64
The Countdown 9 when an£, where 65
The Missile/Space
Week® 10 Editorial 66
47,500 copies this issue
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— letters 1
The Incentive Game
To the Editor:
Much too difficult a temptation to resist 1
is some comment on your article and edi-
torial, "The Incentive Game" (M/R, Jan.
20).
If "the profit motive is the spark plug ,
of the free enterprise system" and if "The:
Incentive Game" provides increased profits
for lower costs and/or better performance
for government contractors, then as surely
as God made little green apples the in-
volved products are designed or invented 1
by the employed engineers of those con-
tractors who have no incentives and no
piece of the involved action.
Just as surely, those engineers and in-
ventors would be galvanized into heroic
action for the benefit of both the govern-
ment and the contractors, if they them-
selves shared only to some small degree
in the incentive game. Bread and butter
alone will never stimulate their highest
performance.
Benjamin F. Miessner
Miami Shores, Fla.
'Torr' Defined
To the Editor:
In your Nov. 25 NASA issue, in an
article entitled "Goddard Aims to Build
Even Bigger Test Facilities" (p. 197),
you mention several times the word
"torr" as a unit of measure for pressure
and/or vacuum. We presume this to be
related but not necessarily identical to
millimeters of mercury at standard tem-
perature of 70CF and relative humidity
conditions of 60%. To clear up this
point, will you please supply me with a
precise definition of the term "torr"?
G. A. Ostrom
Abbottstown, Pa.
Torr — named in honor of Torricelli,
Italian scientist who invented the barom-
eter— is the pressure exerted by a col-
umn of mercury one millimeter high at
0°C, 45 degrees latitude at sea level
(standard gravity). — Ed.
Centaur Oversight
To the Editor:
I find rather amusing your reference
to the Astrolog as a "current status of
U.S. missile and space programs." In]
the Jan. 13 M/R, you make the follow-
ing observation under "status" with re-
spect to the Centaur program:
Development; program responsibil-
ity transferred from MSFC to
Lewis; first flight test failed; late
1964 or early 1965 earliest possible
operational date; next launch No-
vember, 1963.
Strides forward in the U.S. space
program on Nov. 27, 1963, with the
first successful launch of the Centaur
space vehicle seem to be of significant
Circle No. 18 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
merit to cause you to update your "log"
on a more reliable basis.
R. G. Newell
St. Petersburg, Fla.
Launch of Centaur Nov. 27 was
duly reported in M/R's Dec. 9 issue,
but slipped by Astrolog. It is covered in
an Errata sheet with Astrolog reprints.
—Ed.
Saturn Gaseous Helium
To the Editor:
On page 15 of the January 13 issue
you describe our Saturn Helium Bottle
Program.
The last sentence contains an error
which I would like to correct. The bot-
tles described will contain gaseous (not
liquid) helium at 3,000 psi. The bottles
are mounted inside of the liquid oxygen
tank, and four are required for each
Saturn V first stage.
Richard A. Hirsch
Technical Director
Saturn Helium Bottle
Program
Martin Company
Baltimore
'Profile
Of An Industry'
Reprints
IN RESPONSE to wide-
spread reader interest, Missiles
and Rockets has prepared re-
prints of the three-part "Profile
of an Industry" series by Senior
Editor William Beller. Based on
recent surveys by U.S. Govern-
ment agencies and the Stanford
Research Institute ( under a con-
tract from the Aerospace Indus-
tries Association), the articles
first appeared in the Oct. 28,
Dec. 2 and Dec. 16, 1963, issues
of M/R. Together they provide
an unprecedented report on the
growth of the Missile /Space in-
dustry— now the second largest
employer in the United States
— and its impact on the national
economy and technology.
The twelve-page reprint may
be ordered from:
Research Department
Missiles and Rockets
1001 Vermont Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20005
Price of the reprint is $.50
( fifty cents) per copy.
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
AUTOMATING THE GLOBAL
RANGE CONTROL NETWORK
A new dimension in fast-response control and global reporting of space vehicle
and missile performance is now being engineered by Pan Am's Guided Missiles
Range Division.
A centralized range instrumentation control system (RICS) will automate range
support on the Atlantic Missile Range and link with other national ranges on a
world-wide basis. Basic to this new system will be the Central Control Processor
at Cape Kennedy. This master computer will accept data from all land, air and
shipborne stations down-range — and eventually from communications satellites
(now in the planning stage). It will provide real-time separation and recording of
data, and process necessary information and commands.
In its full scope, RICS offers the master "space traffic" management capability
needed to maximize the success of range support for complex space missions
in the near future: orbital rendezvous and docking, lunar orbits, manned lunar
flights, and interplanetary probes. The system will give push-button control of
instrumentation, communications, assignment, status, data selection for real-
time biomedical evaluation and range safety and post-flight analysis, security
code changing, function transfer, and vehicle control to alter in-flight missions.
On this and other sophisticated space programs, assignments are immediately
available to electronic engineers and physicists with broad systems and planning
backgrounds in: pulse & CW radar/telemetry/optics/infrared/data handling/
communications/closed circuit TV/frequency analysis/command control/under-
water sound/timing/shipboard instrumentation/meteorology.
Write in confidence to Manager— Professional Employment, Dept. 56B-1
GUIDED MISSILES
W RANGE DIVISION
PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS, INC.
P. 0. BOX 4465, PATRICK AIR FORCE BASE, FLORIDA
An Equal Opportunity Employer
Circle No. 19 on Subscriber Service Card ~J
THE SKEPTICAL MEN AND THE MICROELECTRONIC COMPUTER Perfection is a microcosm. Its
pathways today are often the branches of intricate electronic circuits— so small that few can conceive of them. But
there are some who probe these pathways with growing confidence: the creative electronics scientists of aerospace.
To these men, every proven component is suspect; every accepted method, debatable. Beyond today's state-of-
the-art they perceive tomorrow's breakthrough . . . beyond today's "finished product," tomorrow's quantum jump.
Perhaps they begin with an existing circuit board. Shrink it. Test it. Join it to others in tiny integrated layers. Result:
a computer with more reliability, more memory capacity, yet far smaller and lighter than its forerunners. This is
precisely the achievement of the men of NAA/Autonetics — creators of the new microelectronic computer for the
improved Minuteman, and pioneers in the application of microelectronic systems.
Throughout the industry, men like these are exploring the mazes of perfection. In the courts of their minds, even
perfection itself is always on trial, and acquittal is never final. For these are the skeptical men.
North American Aviation is at work in the fields of the future through these divisions: Science Center,
Atomics International, Autonetics, Columbus, Los Angeles, Rocketdyne, Space & Information Systems.
The Countdown
WASHINGTON
ARPA Spending Plans
About 50% of the $128 million requested for ARPA's
Project Defender for FY '65 will be used for a study of
missile re-entry phenomena, including full-scale experiments
in the Pacific. It will also be concerned with development
of penetration aids for the U.S. strategic retaliatory missiles.
AF Expands Range Funding
The Air Force is requesting $231 million in FY '65
funding for the Atlantic Missile Range. Budgets for the
other ranges include $159 million for operation of the
Pacific Missile Range and $93 million for White Sands.
By the end of FY '66, the Air Force will have completely
taken over operation of Point Arguello, ICBM impact area
stations and the space tracking stations in the Pacific.
New Eye to Submarine Threat
DOD is getting ready to modify some air-defense
radars on the East, West and Gulf Coasts to give them
some capability against shorter-range missiles launched by
submarines, thereby providing at least a few minutes of
warning. About $16 million will be spent on the program
in the next fiscal year and money requirements are ex-
pected to extend for a year later.
FLOXing Approach Pondered
NASA expects to make a decision within a month on
the type of feasibility program it will follow as it explores
the fluorine/ oxygen-fueled Atlas booster. A good possibility
now is a move to a heavy engine test program, with much
of the work being done by the Marshall Space Flight
Center. This would put off the first flight of a FLOX
Atlas for at least two years. Some agency officials feel
that this approach — rather than a direct move to a flight
test program — could be cheaper by a factor of 10 to 1. It
could also provide valuable data on the possibility of
fluorine/ oxygen Thor and Saturn boosters, because they
use what is essentially the same liquid Rocketdyne engine
used in the Atlas.
New Satellite Series Studied
Studies of NASA's new Advanced Technological Satel-
lite program will be completed March 1. The big question
is how much of the previously obtained information on
the Advanced Synchronous Satellite can be used for the
new spacecraft series. The satellite is expected to weigh
about 600 lbs. and will be launched by an Atlas-Agena
with a heavy apogee kick motor. Final decision on a
procurement plan for the program will not be made until
after the study is evaluated and completed.
Over-the-Top Radar in Trials
DOD now has a prototype of an over-the-horizon radar
in operation. If successful the radar could be used as a
backup to BMEWS. It would be able to detect missiles at-
tacking from any direction, provide earlier information on
missile raids than BMEWS and provide greater confidence
by confirming BMEWS warnings.
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
Lacrosses Being Replaced
The Army has decided to eliminate six battalions of
Lacrosse missiles. The reason — rapid introduction of other
weapons such as the improved Honest John, the 175mm
gun and the new eight-inch howitzers.
Anti-Shark Measures for Cameras
On-board cameras of Saturn SA-5 (see p. 18) were
painted blue and carried shark repellent to protect them
from marine life after ejection into the ocean. A number
of Discoverer capsules dropped into the Pacific appear to
have been chewed up by sharks or porpoises. Marine
biologists doubt the efficacy of shark repellent, but it
makes the pararescue divers feel better during the long
wait for a recovery ship.
INDUSTRY
Reticle May Spot Enemy Satellites
Boeing is studying a simple visual aid to help distinguish
non-cooperating satellites from the star background. It is
a telescope reticle with many parallel opaque lines. A
spacecraft whose motion is undetectable with the naked
eye will appear to twinkle as it passes through the open
spaces on the reticle. If the scope is attitude-stabilized with
precision, the relatively stationary stars will show as steady
sources.
New Photochromic Glass Offers Spacecraft Uses
Corning Glass Works scientists report development of a
new photochromic glass which can retain permanently its
ability to darken when exposed to light, then clear when the
light source is removed. They believe it may be used in
spacecraft windows and in control and detection instruments.
The glasses are reported to respond primarily to the near
ultraviolet, but can be altered somewhat to other spectrum
areas. Corning says they are melted and formed by con-
ventional glassmaking methods, and composed of silicate
glasses containing submicroscopic silver halide crystals.
Long Life Predicted for Syncom RCS
Analysis of the hydrogen peroxide reaction control sys-
tem (RCS) aboard Syncom II indicates that the system
could continue to provide control capabilities for orbital
adjustments for another 10 years. The Hughes-built satellite,
launched last luly, thus far has received more than 2,030
pulsed bursts from the RCS. The 3.35-lb. system, carrying
a 5-lb. charge of 90% hydrogen peroxide plus 0.18 lbs. of
nitrogen pressurant gas, was supplied to Hughes by the Aero-
space Div. of Walter Kidde & Co., Inc.
INTERNATIONAL
Europeans Propose Dyna-Soar Project
More than 100 representatives of European electronics
and aeronautical firms met in Brussels Jan. 23-24 and
discussed feasibility of a joint transporter project for man-
ned commuter service from Earth to U.S. and Russian
space laboratories. Participants said they felt that the
recent U.S. cancellation of the Dyna-Soar program gives
Europe a chance to fill a void in Soviet and American
plans. Prof. Eugen Saenger headed the German delegation,
and Prof. Maurice Roy was a member of the French group.
Britain was also well represented.
9
The Missile/ Space Week
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Echo Status Not Clear
At the middle of last week, the
question of whether the 135-ft.
Echo II balloon was collapsing re-
mained. Pictures taken Jan. 25 by
a television camera mounted in the
upper stage of the Thor-Agena B
launch vehicle indicated that, al-
though the sphere had inflated as
planned, gas began leaking out after
two hours. It had been hoped that the
balloon would maintain its internal
pressure for 20 hours, long enough
to permit the aluminum and plastic
structure to become rigid.
The balloon previously bounced
back radio messages between stations
in Rome, N.Y. ; Columbus, Ohio;
Dallas, Tex.; and Stump Neck, Md.
Further indications of the bal-
loon's failure to hold its shape came
in the form of occasional radar ob-
servation "dropouts." These appar-
ently were caused by variations in
the reflective qualities of the balloon,
such as might be caused by incom-
plete inflation.
However, optical observations in-
dicate that Echo II is still holding its
shape. NASA said it was possible
that radar observations might be dis-
turbed in some way, such as by the
upper stage of the rocket orbiting
near the satellite or the inflating
gas's becoming electrically charged.
The actual condition of the satel-
lite will have to be determined by ex-
tensive radar studies since optical
telescopes are not powerful enough
to provide an accurate picture.
The actual launch of the balloon,
in a 30 x 40-in. pod in the nose of
the booster, was considered highly
successful. The 535-lb. satellite has
an apogee of 816 mi., a perigee of
642 mi. and an inclination of 81.5
degrees from the equator. Orbital
period is 109 minutes.
Shots of the Week
After an embarrassing scrub on
Jan. 27, Saturn SA-5 was success-
fully launched from Cape Kennedy
on the 29th (see p. 17).
Echo II was lofted into orbit by
a Thor-Agena B booster on Jan. 25
from Vandenberg AFB, Calif., (see
story above) .
Other shots of the week:
• The Air Force successfully
launched a Titan II ICBM from an
underground silo at Vandenberg
AFB, Calif., Jan. 23. Shot went 5,000
mi. down the Pacific Missile Range.
• The atomic submarine Nathan
Minuteman Mark 1 1 Re-entry Vehicles in Assembly
AVCO CORP'S Mark 11 re-entry vehicles for the Minuteman ICBM shown in final
assembly stages at firm's Lycoming Div., Stratford, Conn. Advanced versions of
the missile use the Mark 11, which incorporates special ablative heat shield materials
developed by Avco. The earlier Mark 5 Minuteman re-entry body and the Mark 4
Titan I Atlas re-entry vehicles also used Avco-developed ablative materials.
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missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
Hale launched two Polaris A2's from
beneath the Atlantic near Cape Ken-
nedy Jan. 26. One was a success, the
other was destroyed by the range
safety officer when it veered off
course after second-stage ignition.
Both shots utilized the Navy's new
steam ejection system.
• The Air Force on Jan. 28 fired
the third and last interim Minute-
man vehicle, a Wing II version with
a Wing VI second stage, from Cape
Kennedy. Shot was 30th success in
45 attempts with Minuteman from
Cape Kennedy.
• NASA's X-15 made its 100th
flight Jan. 28 from Edwards AFB,
Calif. Air Force Maj. Bob Rushworth
piloted the rocket plane in the flight
to test a new paint designed to pro-
tect the craft from re-entry heating.
Hornig Sworn In
Dr. Donald F. Hornig was sworn
in Jan. 24 as Special Assistant to
President Johnson for Science and
Technology.
Formerly chairman of the chem-
istry department at Princeton Uni-
versity, Hornig will also serve as
chairman of the Federal Council for
Science and Technology and director
of the White House's Office of Sci-
ence and Technology.
He succeeds Dr. Jerome B. Wies-
ner, who served as Presidential sci-
entific adviser for three years.
DOD Acts to Conserve Skills
The Defense Dept. has announced
a new policy aimed at retaining
skilled teams of scientists, engineers
and technicians after cancellations
of major projects, such as Dyna-
Soar.
A spokesman for the Defense
Dept. said the move would insure
that an "ever greater effort is de-
voted to preservation of human
skills."
Under the policy, work on a proj-
ect would be cut back gradually in-
stead of effecting an abrupt and total
cancellation. Phases of use elsewhere
would be continued, the spokesman
said.
The Army, Navy and Air Force
were ordered to exclude from con-
tract termination "work of continu-
ing value to the Government."
AEC City Delayed
The Atomic Energy Commission
has requested that the Joint Com-
mittee on Atomic Energy take no
• Crystal controlled RF heads from 50 MC to 1000 MC
• IF bandwidths from 10 KC to 500 KC
• FM, AM, Phase-lock and Phase demodulators
• Plug-in pre-detection recording converters
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The TMR-6 features crystal control of both oscillators, extremely low
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missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
Circle No. 21 on Subscriber Service Card
13
How high is your goal?
Ours are out of sight — in the labyrinth of space.
But your opportunities are a tangible reality, here
and now at North American's Space and Infor-
mation Systems Division.
STRUCTURAL SCIENCES
Advanced aerospace engineering research
positions are available in Structural Sciences to
perform original research studies on complex
structural problems related to advanced aerospace
vehicles. Emphasis will be placed on thermal
buckling, stress distribution, and behavior of
composite structures.
SENIOR STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
Senior Structural Engineers to perform loads,
methods and criteria; structural loads, thrust vari-
ations, inertia and control characteristics.
STRESS ENGINEERS
Stress Engineers and Senior Stress Engineers with
a BS degree or equivalent and experience in basic
aircraft or missile stress analysis to perform
responsible work on any of the following tasks:
• Complex systems components and installations
subjected to vibration and thermal environ-
ments.
• Evaluate and determine major structural test
requirements, coordinate testing, and evaluate
results.
• Stress methods development work on space
vehicle structural components.
IMPACT, FLOTATION, AND DOCKING
Investigate impact loads and stability during land
and water landing through full scale model test
programs.
VIBRATION UNIT
To conduct analytical and experimental studies
of structural vibration and shock. These studies
shall include the evaluation of the vibration
characteristics of structural elements. The re-
sponse of these elements to acoustic, mechanical
and explosive or impact forces and the resultant
dynamic load factors.
Interested? Contact
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14
further action at this time on pro-
posed legislation that would provide
for a new community near the Nu-
clear Rocket Development Station in
Nevada.
The AEC, with the approval of
NASA, made the request following
a reconsideration of the need for
such a community and in the light
of the reorientation of the joint
AEC-NASA nuclear rocket develop-
ment (Rover) program.
More on Missile Dependability
President Johnson and Defense
Secretary Robert S. McNamara, in
separate statements last week, re-
emphasized the reliability of the na-
tion's missile arsenal.
Secretary McNamara told the
House Armed Services Committee
that the U.S. missile force "can be
depended upon to carry out its mili-
tary mission under all the conditions
we can foresee." Results of a missile
attack on an enemy can be predicted
with greater confidence than those of
a bomber attack, he added.
In the Administration's report to
Congress on 1963 U.S. space activi-
ties, the President emphasized the
"reliability" of both space and mili-
tary rockets. Johnson's report cited
NASA successes in 14 of 15 launch
attempts, including a 10-for-10 score
on Earth satellite tries.
Renegotiation Backlog Cut
The Renegotiation Board, striv-
ing to dispose of most of its cases
within 50 to 60 days after receipt, is
trying to better its last year's record
of concluding 86.4% of its filings
within 66 days, Lawrence E. Hart-
wig, Board chairman, has told MIS-
SILES and Rockets.
Urging other government agen-
cies to match the Board's record,
Hartwig pointed out that in Fiscal
1963, 3913 new cases were filed and
4068 processed, thereby cutting sig-
nificantly into the Board's backlog.
In fiscal 1962, 3228 or 89% of the
3618 filings were disposed of without
subsequent assignment to a regional
board.
NASA Gets New Tracking Site
Spain and the U.S. have agreed to
the construction of a Deep Space
Tracking station 30 miles west of
Madrid.
The new installation will have an
85-ft.-dia. parabolic antenna as well
as equipment for spacecraft data
handling and communication.
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
3C SPACEBORNE DATA COISDITIOrNIING SYSTEMS
Successful 109-day Venus probe leads to advance-
design systems for unmanned exploration of Mars
This Mariner II Spaceborne Data Conditioning System typifies
Computer Control Company's ability to satisfy stringent size, power,
reliability and delivery specifications for logic design, circuit, and
module development, fabrication and packaging. The fast, real-time
sampling, processing and control system gathered over 5 million
bits of information from scientific instruments aboard the space-
craft and prepared data for transmission to Earth. In addition, it
controlled: (1) the scan of instruments sweeping Venus' surface,
(2) calibration operation checkout and (3) time sharing of scientific
and engineering data in the telemetry system. Design to delivery:
three months.
For future missions, 3C is developing a Space Data Automation
System for Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory under National
Aeronautics and Space Administration contracts. This micro-
electronic system will provide sequences for optimum experiment
yield. Circuit density on a volume basis will be about four times
higher, using dot circuit components.
Coordinate Conversion Computer at Goldstone positions
antennas tracking Mariner and other space vehicles
3C real-time Coordinate Con-
version Computer at West
Coast site continually posi-
tions 85-foot parabolic an-
tennas to track orbiting
satellites, as well as Mariner
and other space probe vehi-
cles. The antennas, com-
puter and a microwave link
form the closed loop system
that tracked Mariner's 182-
million mile journey through
space. A similar system has
been developed by 3C as part
of an airborne tracking sys-
tem designed to photograph
missiles during re-entry.
OTHER 3C DIGITAL SPACE SUPPORT SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
Simulation of space vehicle con-
ditions and associated instrumen-
tation for spacecraft checkout
requires high-speed data process-
ing. The 3C DDP-24 computer is
designed to solve complex engi-
neering problems involving real-
time digital control techniques,
simulation, data acquisition and
reduction. In tandem with the
3C Digital Resolver — dual
arithmetic unit — the system
provides on-line solution of al-
gebraic and transcendental func-
tions. The DDP-24 is particularly
adaptable for real-time simulation
in specialized hybrid digital-analog
aerospace systems.
■ Antenna positioning for needle belt,
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Data acquisition system for orbiting
observatories. ■ Automatic checkout
systems for spacecraft and subsys-
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■ A-D and D-A Conversion systems.
■ Ranging systems. ■ Spacecraft
memories.
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On to Block II . . .
SA-5 Orbit Boosts U.S. Prowess
Launch puts 37,700 lbs. in orbit expected to last 1-72 months;
officials gratified by S-IV stage performance; Johnson, NASA
leaders see lead in capability; next shot to carry boilerplate
by Chris Butler
Cape Kennedy — The Saturn I pro-
gram moved into its Block II phase with
a resounding SA-5 launch success on
Jan. 29 putting 37,700 lbs. into low
Earth orbit.
The orbiting package, described by
some as a "flying junkpile," includes the
S-IV second stage, the instrument unit,
payload adapter, Jupiter nose cone and
11,500 lbs. of sand ballast.
SA-5 is the first of the new group of
Block II vehicles, of which five more
are to be flown. Unlike their Block I
predecessors, all boosters in the new
group will have powered second stages.
Some will be used to launch unmanned
models of the Apollo command and
service modules.
In the Block II Saturn I's, the eight
Rocketdyne H-l engines will fly at rated
thrust; propellant tanks have been ex-
tended to add 100,000 lbs. of usable
propellant; and tail fins have been at-
tached for stability.
Notable in last week's launch was
the second straight success for the Pratt
& Whitney RL-10 LOX-liquid hydrogen
engines. Six of the engines gave the
Douglas-built S-IV second stage total
thrust of 90,000 lbs. Two of the same
engines performed flawlessly on the
Centaur launch vehicle last Nov. 27.
NASA officials said the launch ap-
peared to give the United States the
lead over Russia in the big booster field.
President Johnson issued a statement de-
claring that the space agency had "just
put into orbit the largest payload ever
launched by any nation." However, the
NASA figure for the payload weight in-
cluded 14,300 lbs. for the spent S-IV
stage. Russia has never released weight
figures for the stages used to launch
Sputniks VII and VIII, each of which
was reported to have weighed 14,292
lbs.
• Times 1,224 — Nevertheless, the
scope of the SA-5 feat can best be real-
ized by the fact that the launch came
only two days before the sixth anni-
versary of America's first space success
Jan. 31, 1958, when the U.S. Army
orbited the 30.8-lb. Explorer I satellite.
SA-5's orbiting package weighs 1,224
times as much as Explorer I.
The two launches, six years apart,
were closely related by the fact that
many members of the Saturn launch
team participated in the earlier space
success and Bob Moser served as test
conductor in both instances.
• Holdups — The Saturn launch was
delayed several times by external fac-
tors, but only once by technical diffi-
culties with the bird itself.
SA-5, due for launch in mid-Decem-
ber, was postponed for more than a
month when cracks were discovered in
metal sleeves linking segments of hy-
draulic and pneumatic lines. A total of
353 sleeves in critical areas were re-
placed.
A 48-hour delay developed Jan. 27
when an obstruction was found in the
liquid oxygen replenisher line after the
countdown had proceeded to within 100
minutes of launch. The first stage had
taken on 93% of a full load of liquid
oxygen when investigation revealed
someone had forgotten to remove a
"blind flange" from the line. This alu-
minum disk is used in making routine
pressurization tests of line segments.
Additional delays were encountered
on launch day when a ship at sea broad-
SATURN SA-5 begins triumphant flight
from Cape Kennedy Jan. 25.
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
17
cast radio signals that interfered with
the C-band radar, and a Department of
Justice transmitter at West Palm Beach
generated signals that caused concern
about operation of the command de-
struct system.
After both sources of interference
were eliminated, the Saturn was
launched from Complex 37B at 11:25
a.m. EST, one hour and 25 minutes
after the scheduled liftoff time.
• Smooth trip — The eight first-stage
H-l engines — operating for the first
time at rated capacity of 188,000 lbs.
each, for a total of 1,504,000 lbs— per-
formed perfectly. Inboard engines cut
off on schedule at T plus 141 sec. and
the outboard engines shut down six sec.
later. The six RL-10A3 liquid hydrogen-
liquid oxygen engines of the second
stage ignited as planned at T plus 149
sec. and delivered a total of 90,000 lbs.
of thrust.
The S-IV second stage, flying live
for the first time, burned to T plus 629.4
sec. to achieve orbital speed at the time
of insertion near Antigua at 11:35:32.
A quick check of tracking data indi-
cated the orbital parameters were:
apogee, 467 statute mi.; perigee, 162;
period, 94.8 min., and inclination, 31.4
degrees.
At 5:00 p.m., both apogee and
perigee had increased slightly — to 471
and 164 mi., respectively. Inclination
was then reported as 31.5 degrees.
There was no change in period.
The package is expected to remain
in orbit between one month and one
year.
Shortly after the first stage burned
out, eight on-board motion picture
cameras in waterproof containers were
ejected and impacted 720 mi. down-
range, where pararescue men jumped
to get them. Five packets were immedi-
ately located and retrieved. (See ac-
companying box.)
Two cameras photographed the in-
terior of LOX tanks, four recorded
retro- and ullage rocket firings, one
monitored separation of the stages, and
another viewed the effect of the solid
oxygen-gaseous oxygen disposal sys-
tem.
An on-board TV camera, which im-
pacted with the first stage, provided
real-time monitoring of separation and
ignition of the S-IV stage engines.
In a post-launch press conference,
Dr. Wernher von Braun, director of
Marshall Space Flight Center, said a
quick look at telemetry data indicated
the ST- 124 guidance unit, which rode
open loop, had performed very well
and probably will be used to guide SA-6.
The next Saturn, due for launch
near the end of April from Complex
37B, will carry a boilerplate Apollo
command module and conduct aero-
dynamic test of the spacecraft.
Von Braun added that two other
Saturns are scheduled for launch be-
fore the end of this year and two more
in the first six months of 1965.
• "Ahead in capability" — NASA's
Associate Administrator Dr. Robert Sea-
mans, asked whether the SA-5 launch
put the United States ahead in the space
booster race with the Russians, said he
did not look on it as a race, but "as a
building program."
"There is little question that it took
us ahead of the Russians in our capabil-
ity," he added.
Seamans said the payload equiva-
lent of SA-5's orbiting package was be-
tween 19,000 and 20,000 lbs. He noted
that this would far exceed the 14,292
lbs. reported for Sputniks VII and VIII.
Von Braun estimated that Russian
boosters used to date have a maximum
thrust in the 700,000-900,000 lbs. range.
He said he does not believe the Rus-
sians are using hydrogen as a fuel. How-
ever, he also said an apparent lull in
Russian space launches by no means
indicates that they have "run out of
steam." ■
SA-5 Cameras Recovered in Cook Electric Capsules
EIGHT MOTION picture cameras
aboard Saturn SA-5 were protected by
recoverable camera capsules developed
and manufactured by Cook Electric
Company's Tech-Center Division,
Morton Grove, HI.
The movie cameras and one tele-
vision camera — the most elaborate op-
tical instrumentation ever carried on a
launch vehicle — went aloft on SA-5.
The TV camera was not ejected, but
all of the other units were separated
from the first stage and impacted 720
mi. downrange. Pararescue personnel
located and retrieved five of them im-
mediately.
The movie cameras viewed the in-
terior of two oxygen tanks by means
of glass fiber bundles, and covered first-
stage separation, retro-rocket firing, and
S-IV stage ullage motor and propulsion
system operation.
Ejected from SA-5 at about 400,000-
ft. altitude, the camera capsules re-
entered the atmosphere at about Mach
10.
Similar camera systems will be car-
ried on Saturn SA-6 and SA-7. Cook
Electric has developed several other
types of recoverable camera capsules,
some of which were used earlier on
A tlas, Minuteman and Titan II launches.
In the photo at left below, a camera
capsule is shown prior to final assembly.
It consists of an aluminum shell, a
quartz window, the camera, re-entry
equipment, and recovery aids.
At right below, a frogman tows in
a capsule recovered during a series of
test drops from aircraft by NASA's
Marshall Space Flight Center. Capsule
had come down with inflated paraloon.
18
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
LBJ lifts secrecy veil
MIDAS Concept Showing Promise
Annual Presidential aeronautics and space activities report
reveals AF space-borne system's launch-detection successes
by Heather M. David
MIDAS (Missile Defense Alarm
System) — in some developmental diffi-
culty about a year ago — now looks
promising as a space-based warning
system and, in fact, has already detected
launches of U.S. test missiles.
The surprise disclosure by President
Johnson in the annual Presidential re-
port on aeronautics and space activi-
ties that "two flights were conducted on
which a number of in-space detections
were made of both liquid-fueled and
solid-fueled ICBM launches from AMR
and PMR" broke a long, security-laden
silence on the infrared missile launch
detection system.
The new advances in the sensor
field that have brightened the MIDAS
picture are in the general areas of sensi-
tivity, processing electronics, cooling
techniques for various detectors and
miniaturization of detectors.
Although no breakthroughs in infra-
red detector technology have been made
during the last year, general improve-
ments in the existing design add up to a
system that can detect lower-magnitude
signals. This, plus redesign for a ran-
dom, rather than circular, orbit appar-
ently have greatly enhanced the satel-
lite's usefulness.
The "non-existent program" was
known to be in some difficulty as far
back as July, 1962, in its inability to
discriminate launches from other back-
ground signals. At that time, the Air
Force was told to reorient the program
toward a simpler design with an earlier
flight-test goal. Department of Defense
Research and Engineering chief Harold
Brown told Congress in that year that
half the $450 million spent on the sys-
tem was wasted, presumably through the
earlier, more complex approach.
• Which satellites — The two satel-
lites, still not mentioned by name in the
Presidential document, are believed to
have been those launched by the Air
Force from PMR with Atlas-Agena B
boosters on May 9 and July 19, 1963.
Although all spacecraft details were
classified secret by the Air Force — as
have been all elements of the MIDAS
system since May, 1961 — satellite track-
ing data discloses that each of the
above-mentioned launches consisted of
a package of four satellites.
The May launch consisted of an un-
identified payload satellite, accompa-
nied by two TRS (tetrahedron radiation
satellites), each weighing VA lbs., and
the 50-lb. Project West Ford copper
dipole communications experiment. All
elements except the West Ford experi-
ment are still in orbit at about 3,660-km
apogee, 3,600-km perigee, with an in-
clination of 87.4° and period of 166.5
min.
The July launch was comprised of
three secret satellites and one tetrahed-
ron radiation satellite. These now orbit
with an average apogee of 3,750 km,
and perigee of 3,650 km, with an in-
clination of 88.4° and period of 167.5
min.
DOD officials indicated that the sa-
tellites have detected Minuteman, Titan
and Atlas launches, both from AMR
and PMR. Such possible sightings could
have been made on May 13, when a
Titan II was launched from Vanden-
berg AFB, and July 24 — Minuteman;
July 26 — Atlas D; July 21— Minute-
man; and July 30 — Atlas E launches.
The MIDAS system originally was
programmed to become operational in
mid-1962, but apparently will rest in
research and development for a while.
In spite of the apparent flight suc-
cess, some doubts are still reflected in
the President's message, which said in
another place "There still remain un-
answered questions regarding the techni-
cal feasibility, complexity, and cost-
effectiveness of a spaceborne ballistic
missile alarm system."
• MIDAS record — Out of what can
be pieced together from unclassified
sources, this is the tally for "Program
239A," as DOD calls it:
—Feb. 26, 1960, MIDAS 7—4,500
lbs., failed to orbit when the second
stage malfunctioned.
—May 24, 1960, MIDAS II— 5,000
lbs., orbited successfully, but telemetry
malfunctioned after second day.
—July 12, 1961— MIDAS III—
3,500 lbs., first Agena B used to launch
the spacecraft, and first launch from Pt.
Arguello. It successfully orbited.
—Oct. 21, 1961— MIDAS IV—
3,500 lbs., went into orbit. It also
carried the first attempt at the West
Ford experiment, in which dipoles
ejected but failed to separate.
— April 9, 1962 — No designation.
In orbit.
• Other secret satellites — The re-
port also revealed progress in the Air
Force space technology satellite pro-
gram, also classified as to launch dates
and payloads in overall AF policy.
Exactly one-dozen experiments were
carried on in the space environment,
and some of them were recovered.
These involved micrometeorite detec-
tion, cosmic radiation, ionization den-
sity, and galactic radio noise. During
calendar year 1963, the Air Force re-
covered 20 "sensitive materials such as
emulsions and metal transmutation sam-
ples" for radiation measurement.
The DOD section of the report said
that although total payload capability
was increased because of use of an im-
proved booster, the capacity for scien-
tific experiments was less than in previ-
ous years.
• Other comments — President John-
son disclosed that over 20% of the
funds spent for all DDR&E programs
are directed at space activities. Half of
this, he said, actually goes to hardware,
while the remainder goes to supporting
technology.
The report indicated that more re-
liance will be placed on ground testing
rather than that in space. "With the
fundamentals increasingly well in hand,
greater attention is being directed to
putting space technology to work, and
the balance of emphasis is shifting from
the past need to explore to a growing
competence to exploit," he added. ■
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
19
In House testimony . . .
McNamara Voices Some Optimism
Over Nike-X, Tells Minuteman Plans
by Hal Taylor
SECRETARY OF DEFENSE Robert
S. McNamara has declared that he be-
lieves the next several years may see
solutions to the technical problems in-
volved in developing at least a partial
defense against a ballistic missile attack.
His optimism, he said, was based on
the Nike-Zeus test program at Kwajalein
Island, "which has met with consider-
able success," and on "preliminary stud-
ies of the Nike-X system."
As a result, Nike-X funding will be
increased to $334 million in Fiscal Year
1965 and the Nike-Zeus program will
receive an additional $40 million.
McNamara's statement was made as
the House Armed Services Committee
opened hearings on the Pentagon's FY
'65 budget request. Other important
comments on DOD's missile and space
activities included:
— Planned changes in the Minute-
man program — retrofitting Minuteman
I silos with Minuteman H's in the first
five wings — will place an additional cost
of $500 million through 1969 on the
U.S. strategic retaliation missile force,
which the DOD secretary claims is more
reliable and dependable than manned
bombers.
— DOD has decided to postpone a
military satellite communications sys-
tem until it can be determined how
well the planned U.S. ComSat Corp. can
fulfill defense requirements.
— The 156-in. solid motor program
will be continued, with funding of $12
million requested.
— About $10 million will be repro-
grammed in FY '64 funds to get the Air
Force's Manned Orbiting Laboratory
(MOL) started. While the secretary did
not say so, it is understood that an addi-
tional amount of slightly under $100
million will be spent on the program in
the next fiscal year. At the same time,
funding of Air Force participation in
the NASA Gemini program is dropping
from $13.6 to $6 million.
— A completely new surface-to-air
fleet missile system will be developed,
with $63 million available for R&D
alone. It will include a new standardized
missile to replace Tartar and Terrier.
Funds are also requested for a new
quick-reaction antisubmarine weapon
to be installed in the Sea Hawk De-
stroyer. The weapon would have a con-
siderably longer range than the present
ASROC.
— The Navy has also decided to
postpone retrofitting of the Polaris A 2
missile with the advanced A3. The de-
lay in replacing the missiles in 1 3 Polaris
submarines is expected to cost $425
million.
—The Satellite Inspector (SAINT)
program — funded at only $2 million —
has been completely reoriented in the
past year. Current efforts in this area
are being limited to development of
necessary fundamental technologies for
co-orbital interception and inspection.
Some of the experiments planned for
the Gemini program will support this
effort.
• Anti-missile defense — In discuss-
ing the possibility of an anti-missile de-
fense system, McNamara said an analy-
sis of the Nike-X system completed to
date provides some basis for belief that
it can eventually satisfy three critical
characteristics required of such a sys-
tem. These include a high-acceleration
missile, a Multifunction Array Radar
(MAR), and components which could
be sufficiently hardened to make direct
attack on the system unprofitable.
He told the committee, however,
that major problems must still be solved
before enough data will be available to
make a decision whether to produce and
deploy the system.
He added that even if the problems
are solved "we will still have to deter-
mine whether the potential effectiveness
of the system would justify the very
high cost of its deployment."
Defense experts estimate that a $16-
billion Nike-X system would be rela-
tively effective against small-to-moder-
ate missile attacks. It would have to be
considerably expanded, however, for
defense against a large Soviet attack.
Even more importantly, the effec-
tiveness of an anti-missile system in sav-
ing lives will depend to a large extent
on the existence of a civil defense pro-
gram. McNamara told the committee
that until Congress makes a decision on
the civil defense program before it, and
the technical problems of anti-missile
defense are solved, "Nike-X will con-
tinue as a high-priority research and
development program without any com-
mitment at this time to its ultimate pro-
duction and deployment."
• Strategic missile force — McNa-
mara said that the U.S. retaliatory force
planned through FY '69 is more than
adequate to survive a Russian attack
and to retaliate with devastating effec-
tiveness.
He said, however, that the rate of
ICBM procurement — which tripled in
FY '63 and doubled in FY '64 — will
increase at a slower rate during the
1965-1969 period. He also disclosed
major changes in the Minuteman and
Polaris missile systems.
Since the Minuteman force is in-
creasing rapidly, the need for the slow-
reacting and more vulnerable Atlas and
Titan I missiles is declining. Atlas D's
will be phased out in the next fiscal year
and the Atlas E's and Titan I's some-
time later.
DOD had planned last year a total
program of 800 Minuteman I's, plus a
large number of the improved Minute-
man II missiles. The first 160 Minute-
man I's were in place at the end of
Fiscal 1963. By June of this year, DOD
expects to have 600 in place and by
June, 1965, 800. Funding for the first
increment of 150 Minuteman H's was
included in the FY'64 budget.
"With another year of experience
behind us," McNamara said, "we are
now proposing a major revision in the
planned Minuteman force, a revision
which we believe will greatly increase
combat effectiveness, and which will
cost about $500 million more through
Fiscal 1969."
Minuteman I and Minuteman II
squadrons will be integrated into a
single system through the "internetting"
of their communications and control
systems, thus greatly enhancing the
targeting flexibility of the force as a
whole. This will be achieved both by
retrofitting a large number of the Min-
uteman I silos in the first five wings
with Minuteman II, and by co-locating
20
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
additional Minuteman ll's with these
five wings.
While DOD plans only 50 Titan 11
silos in FY '65, it has tentatively pro-
grammed the funding of additional silos
after that year. The actual number to
be started will depend upon the situa-
tion prevailing a year or two years from
now.
• Polaris — The Polaris forces are
on nearly the same schedule as last year.
The last six of the planned fleet of 41
submarines are fully funded in the Fis-
cal '64 budget. One major change, how-
ever, has been made in the program.
The first five Polaris submarines are
equipped with the l,200-n.-mi. A-l
missile. The sixth through the eight-
eenth submarines will be equipped with
the l,500-n.-mi. A-2 missiles, and the
nineteenth through the forty-first with
the 2,500-n. mi. A-3. Last year DOD
had planned to equip all 41 submarines
with the A-3 missile and to begin this
summer with replacement of the missile
tubes of the first five submarines in order
to accommodate the large missile. It
still plans to replace the A-l missile
with A-3's, but does not now believe
that it will be necessary to replace the
A-2's with A-3's, at least for a number
of years. It believes that a force consist-
ing of 28 submarines equipped with A-3
missiles and 13 submarines equipped
with A-2 missiles should be able to
handle effectively the targets assigned
to the Polaris force. The Pentagon esti-
mates that a total of about $425 mil-
lion can be saved by postponing the
A-2 retrofit.
• New strategic systems — In addi-
tion to the Minuteman II, DOD is con-
tinuing an $8-million study and explora-
tory development program of an ad-
vanced ICBM which was initiated last
year. It is also studying the possibility
of work on improved propulsion, struc-
tures, and guidance for land-based mis-
siles which will contribute to the im-
provement of existing missiles or the
design of new advanced missiles.
The Pentagon has also included in
the Fiscal '65 budget $5 million to ex-
amine the technical feasibility and mil-
itary value of possible new advanced
strategic aircraft which would serve as
airborne missile platforms.
• Space program — McNamara said
that while DOD has been pursuing a
relatively wide range of efforts related
to space technology, the time has come
when these efforts "should be more
sharply focused on those areas which
hold greatest promise of military unity."
The immediate problem, he de-
clared, is to develop a space vehicle to
explore the contribution which man
might make to military space opera-
tions. The Air Force MOL project, he
told the committee, will fill the bill. It
will be initiated with $10 million in
reprogrammed FY '64 funds; additional
funds have been included for the budget
for the next fiscal year.
DOD will also continue its partici-
pation in the NASA Gemini program,
both for the basic knowledge and ex-
perience to be gained and for the con-
tribution it should be able to make to
the MOL program. For this purpose,
$1.4 million was reprogrammed in
Fiscal '63 and an additional $13.6 mil-
lion was reprogrammed in Fiscal '64.
For FY '65, $6 million more is included.
Turning to the communication sat-
ellite system, he said DOD last year
planned to develop a medium-altitude,
random-orbit system that would be well
within the demonstrated state of the
art and could become operational at a
relatively early date. This system would
have involved 20 to 30 satellites ran-
domly distributed in several orbits at
approximately 6,000-n.-mi. altitudes.
"We intend to continue the Depart-
ment of Defense medium-altitude com-
munications satellite program in the re-
search and development phase, but no
operational capability will be initiated
until we have had an opportunity to de-
termine to what extent it is possible to
integrate our plans with those of the
Communications Satellite Corporation.
"The funds requested for Fiscal '65
would permit the completion of the
R&D evaluation of system feasibility,
i.e., the feasibility of the satellite com-
munications systems as a whole and its
compatibility wth the Defense Com-
munications System."
The Pentagon will also continue the
launching of nuclear detection satellites
as part of Project Vela which will be
funded at $61 million, $10 million
more than in the current year. The
Satellite Inspector program, for which
$2 million is requested, has been com-
pletely reoriented. Current efforts in
this area are limited to development
of fundamental technologies for co-
orbital interception and inspection.
Space funding for vehicle, engine
and component development will pay
primarily for the Titan III booster,
which McNamara said has proven that
it will pay for itself through a "lower
cost per launch."
The 156-in. solid motor develop-
ment program will continue with fund-
ing at $12 million.
• Research and engineering — About
one fourth of the $308 million re-
quested for the Air Force's exploratory
development program will be used for
space or space-related subjects, includ-
ing such broad fields as guidance, flight
control, propulsion, life sciences, and
electromagnetic techniques.
Advanced development projects for
the Air Force include $8 million for
the X-15 program.
McNamara also said that while no
decision has been made to procure or
deploy the MMRBM, "I believe that
we should proceed with its develop-
ment as an insurance program to fill
the gap between the Pershing and the
ICBM's. The Joint Chiefs of Staffs are
convinced that such a weapon system
is needed." ■
New Success
For 120-in.
SECOND success-
ful static test fir-
ing of 120-in.-dia.
solid motor for
Titan III-C boos-
ter was conducted
at United Techno-
logy Center test
site in Coyote,
Calif., Jan. 25.
Yielding 1.15 mil-
lion lbs. of thrust,
the five-segment,
75-ft.-tall motor
burned for 112.2
sec.
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
21
IV1 I CROI ELECTRONICS / MARKET SUMMARY
Optimists See Market Reaching
Several Billions Over Next Six Years
Integrated circuits foreseen fulfilling 75% of all military
circuit requirements by 1972; computers will be biggest
microelectronics users; history of field traced back to 1946
BETWEEN $0.8 and 1 billion will
be available to industry for microelec-
tronics R&D and production over the
next six years, according to industry
estimates. This is a conservative figure.
Many in industry predict a market to-
taling well over several billion dollars
during this time.
Thirty-three percent of all current
military circuits can be fulfilled by in-
tegrated circuits, according to Texas
Instruments, Inc. By the '65 to '68
time period, the level will rise to 50%
and to 75% by 1972. General Electric
Co. generally concurs and suggests a
further breakdown. By 1966, the com-
pany says, new military equipment will
carry the following percentages of
microelectronic circuits: computers
(90%), data processing (75%), com-
munications (85%), controls (55%),
large (20%) and small radars (70%).
• Extraordinary technical growth
— It is doubtful if anyone can deter-
mine a single point of origin for the
field now called microelectronics. Its
evolution naturally progressed out of
urgent need from many directions, and
has been based both on semiconductor
and vacuum-tube technology.
Many believe, however, that the
first public indication of things to come
may have been presented by W. S. Hin-
man, Jr., and Cledo Brunetti in their
paper "Radio Proximity Fuze Design,"
published by the National Bureau of
Standards Journal of Research, Vol. 37,
July, 1946. (Actual work on the prox-
imity fuze began in August, 1940, un-
der direction of the Office of Scientific
Research and Development.)
In describing the development and
design of the vacuum-tube radio fuze,
the authors stressed the mechanical
problems encountered in achieving
"electrical stability in the presence of
severe vibration."
MICROELECTRONIC computer logic circuit flat packages entering glass-sealing furnace.
Now in full production, the circuits will soon become off-the-shelf items.
Special Report
on Microelectronics
IN THE FOLLOWING pages,
Missiles and Rockets Electronics
Editors Charles D. LaFond, Michael
Getler and Rex Pay present an over-
all view of the microelectronics field
— its market potential, its sales prob-
lems, the manufacturers, and the state
of the art in thin films, semiconductor
integrated circuits and the pseudo and
real hybrids. The report is presented
in three parts: I. Market Summary;
II. Manufacturers (p. 31); HI. State
of the Art (p. 50).
77
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
Thus, they reported, it was found
that shock-mounted component assem-
blies had to be replaced by rigid mount-
ing providing no relative motion. Then
they stated: "Ideally, all parts should
be made as a block so that the com-
pleted fuze would be literally as solid
as a brick."
The Royal Radar Establishment in
Malvern, England, investigated thin-
film components in 1948 and as a re-
sult resistors were developed using a
platinum-gold solution fired on a glass
substrate. By 1950, these components
were being produced commercially.
In a paper delivered in May, 1952,
in Washington, G. W.A. Dummer of the
R.R.E. predicted: "With the advent of
the transistor and the work in semi-
conductors generally, it now seems pos-
sible to envisage electronic equipment
in a solid block with no conecting
wires. The block may consist of layers
of insulating, conducting, rectifying
and amplifying materials, the electrical
functions being connected directly by
cutting out areas of the various layers."
Under contract to the R.R.E., the
Plessey Research Laboratories began
work in 1957 to develop solid circuits.
From 1956-1957 on, the history of
microminiaturization becomes muddled
by claims of advancements throughout
industry and government agencies, but
at any rate, this appears to be the time
during which a few sparks initiated a
world-wide technological explosion. The
number of participants grew exponen-
tially, papers and even entire journals
spewed forth showing the extent of con-
current R&D and by 1959-60, complex
thin-film and semiconductor integrated
circuits were being displayed and ad-
vocated with a vengeance.
The dust began to settle from this
general upheaval by 1962, reason be-
gan to temper technical claims and the
strength of early gamblers in the field
began to show through in the form of
contracts.
• A real market grows — No longer
just a "great market potential," the mi-
croelectronics market — almost totally
resulting from government funds and
some manufacturers' willingness to
match investments in R&D — had grown
to between $15 and $18 million a year.
The market then was almost entirely
military. It still is, although the indus-
trial market is beginning to open up in
the computer and automatic control
fields.
In 1961, Harry B. Parker of the
Navy's Bureau of Weapons estimated
that 40% of the receiving functions in
military electronic equipment could
make use of microelectronic technolo-
gies. By 1970, he said, the U.S. military
requirement for dense circuitry would
reach 64 million electronic functional
THIN -FILM mi-
croelectronic gate
circuit produced
by Electro-Optical
Systems has four
planar silicon
transistors with
tantalum resistors
and capacitors. It
is 120 mils square.
units (active element groups) per year
within just receiving equipment. At to-
day's costs and based on the current
state-of-the-art in production methods,
this would represent more than $1 bil-
lion in equipment.
Similarly, he predicted, the same
would be true for industrial equipment,
thus providing a total military/ indus-
trial potential systems market of $2 bil-
lion a year by 1970.
A Missiles and Rockets summary
of industry projections for total micro-
electronics sales (including funded R&D)
for 1964 totals $60 to $70 million. Esti-
mates of sales by 1970 vary from a con-
servative $200 to 225 million all the
way up to $500 million a year. All
estimates show a continuing rapid rise
in sales, at least through 1972 and prob-
ably through 1975, before a significant
leveling off occurs.
These estimates do not relate di-
rectly to unit sales growth since the unit
cost of microelectronic circuits and sub-
systems is expected to drop sharply as
production capability (and yield) are
improved.
Government R&D funding for 1964
is broken down as follows: NASA, $3
million; Army, $5 million; Navy, $6-
7 million; Air Force, $8-10 million.
Total R&D estimates then are from
$22-25 million; total circuit and pro-
totype-equipment procurement is es-
timated at about $28-33 million. While
circuit procurement dollars are ex-
pected to rise rapidly, R&D expendi-
tures are expected to increase only
slightly, leveling off at $30-32 million
total by 1966-67.
• A military market — Military dig-
ital equipment now accounts for the
largest portion of the microelectronic
market. Systems currently scheduled to
employ at least some advanced solid
circuitry include Improved Minuteman,
Polaris A3, MMRBM, Titan III, Mauler,
Sprint, Phoenix and second-generation
electronics in Shrike and Typhon.
However, the list of individual sup-
port systems now being designed with
microelectronics is very large. Systems
such as the Sperry-Rand computer be-
ing developed for the Navy's Tactical
Data System, the Westinghouse Solo-
mon computer, the new Navy airborne
Loran C, the Fairchild single-axis flight-
control system (Air Force), the Auto-
netics Monica-J computer.
The Navy, for example, has eight
to 10 contracts out for prototype com-
munications equipment all due for de-
livery within 18 to 24 months. Eight
more are open for contract and will be
due for delivery by July, 1965. This
equipment is all composed of poten-
tially high-production items.
The approach of each military
branch, however, is markedly different.
The Air Force has pressed research
across the board, and has been the
leader by far in the development of
semiconductor integrated circuits.
The Navy has stressed developments
in thin-film technology, although it is
employing single-chip integrated cir-
cuits.
The Army, committed early to
the Micromodule program using min-
iaturized discrete components, didn't
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
23
really begin to seriously fund projects
in this field until late 1960 and then
with only a token effort. Now with its
Micro-Circuit Module program and
other contracts for integrated circuits,
Army is beginning to expand its efforts,
principally at Fort Monmouth, N.J.
Heart of the Air Force's microelec-
tronics research effort is the Avionics
Directorate, Aeronautical Systems Di-
vision, at Wright-Patterson AFB.
For the Navy, it is the Avionics Di-
vision of the Bureau of Naval Weapons,
Washington, D.C. Also, BuWeps has
other major supporting facilities: the
Naval Air Development Center, Johns-
ville, Pa.; the Naval Avionics Facility,
Indianapolis, Ind.; and the Johns Hop-
kins University Applied Physics Lab-
oratory, Baltimore. (NAFI has currently
under development more than 50 dif-
ferent thin-film circuits.)
The Army's microelectronics effort
is centered at the Electronics R&D
Command, Fort Monmouth, and the
Army Missile Command at Huntsville,
Ala. Also, the Harry Diamond Labora-
tories in Washington maintains a modest
effort although it is highly specialized
(fusing and arming devices).
• NASA cautious— The total NASA
effort today in microelectronics proba-
bly does not exceed $3 million in out-
side contracts. About $1.8 million of
this is for R&D. The remainder is out
of project funds for vehicle programs
such as Saturn, Apollo and the Inter-
planetary Monitor Probe (IMP) series.
The Apollo guidance computer circuits
will probably create the largest single
need for microelectronics for several
years to come in NASA systems.
NASA's Electronics and Control Di-
vision, Office of Advanced Research
and Technology, funded a small re-
search effort in microelectronics for
about three years through the Harry
Diamond Laboratories (Army). A
$300,000-a-year program, chief indus-
try participants were General Electric
and Philco.
Headquarters, said Dr. Albert J.
Kelly, director of the Electronics Di-
vision, will spend about $200,000 this
year on several small study projects.
Study contracts to be awarded during
the next several months will be for in-
terconnections, physics (and modes) of
failure, thin-film active devices and ra-
diation effects on circuits.
A small nine-month contract, said
Kelly, is being performed by Arthur
D. Little to determine the extent that
the telemetry and command subsystems
in five existing satellites could have
used advanced microelectronics. These
include Syncom, Nimbus, OAO, OGO
and IMP.
Langley Research Center is active
in low-power device development and
is building an in-house capability for
producing screened circuits. The center
is expected to avoid crystalline struc-
tures and concentrate on a thin-film
approach to the fabrication of active
elements. Langley 's R&D expenditures
to industry will be about $700,000 this
year.
Marshall Space Flight Center will
spend about $700-800 thousand this
year for microelectronics R&D and for
Saturn circuits.
The Saturn project involves direct
exchange of three electronic subsys-
tems, currently using discrete compon-
ents, with advanced microcircuitry. This
will be a two-year effort, running about
$300,000 per year.
Another effort being stressed by
Marshall is an attempt to solve the inter-
connection problem.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory and God-
dard Space Flight Center are each build-
A. D. LITTLE
'63 '65 '67 '69 '71
Typical Total
Industry Projections
for Microelectronics
ing a small in-house capability and will
account for $300 and 200 thousand,
respectively, in a variety of small con-
tracts for specific circuit, subsystem,
and technique development.
The bulk of Goddard's effort is in-
house. Its chief effort is development
and testing of a series of digital subsys-
tems. The IMP series will serve as a
test vehicle. Three IMP's will provide a
good evaluation for an optical aspect
computer employing Texas Instruments'
SN510 and SN514 solid circuits. The
first of these (Explorer XVIII), launched
Nov. 27, 1963, is still operating without
problems.
IMP-2 and -3 may carry a similarly
microminiaturized telemetry encoder;
IMP-4 and -5 will carry a highly ad-
vanced digital oscillator for a 64-channel
PFM telemetry system. Circuitry will be
all microelectronic in the digital logic
sections. IMP-6 and -7 will make exten-
sive use of such circuitry if the earlier
subsystems exhibit satisfactory perform-
ance.
Goddard's Dr. R. W. Rochelle, chief
of Flight Data Systems branch, disclosed
that for scientific satellites, particularly,
the principal problem is in reducing the
power requirements of currently avail-
able integrated circuits. To that end,
Westinghouse has a small Goddard con-
tract to develop a symmetrical comple-
mentary NPN-PNP flip-flop with a
power drain of about 0.3 milliwatt.
(Those currently available require at
least 3 mw.)
Other problems, said Rochelle, in-
clude radiation susceptability and ther-
mal problems resulting from increased
circuit density.
Goddard is looking for any new ad-
vanced circuits that will permit design
of more complex computers and still
meet the limited power requirements. A
new device that the center will probably
test is a diode matrix (16 x 16) devel-
oped by Motorola. The single tiny hy-
brid carries 256 diodes and 16 resistors.
The center now has a microcircuit
facility under construction. Designed to
be a state-of-the-art laboratory, it will
have both a thin-film and an integrated
circuit capability and will permit emer-
gency production of specific circuits
when needed. The facility is expected
to be able to produce circuits by April 1 .
• View from the top — As indi-
cated in more detail later in this report
(Part II), five U.S. manufacturers lead
the field today in production capability
and in contracts. They are Motorola,
Inc., Texas Instruments, Inc., Fairchild
Semiconductor, Westinghouse Electric
Corp., and Signetics.
Westinghouse is the second source
with Texas Instruments for producing
17 Improved Minuteman computer cir-
cuits. It is also producing circuits for
the guidance computers in MMRBM,
Titan III and Apollo.
Westinghouse is still going through
the pains of building an expanded new
facility near Baltimore to house its many
projects previously scattered about the
country. Its Minuteman integrated cir-
cuits, however, are being produced pri-
marily at a twin facility on the West
Coast.
Total production has not been re-
vealed by the company, but officials did
disclose that the new Baltimore plant
will continue to grow rapidly from the
present 15,000 units per month.
Texas Instruments, an integrated
circuit supplier since mid- 1960, is pro-
ducing between 30,000 and 50,000 in-
tegrated circuit devices per week. A
major part of this output is being pro-
duced on a three-shift-a-day basis just
to meet Improved Minuteman commit-
ments.
24
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
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level is inherent in all precision production parts, com-
ponents and assemblies. ■ This ability is the result of
over 40 years experience in the production of hardware
from soft, hard and exotic metals to any tolerances you
require. ■ Modern equipment, advanced methods, space-
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guarantees quality assurance for every prototype or pro-
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and quality in virtually every application imaginable. Send
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Corporation, 1200 Oakman Blvd., Detroit 32, Michigan.
EXCELL-O
PRECISION PRODUCTS GROUP
63-64J
er Service Card
Knowledge of basic principles helps considerably when designing with integrated circuits. Our B.W. Meyer has
drawn up a paper titled "Designing With Signetics Integrated Circuits." Its purpose is to (1) offer basic application
rules for Signetics SE100 series integrated circuits, (2) present a broad view of their interrelationships, (3) consider
the practical sub-system problems, and (4) give the necessary information to realize the full potential of Signetics
integrated circuits. You may find it interesting. If you want a copy of Mr. Meyer's paper (it's free), just mail the coupon.
signetics |—|
integrated! c-I
circuits Lai
CALL YOUR NEAREST SIGNETICS REPRESENTATIVE: ALA. Compar Southern, Huntsville, 539-4294 O ARIZ. Compar Rocky Mountain, Scottsdale, 947-4336
□ SO. CALIF. Compar Los Angeles, 877-9781 □ NO. CALIF. Jack Pyle Co., Redwood City, 369-5515 □ COLO. Compar Rocky Mountain, Denver, 798-4873
□ CONN. Compar New England, Hamden, 288-9276 □ FLA. Compar Southern, Orlando, 293-5202 □ ILL. Compar Chicagoland, 774-1500 □ IOWA Compar St.
Louis, Des Moines, 288-5721 □ MD. Compar Chesapeake, Baltimore, 523-7700; Hyattsville, 927-7222 O MASS. Compar New England, Newtonville, 332-6975
□ MICH. Compar Michigan, Detroit, 865-5550 □ MINN. Compar Twin Cities, St. Paul, 646-6361 D MO. Compar St. Louis, St. Louis, 726-3388; Kansas City,
471-1640 D N.J. Compar Philadelphia, Haddonfield, 429-4013 □ N. M. Compar Rocky Mountain, 265-1020 □ N.Y. Compar New York, Little Neck, 225-3820;
Hughes, 867-3204; Compar Albany, 436-9649; Binghamton, 723-8743; Buffalo (Depew, N. Y.), 684-5731 □ N.C. Compar Southern, Charlotte, 333-7743 □ ORE.
Compar Northwest, 323-2050 □ OHIO Compar Ohio, Fairborn, 878-2631, Rocky River, 333-0035 □ TEX. Compar Southwest, Dallas, 327-3944, Houston, 664-4203
□ VA. Compar Southern, Richmond, 266-2060 □ WASH. Compar Northwest, 323-2050 O Representative in CANADA Aero Sales Eng., Rexdale, Ont, 249-9139
"SEE US AT IEE . . . BOOTH 1915"
Other major TI circuits are being
supplied for Litton's TFX (Navy) com-
puter and Sperry-Rand's Loran C
(Navy) receiver.
In 1963, H integrated circuit sales
are estimated to have been between $9
and $12 million and the firm expects to
triple its volume in 1964.
Motorola lays claim to having made
the largest investment of anyone in U.S.
industry in its integrated-circuits facility.
Its pilot production line is believed to be
larger than any other firm's production
line except that of TI.
In the past five months, Motorola
has won all the major IC contracts:
Autonetics Monica-J computer, Litton's
TFX computer and the possibility of up
to an $ll-million order from Westing-
house for Solomon computer circuits if
the Air Force orders the system. The
firm is also supplying circuits to Sperry-
Rand for the Naval Tactical Data Sys-
tems.
Fairchild Semiconductor is now
working a standard three-shift day and
claims a production rate of from 30,000
to 40,000 integrated circuits per week.
Before becoming a division of Fairchild
Camera and Instrument Co., the firm
was one of the pioneers in the micro-
electronics field.
Fairchild's two principal contracts
are for computer circuits for the Phoenix
missile and Apollo.
Signetics, smallest of the big five, has
made its way through a variety of rela-
tively small contracts. A subsidiary of
Corning Glass, it no doubt has been
supported heavily in R&D by the parent
company.
Among its diverse contracts, Sig-
netics is supplying integrated circuits
for MMRBM, FLIP and has hopes of
obtaining orders for the TFX and Apollo
computers. Another major effort is the
development of a family of 10-mc in-
tegrated circuits for the Army Electron-
ics Command at Ft. Monmouth.
• State of the market — One of the
intriguing ironies of microelectronics, as
a Bell Labs scientist points out, is that
the transistor, the development of which
triggered such intense activity in the
manufacture and use of new miniatur-
ized electronic systems, is now one of
the bottlenecks to achieving the next
major level of size reduction.
It is to this and other questions of
design approach, process control, and
materials research that the US electron-
ics industry is now addressing itself in
a widespread effort to realize the vast
potential and enormous pay-offs in cost
and performance predicted with the use
of integrated circuits.
It is this promised growth, which
has come faster than predictions only a
year old foresaw, that is responsible for
the tenacity of a large part of the mar-
ginal suppliers of electronics compon-
ents and circuits. Although there has
been much concern about the failures in
the semiconductor business, the number
of firms that actually have withdrawn
are few, with the shakeout resulting
more often than not in mergers and
reduced product lines.
The fate of the components manu-
facturer is still in the balance. There
no doubt will be a coming together of
component and systems-type firms, with
systems companies moving more and
more either to buy up or arrange some
kind of tie-in with a components outfit
possessing the equipment and semicon-
ductor-based technology.
For a systems firm to move heavily
into the market or for a new firm to
form solely for manufacturing IC's, the
cost is estimated from a few million
up to $15 million over the first 2-3
years (depending on the technical base),
with no likelihood of fast equipment
write-off such as occurred in the early
days of the transistor industry. It is
more likely that components firms will
be taken in by systems firms than the
other way around; primarily because it
is more difficult for a components firm
to buy a systems capability.
• R&D costs high — To stay cur-
rent in the technology one top execu-
tive estimates it now takes $2-5 million
a year in R&D (or about 10-15% of
sales). This means that firms with
under $20-30 million in total sales will
find it difficult to survive. The same
figures may hold true for systems com-
panies with equipment sales under $100
million that make a bid to develop their
in-house manufacture. Critics say that
the investment in equipment and con-
tinuing R&D may very well not add up
to the contributed value of IC's. "If
you don't spend for the R&D you need,
the answers you get from a smaller ex-
penditure may indeed be distorted
opinions of the technology," explains
Westinghouse's Harry Knowles.
• In-house capability — The in-house
lab and production facility continues
to spring up in more systems companies
despite the admitted high cost of equip-
ment, R&D, and the existence of a tech-
nically well-grounded industry.
Nevertheless, with equipment manu-
facturers faced with the fact that micro-
circuits for aerospace applications in
particular rapidly will become a very
large part of the contributed dollar
value of their equipment, the desire to
learn the technology and to launch in-
house production operations is very
powerful.
Some firms already have made this
decision (see Part II). Whether many
systems companies decide to manufac-
ture at least some circuits in-house,
BOTH SYSTEMS above are 10-20 mc AM receivers developed by Harry Diamond Labs,
and using two-gang tuning capacitors. Potted unit (right) uses miniaturized discrete com-
ponents, includes power supply. Unit at left does not include a power supply.
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
27
^OPTICAL CORRECTOR PLATE Aa2 S3
NUTATOR
SECONDARY MIRROR
DEWAR
MAGNETIC SHIELD
AGC NETWORKS
SWITCHING NETWORKS
COARSE FOCUS RING
CN DRIVE CIRCUITRY
ALL ELECTRONICS in this infrared detecting and tracking system use integrated cir-
cuits. Westinghouse device's 1C mosiacs consist of 10 x 10 detector-cell patterns on indi-
vidual wafers.
virtually all want the capability to de-
sign and produce enough devices to
evaluate them and relate exactly what
they want to their suppliers.
It is not yet clear how many equip-
ment makers have the in-house de-
mands to make manufacturing opera-
tion economical. Some observers doubt
if at the present time many in the U.S.,
outside of IBM, Western Electric and a
handful of others, could economically
justify building most of their own cir-
cuits.
• Diversity vs. standardization —
One of the hallmarks of the burgeoning
microelectronics business in the U.S.
is diversity. Differences in approach run
rampant throughout an industry while
visions of standardization dance in the
heads of many of the customer agencies
and some of the manufacturers.
One of the reasons for the diversity
lies in the very nature of microcircuitry
— namely that the ability to form these
circuits with so much design latitude
seems to argue more for standardization
of processing than standardization of
circuit design.
While some argue that standardiza-
tion will stifle innovation, others dis-
agree, claiming that if standardization
comes it will likely arrive in stages with
no crippling effect on introduction of
new methods. With no standardization,
single source procurement will become
increasingly hazardous for the buyer.
• Research needs — If microcircuitry
is ever to realize what its proponents
say is within its grasp, research must
certainly be as much a part of its make-
up as basic engineering.
While semiconductor technology re-
mains the IC cornerstone, more physi-
cists and chemists are being added to
staffs as the problems of materials and
process control become the key to the
economies proponents hope to find in
new IC, thin-film and hybrid micro-
circuitry.
"Research with good odds" is de-
scribed as the approach at RCA's Sar-
noff Laboratories. "We look for areas in
which we stand to improve things from
one to 10 times with about a one in
10 chance of success with enormous
payoffs."
The manner in which Government
is supporting research is also debated
within industry. Some say it is ineffi-
cient, tieing up too many people on
Government-channeled projects. Once
funding stops, research stops.
What is needed, critics say, is more
government support in broad areas.
Many agree there is great need of sup-
port in research aimed at new quality
control and reliability data, particu-
larly in thin-film and hybrid circuitry.
• Sales problems — Introduction of
microcircuitry into a company's bro-
chure has also introduced sales prob-
lems. For one, the need for a highly
technical sales staff has never been more
apparent.
Purchasing departments are facing
the same challenge. Not only do buyers
and sellers now have to know their own
product, but they must be knowledga-
ble of a host of system design problems
and material interfaces.
For IC manufacturers also branch-
ing into systems companies, and for the
reverse situation, the idea of disclosing
proprietary designs is becoming in-
creasingly sensitive among firms with
similar sales interests. One executive
also points out his firm's particular re-
luctance to have as a supplier a manu-
facturer who also is under heavy volume
delivery pressure by another in-house
division. "If a batch goes bad, who gets
cut out?" he asks.
Major suppliers of IC's for the
two largest missile/ space users pro-
grams to date — Improved Minuteman
(Primarily Texas Instruments and West-
inghouse) and the Apollo guidance
computer (primarily Fairchild, with
Raytheon and Westinghouse) — stand to
add other long term benefits from their
association with these programs other
than the already invaluable immersion
in turning out volume quantities of IC's.
Missile/ space use of IC's is prob-
ably the one area where cost may not
be the predominant criterion for bas-
ing production decisions, with premi-
ums paid for improved reliability and
very high performance custom efforts.
However, there is no question that
the manufacturing cost associated with
particular circuit approaches will be the
predominant factor in virtually all other
applications, and that this fact is certain
to have at least an influence on much
of the aerospace market. Circuit prices
today range between about $12-50 per
circuit.
Whether manufacturers' warnings
of the high costs involved in equipment,
R&D and production are being heeded
by others now facing the decision to
enter will be seen within the next year
or two.
Thus, for a firm to make the deci-
sion to make or buy its IC's in the
future, it must consider the following:
the existence of an already developed
IC manufacturing industry, heavily
based in semiconductor technology and
exploring the advanced hybrid and thin-
film techniques, that says it can supply
IC's for less than what it would cost an
individual firm to embark on its own
production; the admitted high cost (no
matter whose figures are used) of equip-
ment and continuing R&D; the extent
of the contributed dollar value that IC's
will comprise of the total cost of equip-
ment the company builds; the ability
of sales to support R&D; and the de-
gree to which it must have this capa-
bility to protect its systems business.
Such deliberation creates questions
not easily answered. ■
28
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
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Now Loran-C travels light. Tiny silicon-wafer microcircuits — each containing up to forty com-
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mounted on plug-in cards ... can quickly be inserted and withdrawn from the 19-pound system, which
occupies only a half cubic foot of space. □ This first all solid-state Loran-C Receiver is
less than one-third the weight and volume of existing systems, yet offers better than
five times the reliability. Fully automatic, it has only five basic operator controls, as
against more than twenty in Sperry's own previous system. Now under test by the
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IN/1 I CROj ELECTRONICS / MANUFACTURERS
RAYTHEON'S NEW single-vacuum-cycle multiple film de-
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Five Firms Top
Burgeoning Field
Intensive R&D, expansion of facilities,
desire to refine technical competence
typify leading manufacturers; a survey
of trends demonstrated by 34 companies
THE TOP FIVE manufacturers in
the world today in the production of
semiconductor integrated circuits (IC)
are Fairchild Semiconductor Div. of
Fairchild Camera and Instrument Co.;
the Semiconductor Products Div. of
Motorola, Inc.; Signetics Corp., a sub-
sidiary of Corning Glass Works; the
Semiconductor Components Div. of
Texas Instruments, Inc.; and the Molec-
ular Electronics Div. of Westinghouse
Electric Corp.
Each maintains a broad and inten-
sive R&D program, each is pressing to
expand its facilities and strengthen its
technical competence. All are operating
at a fairly heavy financial loss, and none
expects its integrated circuit sales to
register on the black side of the ledger
until the 1965-66 period.
Moreover, at least as far as external
sales are concerned, each of these five
manufacturers shows every sign of stay-
ing at the top of the market for many
years to come.
Radio Corporation of America,
General Electric and Sylvania Electric
are rising rapidly. Philco and Bendix
are limiting their lines initially, but are
aiming for a high production capability.
Autonetics, Litton and Hughes are
heavy users now of integrated circuits
and are expanding their in-house capa-
bilities.
International Business Machines is
expected to become a very large pro-
ducer for its own systems use and West-
ern Electric appears to be taking a very
conservative approach, but will prob-
ably be a large producer for internal
use in its commercial equipments.
For reader convenience, activities
of the top five manufacturers are pre-
sented below, followed by many of the
other firms, both large and small, now
engaged in the burgeoning field of
microelectronics.
Fairchild
Fairchild Semiconductor, Mountain
View, Calif., is one of the old timers
among the IC producers. The original
DCTL "Micrologic" gates have now
been replaced by a series of nine epi-
taxial RTL devices, with typical propa-
gation delays of 1 1 nanoseconds. Fair-
child notes that these promise to be
more reliable and five times more radia-
tion resistant than the non-epitaxial de-
vices.
Fairchild is supplying IC's for the
Apollo and Phoenix programs and
claims to be producing 30,000-40,000
IC's per week. The main facility is about
45,000 sq. ft. in area and the assembly
area of this is likely to be doubled
within the next six months, when some
transistor assembly is moved out.
A new line of Milliwatt logic circuits
has been announced. Achievement of
low power operation has resulted from
new concepts of geometry rather than
further size reduction.
The company also is producing a
new flat package for its devices, which
uses a ceramic top and bottom and a
glass seal. Although Fairchild agrees
that the flat pack is the way to go —
ultimately to a completely solid pack
of the GE flip-pack type — the company
feels that at present there is not enough
data on flat-pack reliability. Fairchild
points out that no reports have come
to them about leads falling off their
TO-5 or TO-47 cans. The disadvantage
of absence of regular geometry in the
can-type of encapsulation may be over-
come soon with the development of a
new lead geometry that facilitates auto
assembly.
Fairchild's flat-pack is an all-alu-
minum system, but other metal com-
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
31
binatlons less susceptible to damage are
being studied.
Fairchild has the capability of put-
ting 15 transistors and 22 resistors in
a single chip and suggests that at this
level of complexity the problem of
packaging calls for very careful atten-
tion. The company is not sure whether
the next step will be development of
subsystems in a single wafer or the re-
design of the package.
One approach Fairchild is studying
is cellular logic, where connections are
mads only between adjacent cells. The
company is looking at all areas in com-
puter technology, including memories,
as possible applications for IC tech-
niques. One possibility being studied is
use of IC's in associative memories.
Fairchild is developing IC comple-
mentary transistors as logic gates, and
also insulated-gate field-effect transis-
tors. The latter look very promising in
IC's from theoretical considerations,
the firm reports, but are proving diffi-
cult to integrate on a production basis
— due to the incompatibility between
the techniques for making the devices
and the techniques of integration.
Complementary transistors also look
highly useful in IC's; the difficulty is
in fabricating a good PNP and a good
NPN in the same chip.
Motorola, Inc.
Motorola Semiconductor Products
Div.'s main product line in Phoenix is a
series of current-mode logic circuits with
an average propagation delay of 6 nano-
seconds and a power dissipation of
35 mw. The division also produces
thin-film passive devices and multiple-
chip circuits in TO-5 cans. Use is also
made of the techniques of depositing
thin-film components on diffused IC's.
The company offers IC's in a TO-5
can and also in a ceramic flat pack.
Motorola believes there are very strong
advantages in the all-aluminum inter-
connection system they have developed
for the flat pack.
The company is pursuing an aggres-
sive pricing policy in IC's and is ru-
mored to have secured the Monica con-
tract from Autonetics for an all-time
low price of $12 per circuit. At the
same time, the IC department does not
expect to make a profit until 1965.
Their diffusion facility in the main
IC line contains 48 Hevi-Duty furnaces
with a 24-in. flat zone controlled to
± V2°C. A recent addition to their as-
sembly area is a high-speed automatic
indexing probe for go/ no-go testing of
devices on slices. Overall yield on the
IC line is claimed to be over 10%, and
as high as 50% for some circuits. Auto-
matic equipment is also used for final
testing of the devices. About 51 tests
are carried out on T2L logic in less than
a second, using a punched-tape-pro-
grammed tester.
The production line is handling 60-
70 different circuits per week. Up to
40,000 good circuits per week can be
produced on the present line (20,000
sq. ft.)
For Monica. Motorola holds a
$300,000 initial contract from Auto-
netics. They will produce all 18 circuit
types and are responsible for the entire
supply. Motorola also expects to receive
a contract from Litton for TFX circuits.
The company says it is involved in
about 90% of the major IC programs.
Motorola says it is producing every
type of integrated digital device: highly-
modified T2L, slightly-modified T2L,
DCTL, four types of DTL. One of the
last is a family of circuits used in the
Univac computer (contains 20,000 de-
vices).
Signetics
Signetics Corp., Sunnyvale, Calif.,
has probably penetrated the IC market
to a greater extent than any of the
other "small" manufacturers. A sub-
sidiary of Corning Glass, Signetics has
a $159,000 Army contract to develop a
family of 10-mc IC's. It has produced
a TFX gate for evaluation by Litton
and has developed a differential sense
amplifier for Apollo. It is supplying cir-
cuits to Nortronics for MMRBM, float-
ing intertial platform (FLIP) guidance
and a digital computer.
The circuits being developed for the
Army are similar to the present stand-
ard Signetics DTL line but two to three
times faster. Shipment of these epitaxial
devices is likely to be complete by the
end of this month.
Signetics offers "Verifeb" devices,
which are IC's that are complete except
for deposition of aluminum intercon-
nections. In this way, something of a
custom approach is achieved at a cost
comparable to standard circuits.
In the standard line, Signetics uses
DTL logic. Stage delays of 8 to 10
nanoseconds can be achieved with this
form of circuit. For shorter delays
tunnel diodes might be used in about
18 months time in IC's, but the present
interconnection problem tends to ne-
gate the advantages of high speed.
Signetics recently announced a new
isolation technique that makes IC com-
ponents behave like discrete compo-
nents. The company plans to begin
construction this month on a $5 million,
250,000-sq.-ft. building complex.
Breakdown voltage between de-
vices can reach 1 ,000v and parasitic
capacitance can be cut by an order of
magnitude or more, they claim. The
technique does not consist of epitaxial
deposition on an insulating substrate.
It will lead to the development of low-
power and high-frequency IC's, they re-
port, and make possible complex junc-
tion structures (more than four layers)
that were hitherto unattainable. The
technique does not improve the present
wide tolerances in resistor values.
Signetics is also working on de-
posited thin-film resistors on top of ac-
tive silicon substrates, and claims to
have achieved high sheet resistivity with
good temperature stability. Several
megohms of resistance is achieved in
very thin films, and the company expects
to announce devices using this technique
early this year, after obtaining results
of life tests. The material used has not
been disclosed.
Other lines of research at Signetics
are the development of high-current de-
vices, high-voltage devices, field-effect
transistors, and PNP-NPN devices.
Field-effect transistors need further de-
velopment of compatability of two types
of production processes. PNP-NPN
processing is improving and will be ap-
plicable soon. Zener diodes have been
integrated in experimental circuits.
Signetics is working on use of a thin
layer of glass as an encapsulant for
IC's. Currently Signetics is using a glass
package, which it will make available for
licensing to other companies. A V^-in.
square has been selected as the basis for
the package, to give greater mechanical
strength and conformity to the shape
of the majority of IC chips. This also
gives a uniformly wide shoulder of op-
timum mass and surface area around
the chip, to ensure that the seal around
the leads and the encapsulation seal are
hermetic. Materials used are hard glass
and gold-plated Kovar. Sealing can be
achieved in a conventional nitrogen-
atmosphere dry box, without large, spe-
cially designed ovens.
Signetics also is working on a flip-
chip package of the type publicized by
GE. At present it is using thin-film alu-
minum films for interconnections be-
tween devices, although other conduc-
tive films and conductive regions within
the silicon substrate have been used.
Texas Instruments
Texas Instruments' Semiconductor
Components Div. in Dallas has been
supplying IC's since mid-1960. Recently
the Series 53 circuits, including the
equivalent of 61-69 components, has
been announced as a faster, smaller suc-
cessor to the 5 1 Series. Currently a large
part of TI's production is going to North
American Autonetics for use in the
Minuteman B computer. Working three
full shifts a day, TI's IC line is prob-
ably producing between 30,000 and
50,000 devices per week.
Other projects that TI is supplying
circuits for are the Litton TFX com-
puter and Sperry's Loran C receiver.
TI offers three main IC types: cat-
32
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
CALIBRATED optical pyrometer being used to take temperature profile during an
epitaxial growth operation at Westinghouse Molecular Electronics Div., Elkridge, Md.
alog lines, the master slice, and custom
design. Most large orders are custom.
Master slice devices consist of diffused
active and passive devices on which a
customer's own interconnection pattern
is superimposed, giving partially custom
design.
In 1963, sales of IC's amounted to
$9-12 million. TI expects that this will
at least triple in 1964. At present, TI
says 33% of current military circuits
can be fulfilled by IC's, and IC's are
competitive in price with discrete com-
ponents.
In research, TI is looking at light
emission as a means of interstage
coupling and is investigating various
types of surface processing. TI would
like a higher temperature material than
aluminum for deposited interconnec-
tions. Deposited metal alloy resistors on
top of active silicon devices have been
produced in TI labs experimentally, but
are not used in production. In packag-
ing, TI has looked at the problem of
circuits that need 50 or more leads and
thinks that the flat package will re-
main suitable.
Main problems in general with flat
packs have been leads falling off and
loss of hermeticity.
TI markets a number of devices for
improving user's ability to handle IC's,
including an automatic circuit tester
and a dynamically controlled parallel-
gap welding machine. The feature of
the welder is that it holds a constant
voltage drop across the weld, making
the welder independent of material
thickness and cutting down the in-
cidence of faulty welds.
Westinghouse Electric
Continued exploitation of the po-
tential of the monolithic silicon epitaxial
integrated circuit, a technology that
Westinghouse's C. Harry Knowles, gen-
eral manager of the firm's Molecular
Electronics Div., says "scientists haven't
even come close to fully exploring," will
continue to dominate microcircuitry de-
velopment at Westinghouse, certainly
for the immediate future.
"Designers, too, will take a long time
digesting nanosecond switching capabil-
ities," which Knowles sees as possible
within the realm of monolithic IC tech-
nology.
WEC, generally ranked among the
top four or five suppliers of IC's to the
nation's markets, has done well with
the IC approach thus far, and Knowles
shows no inclination to "leave the one
we've got."
"People ready to rush on to some-
thing new," Knowles told M/R, "ought
to stop and take a good look at what an
elegant thing a P-N junction is. When
you haven't faced the problems of meet-
ing the customers' volume and deadline
requirements, it's easy to wax eloquent."
Knowles reports that his division ship-
ped about 15,000 IC's in lanuary,
"and the simplest thing we make is a
3-input NOR gate." In August '63, the
firm was delivering about 1,000 circuits
a month.
What Westinghouse currently calls
molecular electronics is in fact what
most of the industry calls monolithic
silicon integrated circuits. The semantics
problem results from an Air Force pro-
gram begun at WEC in 1959, which has
as its goal the pure meaning of mo-
lecular electronics — that being the per-
formance of complete circuit and sys-
tems functions within a single piece
of solid-state material in which all op-
erations are carried out on a molec-
ular level without the use of separately
identifiable components. Enroute to, and
related to, that goal is IC technology.
The Air Force program is set up on
a cost-sharing basis with a total of about
$1-5 million put into it each year.
Westinghouse IC production facil-
ities are in two plants, the new division
outside Baltimore, set up 1 8 months ago
and recently quartered in new facilities,
and a West Coast plant in Newbury
Park, Calif. The latter is primarily con-
cerned with the WEC contribution to
the Minuteman program.
WEC and Texas Instruments now
hold contracts covering the largest por-
tions of the Minuteman circuit types,
about 17 between them.
In addition to the Minuteman DTL
logic circuits, WEC also reportedly,
shipped "tens of thousands" of DCTL
NOR-gates packaged in TO-47 cans for
use in Raytheon's Apollo guidance com-
puter. The firm is also supplying 12
different SIC circuits types to Univac
Div. of Sperry Rand for use in the
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
33
LOOK WHAT DOUGLAS IS DOING NOW!
TO HELP PUT MAN ON THE MOON, Saturn S-IVB is being built by
Douglas under direction of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. S-IVB is
58 feet tall and 22 feet in diameter. As upper stage of Saturn, it will provide
the thrust that will send 3 Apollo astronauts from earth orbit to moon orbit.
PACKAGING THE EARTH'S ENVIRONMENT for delivery
anywhere in the solar system is the aim of Douglas bio-
technology research. Means are being developed to provide
spacemen with every factor they require to allow them to sur-
vive and perform efficiently during protracted space missions.
MORE BOOST FOR DELTA,
world's most reliable space vehicle, is
being achieved for the National AeroJ
nautics and Space Administration by
utilizing the Air Force/Douglas Im-
proved THOR as first stage. Douglas
is developing the thrust-augmented
Delta (TAD) for NASA's Goddard]
Space Flight Center. NASA will con-l
tinue use of the standard Douglas Delta.
0 STUDY SPACE FROM UP THERE, NASA has equipment would be ferried to and from it in Gemini cap-
;signed studies of advanced planning for a six man orbiting sules. Advantages to be gained from the space laboratory
iace laboratory to Douglas. It could be boosted into orbit are enormous in such varied fields as weather prediction,
1 Saturn sometime in the '70s. Crewmen, supplies and medicine, bacteriology, astronomy and many others.
HE NEW DOUGLAS SPACE SYSTEMS CENTER they research, test and build systems and vehicles that will
Huntington Beach, California, is one of the world's finest help maintain U.S. leadership in space exploration. The
ivately-owned space complexes. Here, talented engineers, new Douglas Center is designed for continued growth. Its
ientists and technicians of the company's Missile & Space capacity will be enlarged to meet the requirements of even
'stems Division are supported by advanced facilities as more formidable space challenges of the future.
IN THE AIR OR OUTER SPACE...
DOUGLAS GETS THINGS DONE!
Circle No. 1 on Subscriber Service Card
MMRBM missile-borne guidance com-
puter, and to Martin-Denver, Titan HI
prime, for use in that system's guidance
computer. In addition, the firm now
holds an AF manufacturing-methods
contract aimed at improving SIC pro-
duction yield.
WEC is not supplying any thin-film
passive components from its Molecular
Electronics Div., nor does it plan "to sell
a thin-film passive capability that is
now available elsewhere." The firm does
maintain an active thin-film hybrid R&D
effort, and the next production step for
WEC as an add-on to ICs in the future
will no doubt include deposition of thin-
film passive elements on the insulated
active silicon substrate primarily for
linear-type applications.
In addition to WEC's original line
of DTL circuitry, the firm turns out
some TTL and DCTL units, and reports
that about 80-90% of its custom cir-
cuits are still DTL types. Since setting
up the initial line of 12 different linear
circuits the firm reports it has been com-
missioned to do about 25 other types.
Westinghouse 1C technology is heav-
ily based upon epitaxial technology
and what it considers substantial eco-
nomic and performance advantages.
WEC has put into effect a digitized epi-
taxial processing system first used 10
months ago for delivered hardware.
Some 90% of all circuitry for sale by
the firm uses epitaxy, and master en-
gineering specs standardize some 90%
of the associated processing.
By refinement of production tech-
niques, WEC scientists predict being
able to double the number of gates that
currently can be placed effectively on
a single 60 x 60-mil silicon chip.
In the offing for the firm's func-
tional blocks in '64 are introduction of
surface field-effect transistors for higher
impedance, metal-base transistors for
greater frequency response, PNPN
switching, piezo-electric resonators, and
higher value evaporated resistors and
capacitors.
Among other microelectronic proj-
ects within the division is a new IR
search-and-track device to be delivered
to the Air Force next month. This de-
vice uses a 10 x 10-in. mosaic of single-
cell IR detectors, with each cell having
a 5-stage microelectronic amplifier. Use
of the IC cells for the mosaic and
amplifiers removed requirement for
gimballing and mechanical scanning.
The firm's Solomon computer,
which has received some support from
both the AF and Signal Corps, is now
being pursued under in-house funds
with limited demonstrations held for the
services. Should the computer go into
production, it would involve a major
IC production volume.
Aerojet
Aerojet's Astrionics Division in
Azusa, Calif., is spending about $500,-
000 a year on microelectronics research,
chiefly in thin-film circuits. Progress to
date includes development of a method
of quantitatively measuring thin-film ad-
hesion to substrate materials, and ability
to produce pin-hole free films.
Aerojet has developed a technique
whereby unencapsulated silicon tran-
sistor chips are recessed and bonded
into a substrate of ceramic or glass. A
thin-film network is then vacuum de-
posited on the substrate. The circuits
have a —65° to 125°C operating range.
The company has deposited and
evaluated conductive, resistive, and
dielectric thin films on Mylar substrates
of 0.001- and 0.002-in. thickness. Gold,
copper, and chromium have been used.
Prior to film deposition, the Mylar is
coated under vacuum with silicon mon-
oxide or refractory oxides to prevent
out-gassing.
Aerojet is developing an automated
system to deposit totally integrated thin-
film circuits, including active elements.
Amelco
Amelco Semiconductor, Mountain
View, Calif., a division of Teledyne,
Inc., has currently in production 10
members of a compatible logic family:
NOR logic DCTL types featuring a
proprietary dual collector construction
that provides low saturation character-
istics.
The circuits are fully integrated on a
single monolithic silicon chip and are
fully passivated. They range in size from
2,500 sq. mils, to 9,000 sq. mils. Pro-
duction on these elements is between
3,000 and 6,000 circuits per month,
with an existing capacity approximately
double that in use.
Amelco has in the pre-production
stage two analog circuits; one a low
level dc coupled amplifier, and the other
a differential amplifier with emitter fol-
lower outputs of 1 k ohm.
Presently, Amelco is concentrating
approximately 75% of its R&D activity
in the microcircuit area, with 20% of
gross sales being attributable to this
product line. About 40% of their busi-
ness is in standard transistor devices.
The remainder is military business.
Amelco is supplying logic devices
for airborne equipment similar to Loran
C for an Airborne Instruments Labo-
ratory navigation computer, and is in
pre-production on digital devices for
HXX Navy computer program.
Autonetics
The Autonetics Div. of North Amer-
ican Aviation, Anaheim, Calif., is a
heavy user of microelectronics in the
systems it fabricates. At present, the
division buys most of its ICs, but pro-
duces in-house vacuum-evaporated thin-
film circuits, ceramic printed circuits,
and multilayer circuit boards. The di-
vision has a strong research program
in integrated semiconductor devices and
is considered by many to be taking steps
to become a producer.
Currently the Data Systems Div.
of Autonetics is using ICs in the as-
sembly of the D37B Improved Minute-
man computer and the Monica-I com-
puter. Principal supplier for the D37B
is Texas Instruments; principal supplier
for Monica-I is Motorola.
The main performance problems ex-
perienced with ICs in the D37B have
been in obtaining sufficient gain-band-
width in the sense amplifiers and suffi-
cient noise immunity in logic circuits,
due to parasitic capacitance. Package
handling has also been a problem.
This spring, the division expects to
complete design of a 25-lb. Monica-C —
a general-purpose computer for system
integration, real-time control, and data-
processing.
The Armament Controls Div. is using
vacuum-evaporated thin-film passive
circuits with add-on active elements in
the R45 radar system. The Navigation
Systems Div. is producing high-tem-
perature special-purpose passive arrays
by the ceramic printed circuit process.
These are used in the flight control and
inertial measuring unit of the Improved
Minuteman.
Work on thin-film active ICs in the
Research Division includes epitaxial
deposition of silicon on to sapphire
(heteroepitaxy). Integrated circuits can
then be produced by diffusion tech-
niques. Etching through the silicon to
the sapphire gives a high degree of iso-
lation between components. Arrays of
insulated-gate field-effect transistors, as
well as diode-transistor circuits, have
been fabricated by this process, but not
in production quantities. Autonetics also
hopes to deposit gallium-arsenide on
sapphire, to provide electro-optical link-
ages between circuits.
Autonetics is also developing power-
starved ICs that use multi-megohm re-
sistors and transistors with collector
currents of 1 to 5 microamp. These cir-
cuits call for an order of magnitude in-
crease in precision in diffusion tech-
nology and optical registration tech-
niques. Sample circuits of this type have
been produced.
Work is starting on research into
electron beam techniques for generat-
ing circuits. The beam will be used to
initiate chemical reactions at 10"4
Torr and to form active elements with
alloyed and diffused junctions. It will
also be used for beam milling.
36
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
The research laboratories are also
investigating use of an electron beam
m a glow discharge system for laying
down thin films of organic semiconduc-
tors for large area coverage photode-
tectors.
The Data Systems Div. has an-
nounced that it has succeeded in pro-
ducing single-crystal silicon on a poly-
crystalline silicon substrate. The single
crystal is described as Czochralski-
grown, so this process differs from the
sapphire-base process in that the sili-
con crystallizes from a liquid and not
a vapor.
Bendix
Bendix Corporation's program in
microelectronics, involving in-house use
and out-of-house sale of both IC and
thin-film hybrid circuitry, is expected
to expand significantly within the next
two years.
fiipfiops, NOR, and NAND gates — is
expected to hit at least 12,000 per
month.
Present combined microcircuit pro-
duction capacity of divisions where IC
production is available — Eclipse-Pio-
neer, Bendix-Radio, Research Labs,
Pioneer-Central, Systems, and Semi-
conductor— is 8,500 circuits per month.
Two new facilities are being set up
at Eclipse-Pioneer, one for fabrication
of engineering models and the other for
production of pilot runs. Scintilla Div.
manufactures the hermetically sealed
IC casings, and passive substrates for
thin-film work.
New resistor materials being re-
searched include nickel-chromium al-
loys, tin-oxide films, and silicon mon-
oxide-chronium cermets. Silicon mon-
oxide, tantalum oxide and several titan-
ates are being researched for improved
deposited capacitor performance.
HUGHES quadralogic integrated network in a 14-lead glass package before final seal.
Circuits are fabricated on a monolithic silicon substrate.
Key to the expansion is the firm's
Semiconductor Div., which supplies
other Bendix operating divisions with
silicon "master" slices for subsequent
custom design and processing, usually
involving deposition of thin-film passive
componentry, in the individual divi-
sions.
At present, Bendix officials told
M/R, the division turns out about 500
master slices each month, each slice
generally yielding 20 microcircuits.
Within the next two years, Bendix pre-
dicts this capability will be expanded to
2,000 slices a month.
Increase in wafer production also
will increase the firm's ability to turn
out individual IC digital building blocks,
which it now markets through the Semi-
conductor Div., primarily to supply
other Bendix divisions. Output of 3,000
circuits per month currently — mostly
For some communications, radar,
and power amplifier devices, the firm
is also using passive thin-film circuits,
use of which it feels will continue for
several years. Porting of these circuits
in semi-ceramics that have high thermal
conductivity further enhances power
handling capability, they report.
Bendix anticipates that microcir-
cuitry will be used in all low power ap-
plications for Bendix equipment. This
will range from about 1% of the ap-
plicable electronics business in 1965 to
85% by 1972.
Burroughs
Burroughs Corp. engineers report
that the firm will attempt to build up
an in-house capability for turning out
thin-film hybrid circuits to supply the
major part of the firm's IC needs for
new data processing systems.
For example, the Advanced Fabri-
cation Technology Dept. at Paoli, Pa.,
is now turning out devices to be used
in a new high-density memory to be
introduced this year with a new data
processing system.
The effort is directed primarily at
hybrids using alumina or glass sub-
strates and deposited thin-film passive
networks. The firm will continue to buy
active elements for attachment.
In the active thin-film area, Bur-
roughs has developed a polycrystal
space-charge-limited triode after earlier
exploration of tunnel triode devices,
which it says it has produced in batches
of 40, making several runs each day in
company-designed vacuum deposition
chambers. Effort is now aimed at im-
proving characteristic reproducibility.
Eventually, Burroughs sees develop-
ment of complete active thin-film logic
nets eliminating all passive compo-
nentry.
The feeling at Burroughs is that in-
house development of suitable memory
IC's is a must in order to get the high
densities the firm wants. Circuitry of
this type is not generally available to-
day, they claim, and though "the IC's
associated with the arithmetic portion
of EDP systems appears to be well in
hand, the memory area needs attention,
which might not be done by the com-
ponent manufacturer."
In magnetic thin films, the firm is
studying possibilities for achieving an
order of magnitude improvement in bit
densities, particularly for very large
scale memories of 10° bits and up, and
for small volume aerospace systems.
One technique under study involves
fully deposited thin-film memory sheets,
including driver lines, in a vacuum
process.
Electro-Optical Systems
Electro-Optical Systems, Inc., Pasa-
dena, Calif., is experimenting with the
vacuum deposition of thin film of tan-
talum on diffused silicon substrates. A
four-input gate being studied measures
about Ym in. square. EOS is making
micro strain-gauge networks (0.018 by
0.020 inch) in silicon for use in me-
chanical transducers. These are mar-
keted by its subsidiary, Micro Systems
Inc. Another area of research is the
development of gallium arsenide diode
arrays with 0.005-in. and O.OlO-in.-dia.
photosensitive areas for optical orienta-
tion systems.
EOS has produced diode-resistor
networks in thin-film form in laboratory
quantities, using a three-layer structure
of tantalum, anodic tantalum oxide and
gold.
General Electric
General Electric Co.'s activities in
microelectronics will expand slightly in
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
37
How high is
your goal?
Ours are out of sight— in
the labyrinth of space.
But your opportunities
are a tangible reality,
here and now at North
American's Space and
Information Systems Di-
vision. Many senior engi-
neering and scientific
positions are available in
the following area:
COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
• To conduct research and
development programs in the
RFI field, with heavy experi-
ence in electronic systems in
the 100-10,000 MC range.
• Design of special instrumen-
tation antennas, and commu-
nications components and
their installation, including
installation stress analysis.
• Design and operation of re-
ceiving systems including the
phase-lock principle.
• Design and operation of air-
craft and/or spacecraft elec-
tronic systems with emphasis
in radar systems.
• Theoretical analysis and study
in the field of communica-
tions, microwave systems, and
measurement techniques.
• Advanced technical studies
associated with antennas,
propagation, and application
of microwave frequencies to
aerospace vehicles.
Interested? Please contact:
Mr. B. B. GLOBE
ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC
EMPLOYMENT
12214 LAKEWOOD BLVD.
DOWNEY. CALIFORNIA
All qua I if ii
conside rati'
rega rd to re
applicants will receive
tor employment without
creed, color, or national
SPACE AND INFORMATION
SYSTEMS DIVISION
NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION MB*
38
1964, primarily at the firm's Light Mili-
tary Electronics Div. in Utica, N.Y.
LMED, which put an extensive thin-
film circuit production capability into
operation in 1962, will add new diffu-
sion equipment to allow greater capa-
bility in silicon-base semiconductor
technology. LMED's J. H. Cunningham,
microelectronics marketing manager,
points out, however, that the division
will not enter into competition with.
GE's Semiconductor Products Div. for
1C out-of-house sales. LMED will use
the facilities for research and small
quantity, selective purpose production.
Large quantity IC needs for LMED's
aerospace equipment will still be sup-
plied by outside sources and GE's Semi-
conductor Products Div.
With the thin-film manufacturing
activity at LMED, Utica has also be-
come a focal point for new thin-film
hybrid development for which the firm
noids great promise.
By mid-year the division expects to
be able to turn out a wide range of
iC's in addition to having passive thin-
film capability. The combination of
techniques has also led to LMED's in-
house role as developer of the new
"flip-chip" hybrid program within GE,
wherein silicon chips or functional
blocks are mounted working-face down
on a thin-film interconnection substrate.
From more conventional thin-fLm
passive substrate hybrids, GE expects its
capability to evolve into flip-chip pro-
duction for GE equipments — possibly
in 6-8 months. Out-of-house sales,
either by LMED or Semiconductor
Products, in the future is also possible.
Research into thin-film active ele-
ments, and other silicon-base hybrids,
is carried on at the firm's Electronics
Laboratories at Syracuse. Major effort
reportedly is aimed at cadmium-sulfide
thin-fiim field-effect triodes, though
some work is still being carried on in
single crystal deposition. E-Labs reports
it has fabricated a thin-film triode with
a transconductance of 500 micro ohms,
power gains of about 500, and current
loads of from 1 to 5 milliamp. New
research is aimed at refined masking
techniques for closer electrode spacing
and protection against moisture, which
threatens shelf-life of these devices.
E-Labs holds a contract to study field-
effect failure mechanisms.
GE is researching and experimen-
tally fabricating optoelectronic devices
incorporating electroluminescent and
photoconductive technology. Materials
of this type, according to the firm, can
be deposited in multi-element thin-film
form, and since they can be coupled
optically rather than electrically, ap-
plications in fault isolation and detec-
tion in microcircuits and standardization
of interconnections are possible.
Also at Syracuse, GE is exploiting
in the lab what could be a major new
process for thin-film manufacture, that
of glow discharge. Scientists see this
technique, which can operate at near
room temperatures, as possibly holding
the key to use of thin films on a wide
range of novel substrates and for form-
ing many components in thin film now
thought to be beyond the technology.
GE's Semiconductor Div. is supply-
ing some integrated circuits for Minute-
man, and LMED holds several R&D
contracts in which small numbers ofi
units using IC's will be produced. In-
cluded in these is a missile encoder for
lohns Hopkins University's Applied
Physics Lab (M/R, Jan. 6, p. 21),
video amplifiers for the Office of Naval
Research, and a new contract from the
Naval Research Lab to develop a hybrid
thin-film microcircuit shift register. This
will be a single hermetically sealed pack-
age containing die-attached silicon cir-
cuit chips mounted face-up to a thin-
film substrate with deposited intercon-
nections.
General Micro-electronics
General Micro-electronics moved
into new facilities in Santa Clara, Calif.,
in August and was producing inte-
grated circuits 2Vi months later. To
speed entry into production, the com-
pany bought masks, but is now installing
photographic mask making facilities.
Currently two assembly lines are in op-
eration; there are plans for 10 more.
GME intends to offer all forms of
logic off-the-shelf, ultimately six to|
seven families. The first series produced
is DCTL and has an average dissipation
per function of 4-10 mw; with typically
2 mw per node.
To improve its capability to secure
systems contracts, GME, according to
Arthur C. Lowell, president, is develop-
ing a systems division interested in such
things as analog/digital converters, but
not intending to go above sub-system
level.
GME plans to spend 10-20% of its
gross sales on R&D and will sponsor
university research.
General Precision
Microelectronic activity within Gen-
eral Precision Inc.'s Kearfott Div., part
of the firm's Aerospace Group, is di-
rected at in-house production and use
of custom analog circuitry primarily
for inertial guidance systems in which
the volume of any specific circuit, ac-
cording to GPI, is not as large as a
similar circuit in digital form. Toward
this end, the firm is developing thin-film
resistor-conductor networks deposited
on a ceramic substrate used with at-
tached active and capacitor elements.
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
The firm continues to buy digital com-
ponents externally. In-house effort is re-
portedly $0.5 million annually.
Hamilton-Standard
Hamilton-Standard Div. of United
Aircraft Corp. and the Army's Elec-
tronics R&D Lab at Ft. Monmouth arc
conducting a jointly sponsored program
to establish a pilot production line for
the Army's new Micro-Circuit Module,
a second generation outgrowth of earlier
work on the MicroModule designed to
incorporate latest semiconductor and
thin-film hybrid integrated circuits into
the assembled package.
The pilot facility at Hamilton Stand-
ard, aimed at developing manufactur-
ing environment techniques and Mil
Spec qualification of the package, is
expected to produce Micro-Circuit
packages at the rate of 100 per 8-hr.
day, with performance runs expected to
be completed this spring. An assembly
cost goal of $4 per module had been
established, and engineers report that
experience with an unbalanced pilot line
has already shown this "can be easily
achieved."
Should the pilot runs show feasibil-
ity, observers close to the program
speculate that follow-on production
numbering thousands of circuits could
come, possibly next year.
Basic element in the package is the
0.310 wafer, with package dimensions
retained so that elements developed in
earlier work could be incorporated.
Typical module contains 10 wafers in a
stacked array. Extensive use is made
of Hamilton-Zeiss high energy density
electron beam welders for intercon-
nections.
Hamilton Standard has also received
considerable Air Force support in re-
cent years for new pilot production de-
velopments using electron beam meth-
ods associated with microcircuits.
Currently in-house are two con-
tracts from the Air Force Manufactur-
ing Technology Lab. One is aimed at
an assembly system operable in extreme
thermal environments (200°C.) with-
out compromising reliability, and the
other at an advanced process and anal-
ysis system for experimental fabrication
of a wide range of IC's.
Object of the latter program, accord-
ing to the firm, is a system that permits
fabrication and analysis functions to be
carried out without exposing the devices
to deleterious environments. It is plan-
ned to include stations within the sys-
tem for epitaxial growth by thermal
reaction, diffusion, electron beam and
laser beam processes, and multisource
thermal evaporation in ultrahigh
vacuum.
Preliminary design studies have been
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
Availability from Sprague!
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thin-film microcircuits utilize
precision components with a
wide choice of tight parameters.
If you have a genuine interest
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will be glad to explain how
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and production facilities. For
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SPRAGUE
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Circle No. 3 on Subscriber Service Card
39
AIRCRAFT
ELECTRONIC
NAVIGATION
TARGET/DRONE
SVSTEMS
FLEX WING
VEHICLES
: SPACE
PTRUC ruwes
COMPONENTS
Out of Ryan's spectrum of capabilities:
SPACE ELECTRONICS
Key to lunar landings and astro -exploration!
Advanced sensing, communications, guidance and power systems, developed
by Ryan scientist-engineering teams, are going into space aboard spacecraft,
satellites, space probes and rocket launch vehicles. Based upon 16 years' expe-
rience in radar, Ryan Electronics is producing radar altimeters and velocity
sensing systems for the Surveyor and LEM lunar landing spacecraft and Saturn
rocket launch vehicles □ Other systems are available for achieving space ren-
dezvous missions and orbiting of Moons and Planets □ In space structures,
Ryan solar panels powered the Mariner-Venus space probe and are being pro-
duced for the Ranger lunar landing spacecraft, Mariner-Mars space probe and
S-66 satellite. Lightweight deployable solar mirrors and radar antennas are also
being developed at Ryan □ Your inquiry is invited on how Ryan's spectrum of
capabilities can help solve your Space Age problems.
RYAN AERONAUTICAL COMPANY, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA
SURVEYOR SPACECRAFT — Ryan Elec-
tronics was selected by Hughes Aircraft
to design, develop, and fabricate the
Radar Altimeter and Ooppler Velocity
Sensor equipment for this NASA/JPL
Lunar Soft Landing System.
RYAN
ELECTRONICS
Circle No. 12 on Subscriber Service Card
completed. Present plans call for a sys-
tem of three distinct environmentally
controlled chambers interconnected by
ultrahigh vacuum interlocks and work-
piece transport mechanisms.
Honeywell
Pilot production of planar epitaxially
grown silicon digital logic circuits is
under way at Honeywell's Semiconduc-
tor Products Div.'s R&D center at
Riviera Beach, Fla., for a new aerospace
computer in development at the firm's
Aeronautical Div. facility at St. Peters-
burg, Fla.
The modular computer features a
new molecular diffusion packaging tech-
nique said to extend the IC packaging
process from the chip or circuit dice
level to the functional level.
Honeywell's new "chip level packag-
ing" contains, in one case, an inte-
grated package of 25 IC's, "intra-con-
nected" on a multilayer substrate to
make a three-bit binary adder.
The encapsulated adder package
contains some 400 transistors and 250
resistors on a single substrate "not much
larger than a postage stamp; the junc-
tions between circuits are continuous
with no 'interfaces' of material changes."
Engineers report the new packaging
process should offer the same 50-to-l
reliability advantage over conventionally
interconnected IC flat packs as flat packs
have over conventionally interconnected
discrete components.
Since the molecular diffusion proc-
ess can also be applied to card-to-
module connections, they said, far
fewer cards per module are necessary
and simpler production and servicing
steps are required.
The Riviera Beach facility produces
both digital and analog circuit elements
and is experimenting with additional
devices. Transistor-transistor logic
(TTL), high-level transistor (HLTL),
and milliwatt (MWL) have been chosen
as the most promising digital logic sys-
tems for missile/ space applications.
HLTL shows particularly promising
speed and drive capabilities, they report.
Hughes
Hughes has recently consolidated its
microelectronic R&D programs within
the Semiconductor Div. in Newport
Beach, Calif.; primarily to give the
major systems business at Hughes a
microelectronic capability. Four tech-
nological approaches are being de-
veloped.
Microseal circuits use active and
passive pellet components inserted in a
"Swiss Cheese" printed circuit board
and are currently in production. Several
computer companies have ordered
boards of this type. Hughes claims it
is the only supplier of active devices
of the pellet type.
Hughes expects to market Micro-
seal diodes encapsulated in glass in the
first quarter of this year and Microseal
transistors in glass in the second quar-
ter. These should be cheaper than the
present ceramic encapsulated devices.
The other approaches at Hughes
are use of active pellet components with
passive thin films, deposition of thin-
film passives on an active silicon sub-
strate, and fully integrated circuits with
thin-film active components.
In active silicon substrate work,
Hughes is using an iterative cell ap-
proach to give a function module
rather than a circuit type. Basically four
circuits are needed: a flip-flop and three
different gates. Using a 4-input T2L
NAND gate as a building block, Hughes
has come up with "Quadralogic", in
which there are four circuits per chip
and four devices per circuit. Variations
in module function are achieved by
variations in the final deposited alumi-
num interconnection pattern. The Guid-
ance Systems Group at Hughes is using
six functions achieved with these itera-
tive cells to build a computer.
Deposited nichrome resistors are
used in these circuits, so that a variety
of circuits can be obtained at the cost
of changing only two masks (resistor
and interconnection).
Hughes is working on a multiple-
source vacuum chamber to deposit ni-
chrome and aluminum without inter-
mediate reloading of the chamber.
The Semiconductor Div. also is
working on a pre-amplifier for the lead-
sulfide cell array in the Phoenix missile.
This circuit contains about half a
megohm of resistors, and has to have a
high input impedance and low noise
figure. The high resistor requirement has
meant use of deposited cermets. The
final circuit has 5 devices, an input im-
pedance of 1 megohm, a gain of 100,
and a noise figure of less than 3 db.
These circuits are now being delivered,
in % x Vi-in. flat packs.
Hughes also is producing a 3-mc
TFX operational amplifier in integrated
form. It has additional applications as
a 30-db differential-amplifier and as a
post-Doppler filter amplifier.
E. B. Gould III, manager of Hughes'
microelectronics program, estimates that
a good linear amplifier with a bandwidth
up to 1 mc. will be the first widely used
analog circuit, and he suggests that this
will be a much bigger market than
people think.
Hughes is developing a line of T-L
devices, and will probably market them
at the end of this quarter. (Currently
they are developing a circuit of this type
for the Litton computer in the TFX.)
However, Hughes sees much of its
business in custom logic and hopes that
by the use of deposited resistors the cir-
cuit designer will be put back in the
game. To this end they may market a
form of building-block kit that simulates
various aspects of their circuits. For ex-
ample, using adhesive-4ape resistors.
In thin-film active devices, Hughes is
working on space-charge current-limited
triodes, field and tunnel emission de-
vices, and double-injection phenomena.
Arrays of cadmium-sulphide diodes
have been made, and some triode and
pentode-like structures. Materials in-
vestigated include zinc sulphide, zinc tel-
luride, cadmium selenide and cadmium
telluride. Some devices have shown shelf
lives exceeding two years, without pas-
sivation. Yields of devices now show
stable characteristics. Some thin-film
metal-base transistors also have been
built. Engineering samples of thin-film
active devices should be available for
evaluation by the end of 1964.
Tests with a linear accelerator show
that the thin-film devices have consider-
able more radiation resistance than dif-
fused silicon devices, both in relation to
total dosage and radiation shock.
Gould suggests that this means that
thin-film active devices will find ap-
plication before they are economical
and before they have good frequency
characteristics, simply because they will
work where other devices cannot.
Integrated digital and selected linear
circuits will be the biggest selling prod-
ucts from the Microelectronics Division.
They make up about %-% of forecast
sales for 1964, and a higher proportion
thereafter. But a better assembly tech-
nique for Microseal circuits could
change this picture.
In research, Hughes is looking at
various glass techniques for encapsula-
tion, using pyrolytic decomposition. A
diode capability has been developed and
Hughes aims to apply these techniques
to IC's. Hughes has also proposed a
technique for using distributed thin
films in a logic-memory system for a
computer, together with use of opto-
electronic devices (arrays of gallium
arsenide) to reduce the interconnection
problem. Lasering properties may offer
additional advantages for interconnec-
tion because of the capability of modu-
lation. Work has been done on electron
beams and lasers for machining and in-
terconnections. A laser with a longer
duty cycle will have very interesting
applications, especially for making high
definition masks.
About 20% of the Semiconductor
Div.'s business will be in microelectron-
ics this year (including R&D) . In three
years this will rise to 50%.
Intellux
Intellux Inc., Santa Barbara, Calif-
produces thin-film passive tin-oxide cir-
cuits on glass substrates. These are in-
duction soldered onto pads on a header
that carries active devices in TO-5 cans.
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
41
In February, the company expects a
backlog of orders of $50,000 per month,
rising to $100,000 per month by the
end of the year. Intellux says it gained
valuable experience in all microelec-
tronics packaging problems because they
supply multilayer circuit boards
throughout the industry. Currently the
company produces about 1,500 circuits
a week. Their maximum production
with current facilities would be 120,000
circuits a week.
International Business Machines
International Business Machines,
Inc., which remains tight-lipped about
its in-house production scale, did give
some indication of which way its IC
technology may be going, at least as an
interim approach, in a presentation
made at WESCON this summer. IBM
reported on a new low-cost method of
fabricating hybrid IC's using semicon-
ductor chips and deposited passive com-
ponents without the use of thermo-com-
pression bonding and without hermetic
sealing (M/R, Aug. 26, p. 28).
The firm is heavily based in thin-
film technology, has worked with a great
variety of materials in its deposition
studies, and performed early develop-
ment of sequential inline automatic pro-
duction equipment.
International Resistance
Following a decision to place major
emphasis on development and sale of
passive substrate hybrid IC's as opposed
to silicon-based IC's, International Re-
sistance Co. of Philadelphia, announced
availability of the first of these circuits
for sale at the recent Wescon meeting
in San Francisco.
Alumina wafers form the basis for
the entire assembly. A proprietary metal
glaze ceramic material, which functions
as a conductive material and as a re-
sistive element, is screened on each
wafer in a pattern and fired at high
temperatures. Capacitors, diodes, and
transistors are brazed on, with final con-
nection made by thermo-compression
bonding of gold leads from the chips
to the conductive pattern. The wafer
(or wafers) are mounted and her-
metically sealed in TO-5 cans. Flat-pack
hybrids are also available.
IRC reports that it produces all the
active and passive elements going into
the hybrid, using active devices pro-
duced by epitaxial multiple diffusion
processes and ceramic-type capacitors
based on barium titanate material.
In advanced R&D, scientists are
studying the field-effect device in solid-
state form, and also in a thin-film ver-
sion, and the fully integrated thin-film
circuit.
IRC reports it has made diffused
field-effect devices but has no present
plans to market them. Research is aimed
at field-effect-based circuits rather than
componentry. The active thin-film de-
velopment is primarily aimed at a metal
interface amplifier type of device using
aluminum oxide and a variety of poly-
crystalline materials.
International Telephone and
Telegraph
International Telephone and Tele-
graph Co. is now building a $3-million
plant in West Palm Beach, Fla., for IC
reliable configuration obtainable within I
practical cost and time limitations.
Among points made in favor of this 1
approach, ITT cites good stability under 1
high ambient temperatures, achieved I
through use of a high thermal conduc- j
tivity substrate material, such as be-
ryllium oxide, in intimate contact with J
circuit elements. Also, they note, RF
shielding between wafer assemblies can
be easily obtained through use of de-
posited metallic films, such as silver,
■IMP
PLASTIC MOCKUP of one of FLIP series of inertial platforms being developed
by Northrop Nortronics. Featuring a floated inertial sphere rather than gimbals, the
platform is designed as a low-cost system offering all-altitude capability.
manufacture. Also, at the firm's Fed-
eral Laboratories in Nutley, N.J., more
than $1 million has been programmed
for microelectronics R&D in 1964.
Physical Sciences Lab at Nutley is
developing thin-film-base devices for
in-house applications including 70-mc
amplifiers and other analog circuits.
An evaluation of current IC tech-
niques for missile/space use undertaken
by ITT shows that a hybrid approach
using "thick" film passive components
deposited upon a ceramic substrate in
combination with discrete pellet-type
transistors and diodes offers the most
on the undersides of the sensitive
wafers. The use of brush-depositing and
etching techniques provides good bread-
boarding flexibility for both analog and
digital circuits.
ITT scientists told M/R there are
about five new individual circuits now
under consideration by the firm. These
include: An IC to perform conversion
from parallel bit binary digits to analog
d.c. output; another, to perform diode
frequency multiplication of an RF en-
velope; a third IC is aimed at high-
frequency band-pass amplification with-
out the use of inductors; another is
42
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
aimed at permitting clocked sample-
and-hold of a time-varying waveform;
and finally, an IC with adaptive ability
to alter its internal transfer function as
a result of external feedback signals, or
as a result of internal "voting" analysis
of the input signals being received.
Lear Siegler
Two divisions (Astronics and In-
struments) of Lear Siegler, Inc., Santa
Monica, Calif., have microcircuit facil-
ities. These carry on independent R&D
and production activities. The LSi Re-
search Laboratory is investigating active
thin-film devices, and studying the pos-
sible use of unipolar insulated-gate
structures and optically-coupled de-
vices.
LSi has developed the "Millimin"
packaging technique. Potted and tested
microcircuit modules are assembled by
function onto a keyed Millimin module
card which is, in turn, mounted in a
one-, two-, or three-cell cast aluminum
frame, depending on system or unit
function.
Ling-Temco-Vought
Ling-Temco-Vought Inc.'s Military
Electronics division in Dallas has a ca-
pability to produce thin-film circuits —
primarily for users throughout LTV.
Emphasis is on production of special
circuits not available commercially, and
chiefly analog and special digital cir-
cuits. The company sees thin films as
most promising for missile/ space ap-
plications.
Plans for new facilities include ultra-
high vacuum systems and thin-film
semiconductor laboratories. Less than
1 % of LTV's business is associated with
microelectronics, but a rapid increase
is expected.
Litton Industries
The Guidance and Control Div. of
Litton Industries, Woodland Hills,
Calif, holds the contract for the com-
puter and associated electronic systems
to be used in the TFX in conjunction
with the Phoenix missile. The computer
contains 5,000-7,000 IC's, with mainly
discrete components in the associated
electronics, notably the display. The
feature of this computer is the large
number of circuits involved and the
biggest problem is noise immunity. Cir-
cuits available as catalog items did not
have big enough noise margins and a
great deal of Litton's design effort went
into obtaining a noise-immune circuit.
Basically, a single circuit type is being
used in this computer, which has be-
come known throughout the industry
as the TFX-gate.
Companies cooperating with Litton
in its development include Fairchild,
Motorola, Sylvania, TRW Semicon-
ductor, and Philco. Litton has a labo-
ratory IC line for producing experi-
mental quantities, providing a basis for
evaluating vendor performance.
Litton has been praised by a number
of IC manufacturers for the specifica-
tion they put out for the TFX-gate.
Litton engineers say that the circuits
available off-the-shelf were not systems
oriented because the manufacturers had
not looked into the ramifications of the
use of very large numbers of their de-
vices in one system. Litton embarked
on an extensive engineering effort to
evaluate what was possible in IC's and
designed their spec around this. Further-
more, the company modifies its spec to
improve the manufacturer's yield, when-
ever possible.
As regards the package, the division
gave a range of dimensions that would
be suitable, specifying position of leads.
They have been supplied with five dif-
ferent size packages, all of which have
been accepted.
The division is producing an inertial
guidance platform under a Navy Bu-
Weps contract, using Texas Instruments
circuits, and is developing a digital com-
puter in-house.
Litton has also started construction
of a 20,000-sq.-ft. plant at Springfield,
Mo., for development and manufacture
of multi-planar interconnect systems,
"Polyweld" weldable circuits, multi-
planar weldable circuits, and conven-
tional printed circuits. It will house the
Advanced Circuitry division of Litton
Precision Products, Inc.
Lockheed
Over the past four years the Elec-
tronic Sciences Laboratory of Lockheed
Missiles and Space Company, Sunny-
vale, Calif., has been developing a ver-
satile and cheap process for forming
thin-film passive networks in titanium,
intended for satellite applications where
long-life and radiation resistance were
prime requirements. Titanium, like
other refractory metals, is not only
radiation resistant but has three stable
oxides, providing a range of resistive,
dielectric, and active properties.
A 12-minute 500°C molten salt
process deposits titanium on a ceramic
substrate. Lockheed subsequently uses
a combination of copper deposition and
etching to achieve the desired network.
Deposition on screw-threads tapped in
the substrate can provide inductive ele-
ments. Anodization of the titanium by
an electrolyte produces titanium dioxide.
This dielectric yields capacitors of 0.015
Mf/sq. cm. when a silver counter elec-
trode is painted on the oxide. Any kind
of discrete active element can be at-
tached to the circuit.
Within a year, LMSC expects to
make diodes in rutile (T^,).
Currently LMSC is depositing 8
NAND circuits on a 1-in. square wafer.
These can be interconnected in various
ways to give 469 different logic func-
tions.
LMSC aims to license its process
to other manufacturers rather than set
up as a circuit producer.
Nortronics
A fabrication and evaluation facility
has been established by the Northrop
Nortronic's Electronic Systems and
Equipment Department in Palos Verdes,
Calif. Computer technology has re-
ceived the greatest attention.
The company is now utilizing inte-
grated circuitry to develop the high-
speed airborne general-purpose com-
puter NDC-1000. This uses about 1,400
microcircuits in 95% of its circuitry.
Main supplier is Signetics.
Nortronics is also using microelec-
tronics in inertial platforms. An ex-
ample is the company's FLIP (for
Floated Low-Cost Inertial Platform),
designed as a low cost system for a
multitude of aerospace uses. The FLIP
series of platforms feature a floated
inertial sphere and microelectronics for
90% of the associated electronics to
achieve economy and all-altitude capa-
bility.
Molectro
Molectro Corporation, Santa Clara,
Calif., formed in lune of 1963, is cur-
rently equipping its assembly line.
Hitherto, work has been concentrated
on developing a mask-making and dif-
fusion facility. The first product line
planned is an integrated circuit called
"Data-Pak," which contains four pairs
of transistors and 12 resistors. The
customer specifies the interconnection
pattern for the chip, and so retains a
measure of control over the digital cir-
cuit he uses. Other products in this line
are chips that can be used in amplifiers,
communication networks, and power
supply controls.
James R. Nail, President of Molec-
tro, sees considerable potential in the
process of thin-film deposition over ac-
tive silicon substrates, and the firm will
push this line of development, particu-
larly multiple layers of thin film.
Philco
Philco Corp., following on the heels
of its decision last fall to drop many
of its production transistor lines and
the subsequent decision to set up an
expanded Microelectronics Operation
aimed at increasing IC development
and production, is expected to have
available its intitial IC product line by
next month. The firm will concentrate
on silicon epitaxial IC's.
Under a cross licensing agreement
with Fairchild, Philco will start turning
out a line of Micrologic planar epi-
taxial semiconductor devices. The firm
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
43
GENERAL ELECTRICS new "flip-chip" technique bonds chips face down on thin-
film interconnection network, is thought to have considerable potential.
also plans to market Philco custom
SIC's, TTL digital circuits, and a Fair-
child milliwatt logic line later in the
year.
Also in 1964, the Lansdale, Penn-
sylvania-based operation is expected to
be producing some custom hybrid thin-
film networks, primarily for linear ap-
plications, for both in-house Philco
programs and for external sale.
The Philco hybrid approach is not
yet firm, but Dr. Charles Sutcliffe, man-
ager of the firm's new Microelectronic
Operations, told M/R that use of at-
tached active elements on a deposited
thin-film tantalum network is most
likely based on expected cost and high
frequency advantages.
Reasoning behind the initial paral-
leling of the Fairchild line was based
on the idea of becoming a second source
on one of the most widely used lines as
a starter rather than hoping to intro-
duce another basic competitor to an
already wide base, according to the
firm.
Philco's entry into IC production
was no doubt helped through acquisi-
tion of the firm as a subsidiary by the
Ford Motor Co. Philco officials told
M/R the firm plans to spend at least
$5 million on its IC capability in the
next few years, a large chunk coming
this year to set up its relatively new
Lansdale plant to handle the manufac-
ture. The firm reportedly will supply
IC's on the F- 111 Phoenix missile com-
puter.
Radio Corp. of America
Corporate decisions made recently
at RCA have set in motion a planned
large-scale movement into semiconduc-
tor integrated-circuit manufacturing.
Earlier entry by RCA into the IC mar-
ket, according to observers, was no
doubt slowed by the firm's major long-
term early involvement in the Army
Signal Corps' $18 million Micro-
Module program.
The RCA IC commitment involves
spending "several millions each year,"
an expense initiated during 1963 and
one that will extend beyond 1964. Sup-
port for the program, centered in the
Somerville, N.J., manufacuring facility,
comes primarily from the firm's Defense
Electronics Products Div.
Initially the firm will expand engi-
neering and production facilities, in-
cluding a new 6,000-sq. ft. clean room,
for integrated silicon-base circuits, turn-
ing out mostly bi-polar type devices.
Major production capability is expected
by mid-1964. Eventually (still a mini-
mum of one year away), Somerville
also is expected to turn out production
quantities of RCA's metal-oxide-semi-
conductor (MOS) silicon-based logic
nets, now in advanced research stage
at the firm's Sarnoff Laboratory in
Princeton, N.J. Still farther down the
road, RCA scientists feel the firm may
gravitate toward production of hybrid
thin-film circuits using the silicon base,
prior to development of pure thin-film
circuits.
Officials told M/R that present
manufacturing plans are aimed solely
at in-house needs, particularly in the
defense area. By 1965, production ca-
pacity may exceed projected in-house
needs, allowing the firm to market out-
of-house.
RCA estimates that IC's will rep-
resent, in one form or another, about
25% of corporate hardware sales in the
future.
The RCA long range research effort,
carried out at the Sarnoff Center with
some shorter range effort at the divi-
sional level, is aimed heavily at cir-
cuits, designed around MOS insulated-
gate field-effect active devices, both in
the silicon-base IC form and in the
thin-film active element area, accord-
ing to Dr. William Webster, director of
electronics research at the center.
Raytheon
A new thin film circuit facility at
Raytheon's Missile Systems Div. in Bed-
ford, Mass., has been completed and
is beginning to turn out limited quan-
tities of hybrid IC's solely for in-house
requirements.
The facility, started in late 1962 and
representing about a $1 -million invest-
ment by the firm, includes a new state-
of-the-art evaporation system with a
single vacuum cycle multiple-film depo-
sition capability and automatic feed and
monitoring.
The evaporator has 10 stations,
each capable of handling five substrates.
Cycle time is about one hour, allowing
for production of 50 multilayer thin-
film networks at a clip.
Raytheon is now said to be spend-
ing about $0.5 million annually on ex-
panding its microelectronics capabili-
ties.
The current Bedford effort is aimed
at evaporating a nichrome resistor film
upon an 0.8 x 0.8-in. passive substrate
using a silicon monoxide insulator and
gold conductors, with attachment of
active elements and capacitors. Within
a few months, the firm hopes to intro-
duce its own capacitors into the pack-
age, fabricated in the same evaporation
cycle as the resistors using a silicon
monoxide dielectric with aluminum or
gold plates. Also in the offing is use of
a cermet resistor, a higher dielectric
for larger value capacitors, and a her-
metic seal for the now-encapsulated de-
vice.
Raytheon uses primarily electron
beam evaporation for the nichrome net-
work. Gold external leaders are attached
by soldering, and the firm reports de-
velopment of a new lower temperature
bonding scheme for attachment of ac-
tive elements. There is no plan now to
market these devices externally.
At the firm's Semiconductor Div. in
Mountainview, Calif., a more extensive
production line is being set up to handle
44
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
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MANY OTHER POSITIONS ARE ALSO AVAILABLE FOR QUALIFIED ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS
GD/FW is currently engaged in many out-
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programs. ■ FORT WORTH is a modern, clean,
interesting city. The area has the second largest
concentration of aerospace industry in the nation.
High quality homes — urban, suburban, and rural —
are available close to General Dynamics at surpris-
ingly low prices. ■ Driving is easy; traffic density
is low. Freeways lead directly to the ample parking
facilities of General Dynamics/Fort Worth, and nearly
all residential areas are less than 20 minutes away.
There is no fog, no smog, no smoke and no soot. ■
More than 100 parks cover a total of about 5,000
acres. There is a fine zoo, a famed botanic garden,
GENERAL. DVIMAIN/lli
swimming pools, tennis courts, baseball diamonds,
picnic facilities, horseback riding, Southwest Con-
ference and NFL football, bowling, Casa Manana
theater-in-the-round, sports car races . . . and the
world's largest indoor rodeo — the Southwestern
Exposition and Fat Stock Show. ■ Six large lakes
are within minutes from downtown — three are in
the city limits. ■ Fort Worth has one of the nation's
better school systems. For higher education, there is
Texas Christian University, Arlington State College,
Southern Methodist University, and several other
colleges and universities in the area. ■ To take
advantage of the opportunities offered, write Mr.
J. B. Ellis, Industrial Relations Administrator-
Engineering, General Dynamics/Fort Worth, P. 0.
Box 748-M, Fort Worth, Texas. An equal opportunity
employer.
WORTH
Circle No. 13 on Subscriber Service Card
a full line of new digital type circuits,
probably DTL using single silicon
wafers with diffused components, which
is expected to be introduced this year.
Mountainview, which carries out the
Raytheon effort in IC technology, since
mid-1963 has been supplying DCTL
NOR-gates for use in the Apollo com-
puter. The division has also carried out
some exploratory fabrication of Apollo
NOR-gates using nichrome thin-film
resistors and an active substrate, but
further proof-testing will be required
before consideration for Apollo use.
In addition to Apollo, Raytheon
microcircuits are used in portions of
Mauler GSE, and in Army PCM ground
equipment.
Siliconix
Siliconix, Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif., ex-
pects to become a specialty supplier in
the integrated circuit business, based on
earlier work in field-effect transistors.
P-type doped slices are purchased
from several suppliers. The company
does its own lapping and epitaxial
growth, a technique that is used 100%
and produces its own masks. Headers
are supplied from outside but the com-
pany has recently developed its own
flat pack. In this, the chip leads and
lead frame are sealed in a layer of glass
between two alumina plates. The chip
and leads are thus encapsulated in glass.
The package is said to be cheap (only
three piece parts) and redesignable in
shape at low cost. Problem at present is
how to test for leakage. Probable answer
will be immersion in a salt bath.
Siliconix has been slower coming to
the IC market than planned, but is now
marketing a line of 10-mc DTL logics
capable of operating with a single 5-v
power supply. The circuit is available in
seven forms.
About 70% of the firm's R&D is
now devoted to integrated circuits — a
reversal of last year's position.
Sprague Electric
Microelectronics R&D at Sprague
Electric Co. is aimed at exploiting com-
binations of devices and techniques with
single semiconductor chips — such as
NPN/PNP transistors, field-effect tran-
sistors, distributed parameter networks
— along with compatible thin-film com-
ponents on the passivated surface of the
chip.
In addition, the firm reports it is
developing techniques for linear cir-
cuits in monolithic IC form; new proc-
essing methods that will allow combina-
tion of cleaning, epitaxy, oxidation, and
diffusion within a single closed system;
a new thin-film and semiconductor in-
terconnection schemes.
The firm, which maintains research
facilities and two engineering pilot lines
at its North Adams, Mass., headquarters
in addition to pilot plant and produc-
tion facilities in Concord and Nashua,
N.H., reports that it will soon intro-
duce a new line of high-speed transistor
diode logic circuits based upon im-
proved epitaxial and diffusion tech-
niques.
Sylvania Electric
Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., a
subsidiary of General Telephone & Elec-
tronics Corp., plans some expansion at
both its Woburn, Mass., Semiconductor
Div. and its Electronic Systems Div. at
Waltham, Mass., this year.
The Semiconductor Div., heavily
based in silicon epitaxial technology, has
built some digital circuitry functioning
at over 30 mc and plans to add addi-
tional custom circuits both digital and
analog to its basic line of fast digital
logic, mostly TTL. Some 75% of the
division's sales are external to Sylvania.
The firm's thin film activity, cen-
tered in ESD at Waltham, is oriented
toward fulfilling in-house and govern-
ment agency hybrid circuit require-
ments. There is currently no external
sale of these devices, used in both digital
and linear applications, however a cor-
porate decision on future out-of-house
sale is expected within six months.
Current hybrid thin-film approach
uses a range of ceramic, glass, and
glazed ceramic substrates with attached
(by solder or welding) active elements.
The firm has used silicon monoxide in
most of its thin-film work to date, but
plans to add a tantalum capability by
June. In research, work is aimed at ex-
ploring use of titanium-dioxide films.
Gerald J. Selvin, Microelectronics
Manager at ESD, told M/R that the
division believes in carrying a balanced
mix in thin-film methods, including
vacuum depositions, sputtering, and
screen and fired processing, in order to
satisfy what is still considered a wide
range in customer requirements. "We
find that it is unwise to operate fully
programmed," says Selvin, "since dif-
ferent Government groups do have
preferences."
Sylvania has invested about $1.5
million in its thin-film capabilities in the
past three years and plans to spend
something under $0.5 million this year
to expand facilities, adding the tantalum
capability.
In the lab at ESD, Sylvania en-
gineers are forming silicon thin-film
transistors and diodes on a glazed
ceramic substrate by both vacuum de-
composition and evaporation processes.
This effort has received Air Force,
Navy, and corporate support. Sylvania
says the TFT is certainly a "highly
ordered device" when discussing its
single-crystal properties, pointing out
the difficulties of analyzing properties
of micron-thick films on polycrystal
substrates. "The characteristics are
good," they add, "and that is what is
really important. We are most optimistic
about these devices."
Scientists also are working with
some of the non-classical materials such
as the semiconducting oxide of titanium
in a vacuum system, forming "prelimi-
nary diodes." ESD is currently supply-
ing thin-film hybrids for two BuShips
and BuWeps equipments.
TRW Semiconductor
TRW Semiconductor Inc. in Lawn-
dale, Calif, produces a range of IC's
using transistor-coupled logic. The com-
pany has certain common research pro-
grams with other subsidiaries — TRW
Space Technology Laboratories and
TRW Computer. Among contracts re-
ceived by TRW Semiconductor are an
Air Force contract for development
work on a sense amplifier and a con-
tract from Litton for gates for the
F-111B computer. TRW also is doing
some IC work for the Mauler missile
system.
A joint program with STL has led
to the development of a capability of
depositing thin-film cermet resistors on
top of active silicon substrates. For
TRW Computer, the company produced
an integrated scratch pad memory con-
taining about 60 components. In this
case the proximity of devices is used to
reduce propagation delays. The memory
is presently being evaluated.
Company-funded research includes
development of integrated forms of in-
sulated-gate field-effect transistors and
NPN-PNP transistors. A compatible
NPN-PNP technique has been devel-
oped and the company is currently
looking for a circuit vehicle to put it in.
Electronics Division of Space Tech-
nology Laboratories, Redondo Beach,
Calif., initiated a program last year to
provide a capability of systems use of
IC's. Principal equipments that the divi-
sion is microminiaturizing are receivers,
satellite altitude control systems, te-
lemetry and command equipment, pro-
grammers, and radar systems. STL de-
veloped a dot-component system for the
823 satellite, but did not use it be-
cause of poor availability of parts and
lack of multiple sources.
The company buys IC's from vari-
ous companies, but works closely with
TRW Semiconductor on research
aspects of these devices.
During the last year they have had
a $250,000 company-funded program
to develop the vacuum-evaporation of
cermet resistors on top of silicon chips.
STL is proposing IC processing
equipment for OGO to provide an in-
terface between about 20 experiments
and the digital data handling system.
STL is developing a classified military
digital device with some 500 IC's. ■
46
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
Here's how Martin Company saves $16,000/year
cleaning safety suits for TITAN II !
PROBLEM: It used to be an expensive and
time-consuming job for Martin Company's
Canaveral Division to clean these critical safety
garments. The suits protect TITAN II launch-
stand personnel from toxic propellants during
fueling and countdown. They must be cleaned
after each wearing for toxicity and sanitation
reasons. Formerly, Martin did this laborious-
ly by hand with detergents at $6.35 per suit.
SOLUTION: An entirely new cleaning sys-
tem based on Freon fluorocarbon solvents.
Freon is an efficient selective solvent. It quick-
ly removes toxic fuels or vapors, oil, grease
and dirt from the suit while not affecting plas-
tic or metal parts in any way.
To clean the suits, Martin uses Freon in a
modified shower cabinet, fitted with several
nozzles to drench 2 suits thoroughly — both
inside and out. Since adopting this system,
cleaning time per suit has been cut from 1 XA
hours to 5 minutes; cost, from $6.35 to $1.10.
So in one year, with 3,600 safety suits cleaned,
that's a saving of $16,000!
Martin also likes Freon because it is non-
flammable, nonexplosive, and has very low
toxicity — making it safe and easy for workers
to handle. And — extremely important — con-
taminated Freon is easily purified for reuse
over and over again.
Wherever you have a critical cleaning prob-
lem, components or assemblies, electronic,
electrical or mechanical, it's quite possible
Freon solvents could improve operations and
cut costs. We'd be happy to discuss it with
you! First step: send the coupon or Reader
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solvents
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MAIL COUPON FOR NEW
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Freon Products Division
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cleaning. (Offer good in U.S.A. only.)
I am interested in cleaning_ .
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Circle No. 14 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets
DOD Military System
A Report on the DDR&E
DDR&E, the Directorate of Defense Research and Engineering,
is one of the most important offices in the Department of Defense.
It has a complement of 145 men, supervising some 30,000 others
and directly affecting over 125,000 industry personnel. DDR&E annu-
ally contracts for $7 billion dollars in space and military systems re-
search, development, test and engineering services from its suppliers.
The March 30 issue of missiles and rockets win
present an in-depth report on DDR&E covering:
DDR&E Operation ■ Relationships with Industry and the Services ■ Current
& Advanced Programs ■ In-House R&D Capabilities ■ Future Expenditures ■
Key Personnel
Issue Date: March 30, 1964
sue, March
The DOD Military Systems
Issue will be must reading for over 45,000
program and project managers, engi-
neers, and scientists in industry and the
military. Advertise in this issue to gain
maximum exposure for your products,
capabilities, or services.
Buy proven performance
In MISSILES AND ROCKETS — 275 page
advertising gain in 1963 over 1962; 3700
new paid subscribers gained during 1963;
total paid circulation of over 45,000.
Advertising Closes:
IVI |CROlELECTRC>NICS / STATE OF THE ART
Integrated Circuits Improving
In Quality, Dropping in Cost
Answers to interconnection problems are developing rapidly,
new circuit theory will be needed; a step-by-step assessment
BETTER PACKAGING and inter-
connection of microelectronic circuits
will appear during 1964, together with
a lowering of the cost of custom inte-
grated circuits.
Main problems in interconnection
occur in large data-processing comput-
ers. A solution can be expected in the
development of larger arrays of devices
within a single chip, mounting numbers
of chips in one package, and develop-
ment of a reliable means of connecting
these chips to deposited arrays of inter-
connections.
This interconnection technique will
reduce the present high cost of me-
chanical assembly, and will probably
be carried out by systems manufac-
turers rather than by semiconductor
manufacturers. In this way the systems
manufacturer gains more flexibility in
designing his own circuits, without the
heavy cost penalty now associated with
custom design in the integrated-circuit
technique.
Semiconductor manufacturers now
offer diffused chips containing up to 69
devices that can be connected in a
variety of ways by a vacuum-deposited
aluminum pattern. Customizing depends
on changing one mask, which is fairly
inexpensive. As stable high-resistance
films become more readily available, a
greater degree of customizing will be-
come available, by variations of two
masks. New vacuum-chamber tech-
niques will reduce the cost of the addi-
tional mask.
Design of interconnections for pres-
ent multiple-option chips is becoming
a computer routine. Computer use will
become essential for maximum benefit
to be achieved from two depositions on
complex multiple-option chips of the
future, which will contain several
hundred components.
An increase in the number of com-
ponents will also increase the complex-
ity of their interactions. Tape-controlled
machines are being developed for mask
production.
As circuits get more complex, a new
circuit theory will be required, with re-
placement of conventional concepts of
inductance, capacitance and resistance
by new concepts of systems that are
easier to analyze.
Conventional concepts are already
being challenged in integrated circuit
design. If a capacitor in a circuit is for
rapid-charge transfer, it may be re-
placed by a transistor. If it is part of
a low-frequency selective network, it
might be replaced by a thermal net-
work.
Progress in complexity within a
single block of material has been steady.
Each step has, however, yielded its own
technology that finds application some-
where in the hierarchy of systems man-
ufacturing.
• Cordwood Stacking — First step
in miniaturization — reduction in space
between axial-lead components by stack-
ing them "cordwood" fashion between
parallel circuit-boards — is still being
improved. Welding is being used in-
creasingly, either by means of a nickel
wire grid, nickel ribbon system, pre-
formed circuits with weldable tabs, or
chemically etched circuit patterns.
Difficulties have included multiplic-
ity of weld schedules, the need to orient
each weld junction, and operator errors
in routing nickel ribbon.
To overcome these, a tubelet inter-
connect system called "Polyweld" de-
veloped by U.S. Engineering Co. pro-
vides pre-established circuitry that has
a weldable nickel tube at each terminal
pad. This is grown by electroforming
at the same time as the circuitry.
The technique is being used in such
systems as APN-141 and APN-150
radio altimeters, the gyro platform of
the TFX inertial guidance system, and
the missile-borne computer for the
TFX's Phoenix missile. Multilayer Poly-
weld systems use the clearance hole
technique.
• Microcircuit modules — Another
approach that started at this level of
microminiaturization is the Micro-
Module technique, where wafer-shaped
components are stacked vertically. Me-
chanical support and electrical intercon-
nection is provided by riser wires, pre-
viously soldered into notches in the
wafer edges, but now welded to de-
posited tabs, without notches.
Each wafer may contain up to four
discrete components, or (in the En-
hanced Micro-Circuit Module program)
a thin-film circuit, an integrated circuit,
or some combination of these.
The Army Electronic Research and
Development Laboratory, developer of
this approach, says the assemblies can
be mounted in hermetically sealed cans,
so that the integrated circuits do not re-
quire packaging.
• Optical connections — Use of a
light beam instead of a metal conductor
has been suggested as an alternative
means of connecting circuits. The most
likely application is in stacked logic
planes, without the use of fiberoptics
interconnectors. Work is continuing on
fiberoptics systems, however, and there
50
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
are reports of improvements in coupling
techniques.
• Pellet components — The second
step in miniaturization — size reduction
of discrete components — is also being
actively pursued, and circuits using these
components are in the TFX, Polaris
flight-test equipment, and a number of
diode arrays used by different com-
puter manufacturers.
The Hughes Aircraft Co. approach
to this technique, called "Microseal,"
uses a flat circuit board ("Swiss cheese")
in which "pellet" or "dot" components
are imbedded. Component connections
are made by a combination of electro-
less and electrolytic plating on both sur-
faces of the board.
Hughes is aiming to bring down the
cost of pellet diodes and transistors by
use of glass instead of ceramic en-
capsulation. Microseal transistors now
cost between $1 and $15 in lots of
1,000.
The imbedded pellet approach has
the advantage of parameter selection
with the interconnection features of in-
tegrated circuits. Hughes offers to set
systems manufacturers up in the manu-
facture of the "Swiss cheese" circuit
boards, so that they can retain the
business of circuit production.
Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory
has proposed sandwiching pellet com-
ponents between plated elements on a
non-rigid substrate on the grounds that
flexure of rigid boards can lead to open
circuits if the sandwich technique is
not used.
• Thin-film passives — Further up
the scale of integration is attaching or
imbedding active devices into thin-film
passive networks. A technique devel-
oped by Intellux, Inc., for flip-flops,
multi-vibrators and gates uses conven-
tional TO-5 can transistors that fit into
a header. The thin-film circuit is con-
nected to pads on the header by induc-
tion soldering. The leads from the TO-5
can are welded to wire risers from the
pads.
The Intellux passive circuit chips
are formed from tin oxide, 2,500 A
thick, pyrolytically deposited on glass
and hermetically sealed with a fused
glass superstrate. Circuits of this type
are being used at the Pacific Missile
Range, Atomic Energy Commission,
and by a number of systems companies
that do not have government-funded
contracts.
A widely used form of assembly is
attachment of active devices directly to
a thin-film network deposited on a ce-
ramic or glass substrate. Attachment
can be done by soldering, thermocom-
pression bonding, or welding.
Circuits of this type, in which the
resistive elements and conductors are
applied by a screen process and fired
on, are produced by North American
ABOVE: Tiny functional electronic blocks manufactured by Westinghouse Molecular
Electronics Div. Entire electronic circuit, equivalent to nearly 50 separate components,
is contained in silicon chip (dark spot in center). BELOW: Micro cable developed at
Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory fits easily through eye of needle.
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
51
Aviation's Autonetics Div. for the in-
ertial measuring unit of the Improved
Minuteman guidance system. These
high-temperature arrays are produced
on an automatic line.
Microlectron Inc., producer of cir-
cuits by the firing process, suggests that
the cost of this type of flat-plate module
is often the same as the cost of an
equivalent printed circuit board in
quantities above 1,000.
Lockheed Missiles & Space Com-
pany produces titanium passive circuits
on a ceramic substrate by placing the
substrate in a metalizing salt in a 500°C
furnace. The whole substrate becomes
covered with a 5, 000- Angstrom film of
titanium, which subsequently can be
etched to desired resistor or capacitor
patterns and interconnected by de-
posited copper.
A dielectric is formed by anodizing
the titanium to titanium dioxide. These
circuits are highly resistant to radiation.
Many companies are producing
vacuum-evaporated thin-film passive
networks with directly attached com-
ponents. Hughes expects to be ready
to produce thin-film passive circuits of
this type with Microseal diodes and
transistors by the middle of this year.
General Dynamics/ Astronautics has a
maskless process for vacuum-deposited
circuits. Elimination of masks, mask-
holding equipment, and related fixtures
is expected to reduce costs.
Aerojet-General Corp. has developed
a method of bonding unencapsulated
transistor chips into a glass or ceramic
substrate, then vacuum-depositing a
thin-film network on the substrate. The
company has also deposited gold, copper
and chromium thin films on 0.001 -in.
Mylar substrates, pre-coated with silicon
monoxide to prevent outgassing.
Collins Radio Co. reports that no
more problems have been encountered
with these thin-film systems than have
been ecountered with conventional
printed circuit boards. The company is
studying thin-film circuits that will cost
half as much as the conventional cir-
cuits they replace.
Halex, Inc., a company specializing
in production of thin-film vacuum-
evaporated circuits, points out that one
of the problems firms entering this field
will encounter is a shortage of vacuum
technicians. But a marked trend toward
automation may relieve this situation.
Halex has done some work on intercon-
nection of discrete components by vapor
deposition and says the process appears
to have considerable merit.
Daven Co. is using a maser optics
laser to adjust thin-film resistors with
an accuracy of one part in 2,000.
Continuous vacuum furnaces have
been built at IBM and Western Electric
Co., with a promise of very high volume
production. Motorola Inc. has built a
non-continuous furnace with automatic
features that greatly reduce operator
variations in the final product. Most dif-
ficult problem to be overcome is ad-
hering to scheduled evaporation rates.
• Metal oxide semiconductor — An-
other refinement, this one from Radio
Corp. of America, is the metal oxide
semiconductor. It is basically a three-
electrode version of the insulated-gate
field-effect transistor, which uses an in-
sulated control electrode, or gate. By
varying the input voltage on the in-
sulated gate, the device can be made to
switch, amplify, or regulate its output
in a manner analogous to a pentode
vacuum tube.
Conducting paths are made in the
silicon slice, leaving gaps where active
elements are desired. The insulator is
produced by oxidizing the silicon over
these gaps. The metal control electrode
is then deposited on top of the insulator.
RCA scientists say they have refined
this technique since it was initially de-
veloped so that 2,000 of these devices
can be made on a single l-in.-dia. sili-
con wafer. This provides a general-
purpose array with reduced numbers of
leads that can be made to perform any
required digital function by simply add-
ing one layer of wiring.
RCA has made both "n" and "p"
devices, but is still working at com-
bining these two elements in one process
on a single wafer. Attempts also are
under way to improve high-tempera-
ture stability, which RCA says is a
matter of more process control. Process-
ing of these devices is said to involve
about one-third as many steps as bi-
polar transistor processing. RCA says
it has obtained on-wafer yields of 97-
98% without clean room conditions.
Power saving potential, the firm
says, is exhibited by a 10"10 to 10"11
joules/ bit switched rate, with power
dissipated only during switching. RCA
claims there is virtually no- standby
power required. The firm also claims
these devices will offer an order of mag-
nitude advance over bi-polar devices in
radiation resistance and a threshold shift
factor of 10 less over the same tem-
perature range.
Research in active thin-film field-
effect triodes is being carried on mainly
with polycrystalline materials, primarily
cadmium-sulfide and metal layers on a
glass substrate. The firm sees good
active thin-film devices as entirely pos-
sible within 2 to 3 years, with systems
use 4 to 5 years in the future.
• Reversing chips — A contribution
from General Electric that promises in-
creased semiconductor reliability is the
flip-chip technique. Silicon chips or
functional blocks are, in essence, flipped
from what has been the standard "face-
up" position on a substrate, so that they
MANN TYPE 1080 Photorepeater is continuous-process photomask system capable of
producing original glass-plate masks to an accuracy of ±5 x 10''' in. A row of up to
99 programmed exposures can be completed in 25 seconds.
52
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
Colleagues!
(they all use Sonotone nickel-cadmium batteries)
These satellites have two things in common. They all have been successful. And they all have used Sonotone
rechargeable sintered-plate, nickel-cadmium cells or batteries. Why Sonotone? Because they're reliable.
Just look at the box score of successfully-launched satellites with Sonotone:
Explorer VI Transit l-B Echo I Lofti Transit IV-B Alouette Syncon II
Explorer VII Midas II Courier Transit I V-A TRAAC Anna l-B Next?
Pioneer V Transit I l-A Tiros III & IV Greb II Tiros VII & VIII Relay
Tiros I & II Greb I Transit II l-B Tiros V& VI OSO-1 Transit V-A
(Can you pick out the 16 illustrated above?)
Sonotone has a special Space Battery Laboratory which is constantly studying the high reliability and tough
environmental standards vital to space equipment. One result is the new hermetic seal, which adds years of
life to portable power in outer space.
What are you designing? Satellites or shavers, let Sonotone help you
out, solving your portable power problems. Write today, stating your
application requirements, and we'll get busy right away. portable power for progress
Battery Dlv., Dept. B-98-24, Sonotone Corp., Elmsford, N.Y. • Aircraft, Missile and Satellite Batteries • Power Supplies • Battery Chargers • Audio Products • Hearing Aids
See the Sonotone Batteries at the IEEE Show, Booth 1902.
Circle No. 15 on Subscriber Service Card
Sonotone Batteries WT\
portable power for progress LIU
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(Illustrated: Multipoint Recorder prints up to 24 inputs.)
Now wide-chart Servo Recorders
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Excellence in instrumentation for over 60 years ESTERLINE ANGUS
Circle No 16 on Subscriber Service Card
are mounted working-face-down on an
evaporated thin-film interconnection
substrate.
Bonding the chip to the matching
terminal pads of evaporated aluminum
on the substrate permits elimination of
the thermo-compression-bonded "flying
leads." These have been a major source
of reliability problems in planar semi-
conductor technology, cutting interface
numbers to four, according to GE.
GE has done the face-down bond-
ing with solder and welding techniques,
but is most optimistic about ultrasonic
welding. One of the objectives of cur-
rent work is in-process repair of the flip-
chip assembly. Chips reportedly have
been bonded, removed from the as-
sembly, and then rebonded.
About 15 to 20 functional blocks
can be mounted on a Vi x 1-in. sub-
strate, and about 30 to 40 can be
mounted on a 1 x 1-in. substrate, both
contained in a hermetic package. The
main body of the package is a molded
glass-mica frame with the upper and
lower faces metalized and pre-tinned.
Covers are metal and pre-tinned around
the edges. Thirty-eight external leads
are arranged along two sides of the
package. In assembly, leads are first
attached to pads on the substrate.
• Integrated circuits — Considerable
improvement in integrated circuit pro-
duction technology has marked the past
year.
The precision of camera work has
been increasing steadily. One firm says
it is using two-micron design clearances
(80 microinches) and claims a final-
camera accuracy of 10 microinches.
Another quotes 35 microinches as the
total error across a two-inch wafer,
through seven masks. Another has a
multi-barrel final camera that has 25
microinches repeatability and 80 micro-
inches absolute error.
Two inches seems to be the maxi-
mum diameter over which resolution
can be maintained. Final cameras have
to be housed on shock-isolating bearings
in clean rooms and can be tape-con-
trolled when they are the step-and-repeat
type. Camera prices can vary from
$8,000 for an R&D machine to $100,-
000 for a production machine.
Little is heard about the alternative
to step-and-repeat — the optical produc-
tion of multiple images — except that
IBM is said to be having problems at-
taining even resolution across the
image plane while Ferranti, England, is
said to have developed a production
camera of this type.
Integrated circuit firms would wel-
come something better than the Kodak
high-definition plate, but nobody seems
able to produce one. An alternative may
be use of an electron beam or a laser
to cut a mask pattern, but costs of such
devices are far too high. Some progress
has been made in electron-beam mask
production for microwatt circuits. Six
microns has been suggested as the
shortest defined length that can be
achieved with this technique.
A recently introduced instrument
that promises to replace the step-and-
repeat method comes from David W.
Mann Co., a division of Geophysics
Corp. of America. The Type 1080
Photorepeater is said to be able to pro-
duce highly precise, low-cost photo-
masks for integrated circuits at the rate
of two an hour. The unit is seven times
faster than existing photorepeaters, ac-
cording to its developer, and produces
original glass plate masks, each with an
accuracy of ± 50 x 10"° in. for all
pattern elements.
Up to 99 programmed exposures may
be made in 25 seconds with the Type
1080 on a continuously moving plate.
EVALUATION AND TEST INSTRUMENTS often are custom-designed for specific jobs. This 10-point probe is one of a series
especially adapted for evaluating Motorola monolithic MECL circuits. Associated equipment provides semiautomated testing capability.
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
55
RCA'S COMPLEX "LOGIC" CIRCUIT for computers, shown in ceramic package held
by tweezers, is contrasted with large mock-up revealing circuit's fine detail. Unit is
made from single chip of silicon with 16 insulated-gate, field-effect transistors.
The final original mask, comprising 30
to 50 rows of complex patterns on a
standard-size high-resolution plate (2x2
x 0.060 in.), can be completed in 30
minutes.
In diffusion technology, the trend to
closer temperature control of furnaces
is noticeable: ± 0.5°C at 1,300°C is a
common specification. Hughes reports
a big improvement in yield when going
to ± 0.25°C, and Fairchild Semiconduc-
tor Div., Fairchild Camera and Instru-
ment Corp. is looking into the possi-
bilities of even tighter temperature con-
trol. Also noticeable is the increased use
of automatic controls in the gas systems
for diffusion furnaces.
Epitaxial techniques have continued
to improve, though a number of tech-
nical problems have to be overcome be-
fore they can be used as easily and
cheaply as diffusion. But epitaxy will
eventually begin to take over some of
the jobs now done by diffusion. The
chief problem is growing epitaxial re-
gions in a controlled geometry. Slightly
polycrystalline growth occurs near the
edges of defined regions, giving unde-
sired electrical characteristics.
An alternative to masking and sub-
sequent selective diffusion is activation
of a semiconductor surface in a pre-
determined pattern by an electron beam
or ion beam. An appropriate gas or
vapor would have been let into such
an electron- or ion-beam reactor to
modify the semi-conductor characteris-
tics along the activated region. The
beam would also be used for readout
and as a mechanical milling device.
Chief problem is crystal damage at the
point of beam impact.
Forming semiconductor junctions by
ion-implantation looks even more diffi-
cult.
Relatively few of a great number
of materials-processing research tech-
niques become production technology.
Connection techniques to the inte-
grated circuit chip have changed very
little over the past year. The realization
has grown that this problem, the pack-
aging problem and the problem of con-
necting chips or packages are all closely
related and need a unified approach if
the optimum solution is to be found.
Techniques for depositing resistors
and capacitors on diffused active sub-
strates are being pushed hard. Motorola |
has delivered circuits of this type, buil
not on any large contracts.
TRW Semiconductor has develij
oped a process for depositing cermet |
resistors. Electro-Optical Systems, Inc.!
has been working with tin oxide deposi-a
tion and has produced a three-transistor I
gate circuit by this means. Hughes has!
developed several logic circuits using)
deposited nichrome resistors, which will!
be marketed in the first half of this year. I
The company is working on a multiple- 1
source chamber to deposit both alu-I
minum and nichrome, reducing the"
processing costs incurred by an extra
deposition step.
The advantage of using nichrome
deposition is that such a resistor will
only change by 5 to 8% of its value
over a —65° to -|-125°C temperature
range. A diffused resistor will change
its value by about 50 to 60% .
For resistors over about 100
kilohms, a higher resistance material
than nichrome is needed. The problem
with high-resistance materials has been
ensuring sufficient stability, but this
seems to have been overcome. Cermet
resistors are being used in an integrated-
circuit pre-amplifier in the Phoenix mis-
sile.
High values of deposited resistors
are needed for the production of micro-
watt circuits — of great value in space
applications. As well as improved tem-
perature performance, the deposited re-
sistor has better frequency performance,
because its distributed capacitance is
lower. Better transistors can be pro-
duced because transistor and resistor
fabrication are independent.
The chief problems are achieving a
uniform pinhole-free oxide on which
to carry out deposition, and achieving
accurate deposition. This type of de-
posited resistor cannot now be trimmed
without damaging the active circuit. A
high resistor yield is essential or loss of
active circuits becomes prohibitively ex-
pensive. Achieving uniform deposition
requires a very clean substrate that must
be obtained without damaging the active
devices.
Microwatt integrated circuits also call
for the very best mask techniques so
that transistors that have sufficient cur-
rent gain at microampere currents can
be produced.
• Multi-chip hybrids — Intermediate
between the complete monolithic inte-
grated circuit and conventional methods
of discrete assembly is the technique of
mounting unencapsulated discrete com-
ponents on a ceramic header and inter-
connecting them by deposited patterns
or bonded wires.
These circuits are available in TO-5
cans or in flat packs. High-frequency
performance often improves with this
technique, which also provides lower
56
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
tooling costs and goes into the produc-
tion stage faster than monolithic cir-
cuits.
Motorola is producing about 20 to
25 different circuits of this type, in
quantities up to 100, each month. Av-
erage price of a circuit is $100. Five or
six circuits can be stacked in a TO-5
can.
Research into development of active
thin-film devices continues to be widely
discussed. Many systems manufacturers
with a capability to evaporate thin-film
passive components single out deposi-
tion of thin film active components as
the ultimate aim of their research. Chief
reasons given reflect an assumption that
active thin films will have the same
characteristics as passive thin films: low
susceptibility to radiation damage, po-
tentially greater packing densities, lower
cost for small quantities, better yields
and tighter tolerances.
Of these, low susceptibility to radia-
tion damage is the most likely to be
realized, while tighter tolerances and
higher yields are least likely in the near
future. Development of useful semi-
conductor devices has been a history of
avoiding surface effects, because of their
uncontrollable nature. Despite recent
improvement, the biggest problem in
active thin films is still achieving repro-
ducibility and good characteristics.
Introduction of thin-film active de-
vices into systems is almost always
pegged at between three and five years
in the future, with cadmium sulphide
field effect devices most often mentioned
as likely to come out of the lab first.
Cryogenic and magnetic thin-film de-
vices also look like early starters.
Though some research continues
with single crystal materials, most is in
polycrystalline approaches to develop-
ment of thin-film field-effect, space-
charge limited, or "hot electron" de-
vices. Engineers prefer polycrystals be-
cause of their improved radiation re-
sistance and easier processing, compared
with single crystals.
• Micron-size logic — A fabrication
technology that promises devices with
all of the advantages of thin-film active
devices without use of semiconductors
is being investigated at Stanford Re-
search Institute. Extremely high pack-
ing densities are predicted — 100 billion
devices per cubic inch.
Only radiation-resistant refractory
materials are used — molybdenum on
aluminum oxide. Operating tempera-
tures can reach 800°C. Switching times
are too short to be measured but are
calculated as 0.01 nanosecond. Light
detection and generation have been
demonstrated. Micron-size filters for fre-
quencies between 1 and 60 mc, with Q's
of 1,000 can be made.
Heart of the technique is metal
deposition by activating a coated sub-
strate by an electron beam, at pressures
of 10"12 torr. Processes in the vacuum
chamber are monitored by means of the
electron beam and by an RF quad-
ruple mass spectrometer sensitive to
10"14 torr partial pressures.
For satisfactory production of de-
vices, an electron-optical system must
be fabricated that is mechanically accu-
rate to two microinches over a length
of 19 inches. Using this equipment,
tunnel-effect vacuum tetrodes have been
produced that have power gains of one
million and a 50v optimum operating
voltage. Current swing for a 2 to 50v
change is from 10 14 amp to 10"* amp.
One of the advantages of the tech-
nique is that the devices are self-forming
— very much as electrolytic capacitors
are. The surface is coated with metal
chloride and traversed in the required
pattern by the electron beam. Those that
are too sharp dull back. After the array
is formed, it is heated to drive away the
activation.
SRI has investigated the possible
use of dielectric devices instead of pure
vacuum devices. Findings are that on
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missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
Circle No. 4 on Subscriber Service Card
59
SYLVANIA TECHNICIAN inserts ceramic substrates in a vacuum evaporator for electron beam deposition of thin film. Many man-
ufacturers are attaching active devices directly to a thin-film network deposited on such substrates.
this size scale a dielectric can exhibit a
tremendous variety of electronic effects,
but not reproducibly. An all-vacuum
system is preferred.
Interconnection and memory func-
tions would be provided by electron
beams guided by an electric field. Sta-
bility of figure-of-eight electron orbits
for memory has been demonstrated with
an analog device. In effect, memory
would be related to a vector coordinate
system instead of a space coordinate
system.
An input gate has been fabricated,
using series connected triodes. This is a
1 -milliwatt device, 100 billion of which
would fit into one cubic inch. If 100,000
of these were switching together in the
center of the cube at 1015 bits/ sec, the
internal temperature would rise to
800°C, which is the highest temperature
planned for the system.
Progress in this technology has been
very good over years that have been
critical to its feasibility. Building of
instruments and component exploration
has taken about three years.
Within another three years, these
devices will probably be shown cooper-
ating in small groups as a basic demon-
stration of their capabilities. Aim of the
technology is to lift present computer
limits of about 107 active devices up
to 1011 devices and higher to give in-
telligence systems capabilities equal to
or exceeding that of the brain.
The technology is significant both
from the basic simplicity and stability
of the materials it uses, and in the short
lead time it offers between laboratory
and factory production. It also uses to
great advantage the various technologies
suggested for integrated circuits — elec-
tron beam techniques instead of photo-
etching, thin-film deposition instead of
diffusion, ultra-high vacuum. Further,
a wholly new approach to interconnec-
tion has been taken.
• Automation — There has been a
general increase in automatic techniques
in all stages up to the breaking out of
diffused chips, the aim being to elim-
inate operator variations in the process.
Clean-room techniques are also being
used increasingly.
Automatic assembly equipment is
making its appearance, together with
improved handling techniques. Fairchild
is moving away from its policy of using
only very simple chip-processing equip-
ment, Motorola has developed an ef-
fective jig for transporting groups of
devices through mechanical assembly.
Most manufacturers are against
moving toward full-scale automation be-
cause new technological developments
can render a costly but inflexible auto-
matic line obsolete. Hand labor may be
additionally reduced soon, however,
with development of new techniques of
lead connection.
• Packaging and interconnection —
For military computers with about
5,000 integrated circuits per machine,
the present technique of mounting flat
packs to multiple-layer printed circuit
boards is adequate, but more efficient
packing schemes will be produced that
are less wasteful of volume. Their re-
liability will have to be evaluated before
they can replace present methods.
Flat packs have given handling
problems, and many manufacturers are
suggesting jigs to hold the circuits dur-
ing incoming inspection and testing.
The packaging problem is most
acutely felt in the large data-process-
ing computer, in which interconnection
volume far exceeds the volume of active
elements. The solution here will be pro-
duction of more complex chips, and
mounting of large numbers of chips over
deposited metal patterns within a single
sealed package.
A number of flat packages are avail-
able and the trend is toward ease of as-
sembly, simplicity, and lower cost. Use
of a metal case has been avoided in
recently announced packages, because
of possible electric shorts between leads
and case and the difficulty of obtaining
a hermetic seal.
Motorola is using a ceramic pack
with castellated walls that act as a jig
for the external leads, formed from a
single sheet of metal. A ceramic lid
completes the package. Lid and leads
are sealed in paraceram glass.
Signetics Corp. uses a hard glass
package in which the main body and
lead assembly are fused into a single
unit, as in the TO-5 can. A pocket deep
enough to expose the tips of the leads
is then formed, one of the leads being a
pad to which the die is attached. A
kovar lid is then fused to the top of
the package to seal it.
60
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
Siliconix, Inc., has developed a flat
pack in which the die is fused within
glass between two ceramic plates, and
is currently evaluating the technique for
reliability. Several other companies are
working on glass passivation by pyrolitic
decomposition — a technique that has
already been applied to diodes.
Molecular packaging of integrated
circuits has been suggested by Micro-
semiconductor Corp. This would in-
volve the same process the company
uses for diodes it supplies to the Im-
proved Minuteman program.
The oxide layer on silicon is made
hydrophobic by bonding an esteril layer
of molecular thickness to it. Problems
are encountered, however, in obtaining
a high enough yield of fully surface-
stabilized devices by this technique.
To avoid expensive hand labor in
lead attachment processes for present
flat-packs, Motorola is investigating a
technique whereby the leads through the
wall of the pack rest on the terminal
pads on the die and are brazed directly
in place in a low-temperature furnace.
An alternative approach being in-
vestigated by a number of companies
is to deposit interconnecting leads on
a substrate, turn the die over, and bond
the terminal pads directly to the sub-
strate. A third approach, which has the
advantage that die bonding and elec-
trical connection functions are sepa-
rated, is imbedding the die in a sub-
strate and deposition of a conductor
network over the substrate and die.
These techniques have the advantage
of allowing a number of dice to be
mounted on a common substrate within
a common package.
General Electric has mounted 24
circuits within a 1-in. by 1-in. package
by the flip-over technique. Honeywell
has produced a binary adder circuit
with some 300 transistors and 250 re-
sistors (25 integrated circuits) on a
single substrate. Connections between
circuits are continuous with no inter-
face material changes.
Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory
has developed a technique for mounting
integrated circuits on Mylar tape to
improve present packing densities 80
times.
A micro cable is electroplated on a
Mylar carrier sheet and then transferred
to a pressure-sensitive, Mylar-backed
adhesive tape 0.001 in. thick. The in-
tegrated circuit is then aligned with the
cable ends, and the connections formed.
Mylar tape is also used to encapsulate
the circuit.
Certain manufacturers, such as Mo-
torola and General Micro-electronics,
stress the need for a custom packaging
capability to meet customers' require-
ments.
Hamilton Standard division of
United Aircraft Corp. is developing an
electron-beam welding technique for
interconnecting integrated circuit flat
packs on matrices of metallized ceramic
boards.
• Circuit boards — Multilayer cir-
cuit boards with plated through connec-
tions or clearance holes are being widely
used for connecting flat packages. In-
tellux is producing thin-film multi-layer
boards by a deposition process that not
only provides solid metal jointless con-
nections from board to board, but also
gives jointless weld posts at the edge of
the boards.
The deposited posts are revealed
when the board around them is etched
away. They are welded to vertical risers
that interconnect successive layers of
multilayer boards.
Other techniques for forming con-
nections to integrated circuit packages
include the wire-wrap technique, the
"weld post" concept developed by Sip-
pican Corp., the "Fusicon" technique
developed by Photocircuits Corp. and
In Europe ... in Australia ... in many locations at home and over the world, Scientific-Atlanta's
tracking systems are hard at work under operating conditions that are demanding and
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missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964 Cire'8 No- 5 on Subscriber Service Card 61
Front line duty!
Scientific -Atlanta's
Servo-Controlled
Tracking
Pedestal Systems
advertising
acceptance
trends
1961-1963
(36 months)
Missiles and Rockets
3 9 0 pages
Space/Aeronautics
-1100
pages
Aviation week
-450
pages
Missiles & Rockets is the only
major missile/ space publica-
tion to show consecutive gains
since 1960*.
'Source: M/R Research Dept.
An American Aviation Publication
1001 Vermont Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C., 20005
use of etched nickel-Mylar layers.
Xerox Corp. and P. R. Mallory &
Co., Inc., are cooperating to develop
multilayer boards with resistive, con-
ductive and capacitive layers, using
xerography to control circuit layout.
Increasing complexity of multilayer
boards is leading to a demand for com-
puter routines to design them.
• Testing — Increased complexity in
integrated circuits has led to develop-
ment of new testing equipment, for
use both at the slice level and at the
finished package level. Motorola per-
forms a 100% probe of slices with a
high-speed automatic indexing probe
with go/ no-go electronics. This provides
rapid feedback of quality of diffusion
processing and prevents assembly of de-
fective devices. There is a 90% prob-
ability that a device passing this tester
will also pass the final package tester.
The Motorola tester has 12 needle
probes, and carries out 51 tests on T2L
circuits in less than a second.
Final testing at Motorola is by
means of a punched-tape program tester
that provides a visual readout and also
logs circuit parameters on tape. A vari-
able program machine is needed for the
large number of different circuits pro-
duced— up to 100 per month. Thirty
to 40 parameters are tested in 0.5 sec.
Automatic testers for integrated cir-
cuits are marketed by Fairchild and
Texas Instruments, Inc., (M/R, Sept.
16, p. 36), and by General Microelec-
tronics.
• Yield — Yields in integrated cir-
cuits are now above 10% in some com-
panies. Motorola is claiming a 50%
yield on certain simple circuits. Yield
depends on correct mask design, good
definition masks, good photoresist tech-
nology, good diffusion technology and
good mechanical handling and packag-
ing techniques.
• Reliability — Tests up to July 12,
1963, on Intellux thin-film modules
gave a predicted reliability at the 2%
level of 2.78 x 10"5 probability of fail-
ure. Tests on Series 51 Texas Instru-
ments integrated circuits during 1962
(nearly 4-million circuit hours) showed
a failure rate of 0.05% per 1,000 hours
with 60% confidence. Tests on Fair-
child Micrologic elements up to Feb-
ruary, 1963, (over 15 million circuit
hours) showed a failure rate of 0.044%
per 1,000 hours at 90% confidence
level. Signectics had accumulated 2.6-
million circuit test hours by August,
1963, and says that the circuits tested
are capable of demonstrating a failure
rate of better than 0.01% per 1,000
TI SERIES 53. Newest of the Texas Instruments, Inc., integrated circuits is this complex
package employing up to 69 components per slice. Crowing complexity of integrated
circuits lias created a demand for new testing equipment. TI is one of the leading
manufacturers of automatic integrated circuit testers.
62
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
hours at standard use conditions.
In general, integrated circuit manu-
facturers believe that their circuits have
reached the reliability of transistors.
• Design or manufacturing limita-
tions— A basic limitation in integrated
circuits is the interaction between com-
ponents and the substrate. Signetics
claims to have discovered a technique
that does away with the use of reverse-
biased diodes to achieve isolation, but
has not revealed details other than to
say that a new approach to fabrication
that permits much more complex junc-
tion structures is involved.
Autonetics has announced tech-
niques for growing single-crystal silicon
on sapphire or polycrystalline silicon.
By etching through to these substrates,
high isolation between components is
achieved.
Motorola points out that although it
is investigating deposition of silicon on
sapphire, this is an expensive substrate,
and the production technology may be
several years away. By present epitaxial
techniques, junctions can be built with
leakage currents of nano-amperes.
Hughes reports improved isolation
by epitaxial fence structures, with 110-
120v breakdown between components.
Less than 90-v breakdown is considered
a reject.
Degradation of high-frequency per-
formance of linear integrated circuits
generally restricts their operating fre-
quency to below 200 mc. Use of mul-
tiple-chip circuits raises this limit to 300
mc.
The top collector contact configura-
tion of the integrated transistor plays
a large part in lowering the maximum
operating frequency.
Other limits on performance are the
size of integrated circuit capacitors, and
their low Q when they are the junction
type, and the poor tolerances on dif-
fused resistors.
Intercoupling effects in integrated
circuits can often make unstable a cir-
cuit that is stable in discrete form, call-
ing for additional decoupling.
Present output of integrated linear
power amplifiers is limited to about 1
watt. Ten watts has been produced in
the laboratory and up to 50 watts is
predicted with development of better
junctions and packaging. Present video
amplifiers can achieve about 20-db gain
up to 10 mc. Both low-frequency and
high-frequency response pose problems.
Absence of inductive elements im-
poses limitations on band-pass amplifier
and oscillator design. Temperature var-
iations and difficulties with PNP-NPN
combinations cause rather poor drift
figures in low-level dc amplifiers.
• Radiation problems — Main radia-
tion hazards for integrated circuits are
in the vicinity of nuclear weapons, or
space-vehicle reactors, or as a result of
repeated passage of a satellite through
the Van Allen belt.
There are many projects underway
to evaluate the effects of radiation on
integrated circuits, but a heavy security
curtain has been lowered. The reason
for this is easily seen. Data that have
been published suggest that interfering
signals are generated in integrated cir-
cuits at gamma doses of 10s Roent-
gens/sec, and that some circuits cease
to function after a neutron dose of 3 x
1014 neutrons/ sq. cm.
Within one mile of a 20-megaton
explosion the radiation will be between
107 and 10s Roentgens/ sec, and the
integrated neutron flux will be about
2 x 1013 neutrons/ sq. cm. In combina-
tion these radiations would probably
cause an integrated-circuit computer in
a missile to malfunction. Higher radia-
tion levels could probably be designed
into a weapon of this yield, and it would
have a greater effective range in free
space. The radiation figures refer to
surface weapons and were published
by the AEC early in 1962. ■
M/R BUSINESS OFFICES
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nue, NW; STerling 3-5400
A. C. Boughton, National Sales Manager
Craig L. Mason, Director of Research
New York, N.Y., 10017-20 East 46 Street;
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missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
Circle No. 6 on Subscriber Service Card
63
in: Sis
24 PAGES
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OF CHARGE
Worth
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Classified Advertising
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BINSWANGER
contracts and procurements
Missiles and Space Co.,
for Agena launch services
Sacramento,
AWARDS
AIR FORCE
$3,700,000 — Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.,
Sunnyvale, Calif., for Agena D launch serv-
ices at the Pacific Missile Range.
$2,600,000 — AC Spark Plug Div. of General Mo-
tors Corp., Milwaukee, for Titan II gyros and
accelerometers for the inertial guidance system.
$1,800,000 — Ralph M. Parsons Co., Los Angeles,
for personnel subsystems, data and trainers for
Titan II sites throughout the U.S.
$1,400,000 — Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.,
Sunnyvale, Calif., for work on a satellite
control network
$1,200,000— Lockheed
Sunnyvale, Calif.,
at the Atlantic Missile Range.
$1,200,000 — Aerojet-General Corp.,
for Titan II propulsion systems.
$1,000,000 — Boeing Co., Seattle, for work on a
Minuteman ICBM launching system.
$226,000 — Martin Co., Baltimore, for refurbish-
ment and depot maintenance on underground
missile silos at Vandenberg AFB, Calif.
$140,000 — Cubic Corp., San Diego, for participa-
tion in the manufacture and installation of an
UHF timing distribution system for Cape
Kennedy and the Atlantic Missile Range.
$48,275 — Southwest Research Institute, San An-
tonio, for fabrication and installation of air-
locks, special door seals and inner shells in
two environmental chambers at Brooks AFB,
Tex.
ARMY
$484,753— Raytheon Co., Andover, Mass., for
Hawk missile assembly reconditioning.
$90,000— United Aircraft Corp., Pratt & Whitney
Div., East Hartford, Conn., for research and
development on high-strength titanium alloy
motor case for a solid propellant.
$61,000— Martin Marietta Corp., Orlando, Fla.
for reconditioning Pershing missile assemblies.
Sargent-Fletcher Co., El Monte, Calif., for con-
struction of rocket motor fins for the Army
Missile Command at Redstone Arsenal (un-
disclosed amount ) .
NAVY
$5,800,000— Avco Corp., Richmond, Ind., for arm-
ing and fusing devices for Polaris missiles.
$2,000,000 — General Dynamics Corp., Pomona,
Calif., for continued work on Tartar and Ter-
rier missiles.
$1,400,000— Interstate Electronics Corp., Anaheim,
Calif., for Polaris missile test equipment.
$617,957— Lasko Metal Products, Inc., Wesl
Chester, Pa., for a launcher rocket.
$135,455— ITT Federal Laboratories, Fort Wayne,
Ind., for reworking and retrofit of target de-
tecting devices for guided missiles.
$119,873— American Astro Systems, Inc., El
Monte, Calif., for fabrication and delivery of
an environmental control system.
$57,303— Dynarronics, Inc., Orlando, Fla., for
modification of two telemetry antenna sys-
tems.
$27,989— INCA Engineering Corp., Pasadena,
Calif., for a study related to fabricating a
rocket motor test stand.
$26,745 — Data-Control Systems, Inc., Los Angeles,
for subcarrier discriminator assemblies.
Capehart Corp., Richmond Hill, N.Y., for provi-
sion of instruction, maintenance and repair
for aerospace ground support equipment at
eight air bases (undisclosed amount).
NASA
$ 1 ,900,000— Northrop Corp., Nortronics Div.,
Needham, Mass., for a test device for simulat-
ing the launching phase of space flights.
$1,400,000 — Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co.,
Wellesley Hills, Mass., for a computer to
support Saturn booster production programs.
$830,903— Martin Co.'s Denver Div., Colo., for
development of two advanced pressure sys-
tems for cryogenic propulsion units for space-
craft.
$185,800 — American Machine and Foundry Co.,
Santa Barbara, Calif., for a research and de-
velopment contract to study effects of impact
on equipment of space pilots.
$ 1 75 ,000 — Ryan Aeronautical Co., Electronics
Div., San Diego, for continued production of
space altimeters for use on Saturn boosters.
$ 1 5 3 ,000 — Hayes International Corp., Birming-
ham, Ala., for instrumentation support devices.
$103,000— Hallicrafters Co., Chicago, for data
mode communication equipment to be de-
signed and manufactured for use on the
Apollo program.
$67,980 — Electromagnetic Research Corp., College
Park, Md., for studies of ionspheric probing.
$63,550 — Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Electro-
mechanical Div., Cleveland, for a magnetic
tape recording system.
$38,610 — Milgo Electronic Corp., Miami, Fla.,
for a digital tape recorder and tape transport.
$34,916 — Hardco Scientific Co., Cincinnati, for an
electron microscope.
INDUSTRY
$ 1 ,500,000— Consolidated Systems Corp., Mon-
rovia. Calif., from Electronic Instrumentation
Div. of Lear Siegler, Inc., for three digital
data acquisition, conversion and processing
systems to be used in development testing of
booster components for the Saturn and other
lunar-shot programs.
$1,000,000 — Scientific Data Systems, Santa Mon-
ica, Calif., from Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
for three digital instrumentation systems which
will verify operability of deep space probe
tracking stations located around the world.
$800,000 — Consolidated Systems Corp., Monrovia,
Calif., from ARO, Inc., for the design, con-
struction and installation of a universal data
processing system at the Arnold Engineering
Development Center.
$243,580 — Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co.,
Milwaukee, from Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
for a study of the requirements of a strapped-
down miniature electrostatic gyroscope for use
in advanced deep space probe attitude control
and guidance systems.
$164,000— Martin Co., Baltimore, from Boeing
Co., for flow control assemblies for the oxi-
dizer tank outlets of the Saturn V launch
vehicle.
REQUESTS FOR
PROCUREMENTS
GENERAL PROCUREMENTS
Systems Engineering Group (RTD )
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
Negotiations to be conducted with Explosi-
form, Inc., Park Forest, 111., for continuation of
contract AF33(65)-9631 for manufacturing tech-
nology related to low density explosive forming
of typical aerospace metals to selected configura-
tions. RFP 1412-RA. Note: For information only.
RFP not available.
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion
Manned Spacecraft Center
Gemini Test Operation Support Procurement
Office
Houston 1, Tex.
Development of a general purpose still camera
for manned spacecraft photographic experiments.
Size, weight, environmental requirements, etc. are
of utmost importance — 2 each. RFP MSC (
990P. RFP due date 2-24-64.
Purchasing Branch
Special Contracts Div.
Procurement and Production
U.S. Army Missile Command
Redstone Arsenal, Ala.
Power supply, 1,000 volts, Federal Stock No.
1430-065-8677, Ordnance Part No. 9023901—26
each. IFB AMC(Z)-01-021-64-999B. Bid opening
2-26-64. Drawings and bid sets available from
nearest procurement district.
THIN FILM TECHNOLOGY
PROTOTYPE & PRODUCTION
Metals/Oxides on Ceramics • Glass
Plastics • Metals
VACUUM FILM DIVISION
SIER-BATH COMPANY, INC.
9252 Hudson Blvd., N. Bergen, N. J. • Tel: UN 9-3000
64
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
-when and where
FEBRUARY
International Conference on the Impact of
Modern Physics on Materials, Sheraton
Hotel, Philadelphia, Feb. 3-7.
Society of the Plastics Industry, Reinforced
Plastics Division Conference, Edgewater
Beach Hotel, Chicago, Feb. 4-6.
IEEE-MIL Fifth Winter Convention on
Military Electronics, Ambassador Hotel,
Los Angeles, Feb. 5-7.
American College of Radiology National
Meeting, Tucson, Ariz., Feb. 5-8.
Institute on Information Storage and Re-
trieval, sponsored by American Univer-
sity, International Inn, Washington,
D. C, Feb. 10-14.
Golden Gate Metals Conference, American
Society for Metals, Fairmont Hotel, San
Francisco, Feb. 13-15.
American Institute of Mining, Metallur-
gical and Petroleum Engineers Annual
Meeting, Statler-Hilton and Astor Hotels,
New York City, Feb. 16-20.
ASCE Transportation Engineering Con-
ference, Netherlands Hilton Hotel, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, Feb. 17-21.
International Solid State Circuits Con-
ference, sponsored by IEEE and the
University of Pennsylvania, Sheraton
Hotel and University of Pennsylvania.
Philadelphia, Feb. 19-21.
Pricing and Negotiating Prime and Sub-
Contracts in the Defense and Aerospace
Industries Seminar, sponsored by the
Contract Management Institute, Savoy-
Hilton Hotel, New York City, Feb. 24-
28.
Ninth Scintillation and Semiconductor
Counter Symposium, sponsored by
IEEE, AEC and NBS, Shoreham Hotel,
Washington, D. C, Feb. 26-28.
MARCH
ASME Gas Turbine Conference and Prod-
ucts Show, Shamrock Hilton Hotel,
Houston, Mar. 1-5.
Atmospheric Problems of Aerospace Ve-
hicles, sponsored by FAA and AMS,
National Aviation Facilities Experi-
mental, Atlantic City, N. J., Mar. 2-5.
15th Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical
Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy,
Penn-Sheraton Hotel, Pittsburgh, Mar.
2-6.
Fifth Symposium on Thermal Radiation of
Solids, Sheraton-Palace Hotel, San Fran-
cisco, Calif., Mar. 4-6.
Southeastern Conference on Theoretical
and Applied Mechanics, Georgia Insti-
tute of Technology, Atlanta, Mar. 5-6.
AIAA Aerodynamic Testing Conference,
Marriott Twin Bridges Motor Hotel,
Washington, D. C, Mar. 9-10.
National Association of Corrosion En-
gineers Annual Conference and Cor-
rosion Show, Sherman Hotel, Chicago,
Mar. 9-13.
Air Force Cambridge Research Labora-
tories Exploding Wire Conference, Ken-
more Hotel, Boston, Mar. 10-12.
FREE
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AMERICAN INSTRUMENT CO., INC 59
Agency — Industrial Adv. Assoc.
BOEING CO., THE, DOMESTIC-AERO/SPACE
DIV 4
Agency — Fletcher Richards, Calkins &
Holden, Inc.
CADILLAC ASSOC., INC 65
Agency — E. H. Brown Adv. Agency
CLARK EQUIPMENT CO., DEVELOPMENT
DIV 3
Agency — Marsteller Inc.
COMPUTER CONTROL CO., INC 15
Agency — de Garmo-Boston, Inc.
DEFENSE ELECTRONICS, INC 13
Agency — Compton Jones Assoc.
DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT CO., INC 34, 35
Agency — J. Walter Thompson Co.
E. t. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO., INC.,
FREON PRODUCTS DIV 47
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine &
Osborn, Inc.
ESTERLINE ANGUS INSTRUMENT CO.,
INC 54
Agency — Caldwell, Larkin & Sidener-
Van Riper, Inc.
EX-CELL-0 CORP., FLIGHT & SPACE
DIV 25
Agency — Larue & Cleveland, Inc.
GENERAL DYNAMICS/FORT WORTH 45
Agency — Glenn Adv., Inc.
GENERAL KINETICS, INC., TAPE SERVICE
CORP 10
Agency — Compton Jones Assoc.
B. F. GOODRICH AEROSPACE & DEFENSE
PRODUCTS 29
Agency — Griswold-Eshleman Co.
GRAND BAHAMA PROPERTIES, LTD 63
Agency — Arthur R. Mogge, Inc.
GROVE VALVE & REGULATOR CO., DIV.
OF WALWORTH CO 68
Agency — L. C. Cole Co., Inc.
HUGHES AIRCRAFT CO 67
Agency-Foote, Cone & Belding
LOCKHEED MISSILES & SPACE CO 2
Agency — Foote, Cone & Belding
MILLIPORE FILTER CORP 64
Agency — Culver Adv., Inc.
NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION, INC 8
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine &
Osborn, Inc.
PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS, INC.
GUIDED MISSILES RANGE DIV 7
Agency — Deutsch & Shea, Inc.
RS ELECTRONICS CORP., A DIV. OF
PACIFIC INDUSTRIES INC 6
Agency — Bonfield Assoc., Inc.
RYAN AERONAUTICAL CO 40
Agency — Teawell, Inc.
SCIENTIFIC-ATLANTA, INC 61
Agency — Consumer & Industrial Mar-
keting Corp.
SIGNETICS CORP., A SUB. OF CORNING
GLASS WORKS 26
Agency — Cunningham & Walsh, Inc.
SONOTONE CORP., BATTERY DIV 53
Agency — Doherty, Clifford, Steers &
Shenfield, Inc.
SPACE & INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVI-
SION OF NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION,
INC 14, 38
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine &
Osborn, Inc.
SPERRY GYROSCOPE CO., INFORMATION
& COMMUNICATION DIV., DIV. OF THE
SPERRY RAND CORP 30
Agency — Reach, McClinton & Co., Inc.
SPRAGUE ELECTRIC CO., MICROCIRCUITS
DIV 39
Agency — The Harry P. Bridge Co.
VARIAN ASSOCIATES, TUBE DIV
Agency — Hoefer, Dieterich & Brown,
WALWORTH-GROVE-ALOYCO SALES DIV. OF
WALWORTH CO 68
Agency — L. C. Cole Co., Inc.
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
65
editorial . . .
Good for Your System
WE DEVOTE a major part of this issue of
Missiles and Rockets to a special report
on the fast-growing field of microelectronics. We
hope it will be read with interest, not only by
those directly involved but by others on the systems
team who will be affected by this new technology.
One of the brakes on wider use of integrated
circuitry is a misunderstanding, and indeed antipathy,
on the part of some electronics systems engineers.
There is no question that microelectronics is pushing
component manufacturers toward systems design,
a fact that has put a few noses out of joint. But
the systems engineer who will benefit most from
microelectronics is the one who concerns himself
not with what is happening to his design prerogatives,
but with what microelectronics can do for his system.
Of the importance of microelectronics, there is
no doubt. Texas Instruments suggests that 75 percent
of all military circuits may be microelectronic by
1972. This means a market that may reach $500
million annually by that time, compared to $60 to
$70 million now.
It means also that a few more noses will be
pushed out of joint before that figure is reached.
But for the most part, the microelectronic manu-
facturers are not trying to move into the systems
business.
Take one of the major problems still remaining
in microelectronics — that of interconnecting devices
for really large computers. Its solution is being
hampered by the reluctance of the microelectronics
firms to further invade the systems field, and by
the uncertainty on the part of their customers as
to who really should do the job.
The general manager of Motorola's Semicon-
ductor Division, Dr. Lester Hogan, puts the problem
this way: "Once I start connecting circuits together,
I'm in the equipment business. I don't want to be
in the equipment business. I can be more successful
out of it."
As he sees it, the job of the microelectronics
firms is to help the systems manufacturer find a
solution to the interconnection problem, not to go
into the interconnection business themselves.
Another question is the impact of microelec-
tronics on ground-support equipment. It will be
considerable, but the exact extent has yet to be
measured.
The value of long-range market and technology
studies of microelectronics to date also is a source
of debate within the industry. A review of these
surveys shows not too great a disparity concerning
market growth and the rate at which it will be
achieved. The independent studies made thus far
that have gained widest recognition include those
made by the Stanford Research Institute, Arthur
D. Little Co., and a recently published report by
Integrated Circuits Associates, a company name
taken for the marketing of a report published last
September by a group of Harvard Graduate School
of Business students. There have been some com-
pany forecasts published, such as the one by Sprague
Electric, which have also been placed alongside
the independent non-manufacturers in an attempt
to get a fix on the market.
The SRI, ADL, Harvard and Sprague studies
bracket an annual sales picture roughly between
$500 and $900 million a year by 1972. Some top
manufacturers already feel these estimates are con-
servative, predicting several hundred million dollars
in sales within four years for computer logic alone.
However, ADL warns that some published sales
figures are misleading due to confusion of component
sales with circuit sales, and projection of microcircuit-
based equipment sales rather than just circuit sales.
"We expect the microcircuit market will be several
hundred million a decade from now. People who
see a billion dollars probably mean systems, or
equipment containing a large share of microcir-
cuitry."
The citing of various IC production yield rates
in industry-wide reports or by individual manufac-
turers should also be treated with caution. Generally,
reports of yield are meaningless unless a lot of data
concerning circuit complexities and production en-
vironments are included. Suffice it to say that produc-
tion yields of integrated circuits are poor, and that
the bulk of research into process control and material
is aimed at improving this situation.
With recent improvements in SIC epitaxial tech-
niques and the widespread effort to develop active
elements compatible with thin-film processes, yield
rates are apt to increase substantially within the next
two years.
A Westinghouse expert points out, however, that
a yield of 35% overall might well prove to be a limit
for many years to come.
IT IS GENERALLY agreed that to date there is no
■ one approach to integrated circuits that looks best
for the multitude of requirements. Pure thin-film
circuits, if and when they evolve, may prove the
panacea, but the economies and performance trade-
offs will have to be proved in production runs.
In the interim, the hybrid circuits, using a variety
of substrates, are likely to provide the alternative
to users who need higher speed and frequency than
can generally be achieved with monolithic silicon.
These are a few of the problems still to be an-
swered before microelectronics achieves its full
growth. But solutions are in sight — and the payoff
will be significant for those firms who gambled on
acceptance of this new technology.
William J. Coughlin
66
missiles and rockets, February 3, 1964
Design and development activities in the field of Electronic Signal Processing are
rapidly expanding today at HUGHES Aerospace Divisions,
Development of systems utilizing advanced correlation and matched filter tech-
niques for High-Resolution Radar, Acoustic Detection & Classification and Pulse Dop-
pler Radar is being accelerated.
Specialists in Signal Processing, Circuit Design, Mechanical Design, Packaging
Design, Performance Analysis and Project Engineering will be interested in the
outstanding assignments now available.
Graduate engineers with experience in wide-band video amplifiers; high-reso-
lution cathode ray tube circuits and applications (including ultra-linear sweep, gam-
ma correction and dynamic focus); high-voltage power supplies; low-jitter timing
circuitry; high-speed analog sampling circuitry; precision film transports; ultra-high
speed film development; scan conversion systems; synthetic array radar systems;
imagery recording, or similar fields — are invited to submit resumes.
For immediate consideration
please write:
Mr. Robert A. Martin
Head of Employment
HUGHES Aerospace Divisions
11940 W. Jefferson Blvd.
Culver City 96, Calif,
Creating a new world with electronics
! !
! HUGHES i
HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY
AEROSPACE DIVISIONS
An equal opportunity employer
U. S. CITIZENSHIP REQUIRED
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Offices and distributors ihrouohout the world
Teenagers twist. So does the Saturn. The latest Big Twist
of the SA-5 was made possible by Sperry Farragut's unique
four gimbal stable platform. This permitted rotation of
NASA's giant Saturn SA-5 a few seconds after lift-off and
before it tilted into its flight trajectory.
Azimuth positioning was accomplished by use of the
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into correct position with respect to the guidance system
which was already aligned with the desired flight path.
Guidance and control tailored to the task is what we
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How hostile is the moon?
One day man may learn to harness the resources of the moon in order to fashion
a self-sustaining environment. But when he first journeys there, he will
have to do so in a simulated earth environment. Air, food, water, tempera-
ture control-these and many other features of terrestrial life must be
engineered into the mission. Problems such as this are part of Bellcomm's
daily work for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ♦ Highly
qualified men can assist in planning and evaluating systems for this ambitious,
far-reaching project. Fields of interest include computing and programming,
physics, mathematics, engineering, flight mechanics, chemistry, propulsion,
aerodynamics and aeronautical engineering. "t" It is not easy work, but it
is rewarding for men capable of doing it. If you believe you are such a
man, your resume would be welcomed by Mr. W. W. Braunwarth, Personnel
Director, Bellcomm, Inc., Room 1115G, 1100 17th St., N. W., Washington, D. C.
20036. Bellcomm is an equal opportunity employer.
BELLCOMM, INC.
A Bell Telephone System Company
missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Volume 14, Number 6
February 10, 1964
Editor
William ]. Coughlin
Managing Editor
Reed Bundy
Senior Editors
Charles D. LaFond Electronics
William Beller Engineering
Associate Editors
Lawrence J. Curran Assistant Managing Editor
Heather M. David , . . . .Space Medicine
Michael Getler Electronics
Russell Hawkes Industry
John F. Judge Advanced Materials
Frank G. McGuire Military
Robert L. Parker . . Copy Editor
Hal Taylor NASA
James Trainor Military
Contributing Editors
lames J. Haggerty, Dr. I. M. Levitt, Michael Lorenzo,
Bernard Poirier, Dr. Hubertus Strughold
Friedrich Schonbach .Art Director
Donald Strickland Assistant Art Director
Eleanor Cobey Editorial Assistant
Suzanne Montgomery Editorial Assistant
BUREAUS
LOS ANGELES 8929 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills
Willard E. Wilks Bureau Chief
NEW YORK 20 East 46th Street
Michael Getler '
CAPE KENNEDY 507 Orange Ave.
Chris Butler Merritt Is., Fla.
PARIS 11 Rue Condorcet
Jean-Marie Riche
GENEVA 10 Rue Grenus
Frank G. McGuire
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Dr. Peter Castruccio Alexander Satin
Conrad H. Hoeppner Dr. Eugen Saenger
Richard F. Gompertz Vice Adm. H. Sanders (ret.)
James W. Claar
Publisher
A. C. Boughton National Sales Manager
Paul B. Kinney Eastern Advertising Manager
Edwin J. Denker, Jr Western Advertising Manager
Craig L. Mason Director of Research
John N. Carlin Director of Circulation
Paddy Nelson Circulation Promotion
R. Virgil Parker Production Manager
Barbara Wiener Advertising Services Manager
Published each Monday with the exception of the
last Monday in December by American Aviation
Publications, Inc., 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington, D.C., 20005. Cable Address: AMERAV.
Printed at Judd & Detweiler, Inc., Washington, D.C
Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.
Copyright 1964, American Aviation Publications, Inc.
Subscription rates: U.S. and Possessions, Canada, and
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years $8.00, 3 years $10.00. All other foreign: 1 year
$15.00, 2 years $25.00, 3 years $35.00. Air freight to
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Single copy prices: regular issues 50 cents each;
special issues $1.00 each. Subscriptions are solicited
only from persons with identifiable commercial or
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Subscription orders and changes of address should be
referred to Circulation Fulfillment Mgr., Missiles and
Rockets, 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Washington
D.C. 20005. Allow 4 weeks for change to become
effective and enclose recent address label if possible
President Wayne W. Parrish
Senior Vice President Louis C. James
tfice President Fred S. Hunter
THE COVER
Jan. 30 liftoff from Cape Kennedy of
Ranger VI atop Atlas-Agena booster.
Launch phase and mid-course trajectory
correction went smoothly, but the six TV
cameras aboard the spacecraft failed to
operate. They were to have sent back
some 3,000 photos of the Moon. See
story page 16.
FEBRUARY 70 HEADLINES
DOD Blocking Development of Tactical Navy Probe 14
LBJ Lauds Progress of Redeye, Shillelagh, Walleye 14
NASA Readies Interim Weather Satellite Plan 15
LEM Weight Limits Met Despite Design Changes 15
Ranger VI Camera Failure Remains a Mystery 16
Sub-launched Missile Defense Pressed by Air Force 17
Space Agency Studying Post-Apollo Lunar Systems 18
Solar Flare Prediction Network Tied to DSIF 36
SPACE PROPULSION
Observers Say NASA Hinders Nuclear Electric Efforts
Industry Renews Efforts To Get Big Solids in Saturn
SPACE GUIDANCE
Bendix Saturn Platform Rides on SA-5 Flight
SPACE VEHICLE RESEARCH
NASA, AF Seek Hypersonic Research Craft Funds
SPACE SYSTEMS
Topside Sounder To Follow Path Blazed by Alouette
24
38
26
29
Air Force Wants Winged Ferry Vehicle for MOL
DEPARTMENTS
31
35
7
Contracts
42
The Countdown
9
Products & Processes
46
The Missile/Space
Week®
10
Names in the News
48
Technical Countdown
23
When & Where
49
The Industry Week
41
Editorial
50
47,500
copies
this issue
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
5
This helicopter is air-lifting a new, com-
pact 3-D radar which can be taken to
trouble spots anywhere in the world at a
moment's notice. It meets the need for
systems which can snuff out threats to
peace wherever they happen.
Packaged in two small shelter-boxes, this
ruggedly-built radar can operate in the
most remote areas. Setup and on tire air
"instantly" (in about 30 minutes), it will
monitor hundreds of aircraft in its area
without any human attendant.
Unlike conventional radar, the "picture"
of air activity it presents is three-dimen-
sional—simultaneously and accurately
showing distance, direction and height of
aircraft. Thus, it is equal to the difficult
task of locating and tracking today's
supersonic targets. And, it can provide the
information necessary for commanders to
take swift, decisive action.
This compact 3-D radar is the latest appli-
cation of Hughes' invention of frequency!
scanning (i.e., electronic positioning of I
radar beams). Conventional radars move)
in a "rocking" fashion — mechanically
positioning its beams to determine thej
altitude of targets. Hughes 3-D radar,
Now in operation, this new compact, lightweight i
radar antenna is part of the Hughes air-trans- j
portable 3-D radar system. Hughes has tested !
and demonstrated this system before represent- 1
atives of U. S. and tactical teams of our allies.
Creating a new world with electronics
! ,
HUGHES I
i i
i i
HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY
through electronic beam positioning, elim-
inates this movement. In the process it
saves weight, allows a more compact
easily-transported system, reduces cost.
Hughes in Fullerton delivered the first
3-D radar in 1957. Today, scores of these
Hughes radars are deployed throughout
the free world.
Engineers and scientists with abilities
and interests related to this activity or to
other Hughes programs in electronics and
space are invited to inquire. Hughes is
an equal opportunity employer. Please
address: Mr. S. L. Gillespie, Manager,
Employment and Manpower, Hughes Air-
craft Company, Fullerton 59 , California.
letters
Ranger and JPL
To the Editor:
I am quite concerned by certain state-
ments and their suggested implications in
an article by Heather M. David in the
Dec. 23 M/R (NASA Struggling to Hold
to 1970 Man-on-Moon Schedule," p. 15).
The two statements appear at the bot-
tom of the first column and the top of
the second column. I quote: "Northrop
had been brought into the Ranger program
after NASA examined JPL's management
and termed it inadequate for the reliability
and production standards required in the
spaceflight program. All five Rangers which
have been launched were failures."
The first sentence refers to the so-
called Kelley Report, which is a classified
document, and since Heather M. David
would not be able to establish a "need to
know" basis, the contents of the report
would not be available to her. She
undoubtedly obtained her information
through the published NASA hearings
before the Subcommittee on Space Science
and Advanced Research and Technology
of the Committee on Science and Astro-
nautics of the House of Representatives of
the 88th Congress. In these published
hearings, Subcommittee Chairman Joseph
E. Karth (D-Minn.), who apparently did
have access to the Kelley Report, in No.
3, Part 3A gives certain information con-
cerning NASA, JPL, and the Ranger Pro-
gram. This hearing report would probably
be the most official and authoritative
source of information regarding the sub-
ject under discussion.
May I commend the reading of these
hearings to you. In them you will find
absolutely no basis for a general state-
ment such as the first of the two state-
ments I have quoted from your periodical.
The second quoted statement is liter-
ally true, but when it is taken in the con-
text of following the first statement, the
implication will certainly be made that
JPL was responsible for all five of the
Ranger failures. This is certainly not true,
since JPL cannot be blamed for the failure
of a part of a system over which it has no
control, such as the launch vehicle. I
should expect one of the goals of a peri-
odical such as Missiles and Rockets, as
one of the leading periodicals in this field,
would be to correct such general public
misconceptions, which unfortunately are
rather widespread and believed. Specifi-
cally, it is the duty of the editor to see
that such implications as this do not, pos-
sibly, inadvertently creep into articles pub-
lished in his periodical. As one who has
had some association with the typograph-
ical world, accurate reporting is one of the
first tenets of the trade, and one which,
if not firmly established by the editor and
nurtured and watered, will eventually kill
any publication, other than a scandal sheet,
faster than anything of which I know.
If after reading the Congressional hear-
ings referred to above, the editor of a pub-
lication such as yours actually chooses to
believe other than what the published state-
ments therein indicated, he should make
this belief known through the medium of
an editorial, and not allow it to appear
in a supposedly factual reporting type of
article, such as the one under discussion.
Robert C. Wyckoff
Tujunga, Calif.
M/R cannot agree that the systems
manager for a spacecraft program should
not be blamed for failure of a part of that
spacecraft's system. (See Editorial, p. 50.)
—Ed.
Warmed by SA-5
To the Editor:
Re the Jan. 29 triumph of NASA and
Saturn SA-5: At long last, something in
which we can all exult without qualifica-
tion!
Kudos to Marshall, Chrysler, Douglas,
Rocketdyne, Pratt & Whitney, et al!
Rolf McTigue
Little Rock, Ark.
'Profile
Of An Industry'
Reprints
IN RESPONSE to wide-
spread reader interest, Missiles
and Rockets has prepared re-
prints of the three-part "Profile
of an Industry" series by Senior
Editor William Beller. Based on
recent surveys by U.S. Govern-
ment agencies and the Stanford
Research Institute ( under a con-
tract from the Aerospace Indus-
tries Association) , the articles
first appeared in the Oct. 28,
Dec. 2 and Dec. 16, 1963, issues
of M/R. Together they provide
an unprecedented report on the
growth of the Missile/Space in-
dustry— now the second largest
employer in the United States
— and its impact on the national
economy and technology.
The twelve-page reprint may
be ordered from:
Research Department
Missiles and Rockets
1001 Vermont Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20005
Price of the reprint is $.50
( fifty cents) per copy.
7
As the nation's first industrial firm devoted exclusively to
missile and space technology, TRW Space Technology Lab-
oratories grew with the national space effort. Since 1957,
STL has participated in nearly every manned and unmanned
space probe.
Today, 2500 engineers and scientists and 4500 support per-
sonnel combine their talents on many STL projects ranging
from research and development to design and manufacture
of NASA'S OGO spacecraft. Air Force nuclear test detection
spacecraft, Tetrahedral Research Satellites, and NASA'S
Pioneer spacecraft.
Also underway is the development of the variable-thrust
rocket descent engine for LEM, the Lunar Excursion Module
of Project Apollo. At the same time STL continues Systems
Management for the Air Force's vital Atlas, Titan and Minute-
man Programs.
These many space activities create immediate openings for
engineers and scientists with experience in Theoretical
Physics, Systems Engineering, Radar Systems, Experimental
Physics, Applied Mathematics, Space Communications, Space
Physics, Antennas and Microwaves, Inertial Guidance, Analog
Computers, Solid State Physics, Computer Design, Telecom-
munications, Digital Computers, Guidance and Navigation,
Electromechanical Devices, Engineering Mechanics, Applied
Aerodynamics and Propulsion Systems.
Support Engineers'
TRW
SPACE
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORIES
In Perspective
For information about positions in Southern California or Cape
Kennedy, write STL Professional Placement, Department B-2,
One Space Park, Redondo Beach, California. TRW is an equal
opportunity employer.
TRW SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES
THOMPSON RAMO WOOLDRIDGE INC.
Week, February 17-22
The Countdown
WASHINGTON
NASA Breaks Down Supplemental Request
NASA's Fiscal 1964 supplemental budget request in-
cludes $19 million for Apollo's command and service
modules and $12 million for Lunar Excursion Modules. The
$110 million request for Saturn V includes $31.1 million for
the first stage, $30.5 million for the second stage, $20.4
million for the third stage, $11.2 million for F-l engine
procurement and $16.8 million to buy J-2 engines.
Month-Long Flights Planned for MOL
One of the objectives of the Air Force Manned Orbiting
Laboratory (MOL) program is to provide a shirtsleeve at-
mosphere for two astronauts for flights up to 30 days in
duration. This compares with two-week maximum flights
planned for NASA's Gemini program.
No Decision Yet on Apollo Backups
Manned space flight officials still have not decided what
backup systems, if any, will be needed for Project Apollo.
Lower-echelon officials have proposed quite a few such sys-
tems. Decision is not expected for several weeks.
Failure To Delay Ranger VII Launch
Delay of one to two months in the launch of Ranger VII
is expected while NASA attempts to fix cause of the Ranger
VI failure (see p. 16). Atlas booster for the Ranger VII
mission was placed on the Complex 12 launch pad on Feb.
1. The Agena second stage currently is undergoing hangar
checkout. Launch initially was set for the four-day window
that opens Feb. 29 but this now is considered unlikely.
DOD Confirms Mauler Guidance Troubles
Dept. of Defense has confirmed that primary reason for
the decision not to move Mauler out of development is fail-
ure of the guidance system to perform satisfactorily (Count-
down, Jan. 6, p. 9). The system uses a target-illuminating
radar initially and then switches to infrared-homing for
terminal phase. Army presently is concentrating its efforts
on the initial version of the air-defense missile. Plans for
more advanced Maulers have been postponed.
NASA Plans for Big Solids Outlined
The space agency schedule for the large solid motor
program in the next fiscal year calls for design, fabrication
and test of two 260-in.-dia. motors each weighing 1.8 million
lbs. and generating 3 million lbs. thrust. NASA also will fund
design, fabrication and static test of a 156-in. motor to prove
out a 3-million-lb.-thrust nozzle eventually to be used in the
260-in. motor.
No New Launch Vehicles Needed Soon
With development of currently scheduled boosters, there
will be no military need for a new launch vehicle until after
1970. That's the opinion expressed recently by Dr. Albert
Hall, space chief for Defense Research and Engineering.
Hall also foresees a decrease in the number of boosters re-
quired in the National Space Program.
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
NASA To Use Aircraft for Apollo Tracking
NASA has decided to modify an aircraft to provide track-
ing capability during injection of the Apollo spacecraft into
Earth orbit. To be paid for partly out of Fiscal '65 funds, the
aircraft will be part of the manned space flight network
which will include nine stations with 30-ft. antennas, three
85-ft. antenna sites, one insertion ship, two ships for cover-
age of the early translunar period, and two re-entry ships.
Army Steps Up Pershing Requirement
Number of launchers in each Pershing missile battalion
is to be increased. Presently, each unit is equipped with four
launchers. During Fiscal '65, this number is to be increased
— probably by two more launchers. This will significantly
increase quick reaction capability of the Pershing system.
NASA Foresees Mars Exploration
U.S. planning for exploration of Mars will be definitized
by 1969, according to associate NASA administrator Dr.
Robert Seamans, Jr. This probably would push any actual
landing attempt into the 1980's.
Titan III Growth To be Exploited by DOD
Dept. of Defense has allocated funds in the FY '65
budget for definition of design and performance parameters
of a new high-energy upper stage for Titan III. Money also
is provided for advanced liquid propulsion concepts. With
the high-energy upper stage, payload capability of Air Force's
Titan HI to a 24-hr. orbit would jump from 2,200 lbs. to
8,000 lbs. With a new propellant, the payload would increase
to 5,000 lbs.
Synchronous MetSat Program Slowed
With no FY '65 money for hardware development of a
Synchronous Meteorological Satellite, the project will be
restricted next year to experimental tests. Some flight experi-
ments planned are for study of required operating modes
of the optical system, of the wide range of light values to be
observed, and of other optical problems involved. Effects of
sensor motion on spacecraft stabilization and station-keeping
also will be studied.
INDUSTRY
MOL Requests Due by 'Latter Half
Industry will receive Requests for Proposals on the Air
Force Manned Orbiting Laboratory by the "latter half of
this year," according to Dr. Albert Hall, Dept. of Defense
space deputy. He said in Los Angeles last week that initially
only a relatively small number of flights are envisaged for
MOL — about six, although this could be expanded.
Astronauts Could Control Boosters
In 130 simulated flights by future astronauts, Martin
Marietta found that a pilot could stabilize a large three-
stage booster and inject it into a desired orbit. Ejection into
a specified window, with aid of a simple guidance computer,
was achieved in 50% of the flights. Martin concluded thai
an astronaut potentially represents a highly effective short-
term backup for a flight control system.
9
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The Missile/ Space Week
Blue Steel Gets New Lease
Britain has announced success in
efforts to modify the Blue Steel air-
to-surface missile and its carriers,
the Vulcan and Victor bombers, to
fill the deterrent gap left in that
country by the U.S. cancellation of
Skybolt.
Modifications to the bombers will
increase their range at altitudes low
enough to permit radar penetration.
The Blue Steel has also been altered
for low-level operation.
Britain's Secretary of State for
Air Hugh Fraser predicts that the
accomplishments will extend the use-
ful life of Britain's force of 200 V-
bombers until around 1970, when
that country's main nuclear deter-
rent is expected to be PoZan's-firing
submarines.
Blue Steel is capable of speeds up
to 3,000 mph and carries a nuclear
warhead of the 1-megaton class. Its
range is secret, but speculation is
that it may have been extended to
500 mi.
Military Space Budget Discussed
Expenditures for military space
in the next several years are not ex-
pected to rise substantially over the
$1.5-billion average of the past three
years, Dr. Albert Hall, deputy direc-
tor for space, Directorate of Defense
Research and Engineering, told a
convention of the Institute of Elec-
trical and Electronic Engineers in
Los Angeles.
Operational deployment of space-
craft will be withheld until their
performance has been assured, Hall
predicted. This will lead to increased
emphasis on ground testing or air-
craft flight tests of components be-
fore a spacecraft is launched.
The goals of DOD space efforts,
according to Hall, should be:
— Satellite lifetimes of more than
a year of payloads with more than
10,000 active components
— Proving techniques for stabi-
lizing satellites at low, medium and
synchronous altitudes
— Achieving space electric power
supplies of long life, at 1-15 kw.
— Launch and vehicle reliabilities
with a launch success ratio of 0.85
— New progress toward recover-
able boosters
— Development of maneuverable
upper stages
— Major improvements in sen-
sors.
Among the areas in which the
U.S. is already well advanced Hall
listed communications, weather ob-
servation and navigation. The needs
in the areas of ballistic missile de-
fense and ASW are also important.
"Defense experience has been
solely with unmanned vehicles," Hall
pointed out. "Today's status report
clearly shows that the largest un-
known in military space is still man
himself."
Therefore, the MOL program has
been established as a means of an-
swering questions about man's mis-
sion and value as part of a manned
military space system. The objec-
tives of MOL are: providing a mini-
mum in-space test facility at an early
date; providing a measure of man's
usefulness, preceded by aircraft and
ground simulation tests; equipping
the MOL capsule with components
already under development or within
the state of the art; dividing a rea-
sonable, attainable schedule for de-
velopment and cost; and providing
a basis for orderly future growth if
initial experiments show MOL's fea-
sibility.
Shots of the Week
Russia followed NASA's Ranger
VI shot of Jan. 30 (see p. 16) with
a Jan. 31 launch of two Elektron sci-
entific satellites aboard a single
rocket to conduct research on in-
ternal and external radiation belts
of the Earth and physical phenomena
connected with them. Elektron-1, the
first of the satellites, was separated
from the booster before expiration
of the first stage. The launch vehicle
then regained the necessary velocity
to place the second satellite into
orbit.
• The Navy on Feb. 3 success-
fully launched a Polaris A2 ICBM
from the submarine James Monroe,
submerged off the Florida coast near
Cape Kennedy.
• NASA used Nike-Cajun rock-
ets in a Feb. 3 investigation of a
puzzling mass of warm air moving
from Europe. Shots were from Wal-
lops Island, Va., and Ascension Is-
land in the South Pacific.
Standards Exchange Revealed
The National Bureau of Stand-
ards and a team of Soviet measure-
ment experts announced a prelimi-
nary three-point agreement for ex-
tended cooperation in the area of
measurement and standards data ex-
change.
*110 LBS./INCH Grab Tensile
f95 LBS./INCH Grab Tensile
samples available
on request
10 Circle No. 13 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
The disclosure came at a press
conference in Washington, Feb. 1,
concluding a month-long visit by five
Russian metrologists to measurement
laboratories in the U.S.
The points agreed upon include:
1) exchange of data on observations
of standard time and frequency sig-
nals from various radio stations, ob-
served in terms of atomic frequency
standards; 2) exchange of calibra-
tion information to compare meas-
urements of various electrical and
electronic quantities, and 3) the reg-
ular exchange of publications of the
National Bureau of Standards and
the USSR Committee on Standards,
Measures and Measuring Instru-
ments.
The scientists recommended the
exchanges be coordinated through
the International Bureau of Weights
and Measures, located in Sevres,
France.
NASA Updates SA-5 Information
The Marshall Space Flight Cen-
ter estimates that the material put
into orbit by Saturn SA-5 will re-
main about 500 days. The longer or-
bital time (estimates had been one
year) is attributed to a greater than
expected insertion velocity.
Apogee is 470 mi. (70 more than
expected), and perigee is 167 mi. (7
more than expected) . Other data re-
ceived by Marshall indicated that
other aspects of the flight went al-
most exactly as planned.
GE To Simulate Nuclear Effects
General Electric's Space Sciences
Laboratory at Valley Forge, Pa., un-
der contract to the Army's Ballistic
Research Laboratory, is developing
a technique to simulate in the labo-
ratory the shock effects that an ex-
ploding nuclear anti-missile weapon
would have on an incoming missile.
The project is a substitute for
actual high-altitude explosions (out-
lawed by the nuclear test treaty) as
a means for testing vulnerability of
ICBM's to the pressure waves gener-
ated by nuclear bursts.
Heart of the effort is a nuclear
effects simulator, called the Magnetic
Shock Generator.
Solar Flare Ideas Challenged
The likelihood of a space traveler
encountering a solar superflare is
apparently no greater during a pe-
riod of maximum solar activity than
during a minimum period, according
to two American solar experts.
This conclusion, by Herbert Fried-
man of the Naval Research Labora-
tory and Martin A. Pomerantz of the
Franklin Institute, may help quell
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
*
Haw high is your goal?
Ours are out of sight— in the labyrinth of space.
But your opportunities are a tangible reality, here
and now at North American's Space and Infor-
mation Systems Division.
STRUCTURAL SCIENCES
Advanced aerospace engineering research
positions are available in Structural Sciences to
perform original research studies on complex
structural problems related to advanced aerospace
vehicles. Emphasis will be placed on thermal
buckling, stress distribution, and behavior of
composite structures.
SENIOR STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
Senior Structural Engineers to perform loads,
methods and criteria; structural loads, thrust vari-
ations, inertia and control characteristics.
STRESS ENGINEERS
Stress Engineers and Senior Stress Engineers with
a BS degree or equivalent and experience in basic
aircraft or missile stress analysis to perform
responsible work on any of the following tasks :
• Complex systems components and installations
subjected to vibration and thermal environ-
ments.
• Evaluate and determine major structural test
requirements, coordinate testing, and evaluate
results.
• Stress methods development work on space
vehicle structural components.
IMPACT, FLOTATION, AND DOCKING
Investigate impact loads and stability during land
and water landing through full scale model test
programs.
VIBRATION UNIT
To conduct analytical and experimental studies
of structural vibration and shock. These studies
shall include the evaluation of the vibration
characteristics of structural elements. The re-
sponse of these elements to acoustic, mechanical
and explosive or impact forces and the resultant
dynamic load factors.
Interested? Contact
MR. B.B. GLIDER
ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC EMPLOYMENT
12214 LAKEWOOD BLVD.
DOWNEY, CALIFORNIA
All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employ-
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SPACE AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION.
NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION
Our bolts are coming apart all over
Some products, when they begin to come apart in mid-air, can be awfully
embarrassing. Not ours. They come apart on purpose. And gracefully.
Our Model 1102, for example. It has a record of 100% success in use on
the (censored) ICBM re-entry vehicle. When the proper moment comes, it's
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no impulse to the separated section.
The Models 1020, 1046, and 1102 pyrotechnically-powered separation bolts
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Send us an actuation signal by postcard and we'll separate some new
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m
fears expressed in the U.S. and Rus-
sia in recent months that Moon-
bound astronauts would be less sus-
ceptable to the dangers of super-
flares in 1975, during a period of
minimum solar activity, than in 1970
when activity will be maximum.
Friedman and Pomerantz dis-
cussed their solar flare findings last
week at the National Academy of
Sciences during a news conference.
The conference was called to an-
nounce that the Navy launched a
satellite Jan. 11 to monitor solar
X-rays in conjunction with scien-
tific studies during the International
Years of the Quiet Sun (Jan. 1, 1964-
July 1, 1965).
Boeing VP Resigns
Boeing senior vice president Well-
wood E. Beall has resigned to "take it
easy" for "six months or a year."
A company announcement indicated
that Beall, who is also a director of
the Seattle firm, will be on leave of
absence.
Beall, 56, joined Boeing in 1930,
and became senior vice president in
1952. He said he resigned to take
care of "personal business."
Boston Remains Favorite
NASA Administrator James E.
Webb has reaffirmed the space agen-
cy's original choice of Boston as
home for its new electronic research
center in a letter to House Speaker
John W. McCormack.
Webb told McCormack that, after
extensive re-examination of the first
recommendation, NASA still feels
that Boston is the best site for the
$50-million center.
If the recommendation of NASA
is not vetoed by Congress within 45
days, planning to locate the center
in Boston will be permitted to pro-
ceed.
MOL Chief Named
Col. R. K. Jacobson has been
named to the new post of Assistant
Deputy Commander for Space for
MOL in the Air Force Systems Com-
mand. AFSC Commander Gen. Ber-
nard A. Schriever said the new office
will be the center for all AFSC ac-
tions related to the MOL program
and that Jacobson, in addition, will
be responsible for staff management
and review in the program.
At AFSC headquarters level,
therefore, he will be responsible for
any action tailoring Titan III as a
booster for Gemini-X/ MOL, which
he will also manage separately as
portions of the overall manned space
station effort.
12
Circle No. 4 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
IAN li and TITAN III; NASA SATURN I, SATURN IB,
SATURN V; GEMINI spacecraft. Space Simulation Laboratory: closed-loop simulation
with space capsule, offering operational realism. Space Systems Integration: GEMINI
spacecraft guidance system involving inertial guidance and digital computation.
Tiros Weather Satellite: satellite position and attitude determination; photo data
processing. Space Communication Techniques: displays, tactical data processors,
data compaction, language processing. Ballistic Missile Defense: surveillance and
tracking, decoy discrimination, weapon control. Phased Array Radar: digital control
of search and tracking. Real-Time Computational Control: GEMINI and APOLLO
manned spaceflight. Terrain Avoidance Radar.
IBM space projects: These are a few of the space projects on which IBM scientists and engineers are
engaged. If you have five or more years' experience in space technology, or in programming military
and other large-scale systems, your experience and understanding may contribute to the leadership of
these and other space projects. Write or wire: Manager of Employment, IBM Corp., Dept. TT^^UV
604P2, 590 Madison Avenue, New York 22, N.Y. IBM is an Equal Opportunity Employer. 1£# JYl
Re-study ordered
DOD Stalls Navy Tactical Probe
Announcement of program-definition phase contracts had been
expected this month for Sea Star-type data-gathering system
DEFENSE DEPARTMENT offi-
cials have thwarted the Navy's plans to
award two program-definition contracts
for a tactical probe for fleet operations.
Although the announcement of the
awards had been expected this month,
the Navy has now been told to "re-
study" its requirements and come up
with "the best and least expensive
method" to develop a probe of this kind.
Formerly known as "Sea Star," the
probe would consist of multiple, inter-
changeable payloads for communica-
tions, meteorological and electronic
warfare data gathering. The booster for
the probe reportedly would be a Terrier
or Talos with a high-impulse second
stage. The probe could be launched with
existing shipboard equipment.
The request for proposals for Sea
Star (M/R, Oct. 28, p. 16; Aug. 5, p.
15) called for development of the pay-
loads and integration of these payloads
with both the booster and the shipboard
terminals.
Bendix Corp. and the Astronautics
Div. of Ling-Temco-Vought were
thought to be front-runners for the
$250,000 program-definition contracts.
One of the two eventually is expected to
be selected for the tactical probe pro-
gram projected to eventually cost some
$40 million.
The unsuccessful bidders were Ray-
theon Co. and two teams: RCA and
Beech, plus Hughes and Sylvania.
Twelve companies had originally been
solicited.
• Long time need — For the past
three years, the Navy has been pressing
for a sea-based tactical reconnaissance
capability. Originally, Navy officials
proposed off-the-shelf satellite payloads
that could be launched by Sea Scout and
would provide a task force commander
with an up-to-date appraisal of the
tactical situation.
Sea Star was a more limited ap-
proach to the same problem. The pay-
load would be launched to ranges of 50-
300 miles from the force and then
would descend by parachute. During de-
scent, it could radio back to the task
force data on the electromagnetic en-
vironment of the area, the prevailing
weather conditions, the level of nuclear
radiation and perhaps detect the pres-
ence of enemy surface or underwater
ships. The payload could also be used
for over-the-horizon communications
during periods of nuclear blackout.
It is expected that Sea Star could
provide at least 15 minutes of usable
data.
• Future uncertain — The reasons
for the DOD reversal of its approval for
the six-month program definition are
not clear. It is thought, however, that
this is only a temporary setback and
that the program eventually will be
approved.
In addition to cost, the most likely
reason for the re-study order appears
to be the present Navy examination
of an improved Terrier-Tartar-Talos
versus a new advanced missile system.
If Navy studies show that the develop-
ment time of the new missile is signifi-
cantly long, improved versions of the
"Three T" family will be procured. If
the new missile can be developed at
an early date, it will be incorporated
into the fleet in place of the Three T
family.
Sea Star, since it will use the basic
fleet air defense weapon as its booster,
most likely will have to wait until DOD
has assured itself that the system would
be compatible with whichever approach
is taken for fleet air defense. ■
LBJ Cites Redeye, Shillelagh, Walleye Progress
PRESIDENT Lyndon B. John-
son singled out three "highly ad-
vanced" tactical weapons systems for
special praise at his news confer-
ence last week. The three — Redeye,
Shillelagh and Walleye — are now
completing development, the Presi-
dent said.
With Redeye, the President
noted, "for the first time our ground
combat soldiers will be able to fight
back against a high-performance
enemy aircraft." Shoulder-fired, the
heat-seeking missile has a "very high
probability of scoring" a hit.
Originally proposed for procure-
ment in FY '61 and every subsequent
year, Redeye suffered development
difficulties particularly with its in-
frared homing device. The Army,
however, is confident the develop-
ment problems have been licked and
proposes initial procurement in FY
'64 with $19.0 million more pro-
grammed in FY '65. Pomona Div.
of General Dynamics developed Red-
eye.
Shillelagh — an antitank missile to
be mounted on the General Sheridan
armored reconnaissance airborne as-
sault vehicle — "has successfully com-
pleted engineering tests and is being
released for production," President
Johnson said. "So accurate that it
14
can destroy a tank at a range of sev-
eral thousand yards," Shillelagh is
the first guided missile to be fired
from a gun tube from which con-
ventional ammunition can also be
fired. The Shillelagh system was de-
veloped for the Army by the Aero-
neutronic Div. of Philco Corp. Pro-
curement in FY '65 will amount to
$36.0 million.
Walleye, the third system men-
tioned by the President, is a TV-
guided glide bomb developed by the
Naval Ordnance Test Station at
China Lake, Calif. "It has shown
amazing accuracy at a range of sev-
eral miles," the President noted.
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
First launch in mid- 65 . . .
Interim Weather Satellite Plan Ready
THE SPACE AGENCY is expected
to forward to the U.S. Weather Bureau
in the near future a developmental
plan for an interim weather satellite
system which will feature two orbiting
"wheeled" Tiros satellites.
Development of the new system was
signalled by the recent NASA-Com-
merce Dept. agreement spelling out the
roles of the space agency and the Bu-
reau in the operation of the National
Operational Meteorological Satellite
System (NOMSS).
The first 300-lb. Intermediate Me-
teorological Satellite is expected to be
launched by mid-1965. It is hoped the
system will become operational in the
same year.
Under the new agreement NASA
is to develop the spacecraft to specifica-
tions and requirements established by
the Weather Bureau, which will operate
the system as part of the National Me-
teorological Service.
The Bureau will determine the
schedule of launches as well as the in-
formation to be gathered by the satellite
instruments. Once NASA has placed
the satellites in orbit the Bureau will
operate and control the system and will
analyze, process and distribute the data.
The space agency will also design,
procure, test, launch and track the sat-
ellites.
The Weather Bureau said it pre-
sented specifications for the system to
NASA some time ago. The first step in
the system, preparation of the develop-
ment plan was to go from NASA to the
Bureau late last week or early this
week. It will detail how the space agency
expects to develop and procure the sat-
ellites.
• Further ahead — Meanwhile, Dr.
S. Fred Singer, head of the Bureau's
Satellite Operations, continues to main-
tain that ultimately the system will re-
quire a 4,000-lb. satellite in a 1 ,500-mi.-
high polar orbit with readout to a single
ground station.
This satellite would probably be in-
tegrated with the Satellite Collection of
Meteorological Observations (SCOMO)
program. At present, the Weather Bu-
reau pays about $500,000 annually to
get weather data from ships to Wash-
ington. Incremental cost of adding a
SCOMO package to the meteorological
satellite would be $50,000 a year, said
Singer. The figure becomes even more
favorable if other sources such as un-
manned buoys are also tied into the
System.
Going to an Intermediate Meteor-
ological Satellite based on Tiros tech-
nology instead of Nimbus should save
$125 million, Singer claimed. A test
satellite, of the Tiros type but with its
spin axis perpendicular to the plane of
orbit, will be launched soon. The 300-lb.
IMS will follow within a year.
Weaknesses in the 750-lb. Nimbus
satellite criticized by Singer were the
constant motion required for the solar
panels and the complexity of the at-
titude control system. Nimbus continues
as a NASA research satellite. ■
LEM Design Changes
DESIGN CHANGES made on
the Lunar Excursion Module
(LEM), mostly growing out of the
first NASA/ Grumman Aircraft En-
gineering Corp. review of the LEM
M-l mockup last September, have
enabled spacecraft planners to re-
main within the original weight goals
despite other weight-adding modifica-
tions made necessary earlier in the
program, according to LEM project
sources.
The major areas of weight re-
duction resulted from the decision to
use only two main propulsion tanks
for the ascent stage rather than the
original four, and from the substitu-
tion of a strap-like astronaut re-
straint scheme that eliminates the
two cockpit seats.
Engineers are also continuing to
make progress in transferring equip-
ment, primarily scientific gear, from
the ascent stage to the descent stage,
thereby easing the fuel penalty paid
by the ascent stage.
Since the ascent stage must have
fuel enough to abort with its own
weight during the descent, the aim
Keep Weight Within
is to put everything that is not abso-
lutely needed for ascent into the de-
scent stage. Though some success has
been achieved, engineers say they
would like to be able to transfer a
lot more equipment.
They also add that even if some
lunar exploration equipment is car-
ried down in the descent stage, capa-
bility must be allowed in the ascent
stage to bring at least some of it
back.
The LEM weight, under its cur-
rent trajectory plans and configura-
tion, including the design changes,
is still 25,500 lbs.
Design of the astronaut restraint
system is not yet frozen. The major
weight increases in LEM weight
since work began have come in land-
ing gear redesign. The system has
evolved into a retractable four-legged
configuration, with a gear radius of
180 in. and a 30-in. bearing pad on
each leg.
Details of the gear redesign were
first reported in a Missiles and
Rockets special report on LEM
Goals
July 15, 1963, p. 23. Use of the re-
tractable four-leg scheme in com-
parison to earlier plans to use a fixed
five-leg version yields a larger foot-
print for LEM and greater expected
stability upon a still-undefined lunar
surface.
The lunar surface model used in
the LEM design has also shifted
since the original proposal, which
brought on most of the gear changes.
Engineers on the project have learned
through vehicle landing stability anal-
ysis that LEM is very sensitive to
changes in gear geometry.
The system must be capable of
handling the anticipated vertical and
horizontal velocities, and still not
have the vehicle flip over because
of a marginal instability problem.
The energy must be absorbed with-
out forcing the vehicle into very high
rotational velocities.
Failure of the Ranger VI to de-
liver lunar surface photos dealt a
very frustrating blow not only to Jet
Propulsion Laboratory scientists, but
also to those now wrestling with the
uncertainties of LEM gear design.
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
15
Failure of a mission . . .
J PL Looks for Answer
To Ranger VI Malfunction
NASA names five-man board headed by Hilburn to review
findings and determine the future course of the program
by Rex Pay
Pasadena, Calif. — Jet Propulsion
Laboratory reported there had been no
indication late last week as to what
caused the failure of the Ranger VI
television system.
JPL was re-simulating the entire
mission in an attempt to duplicate the
failure.
At the same time, NASA has ap-
pointed a five-man board to review
JPL's findings after the analysis of the
camera failure is complete. Results will
be used to determine the future course
of action in the Ranger program. The
board is headed by Earl D. Hilburn,
NASA Deputy Associate Administra-
tor for Industry Affairs.
• Happy start— The 65-hr., 35-min.
Ranger flight to the lunar surface started
routinely aboard Atlas 199-D at
10:49:03 a.m. EST Jan. 30 from Com-
plex 12 at Cape Kennedy.
Both Atlas and the Agena second
stage performed perfectly. Thirty min-
utes and 20 seconds after liftoff, the
spacecraft was separated from the
Agena by a set of springs. The solar
panels deployed exactly one hour after
liftoff.
The remainder of the flight was
nominal, with a mid-course burn being
used to slightly change the trajectory
and assure that the spacecraft would
land in the lunar area known as the Sea
of Tranquility. The spacecraft attitude
was so near optimum that no correc-
tion was required during the terminal
descent to orient cameras toward the
lunar surface.
Ranger VI impacted in the Sea at
4:24 a.m. EST Feb. 2, precisely on
schedule. But the two independent
camera systems failed to provide sig-
nals during the last 10 minutes of
flight, when they were to have taken
and transmitted nearly 3,000 pictures
of the Moon at altitudes ranging from
900 to 4 miles.
• Deterioration — Telemetry re-
ceived throughout the flight indicated
that the batteries powering the two sys-
tems were fully charged and at the cor-
rect temperature.
Following the mid-course maneuver
on Jan. 31, impact predictions showed
that a clock preset at launch would
switch on half of the TV system — the
wide-angle cameras — to warm up at 19
minutes before impact instead of the
30 minutes planned.
Normally this timer would have
been inhibited by radio command, and
the warm-up would have been initiated
by the central computer and sequencer
(CC&S) 15 minutes before impact. But,
because it was not needed for a ter-
minal maneuver, the CC&S was not
activated and the clock was not in-
hibited.
The extra four minutes of warm-up
should not have been detrimental to the
system, which is designed with the
capability to operate for one hour at
full power from its batteries.
The second set of cameras was
switched to "warm-up" four minutes
later by an RTC7 command sent from
the ground. This backed up the timer
and would have switched on the first set
of cameras if the timer had failed.
This signal also initiated a timer in
the camera sequencer system. The timer
should have switched the TV system on
to full power five minutes later, at im-
pact minus 10 minutes.
When the signal did not appear, a
second RTC7 command was sent. This
should have turned off one television
camera system and impressed 90 chan-
nels of emergency telemetry onto its
transmitter carrier. The other carrier
should have continued to bear TV pic-
tures.
Nothing happened.
A third RTC7 command was sent. This
should have restored the system to nor-
mal, with each transmitter sending back
television signals at a power of 60 watts
Nothing happened.
Nothing else could be done. Sending
a fourth RTC7 signal would have
switched off the equipment completely.
Right up to impact, there was no
sign of full-power video.
• Telemetry — During the end of
the flight, the 2.5-w, 110-point telemetry
system in the spacecraft continued to
send signals via the high-gain antenna.
Fifteen of these data points were tem-
perature and voltage readings in the TV
system.
According to JPL, the only indica-
tion these 15 data points gave of the
state of the television system was a
slight drop in battery voltage — one-
sixteenth of a volt — which may have
signified that the system went into the
warm-up mode. Also, a pulse received
from the partial-scan camera channel
indicated that warm-up might be taking
place.
There were 90 points of telemetry
in the TV channels, which would have
indicated how the system was perform-
ing— if they had functioned. This te-
lemetry would have been transmitted on
one of the camera channels.
• Landing — The mid-course ma-
neuver was intended to deflect Ranger
from an apparent 600-mi. miss to a
course that would take it to a point
at latitude 8.5° and longitude 21.0°.
Orbit determination data up to one hour
before impact led JPL to compute the
probable area of actual impact as some-
where in a 20-mi. circle centered at
latitude 9.39°, longitude 21.51°.
This area is in the Sea of Tranquility
— considered by many a very suitable
landing site — at the center of a triangle
formed by the craters, Arago, Sosigenes
and Ross.
The same data produced a JPL pre-
diction for impact time of 9 hr., 24
min., 32.18 sec. GMT on Feb. 2. Telem-
etry signals received at Goldstone DSIF
terminated at 9 hr., 24 min., 33.15 sec.
— at both the Pioneer and the Echo
sites. Subtracting the time for the signal
to come from the Moon gives an error
in impact prediction of 0.32 sec.
• Review panel — In addition to
Hilburn, members of the review board
appointed by NASA are Herman La-
Gow, Systems Review Group, Office
of Space Science and Satellite Applica-
tions, Goddard Space Flight Center;
Francis Smith, Chief of the Instrument
Research Div., Langley Research Cen-
ter; Walter Jokobowski, Ranger pro-
gram engineer, Lunar and Planetary
Programs Div., OSSA; and Eugene
Dangle, Secretary, Technical Program
Officer, Office of Program Review,
NASA Headquarters. ■
16
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
In House budget testimony . . .
Air Force Proposes Improved
Defense Against Sub-launched Missiles
Industry observers feel LeMay disclosure, already submitted
to DOD, envisions a long-endurance missile-firing platform
THE DEFENSE DEPARTMENT
is studying an Air Force proposal to
increase both the reliability and amount
of warning time against submarine-
launched ballistic missiles.
Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, Air Force
Chief of Staff, disclosed in testimony
before a Congressional committee that
the plan had been submitted to DOD.
"Obtaining warning against sub-
marine-launched ballistic missiles
(SLBM's)," LeMay told the House
Armed Services Committee last week,
"will be difficult to achieve due to the
relatively short time of missile flight.
The system designed for this purpose
must provide both the required degree
of reliability and the maximum amount
of warning."
The Air Force proposal would meet
both these requirements, LeMay as-
serted. Details of the plan were not
revealed, although LeMay's statement
was widely interpreted to include a de-
fense against the sub-launched missile.
• Three out of three — In testimony
before the same committee, Secretary
of Defense Robert S. McNamara had
outlined three distinct capabilities re-
quired for a defense against submarine-
launched missiles:
— Detection and tracking of enemy
submarines;
— Destruction of these submarines
before they have an opportunity to
launch their missiles;
— Detection, tracking and destruc-
tion of the missiles once they have been
launched.
Nike-X, the Secretary said, would
constitute the third capability and would
provide the "primary" defense against
submarine-launched missiles. As an in-
terim step, DOD has been modifying
air defense radars to give them some
capability against shorter range SLBM's.
Tests of these radars have been success-
ful, and $15.9 million is included in the
FY '65 program to convert selected air
defense radars.
To provide the second capability,
the Secretary is relying on the Navy's
ASW forces. The first capability is to be
provided by continued research on ASW
detection devices under projects Arte-
mis and Trident — including continued
development of aircraft-monitored sono-
buoys.
• Flying interceptor platform — Le-
May's proposal, in the opinion of some
industry observers, might be a move to
combine all three capabilities into one
weapons system — a long-endurance mis-
sile firing platform. The idea, they say,
would be to detect and keep under con-
stant surveillance hostile submarines
within missile range of the U.S. from
an aircraft that could stay aloft for a
number of days.
If the submarine fired a missile, the
missile platform could intercept it in the
boost phase and then attack the sub-
marine that fired the missile. Such a
proposal, industry observers note, would
combine the BAMB1 concept for boost
intercept of ballistic missiles with pro-
posals for a long-endurance missile plat-
form for strategic missions.
BAMBI — an acronym for "Ballis-
tic Missile Boost Intercept" — is an Air
Force concept for a system of approxi-
ARMY MISSILE PROCUREMENT
FY '65
SURFACE TO AIR FY '65 Program*
($ Millions)
Hawk** 10.0
Nike-Hercules** 1.8
Redeye 19.0
SURFACE TO SURFACE
Honest John 6.3
Lance 4.3
Little John** 0.8
Pershing 46.8
Sergeant** 7.3
Shillelagh 36.0
SS-11 17.2
OTHER SYSTEMS
Multisystem test equipment 29.7
Target Missiles 10.4
OTHER COSTS
Modifications, and industrial facilities. . 59.4
First destination transportation 9.6
Selected repair parts 24.0
TOTAL 282.6
* Includes cost of associated ground equipment.
** Bought out in FY '64.
by James Trainor
mately 1,200 satellites armed with heat-
seeking interceptors. These satellites,
because of their number and orbital
positioning, would provide continuous
coverage of the Soviet Union so that
they would always be in position to
destroy any missile during its vulnerable
boost phase.
Several contractors made detailed
studies of the concept in 1960. How-
ever, both the cost and the unattainable
reliability required precluded develop-
ment of the system.
The long-endurance aircraft concept
has been mentioned favorably by Mc-
Namara as a possible successor to the
manned bomber, while the LeMay pro-
posal, if industry observers are correct,
would sat^ ,fy McNamara's requirements
for multi-capabilities in weapons systems.
"Although Dyna Soar has been ter-
minated," LeMay emphasized, "a need
still exists for development of a maneu-
verable aerospace craft capable of con-
trolled re-entry and precision recovery,
ferrying missions to and from a space
laboratory, transfer of men and equip-
ment in space and a wide range of other
roles."
• Army missile procurement — In
other testimony before the committee,
Lt. Gen. Robert W. Colglazier, Jr.,
Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Logis-
tics, said procurement would be drop-
ping off sharply from $447.5 million in
FY '64 to $282.6 million in FY '65.
Army missile procurement is mainly
for four systems — Pershing, Shillelagh,
SS-11 and Redeye. The other major
missile procurement is the multisystem
test equipment for Shillelagh and Lance
as well as for TOW, Mauler and AADS-
70 when these systems come into the
inventory. (See table).
Initial procurement money for Lance
in the '65 budget will be limited to the
missiles and ground equipment required
for maintenance engineering and train-
ing. The Shillelagh procurement, al-
though a substantial amount, represents
a minimum commitment to the pro-
gram. 1
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
17
Budget document shows . . .
NASA Eyes Apollo Follow-on Systems
by Hal Taylor
NASA IN FISCAL '65 will begin
preliminary engineering development
for the first follow-on to the manned
lunar landing program, the Apollo
Logistic Support System (ALSS).
The space agency is also studying
two more advanced programs, the Stay
Time Extension Module (STEM) and
the Lunar Exploration System for
Apollo (LESA).
Existence of the new programs —
which have not yet received Congres-
sional approval — was revealed in a
budget document presented to the
House Space Committee.
The report disclosed that funding
of the Apollo Command and Service
Modules will rise from $508 million to
$520.4 million. Most of the money will
go to North American Aviation, Inc.'s
Space and Information Systems Div.,
and to the firm's subcontractors. Fund-
ing of the Lunar Excursion Module will
also rise from $144.5 million to about
$190 million.
In the space science area, the
agency told Congress that its heavy
Observatory spacecraft series will cost
well over half a billion dollars. At the
same time, NASA expects to launch
seven to ten small Explorer-type satel-
lites per year through the end of the
decade.
• No room for cuts — Details of the
budget document were learned as NASA
Administrator James E. Webb warned
the committee that the lunar landing
program will slip into the 1970's unless
NASA's FY '65 budget request of
$5,304 billion is approved.
Webb told the committee that he
hopes Congress "will give us a fighting
chance of meeting the goal of landing
a U.S. astronaut on the Moon by the
end of this decade."
"At the budget levels requested by
President Johnson, we will have it and
the cost will be substantially less than
if there are stretchouts."
He said NASA can still promise to
achieve the lunar landing at less than
$20 billion, but "if the program is fur-
ther curtailed, if the momentum is lost,
if the Apollo program is stretched into
the next decade the cost will not be un-
der $20 billion, it will be several bil-
lions more."
Webb said that a NASA study found
that "the cost of lunar exploration would
increase by approximately $1 billion for
each year that the landing is delayed
(M/R, Nov. 25, p. 37). A three-year
lag would cost $3 billion with no cor-
responding improvement in the bene-
fits obtained."
Later, Deputy Administrator Dr.
Hugh L. Dryden told the committee that
Congress must soon give thought to
follow-on activities after Apollo.
He noted that postponing schedules
and decisions on future programs is
part of the history of Federal participa-
tion in R&D, which has been one of
"repeated preoccupation with the cur-
rent requirements of the nation at the
expense of, or to the neglect of the
basic, long-range efforts needed by any
nation which hopes to maintain leader-
ship in the vital areas of science and
technology."
(Missiles and Rockets this week
presents a detailed breakdown of the
Manned Spaceflight and Space Science
and Application R&D portions of the
presentation [see opposite page]. In
subsequent weeks, it will publish break-
downs on the R&D budget for the
Offices of Advanced Research and Tech-
nology, Tracking and Data Acquisition,
as well as the construction budget for
the agency.)
• Future outlines — NASA said
ALSS is the most probable system for
support of early lunar exploration mis-
sions. It would consist of an unmanned
Apollo Lunar Excursion Module (LEM)
descent stage, modified to be capable of
landing 7,000 lbs. of supplies on the
lunar surface.
ALSS, similar to the lunar logistics
system studied previously by the space
agency, would carry such equipment as
surface vehicles and shelters to extend
the mobility, stay time and capability
of Apollo astronauts.
"Following program definition
studies during FY '64," the agency
told Congress, "it is anticipated that pre-
liminary engineering work will be initi-
ated in Fiscal 1965."
This will include essential support-
ing development, detail design, prelim-
inary mock-ups and test articles.
Another advanced project being
considered by the space agency, STEM,
would also make use of the LEM mod-
ules. It would be modified to provide
what NASA calls "a modest extension
of lunar surface stay time for the astro-
nauts beyond that presently provided."
The principal system being investi- I
gated for subsequent, more extensive I
operations is the Lunar Exploration I
System for Apollo (LESA). It would I
be a flexible system capable of provid- I
ing a lunar base. It is conceived as a I
modular set of lunar surface hardware ]
which can be quickly tailored to sup- I
port a wide range of lunar exploration I
missions. The system includes surface I
vehicles, shelters, nuclear power plant, I
appropriate support equipment and re- I
generative systems to reduce resupply
requirements. LESA would be designed
to support up to 18 astronauts for long-
duration missions.
• Apollo progress — The NASA
presentation also reported that the FY
'65 budget request for the Apollo space-
craft will complete most of the testing
of development spacecraft and continue
manufacture and qualification testing
of production flight-configuration space-
craft. All major subsystems for the
Command and Service Modules will be
in the final stages of reliability and
qualification testing.
Six production spacecraft will be
delivered for ground testing, produc-
tion of four flight test spacecraft will
be completed, and three developmental
spacecraft for flight tests will be de-
livered.
• More for observatories — The
major surprise in the breakdown of the
Space Science and Application pro-
gram budget was the high cost of the
Observatory spacecraft series.
The Orbiting Solar Observatory
(OSO), with eight spacecraft in the pro-
gram, will cost $76 million. The Ad-
vanced OSO, for which no total cost |
estimated was given, will push the cost
of this series far higher.
Total price of the Orbiting Astro-
nomical Observatory series is reported '
at $282 million for only five flights, j
The Orbiting Geophysical Observatory
(OGO) program will cost $370 million
for 11 flights.
While noting that the budget for
the small Explorer satellite projects will
drop in the next fiscal year, the space
agency said it expects to launch four i
Magnetosphere and Interplanetary Ex-
plorer satellites per year through the
end of this decade.
In the Astronomical and Astrophysi-
cal Explorer programs, about three per
year will be launched through the end j
of the decade. ■
18
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
DETAILED BREAKDOWN OF NASA FY '65 R&D BUDGET REQUEST FOR OFFICES OF
MANNED SPACE FLIGHT AND SPACE SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS
(in millions of dollars)
MANNED SPACEFLIGHT
Fy "64
GEMINI 383.8
Spacecraft 252.3. .
Tilan II 76.9. .
Atlas r 6.3. .
Agena 26.8. .
Gemini support 21.5. .
SPACECRAFT 870.9. .
Command and service modules 508.3.
Lunar Excursion Module 144.5'. .
Guidance and navigation 91.5. .
Instrumentation and scientific equipment 5.6. .
Spacecraft support 121.0.
ENGINE DEVELOPMENT
H-1 engine development 9.1 . .
H-1 propel lants 2.0. .
RL-10 engine development 16.0. .
RL-10 propellants 4.0. .
F-1 engine development 55.3. .
F-1 propellants 7.0..
J-2 engine development 48.4. .
J-2 propellants 8.3. .
Fy '65
. 308.4
. . . .168.9
66.9
19.5
. .-> . .24.9
28.2
...945.8
. . . .520.5
. . . .189.9
83.8
7.5
. . . .144.1
SATURN 1 204.2
S-1 stage 59.0.
S-IV stage 82.1 -
Vehicle instrument unit 14.2.
Ground support equipment 4.4.
H-1 engine procurement 3.2.
RL-10 engine procurement 4.9.
Vehicle support 36.4 .
SATURN IB 149.9.
S IB stage 39.2.
S-IVB stage 21 .6 .
Vehicle instrument unit 14.2.
Ground support equipment 33.0.
H-1 engine procurement 8.0.
J-2 engine procurement 6.4.
Vehicle support 27.5.
SATURN V 609.6
S-IC stage 218.3
S-ll stage 1 34.6 .
S-IVB stage 95.6.
Vehicle instrument unit 69.9.
Ground support equipment 25.8 .
F-1 engine procurement 45.0.
J-2 engine procurement 24.9
Vehicle support 75.5 .
. . .8.2
. .1.6
. .13.9
. . .4.0
. .55.1
. . .9.0
. .47.6
14.0
120.6
. . 20.6
. .55.4
. . .3.6
. . .3.7
.37.3
260.1
. .79.1
.57.0
28.4
. .31.5
. .12.4
. .11.0
. . 40.7
988.4
.271.6
189.9
126.8
. .78.1
. .70.1
. .67.4
. .45.3
139.2
APOLLO SUPPORT 179.3 209.2
Systems engineering 40.9 46.0
Launch operations and instrumentation 36.5 51.3
Mission control systems 52.5 41 .4
Apollo space operation 2.9 21.6
Support technology 46.5 48.9
ADVANCED STUDIES 22.1 26.0
TOTAL 2,600.0 3,011.0
SPACE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS
SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 15.1 14.8
Solar physics 2.2 2.2
Astronomy 2.6 2.6
Geophysics 8.8 8.5
Interdisciplinary 1 .5 . 1.5
ORBITING SOLAR OBSERVATORY 14.7 13.1
Spacecraft 5.4 4.7
Experiments 5.3 5.6
Ground operations 0.3 0.1
Delta launch vehicles 3.7 2.7
ADVANCED ORBITING SOLAR OBSERVATORY 4.1 9.0
Spacecraft 4.1 7.0
Experiments — 2.0
ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES 47.7
Spacecraft 30.4.
Experiments 9.4
Atlas- Agena vehicles. 7.9
51.0
31.1
6.5
13.4
GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATORIES 53.3 55.4
Spacecraft 35.0 22.7
Experiments 9.1 9.9
Ground operations 1.4 1 .9
Atlas- Agena vehicles .... 4.8 5.2
Thor-Agena vehicles .3.0 5.7
EXPLORERS 34.2 31.9
Atmosphere and ionosphere Explorers 7.7 5.3
Magnetosphere and interplanetary Explorers 5.6 6.8
Astronomical and astrophysical Explorers 1.5 7.0
Delta launch vehicles 11.7 7.5
Scout launch vehicles 6.6 4.3
Thor-Agena launch vehicles 1.1 1.0
SOUNDING ROCKETS 17.1 15.0
Experiments 9.0 6.0
Rocket procurement 2.9 3.4
Attitude control systems 1.6 1.7
Rocket development 0.3. . . .0.4
Engineering support 0.6 0.5
instrumentation 2.7 3.0
SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 1 9.0 18.1
Lunar and planetary science 12.3 11.5
Advanced technical development 4.4 4.1
Advanced studies 2.3 2.5
MANNED SPACE SCIENCE 4.9 11.0
Supporting research and technology 1 .2 2.1
Manned satellite science 0.9 3.1
Manned lunar science 2.1 5.8
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
Fy '64 Fy '65
RANGER 52.2 10.8
Spacecraft 29.1 7.0
Experiments 5.7 1 .4
Ground operations 6.2 0.4
Launch vehicles 1 1 .2 2.0
SURVEYOR 98.6 136.0
Spacecraft 57.2 64.4
Experiments 4.7 1 1 .6
Ground operations 4.7 6.0
Launch vehicles 32.0 54.0
LUNAR ORBITER 20.0 49.3
Spacecraft 20.0 31.6
Ground operations — 2.2
Launch vehicles — 15.5
MARINER 59.1 54.1
Spacecraft 27.3 25.1
Experiments 8.1 8.6
Ground operations 10.0 9.5
Launch vehicles 1 3.7 1 0.9
PIONEER 17.7 21.1
Spacecraft 11.0 7.9
Experiments 2.3 4.2
Ground operations 0.3 0.9
Launch vehicles 4.1 8.1
UNIVERSITY PROGRAM 40.0 46.0
Training 20.0 25.0
Facilities 12.0 10.0
Research 8.0 11.0
LAUNCH VEHICLE
Supporting Research and Technology 1.9 4.5
Fluid behavior studies 0.5 0.5
Solid-state t echnology research 0.2 0.5
Vehicle system studies 0.9 1.5
Instrumentation — 0.2
Propulsion systems technology 0.3 1.8
CENTAUR 108.1 92.0
Vehicle development 91.6 86.4
Engine development 2.0 0.3
Support services 1 0.4 2.6
Propellants 4.1 2.7
ATLAS FLOX DEVELOPMENT 1.9 17.5
Engine and engine testing 1 .0 7.5
Vehicles and vehicle testing 0.9 7.0
Ground support equipment and services — 1.5
Propellants — 1.5
OPERATIONAL VEHICLE SUPPORT 13.2 14.2
Product improvement and production testing 6.5 7.8
Maintenance of sround support equipment 3.6 2.9
System engineering 3.1 3 5
BIOSSUPPORTING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 1 2.1 1 1 .8
Exobiology (including sterilization) 5.2 5.0
Environmental biology 2.9 2.8
Behavioral biology . 2.1 2.1
Physical biology 1.0 19
BIOSATELLITE FLIGHT PROGRAM 8.5 19.2
Study contracts — —
Spacecraft 6.0 10.2
Experiments 2.5 2.3
Ground support — 0.2
Launch vehicles — 6 5
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE SUPPORTING RE-
SEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 6.9 6.6
Synchronous meteorological satellite 0.3 —
Advanced meteorological system component
development 2.9 2.0
Advanced meteorological sensor development 1.5 1.9
Meteorological systems research 2.2 2 7
TIROS 16.8 5.8
Spacecraft 9.8 0.5
Ground support 3.2 2.0
Launch vehicle 3.8 3 3
NIMBUS 41.2 18.9
Spacecraft A, backup and B 30.8 8.9
Ground support . .9.4 6.6
Launch vehicle 1 .0 3 4
METEOROLOGICAL SOUNDING ROCKETS 2.9 3^0
Development of small meteorological
sounding rocket system 1.0 1.0
Large meteorological sounding rocket program 1.8 19
COMMUNICATION SATELLITE SUPPORTING
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 1.7 3.5
Advanced passive satellite studies 0.5. . . 1.0
Research, experimentation and development 12. 2 5
ECHO II 2.6 0.3
Spacecraft 0.3
Ground operations and support 1.0 0.3
Thor-Agena launch vehicle 1 3
RELAY 2.9... 1.8
Spacecraft 0.5 —
Ground operations and support 2.1 1.8
Delta vehicle 0.3
SYNCOM 6.3 2.0
Spacecraft 2.7 0.3
Ground operations and support 0.5 1.7
Thrust-augmented Delta (TAD) 3.1 —
EARLY GRAVITY GRADIENT EXPERIMENT — 5.0
Spacecraft — 5.0
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGICAL SATELLITE
SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND
TECHNOLOGY 2.1 1.1
Advanced synchronous satellites studies — —
Stabilization techniques 1 .5 0.5
Propagation studies 0.3 0. 3
Components development 0.3 0.3
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGICAL SATELLITES 16.4 29.9
Spacecraft. . . 12.7 18.4
Ground operations and support 3.7 5.6
Atlas- Agena vehicle — 59
TOTAL 742.5 776.9
21
Today dedicated men at Lockheed Mis-
siles & Space Company are making great
strides in the art of measurement. Even
in the pastfew years, measurement stand-
ards have improved enormously. Toler-
ances previously considered minimal now
are intolerable. Lockheed people make
thousands of routine measurements
which a few years ago were not even
attempted outsidethe National Standards
Laboratories. In short: Yesterday's phe-
nomena are common practice today.
Where measurement of one part in a
million is permissible in designing today's
vehicles, tomorrow's will require one part
in billions. Hence the ceaseless search
for more precise measuring instrumenta-
tion. Even more important is the Metrolo-
gist: the most vital element in any
measuring device. To the extent that the
Metrologist contributes integrity and
reliability to his science, Metrology builds
integrityand reliability intothe end product.
To continue to maintain one of the finest
measurement laboratories in the world;
to continue to press the extremes of
the state of the art; to continue to take
pride in efforts to achieve and maintain
perfection in its measuring techniques,
Lockheed Missiles & Space Company
seeks outstanding Metrologists as mem-
bers of its Primary Standards Labora-
tory. The rare opportunity of joining a
dedicated team of engineers— men who
attain and enjoy a true sense of accom-
plishment in their work— is now yours.
LOOK AT LOCKHEED. ..AS A CAREER
Consider Lockheed's leadership in space
technology. Evaluate its accomplish-
ments—such as the Polaris missile and
the Agena vehicle's superb records of
space missions. Examine its outstanding
advantages: location, advancement poli-
cies, creative climate, and opportunities.
Then write for a brochure that gives
you a more complete Look at Lockheed.
Address : Research & Development Staff,
Dept. M-107, P.O. Box 504, Sunnyvale,
California. Lockheed is an equal oppor-
tunity employer.
SCIENTISTS <£ ENGINEERS: In addi-
tion to positions relating to Metrology
(such as Senior Instrumentation engi-
neers experienced in electronic test
equipment calibration and design— and
Research Specialists for R&D of new
measurement equipment and techniques)
there are other important openings for
specialists in : Laser research • Bioastro-
nautics • Guidance and control • Opera-
tions research • Trajectory analysis. (
m JLM MgT JET
MISSILES & SPACE COMPANY
A GROUP DIVISION OF LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION
LOOK AT LOCKHEED. . . IN METRO LOG Y
Immeasurable improvement in the art of measurement
/
%
i
>v
■■ Ill I |
Technical Countdown
ELECTRONICS
Improved IR System Revealed
A new infrared tracker, developed by Diffraction Lim-
ited, Inc., reportedly operates with adjustable bandwidths
between 2.5 to 5 microns or 5 to 15 microns, a resolution
to 2.5 seconds of arc and a field of view up to 15 degrees.
Designed by DLI scientists Dr. Adriaan Walther and Dr.
Hendrik Sijgers, the new electrooptical system employs
silicon and germanium lens elements in a four-element
Petzval system to side-step the central obstructions associated
with mirror systems. Believed ideal for use in air surveillance
and ASW detection, the IR system, developers claim, could
provide a field of view "exceeding one-quarter mile with a
resolution of one inch at one mile."
Microelectronics Reliability To Be Studied
Librascope Div. of General Precision, Inc., reportedly is
the frontrunner for NASA contract valued at up to $100,000
to perform a microelectronics study aimed at a determination
of the physics of failure and reliability. The project, di-
rected by Dr. John Walker, chief of communications and
tracking, Electronics and Control Division, Office of Ad-
vanced Research and Technology, will cover both thin-film
and semiconductor integrated circuits. The selected con-
tractor's scope of work will include studies of criteria, de-
vice topology and circuit design, and require extensive data
analysis.
Super-Power Ruby Laser Marketed
A 500-megawatt ruby laser that does not require use
of an intermediate amplifier is to be marketed by Korad
Corp., Santa Monica, Calif., a subsidiary of Union Carbide
Corp. The laser, which has a possible application for missile
tracking, will be priced at about $30,000.
Gemini Ground Displays Near Completion
First of 10 Gemini in-flight display systems will be de-
livered late this month. Each system, being built by Bendix-
Pacific Division under a $5-million NASA contract, con-
sists of five separate consoles for use by the command com-
municator, Gemini and Agena flight controllers (two identi-
cal displays), the aeromedical monitor and a maintenance
and operation monitor. Two systems will be installed at the
Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston and one will be in-
stalled at each of the following primary tracking stations:
Carnarvon, Australia; Corpus Christi, Tex.; Canary Islands;
Hawaii; Guaymas, Mexico; Wallops Island, Va.; and on
the two tracking ships Rose Knot and Coastal Sentry.
Relativity May Cause ICBM Impact Error
The possibility that the special theory of relativity may
be false and give an impact error of 0.15 nautical miles for
a 90-degree ICBM trajectory has been suggested by Alton
B. Hornback, General Dynamics/ Electronics. The error
would occur if ICBM velocity measurements were based on
one-way Doppler. In two-way Doppler measurements, errors
would cancel out. Hornback said a test on the special theory
of relativity could be made by measuring the frequency of
signals received from an atomic clock in a missile fired
radially from the Earth at uniform speed. He said that a
thorough review showed "the astonishing result that vir-
tually all phenomena predicted by relativity are also pre-
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
dieted by classical or Maxwell-Lorenz electromagnetism."
Chief difference between the theories is in their predictions
for the one-way Doppler frequency shift.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
New Aluminide Coating Developed
An aluminide coating for columbium that won't drip
or run, can be applied evenly to columbium alloys in any
shape and will not create brittleness in the base metal has
been produced by the Los Angeles Div. of North American
Aviation, Inc. Already used on Apollo rocket engine nozzle
extensions and X-15 pressure rakes, the coating can be ap-
plied by spraying, brushing or dipping. Essentially con-
sisting of a thin slurry of aluminum and ceramic powders
suspended in an organic liquid, the coating is baked on in
an inert-atmosphere furnace. At 1,900° F, the aluminum
diffuses into the columbium forming columbium aluminide.
Thus shielded, the alloy can withstand up to 2,600° F.
New Orleans Firm Boosting LH2 Production
Executives of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Allen-
town, Pa., have announced plans for increased production
capabilities at the firm's new complex now being built at
New Orleans. Air Products recently was awarded a
$19-million NASA contract to supply liquid hydrogen to
the nearby NASA Mississippi Test Facility and also the
Marshall Space Flight Center. The contract covers chemi-
cals to be supplied between 1965 and 1970, in addition to
the 30-tons-per-day liquid hydrogen facility. The New Or-
leans complex will have a cryogenic liquid plant with 1,000-
tons-per-day production capacity of liquid and gaseous oxy-
gen, nitrogen and argon. The firm is also planning to put
other chemicals, which use hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen,
into industrial production. The hydrogen plant, which will
feed the NASA needs, is expected to be in operation early
next year.
Method Cuts Epoxy Curing Time
A means of reducing to two or three minutes the cure
time for small epoxy, polyurethane and polyester parts is
reported by Empire Research Corp., Cohoes, N.Y. The
method uses an electronic heating oven that cures the parts,
placed in silicon rubber molds, by means of molecular agi-
tation. Heating is accomplished by converting 60-cycle a-c
voltage to high d-c voltage. According to developers, the
curing procedure requires little or no vacuum to perform
de-aeration, since the casting compound is rapidly and
thoroughly heated, reducing viscosity and eliminating air
voids.
Simulator Will Test Space Plasma Phenomena
An ultra-high-vacuum space simulator, primarily de-
signed for easy application toward the investigation of
plasma attending missile and space probe flight, has been
installed at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington,
D.C. Designed and installed by the Environmental Engineer-
ing Div. of Bethlehem Corp., Bethlehem, Pa., the 55-ft. steel
vacuum tank has a four-stage steam-jet evacuation system
that can pump down to one mm Hg pressure (up to 30 mi.
simulated altitude). Accelerators are able to simulate veloci-
ties up to and beyond those of space probe re-entry vehicles.
Thirty-eight ft. of the tank is available for research studies.
23
NASA Seen Blocking
Electric Propulsion
space propulsion
by William Beller
NASA IS HOLDING BACK the
nation's nuclear-electric propulsion ef-
fort, many industry and government
experts are beginning to contend. Their
argument may lead to a showdown bat-
tle between two propulsion systems —
nuclear-electric and nuclear.
These experts say the situation may
soon become critical. If it doesn't
change for the better, they maintain, the
United States in the 1970's could easily
lose out to the Soviet Union in such
post-Apollo projects as lunar basing
and planetary exploration.
A Soviet military official now visit-
ing the United States confirmed to Mis-
siles and Rockets that his country is
working on electric propulsion and that
the problems are "very difficult ones,"
but he would not give any details. It
is known, too, that the works of Deme-
trios Samaras, Air Force Office of Sci-
entific Research scientist and author of
fundamental texts on the theory of elec-
trical propulsion, have been trans-
lated into Russian and are being used
by Soviet space scientists.
The nuclear rocket, on the other
hand, hailed by many engineers and
systems managers — including Harry
Finger, director of NASA's office of
Nuclear Systems and Space Power — as
the "logical follow-on to chemical pro-
pulsion," has been the most heavily
financed of the space nuclear projects.
• A prudent attitude — Industrial
proponents of electric propulsion are
not eager to tangle with NASA's nuclear
office because it holds the reins over
virtually all this country's nuclear space
work. Moreover, the Air Force's interest
in SNAP 50— a 300-kw-to-l-Mw nu-
clear-electric energy converter for space
— has been relegated to the Atomic
Energy Commission.
Yet the advocates of a strong pro-
gram in nuclear-electric propulsion are
becoming more aggressive and asking:
— If the nuclear rocket is consid-
ered an easier technical development
than nuclear-electric propulsion, a
premise not universally accepted, why
has it shown so little progress although
nearly half a billion dollars has already
been spent on its development?
— With nuclear-electric propulsion
showing so much potential for growth,
why is the field kept in the shadow of
the nuclear rocket?
Funding between the two programs
lias been running at a ratio of about 10
to 1. There is less disparity in the pro-
posed NASA Fiscal 1965 budget, in
which nuclear rocket work is scheduled
for $58 million plus facilities, but not
including the eliminated RIFT and
Kiwi programs. Nuclear-electric pro-
pulsion is scheduled for $13 million,
with only a small amount for facilities.
Adding fuel to the fire, a NASA
scientist close to the nuclear-electric pro-
gram maintains that for prime propul-
sion, "thrustors for 500 kilowatts to a
couple of megawatts can be ready by
the early 1970's." He cla ims that nu-
clear electric systems for attitude con-
trol of satellites and for station keeping
can be ready by 1966.
• For lunar basing — Nuclear-elec-
tric propulsion systems are said to be
needed even for such short-haul work
as supplying a lunar base, a program
almost certain to accelerate after the
first Apollo landing.
Recent studies by Avco Corp. and
United Aircraft Corp. show that to de-
liver several hundred tons of material
a month to the Moon would require
many more Saturn V launch vehicles
with a nuclear rocket or chemical stage
than with a nuclear-electric stage.
Definition of Terms
THE NUCLEAR ROCKET en-
gine, like that of the chemical rocket,
is a thermal engine in which heat is
added to a gas with a resulting gain
in kinetic energy and propulsive
force. The heat source is hotter in
the nuclear rocket, but in both types
the working gas is exhausted through
an expansion nozzle.
In an advanced chemical engine,
such as hydrogen and oxygen, the
specific impulse is about 425 seconds.
In a nuclear rocket engine, the spe-
cific impulse will probably not go
much higher than 700 seconds, al-
though it conceivably could go up to
900 seconds. Thus, the nuclear rocket
is already being designed close to its
performance limit.
The specific impulse for electric
rocket engines covers the band from
700 seconds, where the nuclear
rocket is in its prime, to beyond
15,000 seconds.
In electric propulsion, the heat
energy from a nuclear or solar source
is used to ionize atomic particles and
accelerate them with electrical and
magnetic fields to provide the very
high particle velocities that give high
impulse per unit mass of particle.
Thus, the considerations going
into devising electric systems are
much different from those for the
nuclear rocket engine.
There are three types of electric
propulsion systems:
— Electrothermal (resistojet and
arc jet) . Affords 700 seconds to more
than 3,500 seconds specific impulse.
Attains thrust by heating a propellant
such as hydrogen or ammonia either
by an electric arc or by passing it
across heating coils and then expand-
ing the propellant through a nozzle.
Avco Corp. recently reached 3,500
seconds specific impulse in an arc jet
test. Giannini Scientific Corp. at-
tained specific impulses of greater
than 7,200 seconds with a new type
of arc jet.
— Electrostatic (ion). Affords
3,500 seconds to 15,000 seconds spe-
cific impulse. Thrust achieved by
ionization of a propellant such as
cesium or mercury by either passing
propellant through a porous hot plate
or by electron bombardment of pro-
pellant atoms and then accelerating
resulting ion particles by electro-
static fields. Several such engines
have demonstrated between 3,100
seconds and 10,000 seconds at
24
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
As the "freight" requirements increase
beyond several hundred tons — which
they will — the differential in the num-
ber of Saturn Vs becomes even more
significant.
The round-trip time for the nuclear-
electric system would be about 30 to
40 days. Economy, not time, probably
would be the most important factor for
freight deliveries.
These studies verified earlier deter-
minations that the cheapest way to
carry a payload to the Moon is with a
propulsion system having a specific im-
pulse between 2,000 and 4,500 sees.,
satisfied only by the nuclear-electric
system.
Three other separate studies — by
Electro-Optical Systems, Inc., General
Electric Co., and Jet Propulsion Labo-
ratories— also show that the nuclear-
electric propulsion system is far cheaper
for lunar basing work than either the
chemical or nuclear rocket. Because of
this, Marshall Space Flight Center re-
cently released RFP's for studies of
spacecraft designs based on trajectory
data for nuclear electric rockets.
• First step — SNAP 50— SNAP 50
is the only nuclear power conversion
system currently under development in
the U.S. that could provide prime power
to electric thrustors for useful missions
such as planetary and solar probes. It
also offers the first power level that has
growth possibilities to attain 8-15 Mw,
suitable for manned planetary missions.
Rated at between 300 kw and 1 Mw,
the SNAP-50 system is being designed
to have a specific weight of 20-30
Ib./kw with the ultimate goal of 10-20
lb./kw including the radiator but not
the shielding, according to Col. Elwood
M. Douthett (USAF), manager of
mmmm mm mm mmmmmmmmmmmm
Hughes Aircraft Co., Electro-Optical
Systems, Inc., TRW Space Technol-
ogy Laboratories, General Electric
and other companies.
— Electromagnetic. Provides 700
seconds to more than 15,000 seconds
specific impulse. Attains thrust by
ionizing a propellant such as argon,
nitrogen or hydrogen by passing it
through very intense electrical dis-
charge or inducing a high electrical
discharge in propellant; propellant is
then accelerated by a force that re-
sults from interaction of an electric
and magnetic fields. This method, al-
ready showing specific impulses up
to 10,000 seconds, has been demon-
strated by General Dynamics/ Astro-
nautics, General Electric, Avco
Corp., Space Technology Labora-
tories and NASA's Langley and
Lewis Research Laboratories.
the AECs SNAP 50/SPUR office.
The SNAP 50 power level, even
with specific weights of 20-30 lb./kw,
will provide a nuclear electric propul-
sion system capable of delivering pay-
loads several times greater than those
obtained with any chemical- or nuclear
rocket-propelled spacecraft for many
space science missions.
For the lunar freight mission, a nu-
clear-electric power package of between
two and four megawatts would be
needed — several times the output of
SNAP 50. Thrustor for such a lunar
mission would be the arc jet or some
electromagnetic device such as an MHD
accelerator. Avco has already demon-
strated 2,200-sec. specific impulse at
200 kw from a radiation-cooled arc jet.
The requirement for power such as
SNAP 50 could give has not been
firmed up in NASA or in the Air Force
as fast as the AEC had thought it
would, according to Douthett. For this
reason, he said it is difficult for the
Commission to give as much support
to SNAP 50 as it at one time hoped it
could. "But I feel if someone at NASA
would hold up his hand and say we
need SNAP 50 at time t, we could build
the solid technical base we need."
Douthett claims that no break-
throughs are needed to get a SNAP 50.
'"I don't see any difficulty we would
have either technically, politically or
financially once we got the go-ahead,"
he said. He feels the AEC could have a
prototype SNAP 50 unit operating in
space in 1972. "In 1975, we'd be ready
for missions. Funding, not technical
problems, limits SNAP-50 develop-
ment."
Finger estimates that Project Rover
will cost close to $2 billion, $450 mil-
lion of which has already been spent.
At the same time, he estimates that
it will cost only about half as much —
SI billion— for a 300-kw SNAP 50 unit,
the same figure suggested by Douthett.
• Uses of high space power —
Douthett sees important missions for
SNAP 50:
— Unmanned planetary probes.
Douthett said that studies show that
planetary exploration probes of Mars,
Venus and Jupiter can be performed
most economically by nuclear-electric
means. He said, furthermore, that un-
manned spacecraft scientific probes —
such as solar and out-of-the-ecliptic —
are highly attractive missions for elec-
tric propulsion. (M/R, Nov. 25, p. 74.)
— Power for a lunar base. NASA
asked the Army Corps of Engineers to
look into the power requirements for
a lunar base, and the Engineers, in
turn, gave a corresponding contract to
Westinghouse Electric Corp. Initially,
the power demand is expected to aver-
age out less than 100 kw, but after a
few years the demand is expected to
iipproach a megawatt. NASA suggests
planning the initial base for 1973.
— Military space vehicles. Although
the Air Force is calling for only 20-30
kw for its Manned Orbiting Laboratory
(MOL), scheduled to orbit in three or
four years, the follow-on probably will
call for far greater amounts of power
— for high-resolution radar, for ex-
ample. The military has a history of
never having enough electrical energy
at hand. For instance, about 462 kva
are used on the B-52, although the craft
left the drawing boards with a require-
ment for only 60 kva.
• Nuclear electric has problems —
Finger affirms "chemical and nuclear
rockets will provide any programs we
need."
He backs his argument by noting
that "the power system for prime elec-
tric propulsion is a long way from be-
ing developed or even designed with
confidence."
The principal people pressing for
prime electric propulsion are the
thrustor people, according to Finger.
"They don't seem to realize the prob-
lems of the power unit, nor perhaps of
the thrustor unit itself." He added that
"we don't know how to operate a sys-
tem for 10,000 hours, a requirement for
nuclear-electric generated thrust."
He is calling for more basic data
for the nuclear-electric field. "For ex-
ample, we have to have the basic char-
acteristics of potassium and sodium
vapors. Only now are we getting boiling
heat-transfer data at the temperatures
we want."
Finger observed, though, "timing is
the only thing against electrical pro-
pulsion." He said he would be "deeply
troubled without a strong program in
the field of nuclear-electric propulsion."
He added that systems must be tested
for feasibility. "It is much cheaper to
find out if there is feasibility right away
than to spend years struggling on a low-
grade program."
• So has the nuclear rocket now —
Finger failed to mention the many
problems of the nuclear rocket — such
as burn time in the reactor, erosion in
the reactor, high cost, materials prob-
lems, re-starts in space, low mass ratio,
ground support equipment problems,
and performance decrements.
It should also be noted that mission
analysts and NASA centers responsible
for performing the missions, particu-
larly at JPL and Marshall, in addition
to thrustor experts, are calling for more
effort on nuclear-electric propulsion.
Furthermore, if it were now known
how to operate a nuclear-electric sys-
tem for 10,000 hours, there would be
no need for the present nuclear-electric
effort — just as there would be no need
for current research on the nuclear
rocket if one were operational. ■
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
25
space guidance
Advanced Saturn Guidance Platform
Flies on Successful Saturn I SA-5
First all-beryllium pre-production model rides as open-loop
package; gas-bearing inertial elements used throughout design
FIRST PRE-PRODUCTION
MODEL of the ST-124 stabilized iner-
tial platform, destined to guide future
Saturn IB and V vehicles, was carried
aloft as a passenger aboard the highly
successful Saturn I SA-5 launch vehicle
from Cape Kennedy on Jan. 29.
The platform, carried in SA-5's In-
strument Unit (IU), was operating in an
open-loop mode without exercising ac-
tual control over the launch vehicle.
For SA-5, an earlier-developed ST-90S
guidance and control system served as
by Michael Getler
the active system.
Thirty-three channels of telemetry
data were provided for in-flight per-
formance and environment measure-
ment on the ST-124 package.
Prototype versions of the ST-124
have flown previously, also in open-
loop modes, aboard SA-3 and SA-4.
Although designed for IB and V vehi-
cles, the platform also will get closed-
loop operating checkouts in upcoming
Saturn I launchings.
At a press conference following the
SA-5 launching, Dr. Wernher von
Braun, director of NASA's Marshall
Space Flight Center, said that a quick
look at telemetry data indicated the
platform had performed very well and
that the ST-124 probably would get its
first active guidance role in the next
Saturn shot, scheduled for April (M/R,
Feb. 3, p. 18). Actually, ST-124 is
likely to play only a limited closed-loop
role, probably generating engine cut-off
signals, aboard 5,4-6.
First flight in which the platform is
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
1 — Schematic of three-gimbal version
of ST-124 shows location of inertial
components mounted to inner gimbal,
and prism gimbal just below stable ele-
ment. 2 — Cutaway of single-degree-oj-
freedom gyro. 3 — Cutaway of pendu-
lous gyro accelerometer. 4 — Technician
checks platform in final inspection se-
ries. 5 — Complete platform encased in
steel dome covers undergoes calibration
check on Bendix turn-tilt stand.
expected to exercise complete active
control is SA-7, due to be made in about
six months. Both SA-6 and SA-7 will
boost Apollo boilerplate models. The
new system is also expected to be used
for the following two Saturn launch-
ings (SA -8 and SA-9), in which Mete-
oroid Detection Satellites will be lifted
into Earth orbit.
The Saturn stabilized platform will
operate in conjunction with two other
major subsystems — a general-purpose
digital guidance computer and an analog
control computer with associated sen-
sors and actuators — to form the com-
plete Saturn guidance and control sys-
tem. An on-board data adapter handles
interface requirements. As a system,
Saturn G&C is viewed as a significant
broad advance in guidance philosophy
and execution (M/R, Oct. 7, p. 57).
•~ NASA-Bendix team — The con-
cept for the ST- 124 platform and re-
sponsibility for primary design and de-
velopment has been retained in-house
by NASA's Astrionics Laboratory, in
particular the Inertial Sensors and Sta-
bilization Div., at the Marshall Space
Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.
Fabrication of the platform, its in-
ertial elements and associated electron-
ics is being undertaken by Bendix
Corp.'s Eclipse-Pioneer Div., Teterboro,
N.J. Bendix engineers are also provid-
ing some detail system design in addi-
tion to production design for inertial
componentry.
Saturn guidance has meant consider-
able business for Bendix thus far, and
this promises to continue, possibly even
into post-Saturn vehicles.
Late in January, NASA awarded
Eclipse-Pioneer a contract for 29 Saturn
IB and V platforms, associated services
and test equipment. The value of the
cost-plus-incentive-fee contract prob-
ably will exceed $25 million. The pro-
gram is expected to be spread over
four years, providing flight systems and
spares for all currently planned Saturn
IB and V launchings. Prior to the re-
cent negotiations, Bendix, since 1961,
had received other Saturn I and ad-
vanced Saturn guidance awards total-
ing just under $25 million.
NASA sources also told M/R that
the guidance platform for any post-
Saturn vehicles, such as Nova, that
might be funded in the future will al-
most certainly evolve from the ST-124.
The high reliability that NASA hopes
to achieve with the ST-124 stems not
only from the choice of components
and materials, but also from the fact
that the Huntsville-Bendix team has
been together, largely intact, for the
past five years dating back to develop-
ment of the Pershing missile platform
under what was formerly the Redstone
Arsenal team at Huntsville, with Eclipse-
Pioneer supplying the hardware and
some supporting R&D.
• Gas bearings and beryllium —
Though Saturn's is basically a different
platform design from Pershing's, much
of the Saturn inertial componentry, in
particular the gyros, have evolved from
the Pershing design. For all the ST-124
inertial elements, it was decided, as it
was in the case of Pershing, to use gyro
and accelerometer components on gas
bearings rather than fluid-type floated
devices. In support of this, program of-
ficials cite the Pershing platform rec-
ord of no in-flight platform failures in
the 72 flights made with the missile to
date. In-plant rejection rate on Pershing
components mounted on gas bearings
is said to be less than 3%, with field
rejection rates "negligible."
Use of gas-bearing devices, accord-
ing to project engineers, has also cut
down on the number of electronic com-
ponents, particularly through elimina-
tion of electronic compensation and
temperature-control subsystems asso-
ciated with fluid-floated devices. Engi-
neers say the ST-124 requires only
about 1,000 discrete components — re-
sistors, transistors, and condensers — as
opposed to 5-6 times that figure for de-
signs using fluid-floated inertial ele-
ments.
The associated electronics are housed
in stacked modules attached to mother-
boards. No integrated circuitry is in-
cluded in the design, although this is
being studied.
Other major improvements in the
ST-124 have resulted from the wide-
spread use of beryllium throughout the
platform, another technique harking
back to early Pershing days, when Ben-
dix assisted Redstone in proving the
feasibility of using beryllium for gyro
cans.
NASA and Bendix engineers say the
pre-production beryllium model of the
ST-124 aboard SA-5 becomes the first
"really all-beryllium platform" to be
flown (a beryllium platform is also re-
portedly being built for use in the
Minuteman ICBM).
All structural members and all com-
ponentry— with the exception of gyro
wheels (monel), magnetic elements, and
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
27
accelerometer encoders — use beryllium.
The use of this material imparts signifi-
cant improvements in stability, heat
transfer and cold-soak capabilities, in
addition to weight savings. Another ad-
vantage of its use is the high (130 cps)
primary resonance frequency for the
inner gimbal member. This frequency is
is above the vehicle body-bending fre-
quency and structural resonance points,
eliminating platform perturbations from
those traditional sources. This is es-
pecially important, since the platform
system is rigidly mounted (with no
shock-mounts used) to the frame of
the vehicle.
NASA scientists say the expected
ST-124 performance will be better by
a factor of 10 than what the state of
the art was two years ago, when ST-124
effort got underway.
• Platform design— The ST-124
uses an outside gimbaling scheme and
can be configured with either three or
four gimbals. Use of four gimbals (the
outermost structure serves as the re-
dundant yaw gimbal) provides unlim-
ited angular freedom about all axes and
avoids potential gimbal lock problems.
The four-gimbal configuration is ex-
pected to be used in all Saturn V flights
in which complex rendezvous and
maneuvering capabilities are required.
The three-gimbal version would provide
limited (± 60 deg.) yaw (middle) gim-
bal freedom. According to NASA, the
three-gimbal version will be used pre-
dominantly on the IB flights. The sys-
tems to be test-flown aboard the Saturn
I vehicles will all be four-gimbal de-
signs. Bendix is manufacturing a "gim-
bal kit" that will allow NASA to go
from one configuration to the other in
about one week's time.
The spherical ST-124 platform
measures 21 in. across, and weighs
about 110 lbs. in the three-gimbal con-
figuration. Addition of the fourth gim-
bal adds another 1 5 lbs. System requires
peak power of 200 watts dc, and normal
running power of about 63 watts dc.
NASA engineers point out that the
ST-124 is actually a five-gimbal system
when the dual-prism pre-launch azimuth
alignment system is included. With this
system (M/R, Sept. 30, p. 42), not only
is preflight azimuth laying made highly
accurate, but the ability to update the
firing azimuth while on the launch pad
removes firing time and launch window
restrictions due to countdown holds.
The prisms are mounted on a small gim-
bal carried on the bottom side of the
inner gimbal. The prism gimbal has 360
degrees rotational freedom.
Mounted to the stable inner element,
or inertial gimbal, of the ST-124 are
three single-degree-of-freedom gyros,
three pendulous-gyro-accelerometers,
and two pre-flight leveling pendulums.
• Components — The gyros used in
the ST-124 weigh 2 lbs. each and are
3 in. wide and 4 in. long. The gyro
wheel is supported in the beryllium cyl-
inder, which, in turn, is supported by
the hydrostatic gas-bearing with both
radial and axial centering. Gas con-
sumption is 1,100 std. cc's per min.
Ribbon-type flex leads provide power
transmission to the cylinder. The gyro
cylinder machining roundness and taper
tolerances are said to be less than 20
micro-inches, with squareness tolerances
to the cylinder axis about 20 micro-
inches per inch. The gyro's angular mo-
mentum is reportedly 2 x 10flg cm2/
sec.
The gyros use shorted-turn, variable
reluctance-type magnetic pick-offs, with
a 4.8-kc excitation frequency.
The accelerometers use the same
gyro design as the ST-124 platform
gyros and have an angular momentum
figure of 105g cmVsec. The gas con-
sumption for the accelerometers is
slightly higher than for the gyros, about
1,200 std. cc's per min. Accelerometer
GAS INLET
DRAWING shows major components
of gas-bearing pendulum, third ele-
ment mounted on inner gimbal.
pendulosity is reported as 20 gram centi-
meters, and its scale factor as 300 meters
per sec. per revolution of the output
axis. The 2.5-lb. device, packaged in a
5 x 3.5-in. beryllium cylinder, has a
digital-encoder (mounted on the accel-
erometer head) output with a bit count
of 0.05 meters per sec. per bit.
The pendulums, also gas-bearing
beryllium-structured devices, have an
accuracy of about ±5 arc sec, accord-
ing to Bendix, and are used solely for
pre-flight leveling and alignment. The
units perform no in-flight function. Es-
sentially, they consist of a magnetic
element suspended on a gas bearing in-
side a linear differential transformer.
The ST-124 also contains a unique
resolver chain to provide three-axis at-
titude error signals for use by the Saturn
control system. Three programmed com-
mand resolvers mounted externally in
the inertial data box, part of the associ-
ated electronics that Bendix supplies,
and four unprogrammed resolvers, one
mounted in each of the gimbal pivots,
make up the chain.
The resolver chain, in effect, com-
pares the actual vehicle coordinates,
measured by the pivot resolvers, with
those programmed inputs, or Eulerian
angles, received from the inertial data
box resolvers and shapes the proper de-
gree of attitude correction. The chain is
unique, NASA points out, in that each
resolver essentially is made to transform
two axes simultaneously instead of one.
which is normally the case. This allows
three steering signals to be generated by
one chain instead of two. The double
duty is accomplished by exciting the
chain with two inharmonically related
frequencies, using filter separation for
demodulation to error signals. When
these error signals are driven to zero,
the actual vehicle coordinate system is
aligned with the desired vehicle coordi-
nate system and the Saturn thrust acts
in the optimum direction.
In addition to the resolver chain,
each gimbal pivot also contains a multi-
speed resolver, with an accuracy of 10
sec. of arc, which is used as a separate,
or possible back-up, digital sensing de-
vice.
Bendix engineers also point out that
dc torque motors are used throughout
the ST-124 system. The main gimbals
have a maximum torque capability of
200 in.-oz. Engineers also note that
transmission between the platform and
the associated electronics is all dc.
• Well tested — In addition to the
flight testing carried out to date, the
ST-124 has been through sled tests at
Holloman AFB, undergoing linear ac-
celerations of 8.5 g's and vibration en-
vironments of 25 g's. No malfunctions
and good acceleration correlation were
reported. The system is actually de-
signed to withstand thrust levels in ex-
cess of 20 g's and vibration levels of
2.5 x 10"2 g2 per cps.
Inertial sensors reportedly operate
over a 100°C spread, withstanding
±10°C temperature variations without
degradation. Total system performance
variation at upper and lower tempera-
ture limits is reportedly less than 2:1
from its designed ambient, according to
Bendix. The unit can be stored at tem-
peratures from —60° to +150°C.
Component acceptance tests and
calibration are done at Huntsville and
the components are shipped back to
Bendix for systems installation. The en-
tire system is retested at Huntsville in a
Saturn IU, then removed and shipped to
Cape Kennedy where it is tested again.
The platform can be drift-tested at
the launch site in six different gyro and
accelerometer positions with respect to
local vertical. ■
28
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
space vehicle research
Flight Research Center, AF
Press for Hypersonic Research Vehicle
Favorable decision could come this year on $500-750 million
program based on LHi-burning turbo-ramjet; debate within NASA
by Russell Hawkes
NASA's Flight Research Center,
Edwards, Calif., and the Air Force are
campaigning for funds to develop an
air-breathing Hypersonic Research Ve-
hicle (HRV) that will focus technology
on the development of recoverable space
boosters, Aerospace Planes, true hyper-
sonic interceptors, and Mach-8 succes-
sors to the supersonic transport.
There is thought to be a reasonably
good chance of an affirmative decision
on the HRV during 1964.
As it now stands, the proposal is
to build two 85,000-lb., turbo-ramjet-
powered vehicles. The cost of the pro-
gram is estimated variously from $500
million to $750 million.
• NASA split — The impressive
pricetag is at the root of intramural de-
bate within NASA over whether to press
on with the program at this time. Long-
ley Research Center technologists have
contended that it is not economically
feasible to spend that sort of money on
a research vehicle and that a military
mission must be found to justify the
program. However, they are reported to
be looking more favorably on the HRV
since the completion of studies indi-
cating that a mission-oriented vehicle
apparently would weigh more than 500,-
000 lbs. and would cost far more than
the highest estimate for the HRV.
Langley researchers are just begin-
ning to operate a pair of new Mach-8
high-temperature facilities, and they
would like to apply these to the problem
before being committed to a research
aircraft design. They are also trying to
get funds for a Scout rocket system to
be used as a ramjet test bed for the
HRV performance region; they want to
see what becomes of this effort before
proceeding on the HRV.
Ames Research Center has asked
for another six to eight months to study
the proposition before taking a posi-
tion. Scientists there agree that there
should be another research airplane, but
they would prefer first to see the out-
come of a number of their own labora-
tory investigations related to HRV
problems.
The Air Force, waiting for NASA
to make up its mind, is the program's
strongest advocate.
The trouble with attempting to de-
velop a technologically advanced ve-
hicle without an intervening research
vehicle program is that the high techni-
cal risk, uneven advance of component
technology and resulting high develop-
ment costs discourage government sup-
port and the program is allowed to
starve by degrees.
• Needs — Flight Research Center
lists three major areas of development
requiring the HRV:
— An air-breathing propulsion sys-
tem capable of operating in the Mach 6
to Mach 9 range.
— Lightweight structure capable of
withstanding the prolonged heating and
high dynamic pressures encountered by
a hypersonic cruise vehicle.
— An airframe with high aerody-
namic efficiency — lift-drag ratio be-
tween 6.0 and 9.0.
De Beeler, assistant director of
FRC, told M/R that when the HRV de-
sign is finalized, it will look much like
the model FRC is now showing indus-
try. However, wind-tunnel tests of the
model have not yet started and there
are sure to be at least minor changes
in such details as the size and location of
vertical stabilizers and the shape of
engine inlets. Its range would be about
3,000 mi.
• Power plant — Heart of the pro-
posed HRV is its liquid hydrogen-burn-
ing turbo-ramjet engine, which should
generate betwen 55,000 and 70,000 lbs.
of thrust. An attempt will be made to
develop an engine in which flow is su-
personic. The planned speed range be-
tween Mach 6.5 and Mach 9.0 is now
regarded as the transition zone in which
supersonic burning begins to be more
efficient than subsonic burning.
FRC is estimating a four-year lead-
time for the engine — and six years from
go-ahead until the first flight of the
HRV. The center is stressing develop-
ment of the turbo-ramjet engine to
minimize the temptation of economy-
minded administrators to build the re-
search craft around some existing rocket
engine. FRC engineers are sure this
would materially reduce the value of
the program.
One of the early steps in engine
development will be operation of a
liquid hydrogen-burning ramjet engine
on X-15 flights planned in 1966 or 1967.
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
29
SIDE-LOOKING RADAR
SYSTEMS ANALYSTS
New programs at HUGHES are gen-
erating opportunities for Systems
Analysts experienced in high-resolu-
tion data gathering, data transfer
and data processing systems. Open-
ings exist for Systems Engineers,
Mathematicians and Physicists
gualified in synthetic array radars,
optical, and other data collection
systems (IR, Electro-Optical, SIGINT
and others). Assignments include:
Senior Systems Scientist with 20
years'electronic systems experience
—at least 10 years relevant to side-
looking radar systems. Applicants
will be considered for important pro-
gram management responsibilities.
M. S. or Ph. D. degree required.
Senior Systems Analysts with 10
years' electronic systems experience
—at least 5 years relevant to high-
resolution systems pre-design and
evaluation. Applicants will be con-
sidered for assignments in concept
formulation; single and multi-sensor
applications; data transmission, pro-
cessing and interpretation; systems
integration and performance eval-
uation. M. S, or Ph. D. required.
Systems Analysts with 5 years' ex-
perience in: detection of signals in
noise, optimum filter theory, non-
linear signal processing, information
theory, MTI and doppler systems
analysis. B. S. or M. S. required.
Please airmail your resume to:
MR. ROBERT A. MARTIN
Head of Employment
Hughes Aerospace Divisions
11940 W. Jefferson Blvd.
Culver City 97, California
Creating a new world with electronics
HUGHES
HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY
AEROSPACE DIVISIONS
U. S. CITIZENSHIP REQUIRED
An equal opportunity employer.
i
h
1
There are also plans to use the X-15
as a test bed for supersonic combustion
experiments and HRV structural tests
specimens will be installed as X-15 wing
panels.
The development of the HRV engine
would really be completed during the
flight-testing of the vehicle and not be-
fore. Beeler told M/R it probably will
not be possible to provide the HRV
with a flight-rated engine, as has been
done in all past development of manned
systems.
The rule has been that an engine
was ready for flight-test only after 30 ac-
curately simulated missions in ground
test facilities. The enormous flow rate
and difficult environment of the HRV
turbo-ramjet make this completely un-
attainable, in the opinion of FRC engi-
neers.
A proposal has been heard to build
an immense facility at the Air Force
Arnold Engineering Development Cen-
ter in Tullahoma. Tenn. which would
be able to run-full scale tests on such
an engine, but their duration could not
be more than five minutes. FRC engi-
neers conclude that it would take seven
years and an astronomical sum of
money to flight-rate the engine at that
pace.
• Another way— If the HRV is
used as a flying wind tunnel for the
development of its own engine, the test
runs can be from 30 minutes to an hour
and a half long. Such a program can
be conducted safely by verifying the in-
tegrity of the engine up to the limits of
existing ground facilities and extending
the performance envelope in easy incre-
ments until it has been completely ex-
plored during flight tests.
Beeler denies that this would be a
radical way to conduct the program.
He points out that only the engine de-
signer has had the luxury of pre-flight
rating his product in the past. The air-
frame designers have always had to
complete the development of the vehicle
during the flight test program. Beeler
reports that the leading edges of the
X-15 were considerably modified twice
since the first flight. Had they been
operated up to their design Mach num-
bers before the modifications, the re-
search craft would have been destroyed
in flight.
Ground facilities exist or are being
prepared which can completely test the
turbo-ramjet to Mach 4.5. The ramjet
duct can be subjected to realistic temp-
eratures and pressures in ground facili-
ties with the turbojet section blocked
off and the rotor fixed. Since this prob-
ably is how the engine would be oper-
ated at the top of its performance en-
velope anyway, flight rating would
consist mainly of demonstrating and
modifying the cycling of the system and
its controls in all possible environments.
Automatic control of the engine air
inlet, exit nozzle, and fuel flow will be
essential. Such a system has not yet
been developed but will surely be avail-
able in time for the HRV, since it is
regarded as necessary for the Mach 3
supersonic transport.
• Structure — The airframe struc-
ture of the X-15 has been subjected to
the hypersonic environment, but it was
designed merely to survive and is much
less efficient than the planned HRV
structure. Structure of the HRV should
not weigh more than 20% of maximum
take-off gross weight; X-15 structure
constitutes about 35% .
The problem of developing a suit-
able lightweight structure for hyper-
sonic cruise missions lasting two or
three hours is complicated by the use
of liquid hydrogen fuel, which makes a
very steep thermal gradient between a
skin that may be as hot as 3,000°F.
and the fuel at — 435°F.
Beeler said industry has put forward
a number of structural concepts, most
of them quite conservative. Fancy sand-
wich structures are less favored than
conventional built-up ones because of
worries about the difficulty of repairing
the former or modifying it in response
to the new learning extracted from the
program.
It will be necessary to use exotic ma-
terials in the hypersonic environment.
Of these, molybdenum is the leading
contender. A major contribution of the
HRV would be the demonstration that it
is now possible to use moly alloys as a
primary structural material.
The structure selected must in-
corporate enough insulation to mini-
mize boil-off of the liquid hydrogen
fuel. There is a trade-off to be made
between the weight of this insulation
and the weight of make-up fuel re-
quired if insulation is absent or reduced.
The presence aboard of liquid hy-
drogen is not without its benefits. It
can be used as a coolant for key com-
ponents like the landing gear, permitting
the use of conventional wheels and tires
rather than skids of the sort installed on
the X-15. This is a necessary provision,
since NASA engineers want the HRV
to take off, land and cruise like an
ordinary airplane.
It is also likely that the engine in-
lets and the hottest leading edges would
have to be cooled. This might impose
a design penalty on the otherwise at-
tractive specifics of the propulsion sys-
tem.
The relatively high aerodynamic ef-
ficiency of the HRV is intended to make
possible three- and four-hour missions.
However, much useful information for
the development of air-breathing re-
coverable boosters could be collected on
missions lasting no more than 30 or
40 minutes. ■
30
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
IONOSPHERE EXPLORER, with ion composition probe at right, is shown minus antennas in environmental testing.
space systems
Ionosphere Explorer To Complement
Density Data Supplied by Alouette
by Lawrence J. Curran
THE SECOND SATELLITE in
NASA's Topside Sounder program —
officially designated Ionosphere Ex-
plorer— will soon join its Canadian
"cousin" Alouette in orbit to study ir-
regularities in electron distribution in
the ionosphere's F layer.
Spokesmen at Goddard Space Flight
Center, which has general and adminis-
trative supervision of the Topside
Sounder program and this satellite, say
the launch will take place no later than
the end of the first quarter of the year
from Point Arguello, Calif.
A four-stage Scout will boost the
Ionosphere Explorer (formerly called
S-48) into a nearly circular polar orbit
with an apogee of about 630 mi. Incli-
nation will be 80 degrees. The payload
will weigh approximately 97 lbs.
The Central Radio Propagation
Laboratory (CRPL) of the National
Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colo.,
designed the two experiments aboard the
Ionosphere Explorer, and Airborne In-
struments Laboratory (AIL), Deer
Park, N.Y., built the satellite and in-
strumentation.
• Experiment details — Extra time
afforded by program slippages has been
used to optimize the experiments aboard
the satellite, Goddard's John E. Jackson
told Missiles and Rockets. Jackson
is project manager for the Ionosphere
Explorer.
The most recent delay, causing
launch slippage from the last quarter
of 1963, resulted from difficulties en-
countered with the Scout booster.
The two experiments are the sounder
and an ion composition probe (spheroid
appendage in photo). The latter was
"borrowed" substantially from the Brit-
ish-designed UK-1 or Ariel international
ionospheric satellite.
The sounder consists of six 8- to
45-watt transmitters that will emit pulses
sequentially at six fixed frequencies
from 1.5 to 7.22 mc. RF pulse duration
is 100 microseconds.
• International cooperation stressed
— Data obtained by the Ionosphere Ex-
plorer is expected to complement that
being delivered by the Canadian-devel-
oped Alouette. The latter is generally
considered one of the most successful
scientific satellites ever launched. It is
the result of the fruitful association of
NASA with the civilian Canadian De-
fense Research Board.
Alouette was launched by NASA
Sept. 29, 1962, aboard a Thor-Agena B
from Point Arguello. It is still trans-
mitting from its near-circular orbit, and
has roughly the same 630-mi. apogee
planned for the Ionosphere Explorer.
Chief difference in the data from
Alouette and that anticipated from the
Ionosphere Explorer, Jackson says, is
that Alouette gives a precisely defined
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
31
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major missile/ space publica-
tion to show consecutive gains
since 1960*.
'Source: M/R Research Dept.
An American Aviation Publication
1001 Vermont Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C., 20005
vertical profile of electron density in
the F layer, and the AIL-built satellite
is expected to deliver a better horizontal
profile.
The close international cooperation
shown in the Topside Sounder program
first allowed Canadian scientists to
profit from U.S. experiments early in
what was then the S-48 program.
Two launches of simplified versions
of the Ionosphere Explorer's sounder
system were conducted from Wallops
Island, Va., in 1961. These were sound-
ing rocket shots into the F layer, proving
the sounder's component feasibility and
returning data that aided the Canadians
in refining experiments earmarked for
Alouette.
Now the telemetry information be-
ing gathered from Alouette has per-
mitted the Goddard-CRPL-AIL team to
adjust the Ionosphere Explorer so that
it might anticipate and further study
certain irregularities in electron distribu-
tion "seen" both by Alouette and in the
Wallops shots.
The Ionosphere Explorer sounder
should provide data on these phenom-
ena:
— Electron density in the F layer
of the ionosphere, which extends from
about 180 mi. to 700 mi. altitude.
— Variations of these ionized-parti-
cle densities diurnally, seasonally, and
with changes in latitude and geomag-
netic disturbance.
— Plasma resonance frequency near
the sounder.
— Cosmic noise intensity in the fre-
quencies covered.
• "Spread F" mystery — Besides the
above, Jackson and E. Dale Nelson, as-
sistant project manager at Goddard,
hope the sounder can give them more
data on the phenomenon known as
"Spread F."
Spread F has been charted for some
time as a result of bottomside sound-
ings. It has been generally defined by
Jackson and colleagues at CRPL and
AIL as "the reflection of radio waves
from the F region, which, for periods
lasting from a few minutes to several
hours, cease to be well defined over a
relatively narrow interval. Instead, a
large number of scattered returns at
various ranges are observed." This, says
Jackson, is one of the F-layer irregulari-
ties the Ionosphere Explorer is designed
to probe more extensively.
Goddard scientists also hope to make
better use of the cosmic noise data that
is automatically captured by such
sounders. The Goddard Ionosphere Ex-
plorer team suggested certain changes to
CRPL that have resulted in a much bet-
ter signal strength calibration on the
sounder receiver that might give them
some clue as to the origins of the noise.
• Ion probe — The Ariel-type ion
composition probe should fill some data
gaps left by Alouette at satellite altitude
regarding ion temperature and composi-
tion. Alouette's vertical density profiles
are considered good, but Jackson says
the Canadian satellite doesn't have the
designed-in capability to properly sepa-
rate temperature and composition data.
The additional information expected
from the U.S. satellite should help solve
space vehicle communications, tracking
and guidance problems peculiar to the
ionosphere.
The ion composition probe would
not have been aboard if the Ionosphere
Explorer had been launched on sched-
ule. Nor would the satellite's frequencies
have been lowered from the earlier
specified range of 2.85-8.57 mc. The
latter change was required because of
the drop in solar activity the satellite
will encounter, since it will be in orbit
during some of the 18-month Interna-
tional Quiet Solar Years. Lower electron
density will result, Jackson says.
One set of dipole antennas had to be
lengthened to cover the Ionosphere
Explorer's lower frequencies. In all, the
satellite will carry three pairs of motor-
driven antennas of the type originally
developed by The de Havilland Aircraft
of Canada, Ltd., Toronto, for the Alou-
ette. Two sets each measure 62 ft. from
tip to tip, and the third pair is 122 ft.
long.
• New U.S.-Canada rapport — All
environmental testing of the Ionosphere
Explorer systems was done either in-
house at Goddard or out-of-house under
Goddard contract and supervision.
Tracking responsibility for the Iono-
sphere Explorer will rest solely with
Goddard, while telemetry data will be
gathered by essentially the same network
that Alouette uses. This system includes
13 ground stations involving three na-
tions: three stations constructed in
Canada for Alouette, along with two
British stations — one at Singapore and
the other in the South Atlantic; in addi-
tion, NASA's Space Tracking and Data
Acquisition Network (STADAN, for-
merly Minitrack) will participate.
The spirit of international coopera-
tion originally engendered in 1960 be-
tween Canada and the U.S. at the out-
set of the old S-48 program will be con-
tinued by a recent NASA-Canadian De-
fense Research Board agreement to
launch four more upper-atmosphere re-
search satellites between 1965-70.
A second Alouette is included in the
agreement, and its exploration will un-
doubtedly be enhanced by the U.S.-
Canadian achievements to date.
The jointly funded program has
been characterized by Dr. Hugh L.
Dryden, NASA deputy administrator,
as representing "the most advanced pro-
gram of international cooperation in
space research" yet to be developed. ■
32
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
PRELIMINARY CONCEPTION of Air Force's Manned Orbital Laboratory, development of which will be managed by Space
Systems Division, Air Force Systems Command. MOL will consist of a cylindrical spacecraft mated to a modified Gemini capsule.
space systems
Air Force Seeks Winged
Supply Vehicle To Link with MOL
by Heather M. David
San Antonio, Tex. — The Air Force
is now pressing for a winged ferry
vehicle for rendezvous missions with the
Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL).
Although the Defense Dept. has not
given official sanction, Lt. Gen. James
Ferguson, AF deputy chief of staff for
R&D, said "we visualize such a ferry
craft to be a lifting body with some
maneuverability in the atmosphere for
precision landing. Undoubtedly it would
be able to carry more than two men,
as well as be a logistics carrier."
The deputy chief, who was one of
Dyna-Soar's strongest proponents, said
that Gemini would be used in any ini-
tial rendezvous program.
Air Force spokesmen said that pos-
sible Gemini rendezvous maneuvers
being considered include one in which
the Gemini would tip over on a hinge,
placing it parallel to the MOL and
permitting access through the sides of
each craft. The MOL might also be
designed with ports on the side to
accommodate the neck of the Gemini
for simple rendezvous maneuvers.
The Air Force has given notice that
it deems the rendezvous mission es-
sential, although DOD has not given a
go-ahead.
Ferguson described the MOL as
having two pressurized crew compart-
ments and one unpressurized compart-
ment at the base.
• Simulator coming — The School of
Aerospace Medicine (SAM) at Brooks
AFB here will have a laboratory ver-
sion of the Manned Orbiting Laboratory
(MOL) by this summer.
Maj. Gen. T. C. Bedwell, com-
mander of the Aerospace Medical Di-
vision (AMD), said that as in the first
model of the orbiting system, the simu-
lator would carry supplies for 30 days'
flight duration. Bedwell also indicated
that the Air Force hoped to extend the
mission time of the MOL to two or even
three months.
The environmental chamber, which
Bedwell said was ordered in anticipa-
tion of AMD's support role in the or-
biting lab program, will closely ap-
proximate the estimated dimensions of
the MOL, and AF officials said they
hoped to get a Gemini mockup to com-
plete the simulation.
Most MOL tasks, including extrave-
hicular suit operation, could be tested
with the new system. With the use of a
depressurized airlock between the "can"
and the Gemini, the physiological prob-
lem of getting out of the Gemini in
space and moving around to the MOL
can be studied.
• Plastinauts may fly — AF space
medicine experts attending the annual
lectures in aerospace medicine specu-
lated on some of the possibilities of the
orbiting laboratory for experimentation.
Lt. Col. Edwin Ballinger, radiation
expert for the AMD, suggested that the
Air Force "plastinaut," a plastic dummy
whose tissue characteristics simulate
man's, could be orbited in the early
unmanned checkout of the MOL to get
exact radiation data. The dummy could
also be put out in space, he said, to get
direct radiation information for extra-
vehicular operation.
The Aerospace Medical Division
will play a large part in MOL develop-
ment, being responsible for life support
and some experimentation. However,
most officials seemed to feel that the
orbiting laboratory will be used to ex-
periment with mission-type operations
rather than pure research in the space
environment.
A delegation of AMD officers led by
Col. Andres Karstens, chief of the Aero-
space Medical Research Lab at Wright-
Patterson AFB, will be assigned to
Space Systems Division headquarters
under Brig. Gen. Joseph C. Bleymaier.
• Good research tool — Dr. Billy
Welch, chief of SAM's environmental
systems branch, said the most signifi-
cant thing about the new simulator is
that it will have a double wall construc-
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
35
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launcher arms, launchers, \
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Specialized coating problems?
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specializes in the research, de-
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coatings for particular problems
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personnel are available to work
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tion, insuring that there is no inboard
leakage.
The cabin will play a big part in
determining the optimum atmosphere
for MOL — whether it should be 100%
oxygen at 5 psia or a two-gas system.
Preliminary data indicate that the AF
has pushed up the 1 00% oxygen "safety
checkout" to 30 days, but AF medics
feel that much more basic research must
be done before the go-ahead can be
given for possible two- or three-month
missions.
SAM doctors are evaluating all the
data from the recent 30 days' exposure
and will reserve final judgment until this
is done. Next tests probably will be a
repeat of the 30-day experiment to re-
inforce their findings, and AF doctors
indicated they wanted to make sure they
had all the backups so they could avoid
the kind of flap NASA encountered in
the Apollo environment decision.
Later experimentation will be made
on oxygen-nitrogen and oxygen-helium
environments.
• June delivery — The new chamber
will be delivered to SAM in June by
the MRD Division of General Trans-
portation Corp., Niles, 111.
The chamber was built to specifica-
tions drawn up by SAM personnel. The
three-module construction of the labora-
tory will include provisions for a cock-
pit, a work area and a rest area. The
main 1 ,000-cu.-ft. cylinder is 8 ft. wide
and 19 ft. long, and is attached to a 4-
ft., 4,000-cu.-ft. air lock. The Gemini
would be attached to the other end ol
the air lock — not the same arrangement
as will be used in space, but permitting
experimentation in the vacuum between
egress from the Gemini and entrance
into the MOL.
The chamber can house four men.
Although conventional eating and bath-
ing equipment will be installed initially,
Welch pointed out that the chamber has
built-in attachments so that the internal
arrangement can be altered and other
equipment may be tested in this ground
laboratory.
Test subjects will be monitored by
TV cameras and voice communication.
The chamber has 2,000 electrical pene-
trations, and 120-150 gas or fluid pene-
trations, all double-valved to minimize
inboard leakage, Welch said. It also has
pressure-suit outlets for these experi-
ments.
• Gaseous environment — Standard
equipment outside the capsule will be
used to maintain the cabin atmosphere.
Lithium hydroxide will be used to
scrub carbon dioxide except when
regenerative systems are tested. Humid-
ity will be maintained at 60-90% .
The annulus, or a space in the
two-wall construction, will be kept at
a lower pressure than the inside of the
cabin to absolutely insure that no out-
side gases leak in. Welch said engineers
are striving for zero leakage.
Track contaminants will be sensed
by mass spectroscopy, gas chromato-
graphy and infrared spectroscopy. ■
3
NASA Establishing
Solar Flare Prediction Network
3£ Circle No. 5 on Subscriber Service Card
NASA is setting up solar observa-
tion stations along the Deep Space In-
strumentation Facility network, and a
forward-scatter system across the north-
ern portion of Canada in an effort to
gain more data on how to predict solar
flares.
All these stations will be in opera-
tion in the next few years and will
measure: 1) type IV radio noise out-
bursts associated with solar flares; 2)
continuous photographic coverage of
the Sun in the hydrogen-alpha wave-
length clearly showing plagues, spots
and flares as they occur, and 3) for-
ward scatter network to measure the
flux and form of the flare as it reaches
the Earth.
NASA official John M. Eggleston
said that these data would be distributed
to the scientific community as they
are obtained. Eggleston said that al-
though the Apollo mission will occur
during the maximum point in the solar
flare cycle of the Sun, there may be
some hope that some times of the year
are better than others for launching.
He indicated that in one cycle — the
period from the first of December to
the middle of January and the period
from mid-May to early July — no flare
occurred. He added, however, that this
could be just coincidence.
As the mission now stands, the
Apollo astronaut will get the specified
critical dose (200 RAD) on less than
one mission in 1,000, except for the
eyes. For this eventuality, the astro-
nauts will be equipped with transparent
visors, which can be brought down
over their eyes during emergency pe-
riods. Eggleston said that in passenger
miles, the chance of radiation illness is
about three cases of sickness in a bil-
lion miles.
tissiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
Dolphin Spoken here? The time may not be far away. Already at Sperry we have developed a tiny
computer — the SCEPTRON™ Pattern Recognizer — which can memorize, distinguish between and react to
different sights and sounds. In the foreseeable future such a device may be able to translate the language
of, say, the dolphin (a particularly smart mammal) into human terms, and vice-versa —
thereby establishing a crude intercommunication. What a world of understanding and
knowledge might open up. □ The SCEPTRON — a "brain cell" of tiny optic fibers — is a
product of Sperry research, which has also produced Loran-C, the rotation rate ring laser,
the photoparametric diode, "heads up" windshield display for aircraft, fluid sphere §^r'°y rA°d
and tube gyros and other technical advances. General Offices: Great Neck, New York. corporation.
SPFRRY
space propulsion
Big-Solid Saturn Hopes Discounted
Space agency official expresses doubts at AIAA meeting
but industry advocates insist they have NASA encouragement
Palo Alto, Calif. — A renewed all-
out effort by big solids enthusiasts for
a parellel program for Saturn boosters
came out at the solid-propellant rocket
conference of the American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics last week.
The campaign to convince NASA
that it can save Apollo program money
by using the 260-in. solid motor on Sat-
urn vehicles was immediately reported
headed for failure by a top NASA of-
ficial who told Missiles and Rockets
"We have seen presentations by the
companies. They have spent a lot of
money in big facilities and they are run-
ning scared. The probability is very low
for a parallel program."
The spokesman disputed figures pre-
sented by industry sources that savings
could be realized by using half-length
260-in. motors to boost Saturn IB.
"Big solids won't sell as a direct re-
placement. The only way would be in
by Willard E. Wilks
event a requirement develops for an
appreciably larger payload, say 60,000
lbs. or more. Faced with a choice of
making multiple Saturn launches or do-
ing it with big solids, we might decide
on the latter."
• 260-in. pitch — Dr. Werner Kirch-
ner, vice president and manager of
Aerojet-General's solid rocket plant,
Sacramento, Calif., told M/R at the
conference that the 260-in. could be
used at a saving on both Saturn IB and
Saturn V.
"I'm asking for a parallel program
with a limited number of firings in the
next two years. A decision could be
made on which to use, solids or liquids,
in 1966. I think the program would be
so conclusive at that time that we would
use solids on the bottom stages, the full
260-in. clustered for Saturn V."
Kirchner recommended use of the
half-length 260-in. motor on Saturn IB
EMP Warnings at Electronics Meeting
Los Angeles — Protection
against nuclear electromagnetic pulse
(EMP) can only be achieved on a
total system basis, warned speakers
at the 1964 National Winter Con-
vention on Military Electronics here
last week.
Engineers from Stanford Linear
Acceleration Center and Joslyn Elec-
tronic Systems Division emphasized
that sensitivity of semiconductor
junctions requires a new approach
to protection, using self-healing pro-
tectors such as gas-filled gaps. Even
links as short as a missile umbilical
cord can, they said, produce critical
voltages in response to an EMP.
A paper from Picatinny Arsenal
reported documented instances in
which high-intensity RF fields had
caused premature firing of weapons.
The arsenal has developed a high-
power transmitter system to simulate
nuclear EMP.
Other papers disclosed improve-
ments in antisubmarine warfare. Re-
cent advances in magnetometers and
better information on geophysical
background fields have greatly in-
creased performance of magnetic
detection techniques. Also described
was an adaptive system for undersea
target location by passive sonar, in
which errors are minimized by
weighting bearing information by
an appropriate function of the signal-
to-noise ratio.
to enable placing the entire integrated
Apollo assembly into Earth orbit for
tests with a single launch. "With this,
we can put 49,000 lbs. into orbit — op-
timized, up to 69,000 lbs. — against 32,-
000 lbs. for the current vehicle, which
will only take elements of the Apollo
assembly."
The NASA official, however, in ad-
dition to throwing cold water on the
solids-for-Safwrn push made a point of
emphasizing that any report on the
agency's big solid effort "should present
a picture of a continuing, lean, hungry
program — nothing radical."
• Split in NASA? — One industry
source expressed some surprise at these
comments and indicated that he had re-
ceived NASA encouragement. "I think
there is a big drive on to get applica-
tion for the full-length 260-in.," he said,
noting big-solid application studies en-
couraged by both NASA and the Dept.
of Defense.
Other industry spokesmen reported
NASA is providing a good deal of be-
hind-the-scenes encouragement for big
solids application. "The thing is," one
said, "that those people in NASA who
are enthusiastic about big solids have
to keep their heads down or have a ton
of bricks fall on them."
A proposal for a half-length 260-in.
boosting an S-IVB stage was reported
drawing significant NASA interest. This
would provide a vehicle for develop-
ment of equipment for the Saturn pro-
gram, reportedly for about half the cost
of using Saturn IB.
Industry spokesmen said big solids
hope also was being strengthened by
space agency and Dept. of Defense stud-
ies for direct application to vehicles.
Overall evaluation studies of big liquids
and solids are under way, considering
schedule, reliability, cost, time to de-
velop and man-rating. ■
38
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
another example of Grumman's aerospace capabilities..
Grumman's diverse capabilities in specialized areas of space technology were demonstrated
on January 25 with the successful launching of Goddard Space Flight Center's Echo II passive
communications satellite. Launched into a near polar orbit by a Thor Agena B vehicle, the
Grumman-designed Echo II canister contained a 135-foot diameter balloon of Mylar plastic and
aluminum foil laminate. After Agena B burnout, the vehicle coasted and was corrected for cir-
cular orbit. Pay load ejection and canister opening were delayed until pay load was over the island
of Madagascar to get television pictures of the ejection, canister opening, and balloon inflation.
Significant Grumman design features:
• One-piece machined magnesium forgings for each half
shell of the canister.
• Positive ejection of canister from Agena B adapter, using
four compression springs.
• Simple, precise separation of canister halves
by pyrotechnics.
• Reduction of about 30 percent from specification
maximum weight.
Echo II canister; Orbiting Astronomical Observatory; Lunar Excursion Module— all are jobs that
require special skills and capabilities. Skills and capabilities available at Grumman for the design,
development and integration of advanced space systems. Grumman has the manpower, the re-
search and test facilities and the management team to administer the most complex space programs.
GRUMMAN
BETHPAGE, L. I., NEW YORK
AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING CORPORATION
Circle No. 7 on Subscriber Service Card
Rohr wrote the book when it comes to the manufacture of large, precision antenna hardware. Today, Rohr literally has a world of
experience with a variety of antennas now operating at many remote sites. They are among the largest and most precise antenna
structures in operation, and performance has exceeded customer expectations in every instance. The pictures above demonstrate
the broad base of antenna engineering and manufacturing capability here ... the 210-foot tracking antenna for JPL now under con-
struction at Goldstone, California— the 85-foot X-Y, of which Rohr has built four— the 30-foot AZ/EL, operational at Goldstone
Station since July, 1962— the 15-foot diameter millimeter radio telescope— along with Horn and Tropo scatter or billboard antennas.
Because of the interdependence of the antenna structure and the servo control and drive, Rohr is ready... and actually prefers
to furnish fully integrated systems. In all cases Rohr antenna cost quotations reflect the policy of complete customer service and
include design, fabrication, packing, shipping, installation,
foundation design, accommodation for RF equipment, field
alignment and check-out and acceptance tests to prove
performance. For the full antenna story at Rohr today,
write Rohr Corporation, Antenna Division, P. 0. Box 1147,
Chula Vista, California.
ROHR
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ANTENNA
DIVISION
CHULA VISTA, CALIF.
THE ROHR ANTENNA DIVISION was officially created January 6,
1964, to provide even greater service, speed and economy for
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Circle No. 9 on Subscriber Service Cord
The Industry Week
Mergers and Acquisitions
Electronics Fittings Corp., a wholly-owned
subsidiary of Curtiss-Wright Corp., has pur-
chased the electrical connector product lines of
Precision Connectors, Inc., Jamaica, N.Y. The
PCI line consists of sub-miniature, micro-
miniature and printed board electrical con-
nectors for missile, aircraft, computer and
other applications. The purchase is aimed at
expanding C-W product lines in the connector
field. Electronic Fittings Corp. manufacturers
CUETAC multi-wire connectors, RF connectors,
thermal time delay and solid-state relays. . . .
Emtec, Inc., Elyria, Ohio, has acquired Com-
ponents Engineering and Manufacturing Co.,
Inc., of Glendale, Calif. The new organization will
be known as Emtec, Inc., CEM Div. CEM manu-
factures precision hardware and fasteners for
the missile/ space industry in 11 western states
for both civilian and military use. . . . The Grow
Corp. has acquired Churchill Chemical Corp., Los
Angeles, a supplier of specialized chemical com-
pounds to the missile/ space, aircraft, electronics,
marine and construction industries. Churchill
will be operated as a subsidiary of Grow Corp.
. . . International Telephone and Telegraph Corp.
has acquired the assets and business of the Gil-
fillan Corp., Los Angeles, developers and pro-
ducers of missile/ space and aircraft electronics
systems. The operation will continue as an ITT
subsidiary under the name ITT Gilfillan, Inc.
New Firms and Divisions
The WMA Andersen Co. has been formed
to manufacture solid-state video and bandpass
amplifiers in Pleasant Valley, Conn. The com-
pany also plans to place special emphasis on ultra-
linear vacuum tube amplifiers. . . . Barry Con-
trols, Watertown, Mass., has established a new,
independent branch, Barry Research and Develop-
ment, to undertake contract research in mechani-
cal dynamics. The branch is equipped to provide
industry with engineering analysis, design and
data reduction services required for solution of
mechanical vibration, shock, and acoustic noise
problems. Typical projects range from theoreti-
cal analysis to the development and application
of basic engineering principles for the solution
of missile/space, marine or Earth-bound dynam-
ics problems.
International
Ampex Corp., Kedwood City, Calif., and
Tokyo-Shibaura Electric Co. (Toshiba) of Japan
have agreed in principle to the formation of a
joint venture manufacturing company — Toshiba
Ampex, KK (Toamco) — to serve the Japanese
market. The agreement is subject to approval of
the boards of directors of both companies and
the Japanese government, all expected within 60
days, according to Ampex president, William E.
Roberts. By providing a manufacturing base for
its products within Japan, Ampex believes,
Toamco will afford more effective penetration of
the Japanese market. Videotape television re-
corders and accessories, computer memory prod-
ucts and scientific instrumentation recorders are
expected to be among Ampex products manufac-
tured in Japan. . . . U.S. Polymeric Chemicals,
Inc., Santa Ana, Calif., developer and manufac-
turer of preimpregnated plastic materials for
missile/ space applications, has sold a 50% in-
terest in its Dutch subsidiary , Polymeric, N.V.,
to Koninklijke Zout-Ketjen, of The Netherlands,
in a cash transaction. Polymeric, N.V., was estab-
lished in Utrecht, Holland, in 1958 to supply
materials developed in the U.S. to Common
Market and NATO countries. The company
supplies materials used in the production of the
Sidewinder and Hawk missiles and Lockheed
F-10U interceptors. . . . Vitro Engineering Co.,
New York, has been named by Union Carbide
India, Ltd., a subsidiary of Union Carbide Corp.
to furnish design, engineering, procurement and
construction management services for a $17.5-
million polyethylene plant addition near Bombay,
India. In addition to polyethylene, the plant will
produce other organic chemicals, including ethy-
lene, propylene, acetylene, acetaldehyde, croton-
aldehyde, buranol, 2-ethyl-3-propyl acrolein, 2-
ethyl hexanol and dioctylpthalate. . . . Lear Sieg-
ler, Inc., Santa Monica, Calif., has acquired 83%
interest in the West German optics firm of C. A.
Steinheil Soehne GmbH Optische Werke in Mu-
nich. The acquisition is part of a planned move
on the part of Lear Siegler to expand its inter-
national markets. Steinheil's product line includes
spectrographs, oscillograph cameras, binoculars
and special lenses for many types of cameras.
. . . Astronautics, Inc., Washington, D.C., inter-
national technical representatives, has been se-
lected to co-sponsor the first telemetry sympo-
siums in Europe. The symposiums are designed
to acquaint and familiarize European missile/
space engineers with the latest scientific advances
and technical developments in the state of telem-
etry and data processing art.
Industry Facilities
Sylvania Electronic Systems, a division of
Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., has purchased
an additional 9.6 acres of land at its Mountain
View, Calif., plant. The company has also leased
a 32,000-sq.-ft. facility nearby. The Sylvania
division is engaged in research, development and
production of electronic warfare, reconnaissance
and security systems for various government
agencies. . . . The Aeronautical and Instrument
Div. of Robertshaw Controls Co., Anaheim, Calif.,
has established four new regional sales offices.
They are located in Los Angeles, Houston, Had-
donfield, N.J., and Skokie, III. The division pro-
duces missile I space controls, communication
equipment and instruments. . . . Continental
Device Corp., Hawthorne, Calif., manufacturer
of semiconductor devices for space, military and
industrial programs, has opened a 5,000-sq.-ft.
pilot facility in Mooresville, N.C. The plant is the
first step in the development of a major semicon-
ductor manufacturing facility, expected to be in
operation by the end of 1965.
issiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
41
contracts
Our
Newest
Compact
CryoVac's compactly designed HE-Series
Helium Refrigerators are the only units
of their kind ever designed specifically for
dense gas helium refrigeration at temp-
eratures below 20° Kelvin. Proprietary
engineering techniques in the heat ex-
change design permit compactness never
before possible. As a result, a size reduc-
tion in the overall system to one-third of
that of a competitive unit is possible. In
addition to being compact, the HE-Series
is skid mounted resulting in reduced instal-
lation costs, added reliability and complete
predelivery check out. These plus auto-
matic overload regulation— it won't go out
of balance no matter what the load— are a
few of the reasons most of the large space
simulators now in operation or under
construction employ CryoVac Helium
Refrigerators for cryopumping. A similar
compact, only this one for production of
iquid helium is also available. Write for
nformation on either system. ■ If you
would like to receive a recent paper,
Cryopumping Speeds in Large Space
Simulation Chambers"byCharles B. Hood,
our Technical Director and a well-known
authority in the field of cryogenics, please
write Department SA 33, CryoVac Inc.,
930 Kinnear Road, Columbus 12, Ohio.
AIR FORCE
$30,500,000 — Boeing Co., Seattle, for continued
fabrication, assembly and checkout of Minute-
man ICBM systems.
$7,200,000 — General Telephone & Electronics
Corp., Waltham, Mass., for continued pro-
duction of equipment for a Minuteman test
site at Vandenberg AFB, Calif.
$4,800,000 — North American Aviation, Inc., Auto-
netics Div., Anaheim, Calif., for continued pro-
duction of guidance and control systems for
Minuteman ICBMs.
$3,490,000 — Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City, for
work on a classified project (supplemental).
$2,500,000 — MIT, Instrumentation Laboratory,
Cambridge, Mass., for further research and
development on improved inertial navigation
techniques and instrumentation for ballistic
missile guidance and control systems.
$1,680,000 — General Dynamics Corp., Astronautics
Div., San Diego, Calif., for provision of service
and supplies required to support the Atlas
weapon system microfilm maintenance program.
$1,500,000 — Reynolds Metals Co., Richmond, Va.,
for production of electronic countermeasures.
$1,500,000 — Anaconda Aluminum Co., Louisville,
Ky., for production of electronic counter-
measures.
$1,381,000 — Litton Systems, Inc., Woodland Hills,
Calif., for work on a classified program
(supplemental).
$1,000,000— FMC Corp., New York City, for
production of UDMH propellant.
$1,000,000 — Aerojet-General Corp., Azusa, Calif.,
for follow-on research, design and production
of electronic sensing equipment.
$200,000 — Martin Marietta Corp., Baltimore, for
rocket propulsion system reliability and man
rating analysis.
$174,365— Thiokol Chemical Corp., Wasatch Div.,
Brigham City, Utah, for an exploratory devel-
opment to demonstrate the performance of the
TU-290 high-strength case rocket motor.
$106,950 — United Aircraft Corp., United Technol-
ogy Center, Sunnyvale, Calif., for a study of
solid propellant rocket motors and their igni-
tion systems when operating under a vacuum.
$59,690 — Fundamental Method Associates, Inc.,
Brooklyn, N.Y., for a research program cover-
ing dustwall meteoroid shielding.
ARMY
$6,261,600 — Blount Construction Co., Montgom-
ery, Ala., for construction of a central instru-
mentation facility for handling electronic data
gathered from rocket launchings in the Merritt
Island launch area.
$5,200,000— Robert E. McKee, Inc., El Paso, Tex.,
for construction of test facilities at White Sands
Missile Range, N.M., for Lunar Excursion
Module tests by NASA.
$5,500,000— Elgin National Watch Co., Joliet, 111.,
for assembly, test and shipment of metal de-
vices for a special weapons system.
$2,200,000 — Intercontinental Manufacturing Co.,
Garland, Tex., for both first- and second-stage
motor cases for the Pershing missile.
$1,999,821— Martin Marietta Corp., Orlando Div.,
Fla., for production of modification kits for
the Pershing missile system.
$1,900,000— General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass.,
for modification kits for Pershing missiles.
$ 1 ,23 1 ,352 — A vco-Everett Research Laboratory,
Everett, Mass., for continued research in re-
entry physics and optical discrimination
method.
$ 1 ,200,000 — General Dynamics Corp.. Pomona
Div., Calif, for continued research and devel-
opment on the Redeye missile system.
$1,200,000— Western Electric Co., Whippany, N.J.,
for work to support Project Sleighride, a re-
entry program.
NAVY
$15,700,000— Defoe Shipbuilding Co, Bay City,
Mich., for construction of a guided missile
destroyer for the Australian government.
$11,800,000— General Electric Co., Pittsfield,
Mass., for Polaris A3 guidance components.
$5,300,000— General Instrument Corp., Hicksviile,
N.Y., for electronic countermeasures.
$3,800,000— Raytheon Co., Wayland, Mass., for
missile radar set modification kits.
$3,600,000— Northrop Corp., Nortronics Div.,
Norwood, Mass, for Polaris missile guidance
system gyros.
$2,030,053— General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass.,
for manufacture of modification kits and test
instrumentation equipment for Polaris fire-
control systems.
$1,800,000 — North American Aviation, Inc.,
Rocketdyne Div., Canoga Park, Calif., for
further production of Sparrow III rocket
motors.
$ 1 ,600,000— Babcock Electronics Corp., Costa
Mesa, Calif., for the production of test and
checkout equipment to be used in conjunction
with command control transmitting systems
developed and manufactured by Babcock.
$75,000 — Climax Molybdenum Co. of Michigan,
Detroit, for a research and development study
to evaluate high-strength tungsten-based alloys.
$73,845 — Clevite Corp., Mechanical Research Div.,
Cleveland, for a research and development
program on ultra-high-temperature materials
and composites for use in rocket nozzles and
associated hardware.
$52,520 — Pressure Technology Corp. of America,
Woodbridge, N.J., for a study of the deforma-
tion characteristics of beryllium and tungsten
under conditions of high hydrostatic pressure.
$49,338 — Aeroprojects, Inc., West Chester, Pa.,
for a study of thixotropic gelled propellant
systems.
$45,725 — Minneapolis-Honeywell Co., Research
Center, Hopkins, Minn., for research on me-
chanical and micro-mechanical behavior of
boron.
$39,381 — Might Sciences Laboratory, Inc., Buffalo,
N.Y., for research and development toward the
optimum of hypersonic guided missile con-
figuration.
NASA
$1,400,000— Blaw-Knox Co., Pittsburgh, for design
and construction of three 85-ft.-dia. parabolic
antennas.
$188,200— Bell Aerosystems Co., Buffalo, N.Y.,
for gas generator and turbine parts for fluorine
rocket motors.
$146,000— Budd Co., Electronics Div., McLean,
Va., for ground-support cooling units to be
mounted on the umbilical tower of the Saturn
IB and V space vehicles.
INDUSTRY
$14,800,000— Martin Co., Orlando Div., Fla., from
Bell Telephone Labs, for further development
of the Sprint A-ICBM.
$4,000,000 — Marquardt Corp., Ogden, Utah, from
Aerojet-General, for production of additional
nozzles for the Polaris missile.
$2,200,000— Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., Dallas, from
Stanford University, for super power pulse
modulators to be used in atomic particle
accelerators.
$2,000,000 — Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Inc.,
Electro-Mechanical Div., Cleveland, from
Aerojet-General, for rocket nozzles for the
260-in. solid propellant motor.
$1,000.000 — Bendix Corp., Pacific Div., North
Hollywood, Calif., from Boeing Co., for re-
design of components for the transporter-erec-
tor-emplacement system for the advanced
Minuteman missile, including the construction
of a 95-ft. deep simulated launch silo for test
purposes.
42 Circle No. 8 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
Chalk this up to experience!
This is a functional way of looking at one of the largest concentrations of systems hardware and
software specialists in the nation. You can see why we don't only pursue monumental military
programs like 465-L and NTDS. Some of our most interesting company-funded projects are small
... but not their potential. Our approach to modern information systems design is at once theo-
retical, analytical and empirical. To our long and growing list of customers, we sell a "marriage"
of software skills, applications know-how, communications orientation, and hardware virtuosity.
This mix seems to be pretty appealing to high level contributors in our field as well. Maybe you?
Write Mr. E. A. Smith, Manager of Employment, Div. 77-WL ITT Data and Information Systems
Division, Rt. 17 & Garden State Parkway, Paramus, New Jersey. (An Equal Opportunity Employer)
ITT
DATA AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
missiles and rockets
DOD Military System
A Report on the DDR&E
DDR&E, the Directorate of Defense Research and Engineering,
is one of the most important offices in the Department of Defense.
It has a complement of 145 men, supervising some 30,000 others
and directly affecting over 125,000 industry personnel. DDR&E annu-
ally contracts for $7 billion dollars in space and military systems re-
search, development, test and engineering services from its suppliers.
The March 30 issue of missiles and rockets win
present an in-depth report on DDR&E covering:
DDR&E Operation ■ Relationships with Industry and the Services ■ Current
& Advanced Programs ■ In-House R&D Capabilities ■ Future Expenditures ■
Key Personnel
Issue Date: March 30, 1964
sue, March
The DOD Military Systems
Issue will be must reading for over 45,000
program and project managers, engi-
neers, and scientists in industry and the
military. Advertise in this issue to gain
maximum exposure for your products,
capabilities, or services.
Buy proven performance
In MISSILES AND ROCKETS — 275 page
advertising gain in 1963 over 1962; 3700
new paid subscribers gained during 1963;
total paid circulation of over 45,000.
Advertising Closes:
products and processes
New Product of the Week:
Mkrowelder
NOW!
You can own Homesites
or Acreage in the Bahamas!
Just 50 miles across the Gulfstream from Palm Beach,
lies beautiful, tropical GRAND BAHAMA, the fast-
est growing island in the Bahamas. In the middle of
all this growth on Grand Bahama Island, situated
14 miles from thriving West End and 314 miles from
the fast-growing city of Freeport, we are offering a
limited number of homesites and acreage tracts.
HOMESITES
10,000 Square Feet— $750 • $15 down— $15 per month
ACREAGE TRACTS
1)4 Acres— $2,295 • $30 down— $30 per month
• NO LAND TAXES • NO BAHAMAS INHERITANCE TAXES • NO
PROPERTY TAXES • AT FREEPORT — Churches, schools, stores,
businesses and the new 406-room Lucayan Beach Hotel and
Casino, championship golf course and marina • AT WEST END —
450-room Jack Tar Hotel and Country Club, championship golf
course and marina • OVER 20 SCHEDULED FLIGHTS DAILY
FROM FLORIDA • STEAMER SERVICE • NOW! YOU CAN OWN
HOMESITES OR ACREAGE IN THE BAHAMAS! NO CLOSING
COSTS, FREE DEED, FREE TITLE INSURANCE. WRITE:
GRAND BAHAMA PROPERTIES, LTD.
c/o Sunshine Realty
777 Metropolitan Bank Building, Dept. MR-6
Miami, Florida 33132 Ap ,,nm
The Microwelder Mark II, a pre-
cision welding machine for microelec-
tronic applications, has been developed
by Aerojet-General Corp.
The resistance welder operates on
120-v, 60-cps, single phase. It features
a single tip containing both electrodes,
which allows welding of materials as
small as 0.0005 in. to positions on
0.003-in. centers. Weights can be placed
on the tip to provide absolute force
control from 10 to 1,600 grams.
The device offers synchronous tim-
ing and three power ranges. Weld
energy is adjustable by dial.
Circle No. 151 on Subscriber Service Card
Laboratory Amplifier
Hewlett-Packard Co. has available
a solid-state laboratory amplifier with
a response of ±1 db from 1 kc to
150 mc.
The Model 461A has a gain of 20
or 40 db, which may be set on the
front panel. Output is up to 0.5v RMS
into 50 ohms; equivalent wideband in-
put noise level is under 40 nv with
40-db gain. Imput impedance is 50
ohms.
Circle No. 152 on Subscriber Service Card
Calibration Source
Horex Electronics, Inc., is market-
ing a high-accuracy ac voltage cali-
bration source for checkout of RMS
indicating voltmeters. Operation has
been reduced to dialing of the desired
RMS voltage.
The device is said to check the
usual 6-range voltmeter in seconds with
an accuracy of 0.1% of the reading.
It has a 4-digit display with automatic
decimal point locator. A momentary
output switch protects the load in case
of set-up error.
Circle No. 153 on Subscriber Service Card
Spectrum Analyzer
Spectran Electronics Corp. has de-
veloped the Model 100-50MS multiple-
filter spectrum analyzer.
The device simultaneously analyzes
any 5-kc frequency band from 100 cps
to 25 kc. It uses 100 magnetostrictive
filters with constant bandwidths of 50
cps spaced 50 cps apart. Output of each
filter is amplified and goes to a separate
stylus of the recorder. Output of the
system, giving a plot of frequency vs.
time and amplitude, is determined by
the density of the trace on the paper.
Other bandwidths from 3 to 100 cps
are available on request.
Circle No. 154 on Subscriber Service Card
46
Circle No. 10 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
Speed Control Kit
The Engineers Motomatic Speed
Control Kit, for experimental purposes,
is being marketed by Electro-Craft
Corp.
The unit, featuring an adjustable
speed control range of 1,000:1, can be
used to set the speed of a unique dc
motor, capable of handling 12 in.-oz.
torque, by manual command or heat or
light input. The motor will maintain a
constant speed set anywhere between
5 and 5,000 rpm, regardless of changes
in line voltage or load conditions.
The unit includes a single transistor
amplifier and a four-transistor wide
range circuit.
Circle No. 155 on Subscriber Service Card
Transistor Chopper Driver
Solid State Electronics Co., is mar-
keting the Model TCD-101 transistor
chopper driver, designed to provide
suitable square-wave voltages for tran-
sistorized choppers and synchronous
demodulators.
Four transformer-isolated outputs
are available for applications requiring
halfwave or fullwave modulation and
demodulation. Specifications include a
nominal output frequency of 2 to 10
kc; operating temperature range of
—55° to 100°C; frequency conversion
sensitivity of 1,000 cps per volt; and
frequency response of dc to one-half
of output frequency.
Circle No. 156 on Subscriber Service Card
new literature
TAPE MATERIALS SELECTOR
— A rocket motor ablative tape mate-
rials selector file containing specifica-
tions for physical properties of 31 pre-
impregnated reinforced plastic tapes is
available from U.S. Polymeric Chemi-
cals, Inc. The file, arranged in tabular
form, lists ten key physical properties,
specification approval, vehicle on which
used and prime contractor for each
tape.
Circle No. 157 on Subscriber Service Card
ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS
BOOKLET — Vernay Laboratories, Inc.,
has available an illustrated booklet de-
scribing components and engineering
devices based on elastomeric materials.
The publication also covers research and
development facilities used to advance
the techniques of rubber manufacturing.
Circle No. 158 on Subscriber Service Card
TIN-LEAD RATIO CHART— Al-
pha Metals, Inc., has available a simpli-
fied tin-lead ratio chart to assist in
solder selection. The chart is reprinted
from a forthcoming book, "Solder &
Soldering," by H.H. Manko. In addi-
tion to standard designations, the chart
graphically incorporates the recom-
mended alloy temperature during wet-
ting.
Circle No. 159 on Subscriber Service Card
"O" RING REFERENCE CHART
— Schulz Rubber Products is offering
an "O" ring reference chart to aid in
selection of the proper ring for a spe-
cific job. The characteristics of 460
different "O" rings have been broken
down according to size, basic volume,
common military series, rubber specifi-
cations, temperature range and service
characteristics, and military specifica-
tions for fuels, hydraulic fluids, oils and
greases. The chart also shows how to
calculate standard and non-standard
"O" ring installations.
Circle No. 160 on Subscriber Service Card
SILICONE MATERIALS REVIEW
— Dow Corning is publishing a 12-
page, illustrated review of silicone and
silicone materials and materials systems.
The bimonthly Materials News ab-
stracts newest product and applications
information about silicones and gives
a variety of editorial references.
Circle No. 161 on Subscriber Service Card
Opportunities In . . . ' * • <
MELPAR'S EXPANDING
AEROSPACE DIVISION
for Supervisory and Technical Personnel "
. • .
These positions result from the constant growth of our pro-
grams and possess excellent potential for personal advancement.
AERONAUTICS
Projects have both atmospheric and
space applications and work includes
preliminary design for configurations,
drag estimation, stability and control
parameter estimation, validation and de-
tail of design by wind tunnel testing,
and participation in trajectory studies to
assure capability for the mission. Capa-
bility for structural analysis (vibration and
flutter) is also needed. MS Degree level
of competence is desired.
GUIDANCE AND CONTROL
Projects have both atmospheric and
space applications and include analysis
in both linear and non-linear systems.
Some knowledge of the mathematics of
optimum controls is desirable as is famil-
iarity with the use of analog and digital
computers in solving guidance and con-
trol problems. MS level of capability is
desired.
OPERATIONS ANALYSIS
To perform operations analysis of com-
plex military and space systems including
. . For details, write in t
trade-off studies on sub-system require-
ments and costs, leading to assessment
of the technical and cost effectiveness
of the total system. Knowledge of prob-
ability theory and its uses as well as
use of digital and analog computers is
required. MS level of competence desired.
SYSTEM TEST & INSTRUMENTATION
To conduct tests (including field tests) '
with special emphasis on telemetry
systems. Familiarity with range of tech- •
niques and equipments for sounding
rockets and probes in a developmental
program is required. . .
»s ... .-
PROPULSION
Assignments will include preliminary
design of small, high performance solid
propulsion systems. Problems include
grain, case and nozzle design, specifica-
tions writing, and technical participation
in developmental subcontracts. Knowledge
of the use of analog and/or digital com-
puters is essential as is knowledge of
the present state-of-the-art. MS level-"
preferred.
strictest confidence to: .
" * ■ . John A. Haverfield, Manager — Professional Placement ^ : ■' * •
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
Circle No. 11 on Subscriber Service Card
47
names in the news
it* kM Itki
PEMBLETON
LEDGERWOOD
BROWNELL
BENNETT
William C. Pembleton: Appointed ad-
ministrative manager, applications engi-
neering for Defense Electronics, Inc.,
Rockville, Md.
Robert Ledgerwood: Named manager
of market planning for B. F. Goodrich
Aerospace and Defense Products, Akron,
Ohio.
Emmett N. Brownell: Appointed adver-
tising manager for the Microwave Tube
Group of Varian Associates, Palo Alto,
Calif.
John Sodolski: Named staff manager of
the Electronic Industries Assn. Systems Re-
quirements Committee, Washington, D.C.
Safe, Portable
Light
for fuel cell inspection
DAY- RAY
PORTABLE FLUORESCENT
LIGHTS
Provide safe cool light anywhere. Their small
diameter, light weight, and smooth stream-
lined design are well adapted to any inspection
or repair work in tight space.
Jacketed ballasts meet the explosion and im-
mersion qualities of MIL-E-5272A.
Choice of 6, 8, 13, 15 and 30 watt sizes.
Optional 18" handle for barrel inspection. All
parts replaceable.
Write for prices and literature
DAY-RAY PRODUCTS. INC.
1133 Mission St., South Pasadena. California
Engineers and manufacturers of fluorescent ballast systems
to meet military and commercial specifications. Since 1941.
UNDERHILl
Harold Wolpman: Appointed vice pres-
ident and general manager of Alloy Steel
Products Co., Linden, N.J.
William F. Bennett: Elected president
of General Telephone & Electronics Inter-
national Inc., New York City.
Ned S. Underbill: Elected vice presi-
dent-manufacturing of The Hallicrafters
Co., Chicago.
John H. Striebel, Jr.: Appointed mar-
keting manager for Electrol Incorporated,
Kingston, N.Y.
Robert Hodges: Appointed general
manager of Spectrolab, a division of
Textron Electronics, Inc., Los Angeles.
48
Circle No. 1? on Subscriber Service Cord
Martin L. Touger: Appointed manager-
design engineering at Radio Corp. of
America's Communications Systems Div.,
Tucson, Ariz.
E. J. Brandt: Appointed manufactur-
ing manager of Hopkins Engineering Co..
San Fernando, Calif.
Jack Borsellino: Promoted to market-
ing manager for government and rocket
operations at Thiokol Chemical Corp.'s
Chemical Operations, Trenton, N.J.
Stanley B. O'Kane: Appointed treas-
urer of the Leach Corp., San Marino, Calif.
William S. Dickey: Appointed manager
of the Tucson Research Laboratory of
Textron's Bell Aerosystems Co.
Richard W. Sanford: Named director of
engineering for the Middletown, Ohio,
division of Aeronca Manufacturing Corp
S. M. Treman: Appointed manager of
engineering for the Defense and Industrial
Div. of the Otis Elevator Co., Brooklyn.
John R. Hereford: Joined D. B. Milli-
ken Co., Arcadia, Calif., as a research and
development engineer specializing in ad-
vanced photo-instrumentation equipment.
Taylor C. Fletcher: Named director of
research for the Special Projects Div. of
Beckman Instruments, Inc., Fullerton.
Calif.
Arthur E. Wallach: Named manager of
operations and government contracts for
B. F. Goodrich Aerospace and Defense
Products, Akron, Ohio.
Worthington W. Eckard: Named Wash-
ington, D.C. representative for the Mar-
quardt Corp.
Robert H. Buescher: Appointed general
manager for the Electronic Systems Div
of Fairchild Stratos Corp., Bay Shore, N.Y
Dr. George R. White: Joined the stafl
of Electro-Optical Systems, Inc. as manager
of the quantum physics division, Pasadena
Calif.
John B. Cowan: Appointed vice presi
dent of marketing for the Space General
Corp., El Monte, Calif.
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
when and where
FEBRUARY
Golden Gate Metals Conference, Ameri-
can Society for Metals, Fairmont Ho-
tel, San Francisco, Feb. 13-15.
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgi-
cal and Petroleum Engineers Annual
Meeting, Statler-Hilton and Astor Ho-
tels, New York City, Feb. 16-20.
vSCE Transportation Engineering Confer-
ence, Netherlands Hilton Hotel, Cincin-
nati, Feb. 17-21.
International Solid State Circuits Confer-
ence, sponsored by IEEE and the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, Sheraton Hotel
and University of Pennsylvania, Phila-
delphia, Feb. 19-21.
Pricing and Negotiating Prime and Sub-
Contracts in the Defense and Aerospace
Industries Seminar, sponsored by the
Contract Management Institute, Savoy-
Hilton Hotel, New York City, Feb.
24-28.
Ninth Scintillation and Semiconducter
Counter Symposium, sponsored by
IEEE, AEC and NBS, Shoreham Hotel,
Washington, D.C., Feb. 26-28.
MARCH
ASME Gas Turbine Conference and Prod-
ucts Show, Shamrock Hilton Hotel,
Houston, Mar. 1-5.
M/R BUSINESS OFFICES
Washington, D.C., 20005-1001 Varment Av«-
nuo, NW; STarllng 3-3400
A. C. Boughton, National Sales Manager
Craig L Mason, Director of Research
New York, N.Y., 10017-20 East 46 Street;
YUkon 6-3900
Paul B. Kinney, Eastern Advertising Manager
Paul N. Anderson
Beverly Hills, California, 90210-9301 Wllshlro
Blvd.; CRestvlew 4-8791
Edwin J. Denker, Jr., Western Advertising
Manager
Ronald I. Rose
Detroit, MIchIgan-21990 Greenfield Road, Oak
Park, Mich., 48237; 347-8880
Michael RoutT
Chicago, Illinois, 60601-1 East Wacker Dr.,
Room 1322; 321-1444
Charles E. Durham, Jr.
Miami, Florida— P.O. Box 890, Hollywood, Fla.,
33022; Wilson 7-6072
R. P. Caldi.ro
London, W.I., England— 44 Conduit Street)
REgent 4714
American Magazine Group
Geneva, Switzerland— 10 Rue Grenus; Geneva
321044
Paris, France— 11 Rue Condorcet; TRU 13-39
Atmospheric Problems of Aerospace Vehi-
cles, sponsored by FAA and AMS,
National Aviation Facilities Experi-
mental, Atlantic City, N.J., Mar. 2-5.
1 5th Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical
Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy,
Penn-Sheraton Hotel, Pittsburgh, Mar.
2-6.
Fifth Symposium on Thermal Radiation of
Solids, Sheraton-Palace Hotel, San
Francisco, Mar. 4-6.
Southeastern Conference on Theoretical
and Applied Mechanics, Georgia Insti-
tute of Technology, Atlanta, Mar. 5-6.
AIAA Aerodynamic Testing Conference,
Marriott Twin Bridges Motor Hotel,
Washington, D.C., Mar. 9-10.
National Association of Corrosion Engi-
neers Annual Conference and Corro-
sion Show, Sherman Hotel, Chicago,
Mar. 9-13.
Air Force Cambridge Research Labora-
tories Exploding Wire Conference,
Kenmore Hotel, Boston, Mar. 10-12.
Society for Nondestructive Testing Spring
National Convention, Chapman-Park
Hotel, Los Angeles, Mar. 16-19.
NBS Symposium on Statistical Association
Methods for Mechanized Documenta-
tion, National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C., Mar. 17-19.
Third Hypervclocity Techniques Sympo-
sium, Denver, Colo., Mar. 17-18.
IEEE International Convention, Hilton Ho-
tel and Coliseum, New York City, Mar.
23-26.
American Meteorological Society National
Conference on Physics and Dynamics
of Clouds, University of Chicago, Chi-
cago, Mar. 24-26.
Southwest Research Institute Aerospace
Bearing Conference, San Antonio, Mar.
25-27.
Technical Symposium, sponsored by Poly-
technic Institute of Brooklyn, IRE,
AIEE, Army, Navy and Air Force,
New York City, Mar. 31 -Apr. 2.
Classified
* Ideal for *
* Electronics ★
t 100% AIR C0ND. i
| 634,000 SQ. FT. *
* ON 17 ACRES *
* NORTH CAROLINA ★
| Will Divide |
Over 300,000 sq. ft. ground
^ floor. Rail and truck ^
loading. Excellent labor. ^
iBINSWANGER:
* SOUTHERN DIVISION *
■fc 1420 Walnut St., Phila. 2, Pa. • PE 5-0202 +
Advertisers' Index
AMERICAN TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH
CO., BELLCOMM, INC 4
Agency — M. W. Ayer & Son, Inc
BASIC CARBON CORP 10
Agency — Scheel Adv. Agency Inc.
CONTROL DATA CORP 52
Agency — Erwin Wasey, Ruthrauff &
Ryan, Inc.
CRYOVAC INC 42
Agency — Jay H. Maish Co.
DAY-RAY PRODUCTS, INC 48
Agency — Len Woolf Co.
GRAND BAHAMA PROPERTIES, LTD. 46
Agency — Arthur R. Mogge, Inc.
GRUMMAN AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING
CORP 39
Agency — Fuller & Smith & Ross Inc.
HUGHES AIRCRAFT CO 6, 7. 30
Agency — Foote, Cone & Belding
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MA-
CHINES, FEDERAL SYSTEMS DIV. ... 13
Agency — Benton & Bowles, Inc.
ITT DATA & INFORMATION SYSTEMS
DIV 43
Agency — Deutsch & Shea, Inc.
LOCKHEED MISSILES & SPACE CO. . 22
Agency — Hal Stebbins, Inc.
MCDONNELL AIRCRAFT CORP 3
Agency — John Patrick Starrs, Inc
MELPAR. INC., A SUB. OF WESTING-
HOUSE AIR BRAKE CO 47
Agency — Lewis, Dobrow & Lamb
PELMEC DIV. OF QUANTIC INDUS-
TRIES, INC 12
Agency — Hal Lawrence, Inc.
ROHR CORP 40
Agency — Lane & Huff/ Adv.
RUST-OLEUM CORP 36
Agency — O'Grady-Andersen-Gray,
Inc.
SPACE & INFORMATION SYSTEMS DI-
VISION OF NORTH AMERICAN AVI-
ATION, INC 11
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine
& Osborn, Inc.
SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABS., A SUB. OF
THOMPSON RAMO WOOLDRIDGE
INC 8
Agency — Fuller & Smith & Ross Inc
SPERRY FARRAGUT CO., DIV. OF
SPERRY RAND CORP 2
Agency — Lavidge, Davis & Newman,
Inc.
SPERRY GYROSCOPE CO., DIV. OF
SPERRY RAND CORP 37
Agency — Reach, McClinton & Co .
Inc.
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP.,
ATOMIC, DEFENSE & SPACE GROUP
PROGRAMS 51
Agency — Ketchum, MacLeod &
Grove, Inc.
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
49
editorial .
A $150-Million Failure
LET'S FACE THE HARD FACTS. Ranger VI was
a 100% failure. We are fed up with hearing about
what a successful launch it was, how well the guid-
ance worked, how it impacted at just the right spot
on the lunar surface.
The mission of Ranger VI was not to impact the
Moon. It was to relay television pictures of the
Moon's surface to Earth for use in the Apollo proj-
ect. It failed completely, utterly, abysmally.
It was a $28-million failure. The program to date
is at least a $150-million failure. Ranger I failed.
Ranger II failed. Ranger III failed. Ranger IV failed.
Ranger V failed. And Ranger VI failed.
With NASA budget hearings under way, the lat-
est disaster marred a badly-needed New Year series
of NASA successes, following closely the laudable
Saturn and Echo launches.
The failure was the third in succession for the
spacecraft itself. It raises again the question of the
competence of Jet Propulsion Laboratory and its
Cal Tech parent in management of the program.
We carry in the Letters column of this issue a de-
fense of the Ranger program which suggests that
JPL, as system manager, cannot be held responsible
for failure of parts of the system. We reject such a
philosophy entirely. With the authority goes the re-
sponsibility. JPL is program manager and the string
of failures must be laid at that door.
Our correspondent also takes us to task for re-
porting that Northrop was to be brought into the
program as spacecraft systems manager due to dis-
satisfaction with the quality control and reliability
record of JPL. The NASA hearings of last spring,
and the Kelley report, make it clear that is just why
Northrop was due to take over, an event forestalled
by cancellation of the latter part of the Ranger series
due to the delays in the program.
The record on Ranger of JPL, a non-profit organi-
zation operating under the overlordship of Cal Tech,
is a disgrace. It cannot be excused by other JPL suc-
cesses. We suggest that in private industry the indi-
viduals responsible for such a record would have their
heads on a chopping block.
Perhaps that is one of the difficulties. In NASA
hearings last spring on Ranger, Rep. Joseph Karth
(D-Minn.) asked Edgar Cortright, deputy director of
NASA's Office of Space Sciences:
"Has anyone been dismissed for anything?"
Mr. Cortright replied: "Not to my knowledge.
There has been some shifting around of personnel."
The failure which blinded the TV eyes of Ranger
as it smashed uselessly into the Sea of Tranquility was
not a complete surprise. Just such a failure was of
specific concern as early as last March 11 when
Ranger was reviewed by the House Space Sciences
Subcommittee.
Discussing plans to improve the spacecraft, Mr.
Cortright told the committee then: "To provide re-
dundancy, the television equipment, where we have
six cameras on the impacting TV systems, are being
separated completely, three and three, so that one sys-
tem can fail and the other will work."
Now, following the Ranger VI failure, it comes
out that the two systems are both dependent on a
single command system. We are aware of the weight
problems involved in providing separate command
systems but, at best, Mr. Cortright was being less than
frank in his explanation.
It is somewhat akin to saying that you are build-
ing a second road to get from Point A to Point B in
the event the first road is flooded, and neglecting to
explain that the roads cross at one point — in a creek.
LET'S TAKE A LOOK at the relationship between
NASA and JPL and Cal Tech. The Pasadena,
Calif., laboratory is the only NASA facility where
NASA owns all the land, owns all the equipment,
pays all the bills and allows a non-profit corporation
to run the facility.
For the privilege of operating JPL, the California
Institute of Technology is being paid an estimated fee
for Fiscal 1964 of $1.2 million. None of this million-
dollar fee goes to JPL director Dr. William Pickering
or anyone else working at the Laboratory. It goes to
Cal Tech for managing JPL while JPL manages pro-
grams. And what is NASA getting for this sum?
This is what Mr. Albert Siepert, director of
NASA's Office of Administration, had to say about
that: "The principal thing that Cal Tech feels they
give us for this is the association of Cal Tech in this
effort as an eminent academic institution."
That may be exactly the heart of the problem.
An academic environment is neither comparable nor
conducive to the kind of hard-driving industrial at-
mosphere required to make complex space hardware
function in a highly reliable manner.
A price of $1.2 million for leisurely university
atmosphere and little else is exorbitant.
It is particularly unwholesome when it is realized
that this entire setup operates so that JPL can func-
tion free of civil service.
Marshall Space Flight Center and Goddard Space
Flight Center have achieved excellent launch records.
They have accomplished this on government salary
scales which are less than non-profit JPL pays.
Last spring, Mr. Cortright had this to say to Con-
gress about JPL: "It is now evident they would bene-
fit materially from help of the type they will get from
Northrop . . . the quality control was spotty. The
uniformity of standards from technical division to
technical division varied considerably. The monitor-
ing of their subcontractors varied considerably from
division to division . . ."
With this in mind, with the distasteful record of
Ranger failures in mind, with the non-civil service
JPL salary scales in mind, with the $1.2-million fee
to Cal Tech in mind, we think Congress should re-
open the whole question of the JPL-Cal Tech rela-
tionship.
William J. Coughlin
50
missiles and rockets, February 10, 1964
Could you put a 50 kw transmitter in this space?
A Westinghouse Solid State Transmitter
(Series ST) fits in about one tenth the
space you need for conventional designs,
it weighs only one third as much, requires
far less cooling, operates with 80%
efficiency.
And it is 10 times more reliable on the
basis of MTBF.
Series ST transmitters have made it pos-
sible to apply high power communications
techniques (up to 150 kw) in many areas
Westinghouse can
where tube-type transmitters are imprac-
tical. Using Westinghouse-developed all-
solid-state circuitry, such restricted en-
vironments as ships, submarines, aircraft
and tactical vehicles can now support
advanced high power communications
systems.
Other applications include underground
and underwater installations, where equip-
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periods.
Westinghouse Surface Division pro-
duces Series ST Solid State Transmitters
in a variety of configurations for special-
ized defense communications systems.
These highly versatile systems are but one
indication of how the broad capabilities of
Westinghouse can answer your most ur-
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Get details by writing to Westinghouse
Electric Corporation, P.O. Box 868, Pitts-
burgh 30, Pennsylvania. j.o235j-r
You can be sure if it's Westinghouse
W
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THE CONTROL DATA" 3400
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The CONTROL DATA 3400 is the newest in a family of
large-scale computers. It allows the user to benefit from
large-scale computer performance— speed, precision
and scope.
Yet, the 3400 is as much as 50 per cent lower in cost
than equivalent systems.
The 3400 uses the same field-proven logic and circuitry
developed for the 3600— Control Data's unprecedented
large-scale computer system. Further extending this
compatibility with the 3600, peripheral systems are
interchangeable.
The 3400 Software (FORTRAN, COBOL, complex moni-
tor systems, assembly routines and simulators) parallels
the 3600.
This system compatibility with the 3600 at medium-
scale price is significant in two valuable respects: 3400
price allows users an earlier start in large-scale perform-
ance, while the 3400's true upwards compatibility to
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Detailed information is now available on the CONTROL
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Circle No. 1 on Subscriber Service Card
FEBRUARY 17, 1964
HE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
First Step
Taken in
Definition
Of AAOL
New Threat to
MMRBM Funding
Boston Center
Plan To Be Probed
EDITAR Tracking
Highly Accurate
Korad's 500-megawatt
Pulsed Laser
Beech "Imaginuity" in Missile Systems
MACH 7, ANYONE?
What will be the requirements for tomorrow's missile targets?
What are the problems in building them? Beech "Imaginuity" is
already seeking — and finding — the answers. The Beech missile
above, designed to operate at speeds above Mach 7, is just one
example of the way Beech is exploring the future — today.
If you want to pass this Beech missile target,
you'd better be doing Mach 8 -or better!
Now from America's first family of missile targets,
comes the newest example of Beech "Imaginuity":
Today's modern air defense systems are only as effective as the
shooting skills of the men who aim and fire them. To provide the
realistic training needed to keep America's air defense units combat
ready, Beech is building and has designed an entire family of missile
systems to accomplish a variety of missions. They range in speed
from Mach .52 to over Mach 7, with altitude capabilities from sea
level to over 100,000 feet.
Two Beech missile target systems, the propeller-driven U. S.
Army MQM-39A "Cardinal" and the rocket-powered U. S. Navy
AQM-37A (KD2B-1) , are already being produced in quantity. The
AQM-37A is capable now of speeds above Mach 3. It gives today's
most advanced weapon systems a realistic challenge to their
capabilities.
This kind of successful experience in developing and building
entire missile systems has given Beech a head start on the future.
We are ready now to put Beech "Imaginuity" in design, develop-
ment, fabrication and testing to work on the even more advanced
missile systems that will be required for tomorrow's training and
air defense requirements. May we tell you more? r\ j
Other Beech Capabilities In Systems Management Include:
HOW may We help you? To discover how
the unique facilities and expert personnel of Beech
can be quickly and efficiently put to work on your
project, write, wire, or phone Contract Administrator,
Aerospace Division, Beech Aircraft Corporation,
Wichita , Kansas. Beech stands ready and eager to
accept complete systems management responsibility
for your project right now.
eech
BEECH AIRCRAFT CORPORATION • WICHITA, KANSAS 67201
HELPING BUSINESS GROW FASTER: Only Beechcraft offers such a com-
plete line of planes with so much speed, range, comfort and quiet to help
business multiply the money-making decisions that each top man can
make. That's how thousands of Beechcrafts have paid for themselves.
Executives: Write today for: □ "Dollars and Sense of
Business Flying." Q Beech Financing and Leasing
plans. O New illustrated folders on business-
designed Beechcrafts. Address Public Relations Dept.,
Beech Aircraft Corp., Wichita, Kansas 67201.
Helping unlock the nuclear future
Potentialities of the peaceful atom cannot be realized without the aid of dedicated scientists and
engineers. Today at Atomics International, such men are needed to help blaze new trails in research and
development. Present Al projects range from SNAP nuclear space power systems to advanced central
station power reactors.
Your future at Al will associate you with a leader in liquid metal and organic technology, materials
research, direct conversion, specialized land and sea applications of nuclear power.
Atomics International experience spans 17 years of research and development in atomic energy. At
Al, imaginative minds foretold and helped to shape our atomic future. Now — while that future is young — is
the time to merge your talents with this diversified, progressive, growing organization.
A I offers exciting opportunities in:
HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID MECHANICS Theoreti-
cal and experimental heat transfer research, fluid
mechanics, and hydraulics research, including
hydro-dynamic performance of fuel elements and in-
vestigation of convective and boiling heat transfer
characteristics of reactor coolants.
REACTOR CORE ANALYSIS Core analysis of reactors
including both core statics (criticality, reactivity, coef-
ficients, control statics) and stability analysis (core
transients, amplitude response, interpretation of oscil-
lator and noise measurements).
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS Analysis and simulation of com-
plete nuclear power plants to develop reliable,
unattended, completely automatic control and instru-
mentation systems including reactor kinetics, dynam-
ics, hazards and reliability analysis.
REACTOR SHIELDING Experimental and analytical
shielding techniques and materials development for
both central station and compact power reactors.
STRESS ANALYSIS Experience in either thermal stress
or dynamic stress resulting from shock and vibration
loads in aircraft structures. Responsibilities will entail
design support for compact nuclear power plants for
space applications including review of all designs with
respect to stresses resulting from thermo gradients
and transients, static loadings, and vibrational and
shock loadings.
FUEL ELEMENT DEVELOPMENT Studies of the be-
havior of nuclear fuel materials and elements under
simulated reactor operating conditions. These studies
include both in-pile and out-of-pile tests, fuel evalua-
tions, and projection to predict actual operational
behavior. Also, development of processing and fabri-
cation techniques for fuel elements, including melting,
rolling, powder metallurgy processes, joining, etc.
Results from these studies will contribute toward the
improved design of fuel elements for the reactors
under development.
Contact: Mr. H.B. Newton, Personnel Office, Atomics
International, 8900 DeSoto Avenue, Canoga Park, Calif.
All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin.
ATOMICS INTERNATIONAL
Division of North American Aviation
missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Volume 14, Number 7
February 17, 1964
Editor
William J. Coughlin
Managing Editor
Reed Bundy
Senior Editors
Charles D. La Fond Electronics
William Beller Engineering
Associate Editors
Lawrence J. Curran Assistant Managing Editor
Heather M. David Space Medicine
Michael Getler Electronics
Russell Hawkes Industry
John F. Judge Advanced Materials
Robert L. Parker Copy Editor
Hal Taylor NASA
lames Trainor Military
Contributing Editors
James J. Haggerty, Dr. I. M. Levitt, Michael Lorenzo,
Bernard Poirier, Dr. Hubertus Strughold
Friedrich Schonbach Art Director
Donald Strickland Assistant Art Director
Eleanor Cobey Editorial Assistant
Suzanne Montgomery Editorial Assistant
BUREAUS
LOS ANGELES 9301 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills
Willard E. Wilks Bureau Chief
NEW YORK 20 East 46th Street
Michael Getler
CAPE KENNEDY 507 Orange Ave.
Chris Butler Merritt Is., Fla.
PARIS 11 Rue Condorcet
Jaan-Marie Riche
GENEVA 10 Rue Grenus
Frank G. McGuire
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Or. Peter Castruccio Alexander Satin
Conrad H. Hoeppner Vice Adm. H. Sanders (ret.)
Richard F. Gompertz
THE COVER
Described as "the highest powered laser
commercially available," this Korad
Corp. unit requires no amplifier to de-
velop peak power of 500 megawatts
(M/R, Feb. 10, p. 23). Korad foresees
its application in range finding on space
vehicles, and says laser is accurate to
within one foot at 300 miles under
optimum conditions.
FEBRUARY 17 HEADLINES
MMRBM May Face House Committee Slash 14
AEC To Get SNAP Reactor Flight-testing Funds 14
Douglas, GE, Martin Studies May Help Define MOL 15
NASA Seeks Tighter Management at JPL 16
Apollo Command Module Propulsion Change Studied 16
Further Hearings Set on NASA's Electronics Center 17
Space Agency Asks $100 Million for Manned Network 18
NASA Will Study New Hydrogen-Fluorine Engine 18
SPACE SYSTEMS
Meteoroid Satellite Prepped for Mid-year Flight 22
lames W. Claar
Publisher
A. C. Boughton National Sales Manager
Paul B. Kinney Eastern Advertising Manager
Edwin J. Denker, Jr Western Advertising Manager
Craig L. Mason Director of Research
John N. Caclin Director of Circulation
Paddy Nelson Circulation Promotion
R. Virgil Parker Production Manager
Barbara Wiener Advertising Services Manager
Published each Monday with the exception of the
last Monday in December by American Aviation
Publications, Inc., 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington, D.C. 20005. Cablt Address: AMERAV.
Printed at Judd 0 Detweiler, Inc., Washington, D.C
Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.
Copyright 1964, American Aviation Publications, Inc.
Subscription rates: U.S. and Possessions, Canada, and
Pan American Postal Union Nations: 1 year, $5 00 2
JHrsnn?8i00' 3 years $'000- Al1 other foreign! 1 year
$15.00, 2 years $25.00, 3 years $35.00. Air freight to
Europe: 1 year $20.00, 2 years $30.00, 3 years $40.00
Single copy prices: regular issues 50 cents each;
special issues $1.00 each. Subscriptions are solicited
only from persons with identifiable commercial or
professional Interests in the missile/space industry
Subscription orders and changes of address should be
. £"£ to„S;cuia,ion Fulfillment Mgr., Missiles and
D°r 'frnr,c00li.V,rmont Ave ' N W- Washington,
D C. 20005. Allow 4 weeks for change to become
affective and enclose recent address label if possible.
?r«ide"t. Wayne W. Parrish
Senior Vice President Louis C. James
Vice President Fred S. Hunter
SPACE PROPULSION
GE Advances Nuclear Space Power System Testing 26
SPACE ELECTRONICS t
Radar Is Accurate to Six Feet in 30,000 Miles
ROCKET TRANSPORT
Ballistic Troop Transport Proposed by Douglas
DEPARTMENTS
Letters 6 Contracts
The Countdown 9 Products & Processes
Th?..Mi,SSlle/SpaCe ,« Names in the News
Week® 10
Technical Countdown 21 When * Where
Industry Week 37 Editorial
47,500 copies this issue
31
35
38
41
45
47
48
t U.S. Reg. Pdg.
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
5
Thermal evaluation of space vehicles and satellites is made in Grum-
man's large space vacuum chamber. This is part of a test development
program which also includes spectrophotometer experiments, absorptivity-
emissivity evaluations and structural temperature gradient determinations
with sections of its vehicles, using a small vacuum chamber with solar
simulator.
Shown above at the console Nick Mantzouranis, Test Engineer (joined
Grumman March '63) and Bernard Chmiel, Technician (joined Grumman
'60); and at the table Joe Szymanski, Assistant Foreman, Environmental
Test Lab (joined Grumman '51), Charles Walthers, Thermal Control En-
gineer (joined Grumman '57), Charles Dunkerley, Thermal Control Engi-
neer (joined Grumman February '63) and Dick Kline, Thermal Control
Group Leader (joined Grumman '55) coordinate their efforts to perform
thermal testing in this chamber.
At Grumman, the "Mix" of experience is broad. Here, also, are the
up-to-the-minute facilities and challenging advanced programs for men
seeking comprehensive professional development. Those seeking such an
empirical environment will find responsible positions immediately avail-
able on advanced space programs. .
Senior Heat Transfer Engineers— BS or MS with minimum of 5 years training and experi-
ence in structural heat transfer analysis is required. Will develop IBM programs and
other analytical tools as needed to -handle complicated configurations and end condition
for space vehicle structures and propulsion systems. Must be capable of determining
temperature distributions and recommended heat transfer configurations for initial struc-
tural designs and the detailed analyses, and test verification work to complete the design.
Temperature Control Engineers— BS or MS and 2 years experience to handle space vehicle
temperature control system analysis. Should have background in radiative heat exchange
and thermal coatings as applied to passive and active temperature control systems.
Senior Propulsion Aerodynamicists/Aerothermodynamicists — BS or MS with 5 years
minimum experience in one or more of the following: Nozzles, Thrust Vector Control, Air
Induction Systems, Reaction Jet Systems, Ducted Fans, Rocket Plumes, Pressurization
Systems, Airborne Cooling, Boundary Layer Analysis and Control, Rotary Machinery
Analysis, Ramjets, Exhaust Systems, Compressible Fluid Flow, Windtunnel Testing,
Thrust Reversers, and Hypersonic Airbreathing Propulsion Systems.
Aerospace Environmental Control and Life Support Systems Engineers — BS or MS in
fluid mechanics and/or thermodynamics with a minimum of 2 years experience in sys-
tems analysis design, development and testing of manned spacecraft systems.
Rocket System Performance Analysts — Degree in Engineering, Physics or Chemistry
with a minimum of 3 years experience in Liquid Rocket Development, test and analysis.
Knowledge of small pulsed rocket engines and pressure fed propellant systems is very
desirable.
Propulsion System Analysts — BS or MS with a minimum of 3 years experience in rocket
propulsion analysis and system simulation, using analog techniques. A good knowledge
of liquid rocket feed systems, component characteristics, dynamic interactions, and
vibration effects, is very desirable. Will be responsible for the development, test, and
utilization of liquid rockets in manned space vehicles.
Reliability Test-Propulsion — BS in ME or equivalent with 5 years experience in propul-
sion system testing or design. Knowledge of rocket engines, preferably hypergolic type,
required. Positions available for reliability planning and monitoring of propulsion test
programs. Background in statistical analysis techniques desirable.
To arrange an immediate
interview, SEND RESUME
to Mr. P. M. Van Putten,
Manager Engineering
Employment, Dept. GR-86.
<ef,*.\ GRUMMAN
> AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING CORPORATION
Bethpage • Long Island ■ New York
(An Equal Opportunity Employer)
letters-
Microelectronics Report
To the Editor:
I just finished reading the microelec-
tronics roundup that you people had in
your February 3 issue. This is indeed a
monumental effort and a real service to
the electronics industry in general. This
is probably the most comprehensive single
editorial effort on the present status of
molecular electronics.
It is our intention to make this issue
of Missiles and Rockets "must" reading
for key divisional personnel — in particu-
lar, our field sales force.
Congratulations on a terrific job.
C. H. Knowles
General Manager
Molecular Electronics Div.
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
Baltimore
To the Editor:
Congratulations on your February 3
issue. Your staff did a good, compre-
hensive job in the Special Report on
Microelectronics.
Edward O. Ethell
Vice President and
Assistant to the President
Autonetics
A Division of North American
Aviation, Inc.
Anaheim, Calif.
'Calculated Inconsistencies'
To the Editor:
As a long-time subscriber to your pub-
lication, I am often puzzled by what look
to me like inconsistencies in the kinds of
article titles you use. I've found titles in
small letters, and titles in capital and
small letters in the same issue. I've also
noticed that some of the titles are under-
lined and others are not. Is there any
explanation for these apparent incon-
sistencies?
George M. Bauer
Philadelphia
The "inconsistencies" referred to re-
sult from our policy of creating two dis-
tinct sections in each issue of Missiles and
Rockets — a news section and a technical
section. All editorial material that appears
before the Technical Countdown (page 21
in this issue) is considered news material.
This includes departments such as The
Countdown and The Missile/Space Week,
in addition to major news stories (pages
14-19 in this issue). The major articles
carry overlines to the "titles" or head-
lines. These are not underlined in the
news section, as they are in the technical
article section. In addition, the overlines
in the news section are done in a differ-
ent type face from the overlines in the
6
Circle No. IS on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
technical section. The latter categorize the
article for the reader by identifying it as
dealing with "space electronics," "space
systems," "space propulsion," etc. We hope
this explains that our "apparent incon-
sistencies" are real and, in fact, calculated,
but that they are not actually inconsisten-
cies.— Ed.
Capability Run Wild
To the Editor:
I sense that M/R tries hard to curb
the excessive use of the word "capability."
I hope you will do even better.
There is nothing more annoying, in
reading a news or engineering story, than
to see "the unit has the capability of . . ."
(instead of "is capable of" — perhaps even
"can"). The language of our trade is diffi-
cult enough without such indulgence in
jargon at the expense of brevity and
clarity.
Jean Duprez
Montreal
'Profile
Of An Industry'
Reprints
IN RESPONSE to wide-
spread reader interest, Missiles
and Rockets has prepared re-
prints of the three-part "Profile
of an Industry" series by Senior
Editor William Better. Based on
recent surveys by U.S. Govern-
ment agencies and the Stanford
Research Institute ( under a con-
tract from the Aerospace Indus-
tries Association), the articles
first appeared in the Oct. 28,
Dec. 2 and Dec. 16, 1963, issues
of M/R. Together they provide
an unprecedented report on the
growth of the Missile/Space in-
dustry— now the second largest
employer in the United States
— and its impact on the national
economy and technology.
The twelve-page reprint may
be ordered from:
Research Department
Missiles and Rockets
1001 Vermont Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20005
Price of the reprint is $.50
( fifty cents) per copy.
Radiometric, Correlation & Communications Engineers
to provide reliable, rapid information about space vehicle performance along
the 10,000 mile length of the Atlantic Missile Range is the prime responsibility
of Data Support Engineers with Pan Am's Guided Missiles Range Division.
Their mission is to plan new instrumentation systems and develop system
specifications in such information areas as: frequency control and analysis,
command systems, television systems, interference analysis, timing and firing
systems, recovery aids, and communications and underwater sound systems.
A look at 3 of over 30 current projects will indicate the scope of the operation:
□ development of a new range instrumentation control system utilizing 3-kc
K-carrier circuits which will reduce the response time and increase the data
handling capacity of switching circuits between Cape Kennedy and down-
range stations.
□ improvement of precise digital timing generators and terminal shaping
equipment so that correlation uncertainty across the Range will be less than
100 /isecs.
□ installation of a new submarine cable between Cape Kennedy and Antigua
to increase voice and telemetry data transmission capability.
Radiometric, Correlation, and Communications Engineers with EE or Physics
Degree and applicable experience will find unusual diversity in the data support
projects undertaken at the Atlantic Missile Range.
Address inquiries in confidence to Manager, Professional Employment, Dept. 56B-3
GUIDED MISSILES
%W RANGE DIVISION
PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS, INC.
P. O. BOX 4465, PATRICK AIR FORCE BASE, FLORIDA
An Equal Opportunity Employer
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
Circle No. 3 on Subscriber Service Card
7
The Countdown
WASHINGTON
Space Missile Alarm Competes with Ground
One space-based system which may never get off the
ground is the space-based attack alarm system (the re-
oriented MIDAS program). In spite of improvements in
infrared technology — particularly the reduced cryogenic re-
quirements of the mercury-cadmium-telluride detector as
compared with the mercury-doped germanium device
(-193°C vs. — 243°C), some defense officials feel that the
new "over the horizon" radar would provide a cheaper and
more effective system.
Strike Troubles at Houston, Too
NASA is hurting from labor problems elsewhere than
at Cape Kennedy (see p. 10). Manned Spacecraft Center
is scheduled to begin moving into its new Clear Lake site,
near Houston, on Feb. 20, and to be installed at the new
location by March 20. However, electrical workers are on
strike in a dispute as to what constitutes electrical work in
the Technical Services Building. MSC officials fear that un-
less the strike is settled, the work stoppage will spread to
other buildings under construction — forcing postponement
of the move.
Tory IIC Tests Slated Soon
Tory IIC — the second of a series of reactors expected
to lead to a fiyable low-altitude supersonic vehicle nuclear
propulsion system — is scheduled to get its first tests at the
AEC's Nevada Test Site early this year. Previous tests last
October were suspended when deficiencies were discovered
in expansion joints in the test facilities.
ARPA To Explore Ground Satellite Inspection
Funds are available in the current budget for a feasibility
study of developing ground-based techniques for determining
satellite characteristics. Study is to be conducted as part of
ARPA's Defender program. Meanwhile, conceptual studies
are under way on preliminary design of a manned spacecraft
capable of co-orbital inspection of non-cooperative satel-
lites. An important input will come from AF experiments to
be carried aboard NASA's Gemini spacecraft.
Biosatellite Packages Chosen
NASA has finally made a decision on the first Biosatellite
experiments. Fifteen have been selected as top priority, with
another 30 close behind them. Letters to the experimenters
are now awaiting the signature of Dr. Homer Newell.
First Gemini— Grissom and Armstrong?
There are unconfirmed reports that the first Gemini
astronaut team will be made up of Virgil ("Gus") Grissom
and Neal Armstrong. Grissom is the member of the original
Mercury astronaut team who has worked most closely with
McDonnell Aircraft Corp. in design and development of the
spacecraft. Armstrong has chalked up many flight hours
during the X-15 program. Official announcement of the first
pilot team is expected around May 1.
Zanzibar Deals Coup to Spaceflight
NASA is much more concerned than it will admit over
the loss of its Zanzibar tracking station due to the uprising
on that island. Prospect of a tracking ship is little comfort,
considering the trouble it has been to get the Arnold and
Vandenberg ready at Cape Kennedy — and the trouble that
developed rather consistently aboard tracking ships during
the Mercury program. Also questionable is the reliability of
the ships during storms, which are bound to occur in the
course of very long flights. On at least 50% of the orbits
anticipated, the Zanzibar station was the last command sta-
tion planned just before pilots had to fire retro-rockets. One
possible solution would have NASA expand and make per-
manent an Air Force portable station on the Seychelle Island,
east of Zanzibar just above the Equator.
INDUSTRY
TWA Batting 1.000 in Space League
Trans World Airlines made its first entry into the mis-
sile/space industry when it was selected by NASA to pro-
vide base support services at the lohn F. Kennedy Space
Center. Twenty firms submitted proposals for the award,
which is expected to cover three years. Value of the con-
tract in the first year is estimated at $7 million. TWA's pro-
posal was its first attempt to move into the aerospace field.
Garrett Wins Gemini Pressurization Job
Garrett Corp.'s AiResearch Manufacturing Co. division
has been selected to design and produce an extravehicular
pressurization ventilization system for Gemini astronauts.
Primary objective of the cost-plus-incentive fee contract is
development of a system that will provide a life-supporting
environment within the Gemini pressure suit assembly during
exposure to free space.
Second Little Joe II Heads for White Sands
General Dynamics/ Convair is shipping the second Little
Joe II booster to the White Sands (N.M.) Missile Range. It
will be used to launch an Apollo boilerplate spacecraft in a
ballistic flight early in the second quarter of this year.
Further Titan III Uprating Discussed
In addition to new upper stages or new propellants, Air
Force is planning strap-on 156-in. boosters for Titan III.
Such an arrangement could more than double the take-off
thrust of the big booster. Other areas of "growth" potential
include lengthening of the Titan II stages, uprating of the
engines, and cutting of structural weight.
INTERNATIONAL
German Rocket Production Stopped
Weapons and Aviation Armaments Corp., a West Ger-
man manufacturing group, will halt production of rockets
it apparently planned to export to Middle Eastern Arab na-
tions (M/R, Dec. 16, p. 21). The Feb. 7 halt presumably
was ordered by the West German government, although
WAAC officials told M/R the decision was made voluntarily,
to avoid the government further embarrassment. The rockets
built by WAAC apparently exceeded limitations placed on
West German-made rockets by the 1954 treaty admitting
that country to NATO. Word of WAAC's plans to export
caused an international controversy culminating in a Soviet
protest.
Circle No. 4 on Subscriber Service Card
9
Continuing expansion of
many Martin Denver Pro-
grams and the company's
current activities as systems
integration contractor for
the TITAN III . . . make new
openings and new oppor-
tunities available for quali-
fied, experienced engineers
and scientists in the follow-
ing — and related - fields:
• FLIGHT CONTROLS
• ORDNANCE DEVICES
• MATERIALS
• ACCURACY ANALYSIS
If you want challenging
assignments and professional
growth, opportunities to ad-
vance your education and a
chance to work and live in
an incomparable climate . . .
now's the time to take
CTION
Send complete resume to
f. a. McGregor
Manager of Personnel
Staffing
Mail #A-251
Denv
Division, P. O. Box 179-2-9
Denver, Colorado 80201
An equal opportunity employer
The Missile/ Space Week
Athena Test Program Halted
Following failure of the first
Athena test vehicle, the Air Force
has ordered a halt to the program
until the difficulties are isolated and
corrected.
The 50-ft., 15,750-lb. Athena
strayed off-course in an overland fir-
ing from Green River, Utah, to
White Sands Missile Range, N.M.
The vehicle landed some 50-75 miles
off course, impacting 20 miles south-
east of Durango, Colo.
Booster for the Air Force's
ABRES {Advanced Ballistic Re-
entry Systems) program, Athena is
a four-stage missile. In this test it
carried a scaled version of the Mark
6 re-entry vehicle.
Failure appeared to be in the
guidance package which, following
second stage ignition, had falsely
oriented the missile toward White
Sands. Investigations are being con-
ducted, however, to determine pre-
cisely what went wrong.
Cape Union Troubles Continue
Despite the fact that no pickets
of the striking railroad telegraphers
union appeared at Cape Kennedy last
Wednesday, 1,844 of 3,560 construc-
tion workers employed at the Cape
and Merritt Island stayed off the
job. Some 3,200 did not report Mon-
day and Tuesday.
Construction workers protested
that non-union employees of the
Florida East Coast Railroad were
hauling in materials to be used in
buildings at the space center.
The unions involved were given
until Feb. 24 by a Federal judge to
file a brief regarding charges of un-
fair labor practices brought against
them by the National Labor Relations
Board.
New Stabilizer Tested
A 10-lb. gravity-gradient stabili-
zation system, flight-tested aboard a
recently orbited Navy satellite, has
proved highly successful. Telemetry
data indicate the 5-in.-dia. sphere,
boom extended after achieving orbit,
stabilized the satellite to an accuracy
of ±5 degrees within three days,
well within design expectations.
Developed by General Electric's
Missile and Space Div. at Valley
Forge, Pa., the system makes use of
the natural tendency of a spacecraft
to self-align its longitudinal axis
with the local vertical. In GE's ap-
proach, the stabilization system em-
. ploys the Earth's gravitational field
for spatial orientation and the
Earth's magnetic field to assist in
damping the resulting oscillations.
Details concerning the Navy Re-
searchy Laboratory-developed satel-
lite ana. Us other experiments are
classifiecV^Launched into a near-cir-
cular, 900-mi. -altitude orbit on Jan.
11, 1964, it is known simply by its
code designation, GGSE (probably
for Gravity-Gradient Stabilization
Experiment).!
GE engineers disclosed that while
its system (using two boom/spheres)
is capable of three-axis stabilization,
the current test provides only for
pitch and roll control. The damping
mechanism (5-in. sphere) consists of
two concentric shells, separated by
a thin layer of oil. The inner shell
has a fixed bar magnet running
through its center and six horseshoe
magnets symmetrically fixed about
the inner surface.
Hercules Wins HIBEX Award
Hercules Powder Co. has been
selected by the Boeing Co. to develop
the solid motor for the HIBEX
(High-G Boost Experiment) ve-
hicle. Amount of the award was not
revealed.
HIBEX is an ARPA-sponsored
program to explore extremely high
acceleration missiles for A-ICBM
use. The two-year program, initially
funded at $6 million, will involve
building and firing an undisclosed
number of missiles. The firings will
be conducted at White Sands Missile
Range, N.M.
JFK Center Reorganized
A major staff reorganization has
taken place at NASA's Kennedy
Space Center.
Dr. Kurt Debus, center director,
said the move was made to improve
management functions, particularly
those concerned with manned space-
flight programs.
Principal change is designation
of five assistant center directors for
Program Management, Administra-
tive Management, Launch Vehicle
10
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
Operations, Technical Support Oper-
ations and Instrumentation.
Program Management is split
into two major areas, Apollo Pro-
gram Management and the Pro-
grams Support Office. Lt. Col. Rocco
Petrone will serve as assistant di-
rector for Program Management and
head the Apollo Program Manage-
ment Office.
Debus named Albert F. Siepert
to the deputy director post to serve
as acting assistant director for Ad-
ministrative Management. This unit
will have three divisions.
Dr. Hans Gruene will continue as
assistant director for Launch Ve-
hicle Operations, with three divi-
sions.
Lt. Col. Raymond L. Clark will
bear the newly-created title of As-
BUSINESS REPLY MAIL
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THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
1001 VERMONT AVENUE, NORTHWEST
WASHINGTON, D. O, 20005
• The Air Force successfully
launched a Minuteman from Cape
Kennedy Feb. 12. Shot was first in
a series of tests of the Minuteman' s
penetration aids.
Comsat Situation Report
Six companies submitted design
proposals last week to the Communi-
cations Satellite Corp. for an inter-
national communications satellite.
At the same time, the White
House and the corporation separately
presented to Congress the first an-
nual reports on the communications
satellite program.
Essentially alike, the reports an-
nounced a plan to launch one or more
synchronous satellites in 1965 on an
First Class
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ine of Microdot Weldable
-uples provides critical tem-
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liquids in chemical vats, live
ide boilers; under cryogenic
, external hydrostatic pres-
X>0 psi.
it electrical isolation mini-
jnd loop problems and does
3r accurate measurement of
re transients. Identical in con-
o Microdot's companion line
sd weldable strain gages,
mium thermocouples offer
flanges in; stainless steel
to most metals , and gold alloy
: to practically all metals,
aluminum and magnesium).
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k training" snot by tne Strategic Air
Yjommand.
V • The Air Force on Feb.. 12
launched an Atlas F ICBM from
Vandenberg AFB, Calif. Launch was
a routine training mission and was
termed a success.
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
riphons are limited lo those in
ompletely. Additional postage
he missile/space industries or in related areas. Please fill out this
s required if mailed outside the U. S. A.
At the time of his death,
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last May.
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13
Continuing expansion of
many Martin Denver Pro-
grams and the company's
current activities as systems
integration contractor for
the TITAN III . . . make new
openings and new oppor-
tunities available for quali-
fied, experienced engineers
and scientists in the follow-
ing - and related - fields:
• FLIGHT CONTROLS
• ORDNANCE DEVICES
• MATERIALS
• ACCURACY ANALYSIS
If you want challenging
assignments and professional
growth, opportunities t
vance your education ;
chance to work and li
an incomparable clima
now's the time to take
The Missile/Space Week
Athena Test Program Halted
Following failure of the first
Athena test vehicle, the Air Force
has ordered a halt to the program
until the difficulties are isolated and
corrected.
The 50-ft, 15,750-lb. Athena
strayed off-course in an overland fir-
ing from Green River, Utah, to
White Sands Missile Range, N.M.
The vehicle landed some 50-75 miles
off course, impacting 20 miles south-
east of Durango, Colo.
Rooster for the Air Force's
Forge, Pa., the system makes use of
the natural tendency of a spacecraft
to self-align its longitudinal axis
with the local vertical. In GE's ap-
proach, the stabilization system em-
ploys the Earth's gravitational field
for spatial orientation and the
Earth's magnetic field to assist in
damping the resulting oscillations.
Details concerning the Navy Re-
search\ Laboratory-developed satel-
lite ana. Us other experiments are
classifiecV\Launched into a near-cir-
cular, 900-mi.-altitude orbit on Jan.
11, 1964, it is known simply by its
IPTION TO
d rockets
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Mail #A-251
Denver Division, P. O. Box 179-
Denver, Colorado 80201
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Rates shown above are for U.S., Possessions, Canada and Postal Union Nations.
INDUSTRY
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□ Power plants
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□ Components
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□ Missile base
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GOVERNMENT
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□ Navy
□ Air Force
□ NASA
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THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
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WASHINGTON, D. C, 20005
plUVCU illgmj owv-o^^-*"..
data indicate the 5-in.-dia. sphere,
boom extended after achieving orbit,
stabilized the satellite to an accuracy
of ±5 degrees within three days,
well within design expectations.
Developed by General Electric's
Missile and Space Div. at Valley
10
management functions, particularly
those concerned with manned space-
flight programs.
Principal change is designation
of five assistant center directors for
Program Management, Administra-
tive Management, Launch Vehicle
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
Operations, Technical Support Oper-
ations and Instrumentation.
Program Management is split
into two major areas, Apollo Pro-
gram Management and the Pro-
grams Support Office. Lt. Col. Rocco
Petrone will serve as assistant di-
rector for Program Management and
head the Apollo Program Manage-
ment Office.
Debus named Albert F. Siepert
to the deputy director post to serve
as acting assistant director for Ad-
ministrative Management. This unit
will have three divisions.
Dr. Hans Gruene will continue as
assistant director for Launch Ve-
hicle Operations, with three divi-
sions.
Lt. Col. Raymond L. Clark will
bear the newly-created title of As-
sistant Director for Technical Sup-
port Operations.
Responsibilities of Karl Sendler,
assistant director for Instrumenta-
tion, remains unchanged, but three
offices in his area have become di-
visions.
DOD Seeks More Cost Cuts
The Dept. of Defense has asked
its 100 top contractors and major in-
dustry associations to set up volun-
tary cost-reduction programs with
12-month goals and 6-month reports
to the government on actual savings.
DOD officials, in the middle of a
cost-cutting drive within the depart-
ment, said that future procurement
actions would "take into account" the
cost-saving accomplishments of de-
fense contractors.
The Pentagon asked the compa-
nies and associations to submit com-
ments on its proposal within 30 days.
A four-page guideline will then be
inserted into procurement regula-
tions.
Shots of the Week
First shot of an Athena re-entry
vehicle in the Air Force's Advanced
Ballistic Re-entry Systems (ABRES)
program failed when the payload
came to Earth 50-75 mi. short of the
White Sands Missile Range, N.M.,
target (see p. 10) .
• The Air Force successfully
launched its 30th Minuteman ICBM
from Vandenberg AFB, Calif., Feb.
11. The firing was termed a "routine
training" shot by the Strategic Air
\Command.
V • The Air Force on Feb.. 12
launched an Atlas F ICBM from
Vandenberg AFB, Calif. Launch was
a routine training mission and was
termed a success.
• The Air Force successfully
launched a Minuteman from Cape
Kennedy Feb. 12. Shot was first in
a series of tests of the Minuteman' 's
penetration aids.
Comsat Situation Report
Six companies submitted design
proposals last week to the Communi-
cations Satellite Corp. for an inter-
national communications satellite.
At the same time, the White
House and the corporation separately
presented to Congress the first an-
nual reports on the communications
satellite program.
Essentially alike, the reports an-
nounced a plan to launch one or more
synchronous satellites in 1965 on an
experimental basis. If successful, the
satellites would become operational.
Comsat is expected to request FCC
authorization for this program soon.
Companies meeting the Feb. 10
deadline with proposed designs for
an international communications sat-
ellite included Hughes Aircraft Co.;
Philco Corp. ; Thompson Ramo Wool-
dridge, Inc., with International Tele-
phone and Telegraph Corp. as prime
subcontractor; and American Tele-
phone and Telegraph Co. and Radio
Corp. of America as joint contrac-
tors.
From the four proposals, Comsat
will award six-month contracts for
design and engineering work on both
medium- and high-altitude satellite
systems, probably within a few
weeks. It will then grant a production
contract for one basic system, which
it hopes to have operational by 1966.
Saenger Dies in Berlin
Dr. Eugene Saenger, one of
Europe's foremost space scien-
tists and father of the Dyna-
Soar, died last week in West
Berlin.
The 58-year-old rocket ex-
pert was best known for his
World War II work on a rocket-
powered global-range bomber
(Dyna-Soar concept) and for
his post-war theoretical studies
of photon-powered rockets.
Saenger had been a member
of Missiles and Rockets edi-
torial advisory board since
July, 1957.
At the time of his death,
Saenger was professor of space
travel at Berlin Technical Uni-
versity, a post he had held since
last May.
new weldable
thermocouple . . .
Enlarged 3 times
INFORMS ON THE
"UNTOUCHABLES"
The new line of Microdot Weldable
Thermocouples provides critical tem-
perature measurements in hazardous
or hostile environments: testing rocket
engines and missile skins; within
nuclear atmospheres in reactor tests,
corrosive liquids in chemical vats, live
steam inside boilers; under cryogenic
conditions, external hydrostatic pres-
sures to 4000 psi.
Excellent electrical isolation mini-
mizes ground loop problems and does
not hamper accurate measurement of
temperature transients. Identical in con-
struction to Microdot's companion line
of patented weldable strain gages,
these premium thermocouples offer
mounting flanges in: stainless steel
(weldable to most metals , and gold alloy
(weldable to practically all metals,
including aluminum and magnesium).
An efficient aid to application of Microdot
strain gages and thermocouples is its Model
Ml -809 Rollectrode. The Rollectrode averages
32 spot welds per inch, operates at 60 cycle
ac, 115 v, draws approximately 0.4 amp.
Write direct for Bulletins WT-1 and SGR-1 ,
or use reader service card.
MICRODOT INC.
220 Pasadena Ave., South Pasadena, Calif.
Overseas: Microdot-Varec AG, Brussels
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
Circle No. 5 on Subscriber Service Card
13
House group action . . .
MMRBAA Faces New Budget Slash
Cut of $35 million reported; Joint Chiefs still backing
program despite civilian disinterest; R&D funds trimmed
A CRIPPLING BLOW to the Air
Force's Mobile Medium Range Ballistic
Missile (MMRBM) may be dealt by
budget cuts reportedly made in the
House Armed Services Committee.
It now appears that the oft-belea-
guered program — though just a few
weeks ago reported to be entering Phase
II contract negotiations- — may run into
trouble again this year.
It is understood that the Armed
Services Committee has cut the request
— estimated at about $110 million for
Fiscal Year 1965 — by approximately
$35 million. Evidence indicates this
could be the proverbial last straw.
Although Secretary of Defense Rob-
ert S. McNamara in recent weeks has
given verbal support to the program, it
appears that the real proponents con-
tinue to be the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It is
reported that some "foot-dragging"
within the Defense Dept.'s civilian hier-
archy continued through the end of last
year, and the development contracts
promised contractors in January have
not been signed.
Basic reservations concerning
MMRBM remain the same as those
voiced last year, when the program
by Heather M. David
barely escaped being stamped out by
the House Appropriations Committee.
At that time, McNamara indicated he
would not ask for restoration of the
funds in question, but that the Joint
Chiefs themselves were making this re-
quest. On this basis, the Senate Appro-
priations Committee restored much of
the funds, believing that this would put
the program back on the line. In fact,
McNamara filed a letter with the com-
mittee promising to go ahead with Phase
II (development) if the funds were
restored.
Capitol Hill sources feel that if the
program is cut again this year, the Sec-
retary may make no effort to save it.
The basic reservations held by the
policy-makers appear to be the same.
There is no approved plan to deploy
the MMRBM in European countries,
and it is reported that no negotiations
have been entered into. In addition,
there are many who feel that there are
alternative, perhaps cheaper, approaches
to the job. Polaris remains a favorite in
this category.
• Other cuts — The House Armed
Services Committee, chaired by Rep.
Carl Vinson (D-Ga.) left the procure-
ment portion of the DOD authorization
request intact, but cut the research and
development portion by a total of $362.5
million.
These cuts were:
— $62 million in Army funding,
bringing it to $1,335,000,000.
— $121.5 million in Navy and Ma-
rine Corps R&D, bringing that figure
to $1,329,500,000.
— $157 million from the Air Force
R&D budget. However, the R&D sub-
committee headed by Rep. Melvin Price
(D-Ill.) added an additional $52 million
for the Follow-on Bomber, and $40
million for the Improved Manned Inter-
ceptor. This brings the total AF R&D
to $3,140,000,000.
— $22 million for the Defense
Agencies, bringing their budget to $497,-
000,000.
The additional $92 million for Air
Force aircraft makes the net reduction
in the total bill $270.5 million. Thus, the
request was $17,185,300,000 and the
bill which will go to the House floor
early this week is $16,914,800,000. ■
Joint Committee Insisting on SNAP Flight Tests
THE JOINT Atomic Energy Com-
mittee has given notice that it will auth-
orize funds to the Atomic Energy Com-
mission for flight-testing SNAP reactors
in spite of Defense Dept. withdrawal
of support.
Sen. John O. Pastore (D-R.I.) and
Rep. Chet Holifield ( D-Calif. ), co-chair-
men of the JAEC. sent letters to Air
Force Secretary Eugene Zuckert, NASA
Administrator James E. Webb, AEC
Chairman Glenn Seaborg and Budget
Director Kermit Gordon indicating this
intention and requesting them to "get
together" to make certain that the SNAP
programs are conducted during the re-
mainder of FY 1964 with this in mind.
The chairmen expressed extreme
concern over the fact that DOD has
pulled the rug out from under SNAP
by announcing that it has "no stated re-
quirement" just before flight tests could
have been conducted.
AEC officials testifying last week
also indicated they were stymied by the
Bureau of the Budget, which refused a
request for $15 million to flight-test
SNAP 10A, trimmed $7 million from
SNAP 50, and cut back the systems
improvement fund by $5.5 million.
Thus, JAEC action will provide funds
in excess of AEC's request for this
program.
• By numbers — The status of the
SNAP reactors, according to AEC:
— SNAP 2 — System development is
being dropped, even though $59 mil-
lion has been spent on the program, be-
cause there is no mission requirement.
— SNAP 4 — Being dropped. No
specific DOD requirement.
— SNAP 10A — Flight-test objective
is being cancelled. AEC will reorient the
hardware to a ground system, which it
will try to run for a year or longer. $53
million has been spent, flight tests would
cost $15 million a year for two years.
— SNAP 50 — There has been a
major cutback in development effort.
SNAP 8 — The only version in which
NASA is participating appears to be
in good shape, with delivery expected
about 1968. In addition, the isotopic
sources (7, 9, 13) are performing well
and a 25-watt source is now in orbit.
AEC said this program is now moving
toward a 60-70-watt capability.
14
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
By Douglas, GE, Martin .
OSS Studies Will Start
Definition of the MOL
Results will be combined with those from in-house AF
studies to provide basis for RFP's possibly this fall
MODEL of one of proposed MOL con-
cepts shown by AF Space Systems Div. at
recent meeting in San Antonio.
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
by James Trainor
AWARD of three contracts for study
of the Orbiting Space Station (OSS) is a
"significant first step" in definition of the
Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL),
an Administration official told Missiles
and Rockets last week.
OSS studies are expected to accom-
plish "the fundamental homework for
an extended manned spaceflight" capa-
bility, he said.
Specifically, he explained, the studies
will define man's "military charter" in
space, the systems needed to fulfill that
charter and the development efforts
necessary to acquire those systems. As
an integral part of systems acquisition,
the companies are to determine which
equipments can be tested on the ground
or in aircraft and which require testing
in space.
Douglas Aircraft Co., General Elec-
tric Co., and Martin Co., will conduct
the four-month studies for the Air
Force. Although not yet officially an-
nounced by the Defense Dept., the con-
tracts are expected to be worth $ 1 ,000,-
000 each.
• Tie-in with MOL — Part of the
immediate task "to detail, by thorough
study, what is to go into the (MOL)
program," the OSS studies together with
in-house studies by the Air Force are
expected to provide the basis for the
MOL requests for proposals.
The RFP's, therefore, are not ex-
pected to go to industry before the fall
of this year. With a minimum of 60-90
days for reply, program definition con-
tracts are not likely to be let until late
this year or early 1965. A contract for
development of MOL on this timetable
could be awarded in the spring of 1965.
This "business-like approach" to
MOL, an official source says, is indica-
tive of DOD's building-block philosophy
toward development of space technol-
ogy. Titan III, he points out, was the
result of the same type of program; al-
though DOD could not foresee specific
applications, it went ahead with the
program as future "insurance."
• What is MOL? — Since the Dec
10 announcement by Defense Secretary
Robert S. McNamara that he was ini-
tiating the MOL program, many contra-
dictory and misleading stories about the
program have appeared in the press.
Yet, as Dr. Albert C. Hall, DDR&E
Deputy Director for Space, told the
Military Electronics convention last
week, "at this point in time what we are
calling MOL is a concept rather than a
specific piece of hardware." Or, as an-
other Administration source pointed out,
many of the questions about MOL can't
be answered.
MOL's true significance at this point,
one source said, is that it is indicative of
"a re-orientation or re-definition of
DOD space activities" toward the need
for an early, effective demonstration of
man's utility in performing military
functions in space.
Recognizing that the lead times for
manned military space systems may be
10 years or longer, the MOL would
provide the basis for specifying design
characteristics and performance para-
meters for operational systems in the
mid-1970 time period.
MOL will consist of the modified
Gemini B, formerly "Gemini X," and a
compartmentalized Mission Test Mod-
ule (MTM) with a volume of approxi-
mately 1 ,500-2,000 cu. ft.
The first manned flight of MOL will
be launched by the Titan II1-C in late
1967 or early 1968. The number of
flights has not been determined as yet.
However, it is likely that there will be
several unmanned and manned flights of
Gemini B in 1966 and several MOL
flights in 1968 and 1969.
Total cost of the program is difficult
to estimate at this point, one source
noted. In an open-ended program of
this type, however, the program cost
probably would be "$1 billion plus — cer-
tainly more than Gemini." NASA esti-
mates Gemini's cost at $1,053 billion. ■
15
In wake of Ranger VI . . .
Space Agency Wants
JPL To Reorganize
Troubles haunting lunar, planetary programs trigger efforts
in contract renegotiation to get 'hard-headed' management
by Hal Taylor
NASA IS TRYING to force a re-
organization of the Jet Propulsion Lab-
oratory to get what is termed a "hard-
headed type of industrial management"
for its trouble-plagued lunar and plan-
etary spacecraft programs.
Administrator James E. Webb de-
clared last week that the agency is cur-
rently renegotiating its contract with
JPL. One of the things NASA wants is
better management.
At the same time, Webb revealed
a probable cause for the failure of the
TV camera system during the Ranger
VI flight.
He said that there was an unsched-
uled turn-on of the cruise telemetry sys-
tem about 2Vi minutes after launch
and about the same time as the separa-
tion of the Atlas booster engines.
The telemetry was on for about one
minute.
"Why this happened we don't know
at this time, but one possibility is that
the television system turned on at the
same time. If that happened, severe elec-
trical arcing would have occurred and
damaged the equipment."
• Apollo stretchout admitted —
Webb's comments were made at a press
conference where he also stated that:
— He thought it unlikely that the
Ranger VII spacecraft would be launched
during the next possible launch window,
Feb. 28 to March 5. A final determina-
tion of the next Ranger flight plan will
have to await the report of the special
board currently studying the cause of
the Ranger VI failure.
— There has been a change in U.S.
thinking that landing a man on the
Moon by the end of the decade is an
absolute deadline. The development of
a U.S. space capability, he said, "has
entered into a stretchout, a pushing into
the future of the program." He main-
Apollo Propulsion Under Study
A NEW HIGH-ENERGY pro-
pulsion system for the Apollo space-
craft Service Module using a single
Pratt & Whitney RL-10A3 engine is
being studied by NASA officials.
The NASA scientists report that
the system could reduce the service
module weight by 15 to 20% and
permit a corresponding increase in
the weight of the Command and
Lunar Excursion modules of 1,400
to 1,500 lbs.
Whether such a backup system
is undertaken will probably depend
upon how much of the agency's FY
'65 budget request is approved by
Congress. A decision is not expected
for a month or two.
Manned spaceflight officials be-
lieve that the current system, which
uses storable propellant, is adequate
for the manned lunar landing flight.
They point out, however, that for
follow-on missions, more payload
capability will be needed. The liquid
hydrogen high-energy system, they
contend, could provide this.
The system would require a dif-
ferent type of service module be-
cause of the fuel tanks needed, but
the structure and outer skin would
remain the same.
tained, however, that NASA still has a
fighting chance to meet the goal.
— Earliest possible date for joint
U.S.-USSR experiments with the Echo
II passive communications satellite now
in Earth orbit is Feb. 21. The Russians
also made photometric and photographic
observations of the Echo II satellite dur-
ing its first passage over the Soviet
Union shortly after its launching Jan.
25. They have given U.S. scientists pre-
liminary reports of their observations.
In discussing JPL management of
the Ranger program, Webb praised the
laboratory's previous contributions to
the U.S. space effort.
He also pointed out that the success-
ful Mariner fly-by of Venus was a prod-
uct of JPL.
• Better relationships sought — He
said, however, that NASA and JPL
have learned a great deal about the
management of the lunar and planetary
unmanned spacecraft programs under
the current three-year contract.
"It expires next June and we have
now for some months been examining
together with the California Institute
of Technology (of which JPL is a part)
ways and means to make a better rela-
tionship from their standpoint and from
NASA's standpoint."
He added that one of the very im-
portant problems that NASA and JPL
have is how to marry industrial re-
sources that have a good deal of know-
how "in these fields" with laboratories
managed by universities.
Webb refused to say how NASA
hoped to achieve "hard-headed" indus-
trial-type management, noting only that
Earl Hilburn, Deputy Associate Ad-
ministrator for Industrial Affairs, is ne-
gotiating the problem with JPL officials.
Walter L. Lingle, deputy to Asso-
ciate Administrator Dr. Robert C. Sea-
mans, Jr., said NASA does not want
JPL to select an industrial contractor to
manage its program.
• Improving management — He said
that NASA wanted to see industrial-type
management achieved "right down
through the whole organization." He
said that this would entail clarification
of the lines of authority and some sort
of follow-up system to insure accom-
plishment of goals. "They don't have
that kind of capability now and we
think they have to develop it," he said.
The agency announced that in the
Ranger VI inquiry it is probing the rea-
son for the unscheduled telemetry turn-
on and is trying to determine if the
television system also turned on at this
time, causing severe electrical arcing
and camera damage.
Webb said that if the reason for the
failure is not found, the agency may
have to launch a heavily instrumented
Ranger in an attempt to find the cause
of possible future in-flight failures. ■
16
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
NASA picks Boston .
House Group To Seek Further
Justification of Electronics Center
FURTHER HEARINGS on the pro-
posed NASA Electronics Research Cen-
ter will be held by the House Space
Committee sometime in the next two
weeks.
Although Chairman George P. Mil-
ler (D-Calif.) described the report to
Congress submitted by NASA Admin-
istrator James E. Webb as "very com-
prehensive," he said the committee will
ask more questions on the need for the
center.
The Senate Space Committee has
made copies of the report available to
a number of Senators — including a
number not on the committee.
Congress is now 17 days into a 45-
day period in which action can be taken
on the proposal. If the time passes with
no adverse action by either committee,
approval is signified.
• Weighty tome — The NASA re-
port, which measures about an inch
thick and weighs almost two pounds,
was submitted to the committees Jan.
31. In the covering letter, Webb said
"the new study . . . has sustained and
strengthened the conclusion that such
action is vital." He said the mission of
the center would be to: 1) carry out a
program of in-house research designed
to attack important research areas and
to meet specific requirements of provid-
ing the basis for the assembly of a staff
of highest technical competence (budget
is estimated at $35 million at full ca-
pacity, up to one-half of which would
cover personnel, equipment and support
costs); 2) originate and manage a pro-
gram of grants and contracts in uni-
versities, institutes, and industry in sup-
port of necessary areas of advanced re-
search ($42 million at full operation);
3) work closely with NASA centers
having responsibility for various sys-
tems of boosters and spacecraft. These
contracts for operational systems will
continue to be managed by the respon-
sible center, the report stressed.
While the Boston area decision is
described as "tentative," steps are al-
ready being taken in anticipation of
approval. The Air Force announced last
week that it is studying a suggestion to
close down its base at Bedford, Mass.,
with the idea that the NASA center
could be located there. The base's func-
tions would then be transferred to Grif-
fiss AFB, Rome, N.Y., which otherwise
will be closed down in a DOD economy
move.
A New York Congressional delega-
tion of Sens. Jacob Javits and Kenneth
Keating and Rep. Alexander Pirnie had
made the proposal, which will be pre-
sented to NASA.
Webb said that NASA had examined
the possibility of utilizing existing gov-
ernment laboratories, and that none had
been found which could absorb such a
center. "The new Center must be able,
from a hard management viewpoint, to
plan and manage the NASA electronics
research program, both that carried out
within NASA and that performed by
competent groups throughout the na-
tion under contract, to insure its effec-
tiveness," he said.
• The choice — As the committee's
work progressed, Webb said, 12 areas
were studied as having outstanding re-
sources. These were Ann Arbor-Detroit,
Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los An-
geles, Minneapolis-St. Paul, New York,
Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Princeton, the
San Francisco Bay area, and St. Louis.
Those which did not already have
NASA centers (nine) were included
in detail in the report.
Boston was chosen, Webb said, as
having the best qualifications:
— The Massachusetts Institute of
Technology and Harvard University,
providing a basic core of "the highest
quality of advanced research, scholar-
ship, and training in the scientific fields
of primary interest."
— A number of other public and
private laboratories which "attract peo-
ple from the world over to this vital
source of advanced thought and re-
search in electronics."
— A number of other good univer-
sities nearby, "providing assurance that
all levels and patterns of education will
be available for the Center personnel
within a relatively small and entirely
practical geographical area." ■
Advanced X-15 on Line
At North American-LA
ADVANCED X-15 rocket plane
nears completion at Los Angeles
Div. of North American Aviation.
Being rebuilt from ship No. 2,
which crashed in November, 1962,
it is slightly longer than its prede-
cessor and carries external fuel tanks
for ramjet engine tests. The X-15
program has gained in importance
for near-space research, following
cancellation of the X-20 Dyna-Soar
program shortly before Christmas
last year.
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
17
In FY '65 budget . . .
Manned Network Gets Major Push
$700 million would be big step toward operational system
by 1967; space agency, DOD sign tracking ship agreement
NASA WILL SPEND more than
$100 million in FY '65 for tracking and
data-acquisition equipment for its
manned spaceflight network.
The funding request is part of a
major drive to make the network op-
erational by 1967.
At the same time, NASA and the
Defense Dept. announced an agreement
covering new tracking ships for Project
Apollo.
Details of the agreement, first re-
ported in Missiles and Rockets (Dec.
16, 1963, p. 17), call for three new
tracking ships to be built and two others
to be modified. The ships will become
part of this country's tracking ship fleet
of 20, which will be operated by DOD.
The space agency, however, will pro-
cure ship instrumentation required for
the manned lunar landing program.
There are now 17 instrumentation
ships. Two of these will be modified for
Project Apollo. Three more ships, taken
from the Maritime Reserve Fleet, also
will be converted for tracking and data
acquisition in Project Apollo.
• Ship agreement details — The
agreement specifies that DOD will have
custody of the ships and be responsible
for their management, operating them
on behalf of both DOD and NASA.
Responsibility for design, construc-
tion and modification of the instrumen-
tation ships will be centralized under the
Navy Dept., which has established an
Instrumentation Ship Project Office. The
director of this office will have Air
Force and NASA deputies.
NASA will provide performance
specifications for instrumentation re-
quired for the Apollo mission and de-
sign specifications for equipment that
must be standardized for the Apollo
network. DOD technical crews on ships
supporting NASA manned spaceflight
missions will be trained to NASA-ap-
proved specifications and standards.
New ships needed for Apollo and
alterations on existing ships to equip
them for Apollo support will be funded
by NASA. DOD will fund any general-
purpose or special-purpose capability in
addition to requirements for Apollo as
NASA Plans New H-F Engine Study
NASA WILL START a prelimi-
nary design study of an advanced
hydrogen-fluorine engine in FY '65.
The new engine will be based on
the results of a current experimental
fluorine technology program with the
RL-10 engine. If approved for de-
velopment, the new engine would be
used in the high-energy upper rocket
stage being pushed by some NASA
officials.
A breakdown of the budget of
the Office of Advanced Research and
Technology also reveals that the
1.5-million-pound-thrust liquid hy-
drogen M-l program will be re-
stricted almost completely to compo-
nent development over the next two
years.
The space agency told Congress
that in FY '65 only limited effort
will be made in engine systems work.
It expects, however, to complete
most of the engine design work and
begin testing of most major engine
components in the next fiscal year.
NASA's $165-miIlion propulsion
research effort accounts for more
than one-half of OART's total budget
request of $282 million. Other de-
tails revealed in the budget break-
down include:
— The $18 million requested for
the SNAP-8 system would allow
starting test operations on two com-
plete prototype power-conversion
subsystems for design verification,
calibration and evaluation work.
— The $34.5-million request for
the NERVA nuclear engine will be
used for fabrication and assembly of
a cold-flow development test system.
The tests will precede full-scale nu-
clear engine system tests.
18
well as continuing modernizations and
improvements.
The Military Sea Transportation
Service will be responsible for ship op-
eration, and the DOD range agencies
will be responsible for scheduling and
ship instrumentation operation.
• Apollo network composition —
The Apollo tracking network will even-
tually be composed of nine stations with
30-ft. antennas, three 85-ft. antenna
sites, one insertion ship, two ships for
coverage of the early translunar coast
period, two re-entry ships and aircraft
for injection coverage.
Details of the $106.9-million request
for equipment for the manned network
were disclosed in budget documents pre-
sented to Congress. (See opposite page
for detailed breakdown.)
The manned spaceflight portion is
more than one-third of the total FY '65
space agency tracking and data-acquisi-
tion development program.
Other major equipment purchase
programs included $15.9 million for the
satellite network and $12 million for
the deep space network.
• Modular design — In discussing
the manned network, the agency told
Congress that the final configuration of
all network stations to be used in sup-
port of the Apollo program will in-
corporate in the unified S-band com-
plex the necessary receiving, transmit-
ting, ranging, antenna, command, de-
modulation and data-handling systems.
A modular building-block approach
will be used. This approach, which will
make use of the same subsystems in all
stations even though this number varies
at some stations, will reduce mainte-
nance, replacement and training costs.
Receiving systems, which are identi-
cal except for small changes in fre-
quency and bandwidth to those of the
deep space network, will provide the
initial demodulation of voice and te-
lemetry, provide Doppler tracking and
emit signals for antenna directing.
The command systems and data-
handling systems are of the same design
for Apollo as for Gemini and will be
procured only for those stations not now
augmented for Gemini. ■
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
DETAILED BREAKDOWN OF NASA FY '65 R&D BUDGET REQUEST FOR OFFICES OF ADVANCED
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY AND TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION
(in millions of dollars)
ADVANCED RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY
FY '64 FY 65
BASIC RESEARCH SUPPORTING RESEARCH
AND TECHNOLOGY $21.000 $21,000
Fluid physics 7.820 7.800
Electrophysics 3.960 4.000
Materials 8.020 8.000
Applied mathematics 1.200 1.200
SPACE VEHICLE SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND
TECHNOLOGY 26.300 26.300
Spacecraft aerothermodynamics 5.432 5.432
Spacecraft loads and structures 5.1 77 5.1 77
Launch vehicle aerothermodynamics 0.914 1.214
Launch vehicle loads and structures 3.797 3.797
Space vehicle environmental factors 7.030 7.030
Advanced space vehicle concepts 2.650 2.350
Space vehicle design criteria 1.300 1.300
SCOUT RE-ENTRY EXPERIMENTS 1.500 2.000
Spacecraft and support services 0.500 1.000
Launch vehicles 1 .000 1 .000
PROJECT FIRE 8.000 3.000
Spacecraft and support services 6.470 1.890
Launch vehicle 1.530 1.110
SATURN-LAUNCHED METEOROID EXPERIMENTS . .8.000 2.600
Spacecraft and support 8.000 2.600
SMALL SPACE VEHICLE FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS 2.800 3.000
Behavior and handling of cryogenic propellents
at lero G 1.050 0.640
Wind shear measurements 0.200 0.200
Meteor simulation 0.750 0.61 0
Re-entry detection 0.200 0.1 50
Meteoroid penetration probe 0.100 —
Secondary environmental experiments 0.500 1.400
LIFTING BODY FLIGHT AND LANDING TESTS 0.900 1.900
Flight vehicle and support services 0.900 1.900
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS SUPPORTING RESEARCH
AND TECHNOLOGY 24.900 25.400
Guidance systems 5.265 5.485
Control systems 4.850 5.460
Communications 4.31 5 4.445
Tracking and data acquisition 3.220 3.060
Data handling and processing 3.530 3.380
Instrumentation 3.720 3.560
SMALL FLIGHT PROJECTS 3.800 3.000
Radio attenuation measurements (RAM) 2.000 2.000
Scanner 1.800 1.000
Spacecraft orientation control system (SCCS) — —
HUMAN FACTORS SYSTEMS 1 3.200 1 6.200
Supporting research and technology 13.200 13.200
Flight program: small biotechnology flight projects — 3.000
NUCLEAR ELECTRIC SUPPORTING RESEARCH
AND TECHNOLOGY 24.600 25.000
NUCLEAR ELECTRIC POWER (12.600) (13.000)
Space environment effects 0.931 0.840
Liquid metal and metal vapor properties and
technology 3.517 3.900
Gaseous systems and components 1.512 1.1 80
Dynamic systems and components 3-336 3.880
Direct conversion 1 .694 1 .700
Advanced concepts and mission analysis 1.610 1.500
ELECTRIC PROPULSION (1 2.000) (1 2.000)
Electrostatic propulsion 5 .662 5 .700
Electrothermal propulsion 1 .623 1 .700
Electromagnetic propulsion 2.330 2.500
Component technology 2.385 2.100
SNAP-8 DEVELOPMENT 15.500 18.000
Development and flight projects 15.500 18.000
SPACE ELECTRIC ROCKET TEST (SERT) 4.000 5.1 00
Spacecraft design, development and support 4.000 5.100
Launch vehicles — —
NUCLEAR ROCKET SUPPPORTING RESEARCH
AND TECHNOLOGY 21.200 23.000
Rocket reactor research 1 2.265 1 3.1 00
Nuclear rocket engine component research .7.635 8.300
Safety 0.500 0.500
Vehicle technology 0.800 1.100
KIWI 1.500
Reactor test support components — —
Propellants 1.500 —
NERVA 52.000 34.500
Engine systems development 7.900 3.500
Component and subsystem development 20.300 18.500
Propellants 3.000 3.000
Ground test and operations support 20.800 9.500
NUCLEAR ROCKET DEVELOPMENT STATION
OPERATIONS 0.500 0.500
General site support 0.100 0.100
Facility checkout and maintenance 0.350 0.350
Capital equipment 0.050 0.050
CHEMICAL PROPULSION SUPPORTING RESEARCH
AND TECHNOLOGY 21 .800 21 .800
Analysis, aerothermoehemistry
Heat transfer and materials 5 .892 5 983
High energy propellants 7.225 7.414
Liquid rocket engines 6.640. 6.000
Solid rocket motors 2.043 2.404
EXPERIMENTAL ENGINES 24.000 38.000
Large solid motor demonstration — * 13 .000
M-1 Engine 24.000 25.000
*previously an Air Force program.
SPACE POWER SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND
TECHNOLOGY 1 3.000 1 3.000
Photovoltaics 2.750 2.750
Thermionics and thermoelectric! 1 .750 1 .750
Solar dynamic systems 4.850 4.850
Batteries, fuel cells and engines 3.650 3.650
TOTAL $320.200 $320,300
TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION
FY '64 FY '65
TRACKING AND DATA-ACQUISITION
SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND
TECHNOLOGY $1 2.000 $1 5.500
New systems development 2.995 3.100
Integrated systems analysis, development and test 1.361 2.090
Improvement to existing systems 7.644 10.310
NETWORK OPERATIONS 81.500 99.800
Satellite network 22.000 25.600
Manned flight network 20.200 25.400
Deep space network 12.000 14.600
Wallops/Fort Churchill instrumentation 5.000 5.300
Aerodynamics test range 0.800 0.800
Network communications 15 .000 1 8.700
Data processing and handling 6.500 9.400
EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS— SATELLITE
NETWORK 16.800.
Tracking systems 1 .696 .
Telemetry systems 4.409.
Command and control systems 1.242.
Recording and display systems 2.386.
Test, calibration and monitoring equipment 0.871 .
Spacecraft checkout equipment 1.269 0.104
Timing systems 0.740 0.690
Real-time data-handling systems 0.500 0.975
Special-purpose equipment 0.510 1 .1 75
Power systems ^ 0.495 0.160
Maintenance, spares and replacements 2.682 2.412
EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS— MANNED
SPACE FLIGHT NETWORK 69.600.
Apollo
Receiving systems 12.379.
Transmitting systems 3.223 .
Ranging systems 0.980.
Antenna systems 1 5.1 03 .
Command systems 1 .600 .
Demodulation systems 6.000
Data-handling systems 8.406 .
Re-entry ship modifications.
1 5.900
. .2.161
. .3.465
. .1.912
. .2.040
.0.806
106.900
.15.472
. .6.986
. .2.156
. .5.106
. .3.000
.19.700
.12.284
.17.400
Aircraft modification and design 0.150 18.420
Maintenance, spares and replacement 1.252 3.905
Gemini
Data processing systems 5.050 —
Data handling systems 6.040 —
Command systems 2.1 95 —
PCM telemetry systems 4.535 —
Maintenance, spares and replacements 2.71 7 2.471
EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS— DEEP
SPACE NETWORK 1 1 .500 1 2.000
S-band receiver, transmitter and components 2.936 2.897
Atomichron and synchronization equipment 0.115 0.115
Klystron and maser amplifiers 1.045 0.815
Antenna and servo modifications 1.264 1.985
S-band ranging and acquisition systems 1.155 1.297
Digital data and instrumentation systems 0.985 1.175
Data transmission and processing equipment 0.570 0.495
Test transponders and calibration systems 0.745 1.225
Recording systems 0.980 —
Maintenance, spares, replacements and
documentation 1 .775 1 .996
EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS— WALLOPS
AND OTHER INSTRUMENTATION 2.700 3.900
Photographic processing equipment 0.220 0.200
Range camera equipment 0.250 0.550
Aircraft calibration and test instrumentation 0.160 0.350
Antenna systems modifications 0.240 0.180
Timing equipment 0.075 —
Range ship instrumentation 0.080 —
Data systems — 0.420
Telemetry system components — 1.100
Radar system components — 0.450
Maintenance, spares and replacements 1.675 0.650
EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS-
AERODYNAMIC TEST RANGE 1 .000 1 .500
Tracking systems 0.750 0.100
Telemetry systems — 0.600
Real-time data-handling systems — 0.250
Maintenance, spares and replacements 0.250 0.550
EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS-
COMMUNICATION 3.600 2.300
Data terminal equipment 0.195 0.555
Solid-state switching units 2.735 1.662
Switching center equipment 0.150 0.200
Teletype and voice equipment 0.220 0.528
South American systems modification — 0.055
Test and evaluation equipment 0.150 0.200
40 kw radio transmitters — —
Mobile communications vans — —
Maintenance, spares and replacements 0.150 0.100
EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS— DATA
PROCESSING AND HANDLING 11.200 9.100
Digital computing subsystems 4.950 2.500
Off-line data processing systems 1 800 2.300
Peripheral equipment 0.720 1.250
Data processing subsystems 1 -925 0.880
Signal conditioners — 0.550
Special-purpose data processing and display 0.715 0.450
Automatic analog data tape evaluation equipment 0.590 0.325
High-density storage and record units — ■ 0.270
Test and evaluation equipment 0.075 0.100
Maintenance, spares and equipment 0.425 0.475
TOTAL $21 0.000 $267,900
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
19
BREAKTHROUGH
Martin's RACEP, a random access, discrete address system,
represents a significant breakthrough in the field of military
communications.
It is an advanced combination of radio transmitter-receiver
and direct dial telephone, with advantages of both and the
drawbacks of neither.
It uses no wires, needs no switchboard.
It can transmit voice, data, facsimile. Handle both individ-
ual and conference calls. It is difficult to jam.
It has a command override system that can put a com-
mander in touch with all units immediately.
It is now being field tested by the Air Force.
Available as a vehicular unit or lightweight Manpack.
Martin pioneered this new communication system which
breaks the "voice" into separate pulses which can only be
reassembled by another RACEP receiver.
Martin is presently embarked on a program to extend range
and flexibility of this system and to give it even broader
spectrums of military effectiveness.
Martin is bringing to bear on this project the same systems
management capability that developed and brought to opera-
tional readiness such systems as Pershing, Bullpup, Missile
Master, BIRDiEand ^ _ nrijTivju. _1
the Titan family.
At Martin, Systems Management means the best possible product in the shortest possible time at the lowest possible cost
Technical Countdown
ASTRONAUTICS
Martian Canals Explained As Sand Dunes
Following up the idea that Martian canals are sand
dunes, Frank Gifford of the U.S. Weather Bureau, Oak
Ridge, Tenn., calculates that the difference between ter-
restrial and Martian conditions would make dunes there
about seven times as long as those found in the Libyan and
South Arabian deserts. This means dunes 2,500 to 3,000
mi. long — about the length observed. If the canals are dunes,
their size would indicate a surface pressure of about 30
millibars, which is close to the 25 millibars recently cal-
culated by Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists from spec-
trographic measurements. Martian gravity and air density
lead to a requirement for wind speeds five to 10 times as
high as those on Earth, if dunes are to form. These have
been observed in Martian dust storms. The pattern of the
canals might be interpreted in terms of prevailing winds
that blow in different directions during the seasons. A diffi-
culty in the dune theory is that 400-mi. dunes photographed
from an Earth satellite look lighter than the desert around
them. Martian canals look darker.
Oceanography by Satellite
Studying the oceans by means of satellite observations
has been recommended by an Iron Curtain scientist who
has devised a way to measure waves with the help of light
reflected from the rough surfaces of the sea. A properly
instrumented satellite could "map the entire surface of
the oceans during periods of solar and lunar light and make
determinations of wavelength quite simple," claims Soviet
Academician V.V. Shuleykin. He says a special light filter
will enable a satellite to expand its usefulness to mapping
the color and brightness of the world's oceans.
ELECTRONICS
Electric Engine Passes Record Test
An experimental hot-electron propulsion system has
recently completed a record 1,000-hr. test period at RCA's
David Sarnoff Research Center without component or per-
formance degradation. Repeated start-stop operation was
employed during the testing. Developed by Dr. Hans Hendel,
the RCA system employs cyclotron resonance to accelerate
only electrons directly from a mercury plasma. At a power
output of 100 watts, a specific impulse of 1,000 sceonds was
achieved with a 30% efficiency (kinetic beam power/total
RF power absorbed). Pump frequency was 2.4 gc. Plasma
exhaust rate was 10s cm. /sec.
Antenna Flight Simulator Cuts Costs
An inexpensive method for accurately testing missile
guidance antennas with a scale model instead of a live
firing has been devised by a 26-year-old soldier-engineer,
Sp-4 Collins Smith, assigned to the Army Missile Command.
His equipment permits one man to put a missile model
through a simulated flight path from liftoff to impact while
gathering antenna performance data. Smith uses a missile
model with a subscale antenna model suspended inside a
transparent globe. Drive wheels controlled by a computer
rotate the globe to simulate an actual missile trajectory.
The system gives a smooth, continuous curve, and an attenu-
ator duplicates the effect of decreased signal strength ex-
perienced as a missile moves away from the launch track-
ing station.
Versatile Navaid Receiver/Converter Revealed
LORTAN, a Long Range and Tactical Navigation system
developed for use with any hyperbolic position-finding sys-
tem, can be adapted readily for sea, air or ground operation,
developers claim. Built by Lear Siegler, Inc.*s Instrument
Div. at Grand Rapids. Mich., the receiver/converter can
provide either pictorial or numerical readout of latitude
and longitude. The 21 -lb. system reportedly can be used
with LORAN, OMEGA and DECCA radio navaids to
provide accurate positional data without time delay. Displays
can be continuous, LSI disclosed.
ELDO To Use CDC 3200 Computer
Decision has been made to use a Control Data Corp.
model 3200 real-time computer for guidance work on the
ELDO satellite booster. The American-made equipment will
be bought off the shelf by Bell Telephone Manufacturing
Co. of Belgium with slight modifications to fit the ELDO
mission. CDC 3200 has an 8,000-word memory at 24 bits
per word, and will be used to compare actual with planned
vehicle trajectories every 100 milliseconds.
PROPULSION
Largest Gimbaled Nozzle Tested
A modified Minuteman first stage was used to test a
prototype gimbaling nozzle half the size of that needed for
the 156-in. solid rocket by Thiokol Chemical Corp.'s
Wasatch Div. It was four times the size of any gimbaled
nozzle fabricated or tested to date. A second nozzle will
be tested on a 120-in. solid motor by Thiokol later this
year. The nozzles are a crucial segment of the large solid
feasibility program. The nozzle was actuated throughout
the 70-second firing, and exhaust gases exceeded 5,500° F.
The nozzle was designed by Thiokol, Arde-Portland Div.
of E. W. Bliss Co. and H. I. Thompson Fiber Glass Co.
and was fabricated by the Portland Copper and Tank Works,
a Bliss subsidiary.
Advanced Nozzle Concept Tested
A gimbaled integral nozzle (GIN) was successfully tested
on the Lockheed "Char" motor last December by experts
at the Air Force Rocket Propulsion Lab, designers of the
exhaust system. Partially submerged in the aft section of
the rocket case, the flanges and actuating components were
shielded from the exhaust gases by the case itself. The
concept will lead to a gimbaling system requiring less oper-
ating power than present operational swivel-type nozzles.
A heavy, high-temperature-resistant silicone grease was
used to lubricate the ball-and-socket gimbaling system.
SPACE MEDICINE
The Worm Has Turned— to Research
The Planaria, a flat, arrow-shaped, inch-long worm is
being studied by researchers in the Life Sciences Dept. of
North American Aviation's Space and Information Systems
Division to help understand human healing functions and
rates under conditions of weightlessness. The unusual worm
has been found capable of continued regeneration when
exposed to all the extremes of temperature, vibration and
shock expected in space. Also, when cut into any number
of pieces in any direction, each piece regenerates within
1 0 days.
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
21
space systems
Meteoroid Satellite Passes
Crucial Tests on Way to Mid-64 Flight
THE METEOROID DETECTION
Satellite being built by Fairchild Stratos
Corp. for Marshall Space Flight Center
has passed two critical test points suc-
cessfully.
Scheduled for launch into Earth-
orbit in mid- 1964 aboard a Saturn 1
booster vehicle, the 3,400-lb. NASA
satellite will employ two 50 x 15-ft.
extendable detector wings. The unusual
size of the spacecraft presents struc-
tural problems not encountered previ-
ously with U.S. vehicles.
After completion of breadboards of
the spacecraft electronics, Fairchild
Stratos engineers produced an engi-
neering test model to integrate the com-
munications, data, sensing and house-
keeping systems and ground checkout
equipment in essentially their final cir-
cuit configurations. Results of the mat-
ing of the engineering test model com-
ponents were highly satisfactory, MSFC
officials said, with every indication that
the system is capable of returning use-
ful data from orbit.
The system's solar electrical power
supply presently is undergoing separate
by Charles D. LaFond
tests satisfactorily, and the development
program for capacitor detectors appar-
ently will result in a system capable of
performing all of its functions.
An equally vital and even more im-
pressive phase of the program to date
was the recent completion of a com-
prehensive vibration test and analysis
on a full-scale structural and mechani-
cal test version (dynamic test model)
of the huge spacecraft. Tests were con-
ducted at the General Electric Co.'s
Missile & Space Div. at Valley Forge
near Philadelphia, Pa.
• Unusual complexity — In addition
to having the electronic complexity of
other unmanned spacecraft, the Meteor-
oid Detection Satellite (MDS) is me-
chanically and structurally complex be-
cause of the requirement for extending
its detector panels in a 15 x 100-ft.
wing once the satellite is in orbit. The
resulting structure is characterized by
complex load paths and interactions.
Further, because of the size of the
satellite, even with the wing panels
folded, it cannot be isolated from the
vibration environment.
Vibration levels to which the model
was subjected were determined by those
expected during the boost phase of
the Saturn vehicle. At this time, the
structure is folded with the wings and
solar panels under restraint and the top
of the spacecraft fastened to the Apollo
boilerplate service module.
Fabrication of the prototype elec-
tronic system is well underway for the
MDS, and data obtained during the
vibration tests is in final evaluation
prior to assembly of the prototype
mechanical and structural systems.
Prior to vibration testing, the "wings"
(meteoroid detector panels duplicating
those panels planned for the flight cap-
sule) were deployed to their full 100-ft.
span, and deployment of the solar panels
was tested, both successfully. The mod-
ule was then subjected to vibration in
all three planes, including resonant swell
at points detected during low and high
level sweeps; after vibration, the space-
craft was returned to the deployment
22
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
LEFT: Meteoroid Detection Satellite in deployment fixture. The
3,400-lb. spacecraft is scheduled for launch in mid-1964 aboard
a Saturn I vehicle. ABOVE: Attachment of vibration support
fixture (top ring) to MDS, simulating restraint afforded by tie-
at-the-top (attachment to Apollo boilerplate service module).
Explosive release system is at center of ring. RIGHT: MDS in-
stalled on vibration fixture with accelerometer and strain gage
switching unit. Testing was performed by General Electric' s Val-
ley Forge test facility.
fixture and again deployed. All phases
of the test were satisfactory, officials
disclosed.
• Three-month test — The entire test
operation, from the beginning of pre-
liminary work on setting up test fixtures
by General Electric personnel to the
return of the test model to the Fair-
child Stratos plant at Hagerstown, Md.,
took just three months.
The initial test was a static load
test of the center structure to limit load
levels. Upon completion of static test-
ing, the center section was removed
from the static test fixture and installed
in a deployment jig. The detector panels
and frames, solar panels, electronic can-
ister mass simulator, and panel drive
mechanisms were integrated with the
center section to form a complete dy-
namic model of the spacecraft.
By mid-October, the completed test
model had been given a test deploy-
ment, was packaged and shipped to
Valley Forge, where it was installed
in a deployment jig and opened so that
all detector panels could be removed
for replacement of mounts (with which
last minute trouble had developed).
At the end of October, an instru-
mented deployment test was run, and by
Nov. 12, the first-axis vibration test was
begun. With a three-week delay in late
November and December while the vi-
bration equipment was used for an-
other previously scheduled test, MDS
model testing was completed on Dec.
20. The model was shipped back to the
Fairchild Stratos plant on Jan. 4.
During the time it was at the test
facility, design improvements were made
in the forward solar panel support sys-
tem, wing panel restraint system turn-
buckles, and side solar panel deploy-
ment starter springs. These improve-
ments were incorporated into the design
in time to be tested and proved out.
• Test results — Vibration levels ex-
perienced in most parts of the test
model were lower than predicted. The
electronic canister experienced higher
than predicted vibration levels, and a
design was initiated for a straightfor-
ward vibration isolation system so that
levels experienced by prototype and
flight canisters will be lowered.
For the dynamic test model, a
MDS Test Plan
1.
Previbration deployment test.
2.
Low-level sweep in all three axes
at (input levels) :
5 to 9 cps at 0.2 g, 0 to peak.
9 to 2,000 cps at 0.5 g, 0 to
peak.
3.
High-level sweep in all three axes
at (input levels) :
5 to 9 at 0.5 in D.A. displace-
ment.
9 to 42 cps at 2.0 g, 0 to peak.
42 to 64 cps at 0.022 in. D.A.
displacement.
64 to 2,000 cps at 4.6 g, 0 to
peak.
4.
Resonant 5-minute sine tests at
critical frequencies at half the
high-level sweep values.
5.
Post-vibration deployment test.
manual deployment motor and gear box
were used. Additional deployment tests
will be conducted to evaluate the per-
formance of the system with the opera-
tional motor and gearbox. A system is
being designed for additional tests of
the solar panel deployment, with the
panel mounted in a manner to remove
the effect of gravity. Fairchild Stratos
engineers indicated they were not sat-
isfied that the wing restraint system
has been satisfactorily demonstrated,
and an improved version will be tested
on the dynamic test model before in-
stallation on the prototype.
• Instrumentation — To provide
completely reliable, significant data, the
dynamic test model of the spacecraft
was instrumented with 240 strain-gage
outputs and 130 accelerometers. Low-
level sine sweeps were conducted in
three axes and the data were reduced to
determine the 22 accelerometers and
36 strain gage outputs which would be
monitored continuously during the
high-level sine sweep.
As a side benefit from the operation,
Fairchild Stratos personnel were able to
evaluate handling procedures, since
shipping containers, slings and jigs used
were identical with those planned for
use with the flight and prototype space-
craft. Also, the company designed and
delivered test fixtures that allowed
mounting the model in a manner sim-
ulating the Saturn mounting.
General Electric supplied the vibra-
tion test equipment, the instrumenta-
tion and recording equipment, the test
documentation and test personnel. ■
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
23
At Northrop Nortronics we've learned that to think big is to
build small. As aerospace technology probes farther out, the
demand is for ever-greater capability compressed into ever-
decreasing space.
Our NIH'-IOOO computer, now in the final stages of develop-
ment, illustrates the point. It occupies less than 1 cubic foot,
weighs a mere 35 pounds. Yet packed inside is the equivalent
of nearly one million components.
It's a versatile little box. It is designed as an off-shelf item
which can be integrated into almost any aerospace system.
Feed it information (linear and non-linear) from any
ber of subsystems. The NDC-1000 will digest it, then trai
mit orders to activate and direct other subsystems.
It will perform in almost any aerospace system envil
meni : in the atmosphere or outer space, in extremes
temperature and pressure, in a weightless vacuum or uw
the stresses of acceleration and vibration.
Systems are our business. And computers are the brains
systems. We design and produce computers to meet spec
problems of system integration.
This aerospace computer measures 10.18x10.5x13.8 inches,
general purpose computer with the same capabilities would fill this entire room.
Miat is our forte, and has been since 1947. That year we
•e handed a problem in all-weather navigation, then a new
I uncharted field. To solve it, we invented the digital differ-
ial analyzer and then combined that with a magnetic-drum
mory for a genuine breakthrough.
ror the SM-62 missile guidance system, we designed the
st solid-state airborne digital computer. A dramatic
lievement in missilery, this system had to operate continu-
>ly for as long as 11 hours, with no control or correction
m the ground.
To integrate still another system, GAM-87, we came up
with a solid-state unit, 6 cubic feet in size, which was 4 com-
puters in one: a general purpose computer, two digital differ-
ential analyzers, and a star tracker computer. It interfaced,
reliably, with 11 other subsystems.
This is the kind of imaginative thinking and inventiveness
you can call on when you put a systems integration problem
up to Northrop Xortronics.
NORTHROP NORTRONICS
space propulsion
General Electric Embarks on Testing
Nuclear Space Power System Dynam
Technology termed 'almost adequate' for present turbogenerator concepts; working
fluids narrowed to a few alkali metals, but handling them is still problematical
Cincinnati — The first tentative
steps toward flight-weight, high-powered
nuclear turbogenerator systems are be-
ing taken at General Electric's Space
Power and Propulsion Section here.
Under the direction of M. A. Zipkin,
manager of the Space Power and Pro-
pulsion Div., a complex of materials
and component testing facilities have
been built and are in operation. "The
cycle is firm," says Zipkin, "the work-
ing fluid choices are narrowed to only
a few alkali metals, the construction
materials are in sight, the temperature
is attainable and the configuration work-
able."
Development of specific operating
components such as the turbine, seals,
bearings, pump and boiler is only be-
ginning, but the basic technology is
almost adequate for present space
power systems concepts.
"There should be no basis for com-
placency," says Zipkin, however, "be-
cause much more detailed data are
needed to support the component test
programs throughout their complete
development cycle."
• Based on Rankine cycle— Gen-
eral Electric is working toward a large
space power generating system based
on the Rankine cycle. One GE version
of the cycle has two separate liquid
metal flow loops — one transferring heat
from the nuclear source to the boiler,
and the other taking heat from the
boiler and vaporizing the liquid metal
working fluid, which is then expanded
through a turbine and condensed in a
radiator.
The Rankine cycle, say GE experts,
approaches the thermal efficiency of the
Carnot cycle because most of the heat
addition and rejection is done at con-
stant temperature. High thermal effi-
ciency and constant heat rejection tem-
perature result in minimum radiator
size.
The crucial aspect of any such
power system is the containing, han-
dling and pumping of liquid metals at
high temperatures. GE has had three
major two-phase alkali metal loops
operating over a year at the Evendale
plant (M/R, May 28, 1962, p. 28).
These have been supplying compati-
bility data and other information basic
to the design of a reliable and long-
lived space power system.
The loop systems include a 300-kw
facility, a 100-kw test unit and a 50-kw
installation. The three units provide a
combined operating temperature range
from 800° to 2,200° F with liquid
metals such as sodium and potassium.
In addition, there are countless tests
being conducted on materials in small
capsules held at liquid metal tempera-
tures in controlled environments. A
significant contribution has been made
in the field by the firm. As little as 18
months ago practically no such design
data existed.
The latest sections of the multi-
million-dollar integrated space power
laboratory are now in operation with
the completion of the dynamic com-
ponent test facility.
• Component Test Facility — The
3,000-kw Component Test Facility will
be used to obtain performance and
endurance data on developmental com-
ponents for space power plants oper-
ating on alkali metals in the Rankine
cycle.
The basic components that can be
tested in the facility include heat ex-
changers, boilers, turbines, pumps, con-
densers and radiators.
The complex consists of a gas-fired
boiler producing alkali metal vapors,
an air-cooled condenser to liquify this
vapor and an electromagnetic pump to
return the liquid to the boiler.
The boiler is rated at 3,000 kw as
latent heat in the metal vapor. The con-
denser is designed for a heat rejection
rate of 3,000 kw at the minimum vapor
temperature of 1,200°F. The pump is
rated for 42 gpm at a 1 50 psi pressure
rise. Boiler flow is about 3 lbs. /sec.
The first boiler tube bundle of 316
stainless steel is capable of 1,600°F —
and, with a modified boiler tube bundle
the upper limit reaches 1,850°F. The
rest of the system is designed to com-
plement the upper temperature regime.
A zirconium getter attached to the
boiler and parallel to the natural re-
circulation takes up any impurities
present in the liquid metal and carried
over into the vapor state.
Controls are manual wherever prac-
tical in order to maintain maximum
flexibility in the facility. Safety controls
are both manual and automatic. In most
cases, operator discretion is imposed on
the safety action. Basic indicators in-
clude smoke detection, over-tempera-
ture, over-pressure and over-speed when
rotating machinery is under test.
• Turbine development — The tur-
bine is the key to a nuclear turbogen-
erator system. "Just running this com-
ponent in the high temperature metal
vapor system is a major accomplish-
ment," says Zipkin.
Once the turbine is functioning in
the test system, the next step is to move
into performance testing, This phase
will prove out the design approach,
and GE has taken the position that
space power system turbines are directly
related to both nuclear, steam and high-
temperature-gas turbines.
26
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
lomponents
by John F. Judge
The problems of wet vapor operation
in all turbine stages are present as well
as the additional complexities of high
temperature creep, fatigue and stress
rupture. Initial testing will be performed
only on the third and fourth stages of
a five-stage turbine design.
The first stages encounter the hot,
dry working medium and this medium
gets progressively cooler and wetter as
it moves through the turbine stages.
The stages under initial test face the
greatest danger of erosion because of
the moisture and their blade velocities.
In addition, these stages represent the
turbine region where the fluid tempera-
tures have decreased to a point ame-
nable to use of high-nickel superalloys
instead of the refractory metals neces-
sary in the inlet stages.
• 3-phase test program — The de-
tailed turbine test program is divided
into three major phases. The first seg-
ment will involve determining the aero-
thermodynamic characteristics of the
turbine in a series of performance tests.
Data will be gathered at various tur-
bine inlet temperatures, vapor qualities,
and rotational speeds. Temperatures
will vary from 1,400° to 1,600°F,
speeds from 15,000 to 20,000 rpm and
vapor qualities from 85% to 50°F
superheat.
The second phase covers design-
point endurance and should show the
capability of the turbine to operate for
the prolonged periods required by space
systems. This demonstration will in-
volve a 1,000-hr. run at 19,200 rpm
at an inlet temperature of 1,550°F
and a vapor quality of 90% .
A similar endurance test is planned
for the third phase. Here the aim is to
determine accuracy of the predictions
of blade erosion onset.
ABOVE: Rotating disc squeeze seal lest rig in operation. Device is used to evaluate
and perfect dynamic seal designs for turbine tests. BELOW: Performance tests run
on 3,000-kw facility involved these pressure tapes on the convergent-divergent nozzle
used to simulate turbine pressure drop. The small cans on each line are "de-misters"
that prevent potassium from blocking line.
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
27
Again, the run will last 1,000 hours,
but at 23,000 rpm with a vapor quality
of 85% at the inlet. Different turbine
bucket materials will be evaluated.
• Instrumentation — Both static and
total pressure taps have been built into
the turbine hardware together with
thermocouples. The instrumentation
was welded and brazed into the turbine
parts and casing themselves, because
the alkali metal system has to be com-
pletely sealed.
GE experts were also faced with
the problem of separating the loop
potassium from the bearing lube oil in
the test rig. A liquid potassium hydro-
dynamic seal and an argon-purged
labyrinth seal effectively prevent mix-
ing between the potassium vapor and
the forward bearing sump.
• Lubrication problems — Bearing
and sealing problems are practically a
separate field of effort in themselves
at GE. Liquid-metal-lubricated bearings
bear little resemblance to those lubri-
cated by more conventional means, be-
cause the kinematic viscosity of the
liquid metals is around Mooo that of
normal friction alleviators.
An additional complexity is added
by the emphasis on minimum system
weight, which results in higher rota-
tional speeds through component com-
paction. This creates entirely new prob-
lem areas in the operation of stable
bearings.
Zipkin says stable bearing operation
is as much of a problem as finding ade-
quate materials. But one research ad-
vantage is that the dynamic effects and
stability of liquid-metal-lubricated bear-
ings can be simulated in fluids of simi-
lar viscosity and density.
Zipkin lists three different sources
of high-speed-bearing shaft instabilities:
— Half-frequency whirl — an insta-
bility of the fluid film on the bearing
characterized by a whirl of the journal
centers at a speed of approximately
half the shaft rotational speed.
— Synchronous whirl — a forced vi-
bration of the journal caused by a ro-
tating load such as an unbalance. Its
frequency is equal to the rotational
speed of the shaft and the magnitude
depends on the amount of unbalance,
shaft mass and deflection characteris-
tics, lubricating film stiffness and damp-
ing.
— Resonant whip — a shaft insta-
bility that has a frequency correspond-
ing to the first system critical, even
though the shaft is rotating at a sub-
stantially different speed. Such an in-
stability occurs at speeds exceeding
twice the first system critical speed.
GE engineers have developed a bear-
ing test rig using water as the lubricant.
The complex consists of a test section
containing the test bearings and test
shafts, the means for bearing load ap-
plications, the instrumentation for meas-
uring the motions of shafts and bear-
ings, absolute and relative to each other.
The lubricant flow can be controlled
to individual bearings. The lubricant
can be cooled or heated, providing a
wide range of viscosities. The minute
non-rotary motions of the shafts and
bearings are measured through 12 ca-
pacitance gauges — each rigidly mounted
and air-blasted at the tips to eliminate
lubricant interference.
Nine selected bearing designs now
undergoing tests in various configura-
tions include three-lobe types, orthog-
onally displaced bearings and pivoted-
pad bearings.
A two-phase experimental program
will be used to evaluate the selected
bearing configurations. The whirl re-
sistance of the different configurations
will be determined in the first segment
of tests. These whirl characteristics will
be determined over a range of shaft
speeds, loads, lubricants, pressures and
temperatures, clearances, and bearing
length-to-diameter ratios.
The second group of experiments
will involve detailed investigations of
those configurations showing the most
promise for stable operation.
Water will be the lubricant used
since this simplifies the study and per-
mits testing at room temperature. Bear-
ing performance measurements can be
obtained much more accurately in
water than in liquid metals. The signifi-
cant characteristics of potassium and
sodium bearings such as Sommerfield
and Taylor numbers can be closely
simulated in water if larger bearing
clearances are used.
• Seals also problem — While a wide
variety of seals have been successfully
used for many years in different types
of turbines and some have contained
even liquid metals for significant pe-
riods, seals still remain a troublesome
element and the cause of many failures.
A new goal has been added in space-
bound seal applications — zero leakage.
This covers not only the working fluid
but any buffer fluid used. This ideal
can be closely approached, but not ab-
solutely attained.
The GE program has concentrated
on dynamic seals. The prime aim is to
prevent significant leakage. The devel-
opment approach moves through three
main steps:
— Providing a pressure dam through
which a transition from the high pres-
sure of the working fluid, liquid or gas,
to the lowest pressure level possible may
be accomplished.
— Generating a distinct separation
between liquid and vapor phases of the
working fluid and preventing direct
leakage of liquid to the space vacuum.
— Minimizing vapor pressure of the
working fluid in the region of the final
restriction and consequently vapor leak-
age.
Zipkin maintains that the proper
application of the above principles will
result in an acceptable seal. The GE
team is now working with a 36,000-rpm
liquid metal test rig, although sealing
principles are originally demonstrated
in water. The rig has a 15-hp turbine
driving a gas bearing spindle that ex-
tends into a 1,400°F liquid metal bath.
The seal configuration to be tested is
mounted between this and a vacuum
chamber where the spindle ends. ■
Circle No. 7 on Subscriber Service Card
COMPLETED 3,000-kw facility at General Electric houses turbine test section im-
mediately behind gas-fired potassium vaporizer at right.
28
Inside the free world's largest rocket booster
Saturn V, standing tall as a 30-story build-
ing and weighing some six million pounds,
will take off for space powered by an S-1C
first-stage booster.
Shown in the cutaway drawing above,
the S-1C will be the free world's largest
rocket booster. Boeing holds the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration
contract to design, develop, build and
support the testing of the S-1C. It will
incorporate a cluster of five F-l engines
producing a total thrust of 7%-million
pounds, or about 160-million horsepower.
Boeing scientists and engineers, backed
by unsurpassed research facilities, are at
work on a wide variety of missile, rocketry
and space-vehicle programs. They are
scoring advances in such areas as life sup-
port systems, guidance, electronic systems,
vehicle design, lunar base requirements.
The breadth and depth of Boeing's tech-
nological capabilities, plus its outstand-
ing record of successful management of
advanced, complex systems, equip Boeing
to make significant contributions to the
nation's progress in space — from launch
systems to orbiting laboratories, planetary
landing programs and space rendezvous
and logistics missions.
AERO-SPACE DIVISION
Circle No. 8 on Subscriber Service Card
(1) Forward skirt structure (2) GOX distributor
(3) Oxidizer tank (4) Anti-slosh baffles (5) Anti-
vortex device (6) Cruciform baffle (7) Intertank
structure (8) Fuel tank (9) Suction line tunnels
(10) Oxidizer suction lines (11) Fuel suction lines
(12) Center engine support (13) Thrust column
(14) Hold down post (15) Upper thrust ring (16)
Lower thrust ring (17) Engine fairing (18) Fin
(19) F-1 engine (20) Retro rockets (21) GOX line
(22) Helium line (23! Helium bottles (24) Helium
distributor (25) Oxidizer vent line (26) Instrumenta-
tion panels (27) Cable tunnel (28) Umbilical panel
space electronics
Accuracy of Canoga Radar Tracking
System Is Six Feet in 30,000 Miles
by Rex Pay
Los Angeles. — An accuracy of six
feet in 30,000 miles is claimed for Elec-
tronic Digital Tracking and Ranging
(EDITAR) equipment — intended for
radar tracking of space vehicles and re-
entry bodies moving at speeds up to
60,000 feet per second.
This system has been supplied by
Canoga Electronics Corp., Chattsworth,
Calif., for use on a tracking ship with
a high-power C-band radar for Air
Force re-entry studies.
Describing the equipment at the
1964 National Winter Convention on
Military Electronics, Douglas Epps,
Frank P. Kaatz, and J. H. Werlin said
that targets with acceleration of 4,500
ft./ sec.2 could be successfully tracked.
The system maintains track over
several pulse-repetition periods through
interference between the transmitted and
return pulse, and continues to track re-
turns with signal-to-noise ratios as low
as —3.5 db. Skin and beacon returns
can be tracked simultaneously. Range
relative to the primary target or second-
ary targets such as decoys, booster
stages, and re-entry debris can also be
measured.
The system can acquire and identify
its own target automatically among re-
turns generated by other radars looking
at the same target and operating at the
same pulse repetition frequency.
EDITAR was produced under a sub-
contract worth about $1 million and is
currently being evaluated along with the
rest of the tracking ship system. Unoffi-
cial reports indicate that it is working
well.
Canoga project engineer for
EDITAR, J. H. Werlin, believes, how-
ever, that Canoga is unlikely to build
another system of this sort. Instead, a
general-purpose computer would be
used to carry out the function of the
EDITAR equipment, as well as radar
data processing.
• System's uniqueness — The distinc-
tive feature of EDITAR is its use of an
all-electronic digital tracking loop. Me-
chanical tracking loops can track out to
10 million yards, but cannot meet the
EDITAR requirements of tracking at
speeds of 60,000 fps out to ranges of
67-million yards.
Because most new precision track-
ing radars now include a computer to
perform on-line data processing, coordi-
nate conversion, target acquisition and
data correction, computing capacity is
available for carrying out the functions
of the EDITAR tracking section and
fine range quantizer. If this is made use
of and backed up with a highly stable
frequency standard, the radar gains the
capability of tracking high-performance
targets.
Canoga is working on variations of
of the EDITAR system for use in retro-
fitting existing radars.
With a digital servo loop for track-
ing, a computer-equipped radar can
also compute its optimum loop transfer
function and modify the loop by switch-
ing components in or out of circuit as
tracking conditions demand. Such a
radar functions as an automatic real-
time adaptive system, dispensing with
the need for an operator and communi-
cating directly with a central computer
in a radar net.
A Univac 1218 or smaller real-time
digital computer could replace the pres-
ent EDITAR. The actual size of the
computer needed would depend on the
functions required, in addition to digital
ranging.
Canoga would buy the computer
and manufacture the components for
tying the computer into the radar. The
cost of the components would roughly
equal that of the computer.
• Range capabilities — EDITAR was
designed for a range of 32,000 miles at
a pulse repetition frequency of 160
pulses per second. For more agile tar-
gets, the prf — and hence the data rate —
could be quadrupled. The range would
then be 10,000 miles, still covering the
space area of prime military interest.
Originally, the system was conceived
DIAGRAM OF Canoga' s Electronic Digital Tracking and Ranging system.
TRANSMITTER AND
TIMING CONTROL
► OTHER TIMING SIGNALS
TRANSMIT
PRF
DIVIDER
SYNTHETIC VIDEO
>
DESIGNATE DATA
RAW,
VIDEO
>-rr
TARGET
IDENTIFICATION
LOGIC
► TO MODULATOR
DATA SECTION
J
^TARGET TRACKING SECTION
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
31
Size is no object. Small titanium bottles, made by D-K Manufactur-
ing Company, Chicago, from Wyman-Gordon Co. forgings, hold
150 cu. in. of oxygen at 3,000 psi and weigh only 3.65 pounds. On the
other end of an almost unlimited scale of size is the titanium tank
made from sheet metal by Beech Aircraft. It measures 8 x 24 ft.,
holds 7,000 gallons of liquid hydrogen, yet weighs only 473 pounds.
TITAN III oxidizer and fuel tanks. Ti-6Al-4Vis
used for upper-stage nitrogen tetroxide tank (46 x
174 in.) and the unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
tank (63 x 154 in.). Shown above is one of the tita-
nium roll forged cylinder sections and stiffener
rings produced by Ladish Co. for Martin Company
for use in tank construction. Final machining and
welding are done after heat treatment, eliminating
distortions and production difficulties inherent in
many heat-treatable metals.
or tankage ... big or little, hot or cold
Compatible with space-age fuels . . .
readily available in a range of alloys. . .
fabricated from sheet or forgings . . .
In short, there are good, metallurgical reasons why
titanium tanks and vessels — more than 5,000 of them
— are aboard just about everything that flies today.
They come in all sizes, handle all types of fuels and
gases, save vital pounds, add stiffness and strength to
structures. Here are a few of the reasons why:
High strength-to- weight. Titanium weighs 44% less
than steel yet is stronger. It has a high yield strength,
good ductility, notch toughness all the way down to
minus 423F. It offers high buckling resistance at less
weight than other metals.
Compatible with fuels and gases. Titanium shows out-
standing resistance to liquid and solid fuels and oxidiz-
ers in use today or planned for the future. Its
impermeability to hydrogen and resistance to sea-
water and atmospheric corrosion mean thorough relia-
bility and indefinite storage life.
Alloy availability. A variety of titanium alloys are avail-
able for tankage construction — two of them in Tita-
nium Metals Corporation of America's ELI (extra
low interstitials) compositions, developed specifically
for liquid hydrogen service. Only TMCA can supply
all titanium alloy grades in any commercial product or
size required.
Meets fabricability requirements. Titanium is at home
in the two important approaches to tank construction:
the use of machined roll forgings and the application
of thin-gage sheet. Titanium is fabricated on conven-
tional equipment. Add these facts together, and you'll
find that titanium is your single, most efficient material
of construction for tankage, regardless of size.
For more information . . . write for new Data Sheet on
titanium tankage. Write Technical Service Depart-
ment, Titanium Metals Corporation of America.
TIMET
\ t i La n i u m
TITANIUM METALS CORPORATION OF AMERICA
233 Broadway, New York 7, N. Y.
SALES OFFICES: NEW YORK • CLEVELAND • CHICAGO • DALLAS • LOS ANGELES
EMINI Titanium pressure vessels. Vessels used throughout
emini spacecraft are made from titanium to minimize dead-
eight which must be lifted off the ground. Shown here are tita-
um hemispheres hydroformed by California Hydroforming
ompany, Inc., El Monte, California. APOLLO liquid hydrogen
Dttles. Pressure vessels are produced from titanium alloy grade
i-5Al-2.5Sn ELI to provide exceptional toughness to cryogenic
mperatures. A typical bottle weighs only 12.9 pounds, has a
all thickness of 0.031 in.; at the weld girth, 0.044 in.
MINUTEMAN titanium second stage. Cylindrical sections possess
great stiffness at minimum weight. Minuteman cases consist of roll
forged cylindrical sections welded together. Titanium welds are as strong
or stronger than parent metal, are less sensitive than steel to weld porosity
and need no pre- or post-heating. Titanium water bottle costs less than
fiberglass, weighs 17 pounds less than steel or fiberglass and is used on
Boeing 727 as the most efficient way to save weight. Shown also in photo
is titanium tubing for cabin heat system.
Circle No. 9 on Subscriber Service Card
as a means of adapting pulse radar to
lunar ranges. But the trend for such
distances is away from pulse radar to
CW doppler techniques.
EDITAR supplies pulse-position en-
coding to the radar transmitter. This
enables tracking through interference
between transmitted and received pulses,
resolves range ambiguity when a signal
is returned after several pulse repetition
periods, and identifies the target.
In system tests, the tracking loop
locked onto a target moving at 66,000
fps within 500 ms of its entry into the
receiver's wide tracking gate (2,560
yards). Within a total elapsed time of
one second, tracking error was reduced
to 10 yards.
A target moving at 60,000 fps was
given an acceleration of 150 G for 0.1
sec. At a signal-to-noise ratio of 0 db,
the resulting transient tracking error of
30 yards dropped to five yards within
two seconds and to zero within three
seconds. At +12 db signal-to-noise
ratio, maximum transient error was
four yards.
Basic timing source for the whole
system is a 5.1224375-mc crystal with
a stability better than five parts in 1010
per 24 hr., and an accuracy of one part
in 1010. This operating frequency has a
period of 32 radar yards.
• Digital tracking system — In the
design philosophy of EDITAR. the
tracking and range-measuring functions
are separated. So the design of the
tracking loop was optimized for a single
function — that of putting a gate around
a target return pulse and keeping it
there. Target range is inferred from the
position of the gate.
The system is capable of lead-lag
edge or centroid tracking, and switches
automatically from edge to centroid
tracking below a predetermined signal-
to-noise ratio.
The EDITAR tracking loop works
like the classical mechanical tracking
loop that contains a range-error detec-
tor, an error amplifier that drives a
servo motor mechanically coupled to a
phase shifter, an accurate frequency
source for the range scale factor, and
a generator giving range early and late
gates for the error detector. In the EDI-
TAR system, however, the servo motor
and phase shifter are replaced by an
electronic frequency synthesizer and a
digital frequency divider.
As the basic loop has no inertia
caused by mechanical components, a
variable bandwidth control is put into
the loop to ensure stable tracking. This
control is adjustd to adapt the response
characteristics of the system to the target
quality or noise conditions.
Type III servo response is obtained
by including two integrators that hold
the synthesizer output frequency to a
value that will keep the track gates
moving at the velocity and acceleration
of the target.
• Pulse position coding — The trans-
mitter pulse coding in the EDITAR sys-
tem is a simple method whereby the
transmitted pulse is either normal (on
time) or shifted (advanced by —98,304
yards).
To resolve range ambiguities, the
range machine causes a single transmit-
ted pulse to be shifted. A prf zone coun-
ter then counts the number of normal
pulses that is transmitted before a target
return is detected in the shifted tracking
gate. (The tracking loop can generate
range gates for both the normal and the
shifted positions).
For tracking through interference
between transmitted and returned
pulses, a zone that extends the shifted
distance on either side of the main pulse
is set up in the receiver. Entry of a
return pulse into this gate recodes the
transmitter pulses. The zone is made
wide enough so that a target moving at
maximum tracking velocity will be de-
tected soon enough for action.
When a returned pulse enters the
interference zone, a certain number of
normal pulses is transmitted, followed
by exactly the same number of shifted
pulses. The actual number equals the
pulse repetition zone number, already
detected by the initial pulse shifting.
Updating of the zone number always
occurs when the target crosses a 68,536
yard marker. Target reversal in the
interference zone causes no problem.
The pulse position coding also pro-
vides the target identification feature of
the system. Where target designation is
not available, the system operates in an
automatic acquisition mode, whereby
the range machine starts a search of the
entire tracking range. Each return is
checked for compliance with the trans-
mitter pattern, which in this mode is an
alternation of normal and shifted pulses.
The system can search a 65,000-
yard zone and identify its own target in
the presence of up to five returns from
other radars in less than two seconds.
When the target return is legitimate,
the return sequence agrees with the
transmitted sequence, and the tracking
loop picks up incoming pulses.
• Digital range output — The range
machine builds up a 25-bit binary coded
word representing range in three steps.
First the prf zone in which the target is
located is measured. Range to within 32
yards is then measured by counting the
pulses from the stable crystal oscillator
after the appearance of the transmitter
trigger up to the occurrence of the
range notch. Simultaneously, a vernier
system quantizes the elapsed time be-
tween the last 32-yard pulse stored in
the counter and the occurrence of the
range notch. ■
INERTIAL GUIDANCE
Represents
one of
many
applications
of
Autocollimation
to solve
Alignment
Problems
of a highly
= The KERN DKNI2
When equipped with the new No. 356 Autocollimating Eyepiece,
this famous one-second theodolite has a total magnification of 23x and
an operating range from zero to at least 100 feet for autocollimation.
The FINEST in SURVEYING EQUIPMENT
KERN INSTRUMENTS INC.
Ill Bowman Ave., Port Chester, N. Y.
34
Circle No. 1 on Subscriber Service Cord
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
rocket transport
TYPICAL mission profile for ICARUS at 3-G maximum during ascent or descent.
Douglas Proposes An Intercontinental
Ballistic Transport for 1,200 Troops
'ICARUS/ a modified version of vehicle concept based
on reusable booster study, would use existing technology
by Willard E. Wilks
DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT CO.'s Mis-
sile & Space Systems Division is seeking
military interest in a single-stage inter-
continental ballistic troop transport con-
cept that could deliver 1,200 combat-
ready men or 132 tons of equipment
anywhere on Earth within 45 minutes.
By coincidence, spokesmen say, the
company was developing the concept last
fall when Lt. Gen. Wallace M. Greene,
new Marine Corps commandant re-
vealed that the Corps was seriously
studying the idea of rocketing 1,200-
man battalions over intercontinental
distances. Greene declared at the time
that this application of space technology
to conventional warfare could have a
staggering impact on sea power and
amphibious operations and on future
national military capability as a whole.
Based on Douglas' ROMBUS con-
ceptual vehicle and dubbed ICARUS
( Inter-Continental Aerospacecraf t-Range
Unlimited System) the concept grew out
of an in-house study into the role of the
reusable booster. As outlined by Philip
Bono, advance projects engineer, and
George C. Goldbaum, advance program
manager, such a 17,000-mph global
transport could be developed with ex-
isting technology.
The Douglas study notes that while
last October's "Operation Big Lift" was
successful in transporting 15,700 troops
and 500 tons of cargo to Europe in 235
missions, that method of troop move-
ment would appear to be "completely
impractical" under hostile conditions,
being dependent upon, in addition to
good weather, long landing runways
and other support easily detected and
destroyed.
• Ahead of SST? — A point made
by Douglas spokesmen is that the tech-
nology for ICARUS is at least as far
advanced as that for a supersonic trans-
port vehicle, which also requires pre-
pared landing strips. They also point
out that the concept would be a "fall-
out" application of reusable boosters
developed for orbital, lunar and plan-
etary missions. Or, developed first as a
troop carrier, the vehicle could be
scaled down for space station resupply.
ICARUS would be a modified ver-
sion of the ROMBUS (Reusable Orbital
Module-Booster and Utility Shuttle)
vehicle designed for land recovery.
With a pressurized, six-level troop com-
partment as the payload, it would be
210 ft. high and 70 ft. in diameter.
A four-man crew compartment would
be located in the center-body.
The vehicle would consist of this
center-body surrounded by perhaps 8
disposable but recoverable liquid hydro-
gen tanks. It would use an isentropic
plug-nozzle engine in order to survive
aerodynamic heating during a stable
base-first entry. Four landing legs would
extend following use of the same engine
to provide retro-thrust for soft-landing.
Fins would be added to the center-body
between hydrogen tanks to reduce entry
decelerations to a maximum of 3 G's.
A one-fifth smaller configuration re-
quiring 4 million lbs. thrust could be
utilized as a commercial global trans-
port carrying 172 passengers and 36,-
000 lbs. of cargo to any point on Earth
in less than 45 minutes. ■
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
35
Tactical 3-D Radar. AN/TPS-34 by Sperry— among the latest tactical air defense systems— is
being delivered to the U. S. Marine Corps, and has been selected by the British Ministry of Aviation
for use by the Royal Air Force. A three-dimension radar, it is light in weight and transportable by land,
sea and air. The TPS-34 employs two simple fan-beams (producing a V-beam) to obtain
total volume coverage — providing accurate range, bearing and altitude data — for all
targets. Its high tactical mobility, service ruggedness and all-weather reliability suit it
ideally to military requirements of rapid set-up and breakdown. Electronically advanced
— with modern ECCM systems — the TPS-34 is easily adaptable to a wide variety of division of
J J SPERRY RAND
missions. RADIATION DIVISION, Sperry Gyroscope Company, Great Neck, New York, corporation
The Industry Week.
Mergers and Acquisitions
McDonnell Aircraft Corp., St. Louis, Mo., and
Hycon Manufacturing Co., Monrovia, Calif., have
preliminarily agreed to McDonnell's purchase of
a 55% interest in Hycon. The plan is subject to
further study and approval by regulatory bodies
of both firms. The two-part transaction involves
McDonnell's purchase of 2,591,013 shares, about
41%, of Hycon common stock, followed by a
Hycon reverse stock split of 1 for 5 and Mc-
Donnell's subsequent purchase of 400,000 shares
of the new stock. Total purchase price will ex-
ceed $5,700,000. . . . American Machine and
Foundry Co., New York, has acquired the former
Naval Ordnance Plant in York, Pa. The 750,000-
sq-ft. building will house AMF work on a Navy
contract for anti-submarine rocket launching
equipment and other supplies formerly produced
at the Navy facility. . . . Affiliated Manufacturers,
Inc., Whitehouse, N.J., has acquired Automation
Equipment, Inc., Wallingford, Conn., manufac-
turers and designers of screen printing machines
for component circuitry. AEI will be operated
as a fully owned subsidiary of Affiliated Manu-
facturers, producers of automatic and semi-auto-
matic screen printing machines. . . . Control Data
Corp., Minneapolis, Minn., has acquired the
Transacter business of General Time Corp-'s
Stromberg Div., producer of the Transacter Data
Collection System. The Transacter is a manage-
ment tool that collects in-plant information, con-
verts it to compter language and processes it for
daily management reports. . . . Air Reduction
Co., Inc., New York City, is acquiring the assets
and business of Hofman Laboratories, Inc., and
its wholly owned subsidiary, Paul Chemical Co.,
subject to approval of Hofman stockholders. Airco
is exchanging one share of its stock for each 5.78
shares of Hofman stock. . . . Scientific Computers,
Inc., Minneapolis operator of computer facilities,
has purchased Workman Service, Inc., and Work-
man Tabulating Service, Inc., both of Minne-
apolis-
Comsat Warns Speculators
The Communications Satellite Corp., expected
to offer its first public stock next month, said it
is warning potential investors not to expect quick
or spectacular profits from the firm's stock. In
its first annual report to the White House, the
firm said it especially wants to inform people not
experienced in buying securities.
Bureau of Standards Revamped
The National Bureau of Standards will
undergo a major structural reorganization, the
Dept. of Commerce announced. In order to align
the Bureau, originally created to aid developing
industry, more closely to "the specific needs of
science, industry and commerce," four new auton-
omous divisions will be created. They include
the Institute for Applied Technology, the Insti-
tute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Mate-
rials Research and the Central Radio Propaga-
tion Laboratory. The Institute for Applied Tech
nology, in particular, is viewed as a step toward
making science more useful to industry.
New Activities
Ledbetter Associaties, a West Coast engineer-
ing representative for electronic and electro-
mechanical equipment, has organized its three
offices under a divisional status. Headquarters for
the Southern California Div. will be in Los
Angeles, the Northern California Div. in San
Francisco, and the Northwest Div. in Seattle,
Wash. . . . Varian Associates, Palo Alto, Calif.,
has established a new operating unit, Quantum
Electronic Devices, to develop and manufacture
advanced devices using quantum resonance tech-
niques. The new unit, part of Varian's Instru-
ment Group, will be located in Beverly, Mass.
International
General Telephone & Electronics Interna-
tional, Inc., has purchased a 49% stock interest
in Marelli Lenkurt, S.p.A., Milan, Italy, from
Fabbrica Italiana Magneti Marelli, also of Milan.
The purchase gives GT&E all of the issued capital
stock of Marelli Lenkurt, producer of microwave
radio and carrier communications equipment.
. . . Sprague Engineering Div. of Teledyne, Inc.,
Gardena, Calif., has been licensed by Atlas Copco
A.B., Stockholm, Sweden, to manufacture the
Swedish firm's jet engine starters in the United
States.
Industry Facilities
Air Products & Chemicals, Inc., Allentown,
Pa., has announced plans to build a $12-million
liquid hydrogen plant in New Orleans, La. The
facility will fill future requirements of NASA's
Mississippi Test Facility and Marshall Space
Flight Center. . . . Kollsman Instrument Corp.,
Elmhurst, N.Y., had created a Corporate Tech-
nology Center for advanced development engi-
neering and scientific investigation. The center
initially will be staffed by scientists and special-
ists from the firm's Research and Corporate En-
gineering Divisions. . . . Long-Lok Corp., Los
Angeles, has opened a manufacturing and sales
facility at Fort Worth, Texas. The branch, to be
known at Long-Lok Texas Corp., will serve mis-
sile/space and industrial requirements in New
Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas and the Gulf Coast
area. Long-Lok produces self-locking fasteners.
... A nine-story hydrodynamics test facility to
evaluate performance of missiles when entering
or leaving water at high velocities is being de-
signed by Burns and Roe, Inc., Neiv York City.
The tank and associated instrumentation was
specified by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory at
White Oak, Md., under $240 ,000-contract from
the U.S. Navy. The facility will reduce the need
to field-test costly full-scale missiles since its
75-ft. high tank is built to handle large-scale
models.
lissiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
contracts
AIR FORCE
NAVY
$4,700,000 — Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Sunnyvale, Calif., for
Agena-D booster launch services at the Pacific Missile Range.
$4,300,000 — General Electric Co., Philadelphia, for work on a maneuvera-
ble ballistic missile re-entry system.
$4,000,000— General Dynamics Corp., Astronautics DiT., San Diego, Calif.,
for an initial increment for a contract to produce Atlas E and F
missiles.
$2,000,000 — Martin Co., Baltimore, for re-usable aerospacecraft study
covering structural design problems.
$1,100,000 — Sperry Rand Corp., Carle Place, N.Y., for work on a classified
project.
$275,000 — Singer Co., Metrics Div., Bridgeport, Conn., for noise and field
intensity meters.
$185,000 — United Electrodynamics, Inc., Pasadena, Calif for electronic
equipment related to the ARPA-managed Vela Uniform program for
expanding facilities at Tonto Forest Seismological Observatory, Payson,
Ariz.
$68,853 — Cryovac, Inc., Columbus, Ohio, for analytical and experimental
support in the area of cryogenic research.
$47,500 — United Technology Center, Sunnyvale, Calif., for continuation of
research on metallic beryllium combustion.
$39,650 — Aerojet-General Corp., Chemical Products Div., Azusa, Calif.,
for design of a prototype propellant test system.
$32,004 — Flight Services Laboratory, Inc., Buffalo, N.Y, for continuation
of research on simulation of hypervelocity aerophysical phenomena.
$28,508 — Space Sciences, Inc, Natick, Mass., for continuation of research
on drag in rarefied gases.
ARMY
$7,100,000 — Franchi Construction Co., for construction of the NASA Launch
Operation Center's headquarters building at Merritt Island, Fla.
$2,700,000 — Raytheon Co., Lexington, Mass., for design and development
work related to the Hawk missile.
$2,000,000 — Martin Co., Orlando Div., Fla., for production of modification
kits for the Pershing missile system.
$2,000,000 — General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass., for manufacture of
modification kits and test gear for Polaris fire-control systems.
$166,000 — Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., Mountain View, Calif., for a
study of various missile systems.
MODEL T-15 Wl. 14 lbs.
Capacity 3.) ton single line
—uses Vi 6 wire rope.
FSN 3950-857-0354
GMUITI-PURPOSE WIRE ROPE HOIST
RIPHOIST
SAVES TIME • SAVES LABOR
LIFTS • PULLS • LOWERS
MANUALLY OPERATED • UNLIMITED CABLE TRAVEL
ARMED SERVICES
GRIPHOIST 3 siies, are used in every
branch of the U. S. Armed Services. In
addition to general rigging uses, they
are specified for use with, and in many
cases built into, military equipment.
• BIG AND LITTLE JOBS
GRIPHOIST replaces chain hoists and
power equipment . . . preferred on job
after job in construction, plant erection,
refineries, offshore operations, pipelay-
ing (land and underwater), machinery
moving, and scores of industrial uses.
• SAVES TIMES! SAVES LABOR!
One man, using manually-operated GRIP-
HOIST does work ordinarily requiring a
rigging gang. Quick to set up, it com-
pletes jab before other equipment can
be moved into action.
• OPERATION
GRIPHOIST operates in any position —
vertical, horizontal, diagonal, with cable
of unlimited length . . . Anchored with
wire rope sling, chain, manila rope or
fixed eye. Safety hook on one end of cable
is fastened to load. Other end is passed
throuqh self - energized grooved .jaws.
Working telescopic hand lever, lifts, pulls
& or lowers weighs . . . Like pulling a rope
H hand over hand. Unmatched record of
P safety.
' • OTHER EXCLUSIVES
GRIPHOIST features smooth, unlimited
cable travel, a fraction of inch to 1000 ft.
or more, with precision control of load.
One year written guarantee.
WRITE FOR LITERATURE
MODEL T-20 Wt. 42 lbs.
Capacity l'/2 tons single
line — uses '/j" wire rope.
FSN 3950-729-6165
FSN 3950-893-4342
MODEL T-35 Wt. U
Capacity 3 tons single
—uses %" wire rope.
FSN 3950-729-6164
GRIPHOIST, INC.
744 Harrison St.
San Francisco 7, Calif.
334 Granite Ave.
Boston (Milton 86), Mass.
$8,558,280 — Raytheon Co. Space and Information Systems Div., Sudbury,
Mass., for production of electronic guidance units for the Mark II
Polaris missile system.
$8,100,000 — Hughes Aircraft Co., El Segundo, Calif., for work on Polaris
missile components.
$1,704,971 — Northrop Corp., Ventura Div., Calif., for continued produc-
tion of KD2R-5 radio-controlled target drone aircraft.
$1,100,000 — United Technology Center, Sunnyvale, Calif., for continued
research and development in hybrid rocket engine combustion.
$755,063 — Radiant Manufacturing Co., Morton Grove, 111., for rocket
launchers.
$360,055 — Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., Dallas, for facilities related to per-
formance of the Low Altitude Supersonic Vehicle (LASV).
$346,000 — Bendix Corp., Mishawaka, Ind., for repair, overhaul, retrofit,
maintenance and modification of Talos missiles.
$180,000 — Minneapolis-Honeywell Co., West Covina, Calif., for furnishing
design and field engineering services on the Asroc/Terrier development
program.
$58,629 — Sanders Associates, Inc., Bedford, Mass., for performance of a
research and development program on a pulse Doppler seeker.
$49,093 — Operations Research, Inc., Silver Spring, Md., for advanced anti-
submarine torpedo studies.
NASA
$1,000,000— Radio Corp. of America, Data Systems Div., Van Nuys, Calif.,
for construction of five display systems for the automated launch and
checkout system of the Saturn rocket vehicle at the Marshall Space
Flight Center.
$256,267 — University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, for development and ap-
plication of the thermosphere probe.
$204,134 — Lear Siegler, Inc., Anaheim, Calif., for multiplexing systems.
$189,000 — Ball Brothers Research Corp., Boulder, Colo., for an antenna
system and AM receivers.
$127,754 — Wilmot Castle Co., Rochester, N.Y., for research studies on
sterilization of space probe components.
$120,000— Control Data Corp., Rockville, Md., for a computer and
printer.
$59,600 — Martin Marietta Corp., Space Systems Div., Baltimore, for in-
vestigation of a pilot compartment airbag restraint system.
$58,690 — G.P.S. Instrument Co., Inc., Newton, Mass., for a high-speed
solid-state 48-amplifier analog computer.
$49,325 — Republic Aviation Corp., Farmingdale, N.Y., for research on
micro-miniature passive telemetry for biological measurements.
$46,400 — High Voltage Engineering Corp., Burlington, Mass., for a posi-
tive ion accelerator.
$36,465— United Aircraft Corp., Hamilton Standard Div., Windsor Locks,
Conn., for monograph preparation related to medical and scientific
utilization of telemetry systems.
$26,997 — Electro Control Systems, Fairmont, W.Va., for a temperature
controller and recorder unit.
Kaman Aircraft Corp., Bloomfield, Conn., for study of a gyroscopic vibra-
tion absorber (undisclosed amount).
INDUSTRY
$12,000,000— Douglas Aircraft Co., Missile and Space Systems Div., Santa
Monica, Calif., from Bell Telephone Laboratories, for continuation of
research and development of the Nike-Zeus missile as part of the
Nike-X anti-missile system.
$4,500,000— Aide-Portland, Inc., Paramus, N.J., from Thiokol Chemical
Corp., for equipment for the Minuteman ICBM first stage.
$4,000.000 — Marquardt Corp., Van Nuys, Calif., from Aerojet-General
Corp., for production of additional nozzles for the Polaris missile.
$2,249,303— Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., LTV Ling Electronics Div., Ana-
heim, Calif., from Stanford University's Linear Accelerator Center,
for super-power pulse modulators.
$650,000 — Electronic Memories, Inc., Hawthorne, Calif., from Space
Technology Laboratories, for development and delivery of severe en-
vironment satellite memory system for use in the Nuclear Detection
Satellite and Spacecraft Program No. 823.
$500,000 — Acoustica Associates, Inc., Los Angeles, from North American
Aviation's Space and Information Systems Div., for production of
liquid gaging equipment for use on the second stage of the Saturn V
Moon rocket.
$200,000 — International Telephone and Telegraph Corp., San Fernando,
Calif., from Collins Radio Co., for spacecraft tracking receivers for
the Rosman, N.C., wideband data-acquisition antenna station of NASA.
$87,000 — Perkin-Elmer Corp., Norwalk, Conn., from Minneapolis-Honey-
well for design and construction of an electro-optical instrument for
pre-launch alignment of the Centaur rocket's guidance system.
$55,000 — Northrop Corp., Ventura Div., Calif., from the Boeing Co., for
manufacture of high-temperate plastic heat deflectors for the im-
proved Minuteman missile.
IT&T Industrial Products Div., San Fernando, Calif., from Northrop
Corp.'s Norair Div., for production of airborne missile launcher power
supplies for the Sidewinder missile to be carried by the F-5 fighter air-
craft (undisclosed amount).
IT&T Industrial Products Div., San Fernando, Calif., from Minneapolis-
Honeywell, for specially designed, large-screen medical oscilloscopes
(undisclosed amount) .
38
Circle No. 11 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
contracts
AIR FORCE
NAVY
$4,700,000 — Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Sunnyvale, Calif., for
Agena-D booster launch services at the Pacific Missile Range.
$4,300,000 — General Electric Co., Philadelphia, for work on a maneuvera-
ble ballistic missile re-entry system.
$4,000,000 — General Dynamics Corp., Astronautics Dir., San Diego, Calif.,
for an initial increment for a contract to produce Atlas E and F
missiles.
$2,000,000 — Martin Co., Baltimore, for re-usable aerospacecraft study
covering structural design problems.
$1,100,000 — Sperry Rand Corp., Carle Place, N.Y., for work on a classified
project.
$275,000 — Singer Co., Metrics Div., Bridgeport, Conn., for noise and field
intensity meters.
$185,000 — United Electrodynamics, Inc., Pasadena, Calif for electronic
equipment related to the ARPA-managed Vela Uniform program for
expanding facilities at Tonto Forest Seismological Observatory, Payson,
Ariz.
$68,853 — Cryovac, Inc., Columbus, Ohio, for analytical and experimental
support in the area of cryogenic research.
$47,500 — United Technology Center, Sunnyvale, Calif., for continuation of
research on metallic beryllium combustion.
$39,650 — Aerojet-General Corp., Chemical Products Div., Azusa, Calif.,
for design of a prototype propellant test system.
$32,004 — Flight Services Laboratory,
of research on simulation of hyperl
$28,508 — Space Sciences, Inc, Natick,|
on drag in rarefied gases.
AR/l
$8,558,280 — Raytheon Co. Space and Information Systems Div., Sudbury,
Mass., for production of electronic guidance units for the Mark II
Polaris missile system.
$8,100,000— Hughes Aircraft Co., El Segundo, Calif., for work on Polaris
missile components.
$1,704,971— Northrop Corp., Ventura Div., Calif., for continued produc-
tion of KD2R-5 radio-controlled target drone aircraft.
$1,100,000 — United Technology Center, Sunnyvale, Calif., for continued
research and development in hybrid rocket engine combustion.
$755,063— Radiant Manufacturing Co., Morton Grove, 111., for rocket
launchers.
$360,055 — Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., Dallas, for facilities related to per-
formance of the Low Altitude Supersonic Vehicle (LASV).
$346,000 — Bendix Corp., Mishawaka, Ind., for repair, overhaul, retrofit,
maintenance and modification of Talos missiles.
$180.000 — Minneapolis-Honeywell Co., West Covina, Calif., for furnishing
design and field engineering services on the Asroc/Terrier development
program.
$58,629 — Sanders Associates, Inc., Bedford, Mass., for performance of a
research and development program on a pulse Doppler seeker.
$49,093 — Operations Research, Inc., Silver Spring, Md., for advanced anti-
submarine torpedo studies.
$7,100,000— Franchi Construction Co.,
Operation Center's headquarters buij
$2,700,000 — Raytheon Co., Lexington,
work related to the Hawk missile.
$2,000,000— Martin Co., Orlando Div.,1
kits for the Pershing missile systej
$2,000,000— General Electric Co., Pi|
modification kits and test gear for J
$166.000— Sylvania Electric Products,
study of various missile systems.
G
MULTI-PURPCI
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MODEL T-15 Wt. 14 lbs.
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MODEL T-20 Wt. 42 lbs.
Capacity l'/2 tons single
line — uses wire rope.
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744 Harrison St. 334 Granite Ave.
San Francisco 7, Calif. Boston (Milton 86), Mass,
manufacture of high-temperate plastic heat deflectors for the im-
proved Minuteman missile.
IT&T Industrial Products Div., San Fernando, Calif., from Northrop
Corp.'s Norair Div., for production of airborne missile launcher power
supplies for the Sidewinder missile to be carried by the F-5 fighter air-
craft (undisclosed amount).
IT&T Industrial Products San Fernando, Calif., from Minneapolis-
Honeywell, for specially designed, large-screen medical oscilloscopes
(undisclosed amount) .
38
Circle No. 11 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
products and processes
New Product of the Week:
Hand-Held Radar
Prototype of a hand-carried, self-
powered radar for use in military or
commercial applications has been de-
veloped and built by General Dynamics/
Electronics.
The device offers all-range coherent
doppler detection and gives the user a
choice of receiving audio signals through
a loudspeaker or earphones. The solid-
Commutator
A 108-tap, 3-gang commutator for
such applications as radar displays, se-
quential visual indication or recording
of multiple test points has been devel-
oped by Computer Instruments Corp.
The Model 315 presents 18 different
points in the display system at a rate
of 15 times a second. Each gang of the
unit has 36 isolated segments, 20 ma
capacity per segment and a starting
torque of 0.5 in.-oz.
Circle No. 152 on Subscriber Service Card
state FM-CW system has an X-band
transmitter that is a crystal-controlled
multiple chain, which can be frequency
modulated. The antenna is a four-
quadrant fed slotted array with a band-
width of 200 mc. The sum pattern of
16 degrees may be programmed in a
conical scan or lobe switch function.
Circle No. 151 on Subscriber Service Card
Heating/Cooling Panel
A low-pressure titanium heating or
cooling panel that can be directly im-
mersed into corrosive plating fluids is
available from Dean Products, Inc.
The panel, called Paneldean, is com-
posed of grade A-35 titanium as a weld-
ment of two plates, embossed to form
fluid flow channels. The sheet can with-
stand 30 psig working pressure at
275°F. Sizes range from 1 1 to 36 in. in
width and 23 to 71 in. in length.
Circle No. 153 on Subscriber Service Card
Step-Function Generator
The Model 6710 step-function gen-
erator with a rise time of less than 0.35
nanosec. is being marketed by Texas
Instruments, Inc.
The device features a fall time of
less than 30 nanosec. and simultaneous
positive and negative output pulse which
can be varied from 8 to 12v into a 50-
ohm load. Repetition rate is variable
from 30 cps to 100 kc in seven ranges.
Pulse width varies from 100 nanosec.
to 1 microsec; delay varies from 75
nanosec. to 1 microsec.
Circle No. 154 on Subscriber Service Card
Spectrophotometer
A spectrophotometer with dual
monochromatic wavelength operation
that eliminates nonspecific light scat-
tering changes is being marketed by
American Instrument Co., Inc.
The unit is composed of a duo-
chromator, an electronic console and
a time-base recorder which alternate two
monochromatic light beams from a
single source through a sample in order
to measure and record the minute trans-
mission variations.
The device detects optical density
changes as small as 0.0004 units and
records changes on the order of tenths
of a second. Results can be obtained in
solutions with optical densities as high
as three.
Circle No. 155 on Subscriber Service Cord
Log Periodic Antenna
A horizontally polarized, onmi-di-
rectional, log periodic antenna, the
Model AR16, is being marketed by
Dome and Margolin, Inc.
The aluminum structure has an op-
erating frequency range of 30 to 260
mc and can withstand winds to 100
mph or ice loading to Vi in. with 50
mph winds. The standard unit is
equipped with a female type "N" input
connector and handles average powers
up to 10 kw. It is also available with a
standard LC type coaxial connector.
Circle No. 156 on Subscriber Service Card
Null Detector
A portable null detector designed to
replace light-beam galvanometers and
ac-operated electronic detectors is be-
ing marketed by Allegany Instrument
Co.
The Model ND-2 is a solid-state in-
strument with self-contained mercury
batteries providing 5,000-hr. life. Con-
trols provided include on-off, adjustable
coarse and fine sensitivity and zero ad-
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
41
missiles and rockets
DOD Military System
A Report on the DDR&E
DDR&E, the Directorate of Defense Research and Engineering,
is one of the most important offices in the Department of Defense.
It has a complement of 145 men, supervising some 30,000 others
and directly affecting over 125,000 industry personnel. DDR&E annu-
ally contracts for $7 billion dollars in space and military systems re-
search, development, test and engineering services from its suppliers.
The March 30 issue of missiles and rockets wm
present an in-depth report on DDR&E covering:
DDR&E Operation ■ Relationships with Industry and the Services ■ Current
& Advanced Programs ■ In-House R&D Capabilities ■ Future Expenditures ■
Key Personnel
Issue Date: March 30, 196'
;sue, March 30, 1964
March 16, 1964
The DOD Military Systems
Issue will be must reading for over 45,000
program and project managers, engi-
neers, and scientists in industry and the
military. Advertise in this issue to gain
maximum exposure for your products,
capabilities, or services.
Buy proven performance
In MISSILES AND ROCKETS — 275 page
advertising gain in 1963 over 1962; 3700
new paid subscribers gained during 1963;
total paid circulation of over 45,000.
Advertising Closes:
just for balancing. Voltage sensitivity
is 0.2 (iv/mm. Maximum signal input
is lOv at any sensitivity with overload
recovery time of less than two seconds.
Circle No. 157 on Subscriber Service Card
Dual Discriminator
A dual discriminator using tunnel
diode circuitry for pulse height dis-
crimination, pulse shaping and stand-
ardizing has been announced by Chro-
netics, Inc.
The Model 101 is capable of opera-
tion at asynchronous repetition rates to
100 megapulses/sec. It consists of two
isolated, electrically independent pulse
shaping circuits in a single module.
Each section will accept input pulses
over a — 100 mv to — 5v range (into 50
ohms) with reflections of less than
12%. Input coupling may be dc-zero
or ac; the input circuit is protected over
the range 2 to — 5v. Three outputs are
available for each section.
Circle No. 158 on Subscriber Service Card
Magnetic Alloy
A high-permeability magnetic alloy,
79% nickel, 4% molybdenum and the
balance iron, is available from West-
inghouse Materials Manufacturing Div.
The alloy, named Hipernom, has a
specific gravity of 8.74 gm/cc, a density
of 0.316 lbs./cu. in., a Curie tempera-
ture of 460° C, and a melting point of
1,450° C.
The alloy was designed for applica-
tions requiring maximum flux from
minimum exciting currents, minimum
losses and divergency of stray magnetic
fields.
Circle No. 159 on Subscriber Service Card
Temperature Probe
A dual-temperature, platinum re-
sistance temperature probe is being
marketed by Trans-Sonics, Inc.
Designed for use in cryogenic ma-
terials, the probe is mandril-wound and
has an accuracy of ±0.75% of range.
Repeatability is ±0.2% of range. It
can withstand 20 g's, 20 to 2,000 cps,
for protracted periods of time.
Circle No. 160 on Subscriber Service Card
Reed Switch
A reed switch with a mean-time-to-
first-error of 125 million operations is
available from Industrial Products Div.
of International Business Machines
Corp.
The unit is packaged in an inert-
gas filled envelope and incorporates a
two-cantilever beam construction. Di-
mensions are 0.106 in. in diameter and
0.845 in. in length.
Specifications include: maximum
power, 12va; maximum voltage, 48v
dc and HOv ac; maximum current,
250 milliamps, switching. Operating
time is less than one millisecond, in-
cluding bounce. Error rate is zero for
99.5% at 90% confidence level in
5 x 10 6 operations.
Circle No. 161 on Subscriber Service Card
Dual-Frequency Motors
Aerospace Electrical Div. of West-
inghouse Electric Corp. is marketing
a line of dual-frequency motors for
use in aerospace and ground support
equipment applications.
The units can be operated from
either a 60- or 400-cycle power source
and meet MIL-M-7969 and MIL-E-
5272 specifications. An automatic fre-
quency selector prevents operating the
motor at the wrong frequency.
Circle No. 162 on Subscriber Service Card
new literature
CURRENT SENSING AMPLI-
FIERS— Military Systems Div. of Mag-
netic Controls Co. has published a
booklet explaining the use of magnetic
amplifiers as current sensors in teleme-
try and instrumentation applications.
The booklet covers design approaches
such as input/output requirements, and
includes schematics, input/output
curves and detailed data.
Circle No. 163 on Subscriber Service Card
POTENTIOMETER GUIDE— "A
Designer's Guide to Precision Poten-
tiometer Selection" is available from
Perkin-Elmer Corp. The 4-page pub-
lication includes charts and tables show-
ing major operating parameters such
as linearity, loading error, resolution and
phase shift under dynamic operating
conditions. Loaded linearity curves, ap-
plicable to characteristics of any pre-
cision dc resistance potentiometer, are
provided.
Circle No. 164 on Subscriber Service Card
ELECTROFORMING TECH-
NIQUES—Bart Manufacturing Corp.
has available a 16-page technical bro-
chure describing electroforming as a
manufacturing method, particularly in
microwave applications. The illustrated
booklet describes the process from se-
lection of a matrix material to final
machining and grinding.
Circle No. 165 on Subscriber Service Card
CURING AGENT CHART— Co-
lumbia Technical Corp. has available a
chart of proprietary curing agents for
epoxy resin systems. It includes a list-
ing of over 40 physical, thermal, chem-
ical and electrical properties to aid in
selection of the proper curing agent.
Circle No. 166 on Subscriber Service Card
Rockets are faster but you'd
miss all that Delta service!
. . . service with an extra boost — always
personal, quick and exceedingly thoughtful.
Convair 880 thru- Jets between
CALIFORNIA- DALLAS
ORLANDO
and between
CALIFORNIA ' NEW ORLEANS
Plus Jet Commuter Service New Orleans —
Houston
Call Delta or see your Travel Agent
® the air line with the BIG JETS J
44
Circle No. 12 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
names in the news
CAMERON McBRIDE COOPER HAUSMAN OSBORN
Emmet G. Cameron: Named vice presi-
dent-engineering for Varian Associates,
Palo Alto, Calif.
Russell R. McBride: Appointed man-
ager of marketing for the West Coast oper-
ations of Electro-Optical Div. of Perkin-
Elmer Corp., Costa Mesa, Calif.
Theodore W. Cooper: Joined Centra-
lab, the electronics division of Globe-
Union Inc., Milwaukee, Wis., as manager,
development engineering, PEC integrated
circuits and capacitors.
Samuel C. Hamilton: Appointed senior
vice president-financial of Chicago Bridge
and Iron Co., Oak Brook, 111.
Arthur H. Hausman: Appointed vice
president-operations for Ampex Corp.,
Redwood City, Calif.
Milton F. Pravda: Named director of
engineering and research for Martin Co.'s
Nuclear Div., Baltimore.
W. E. Fore: Appointed vice president-
manufacturing facilities at Rocketdyne
Div. of North American Aviation, Inc.,
Canoga Park, Calif. P. J. Fritch appointed
vice president-controller/financial; E. B.
Gallant appointed vice president-adminis-
tration and P. R. Vogt named vice presi-
dent-engineering.
Gordon L. Harris: Named chief of
public affairs to supervise public informa-
tion, protocol and community development
offices at NASA's Kennedy Space Center,
Florida.
Robert C. Orr: Appointed western
field engineering manager for Lord Manu-
facturing Co., Erie, Pa. Edward J. Conway
named manager of the Kansas City office.
Robert L. Peterson promoted to manager
of the San Francisco office.
William L. Gore: Named senior vice
president-sales for Aerojet-General Corp.,
El Monte, Calif.
Ralph J. Osborn: Elected a Lockheed
Aircraft Corp. group vice president in
charge of Lockheed Aircraft Co., Ontario,
Calif.; Lockheed Electronics Co., Plain-
field, N.J.; and Puget Sound Bridge & Dry
Dock Co., Seattle.
M. J. Richardson: Appointed director
of marketing and contracts at Mechanics
Research, Inc., El Segundo, Calif.
Larry Cox: Joined Dearborn Electronic
Laboratories, Inc., Orlando, as national
sales manager.
Fred W. Wolcort: Elected vice presi-
dent for operation at Research Analysis
Corp., McLean, Va. Hugh M. Cole elected
vice president for operations analysis.
J. Edmund Fitzgerald: Named director
of research and engineering at Lockheed
Propulsion Co., Redlands, Calif. Dr. C.
James Barr named director of operations.
Ralph J. Halk, Appointed controller of
Applied Technology, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.
Morton L. Long: Appointed general
manager of the TechRep Div. of Philco
Corp., Philadelphia.
William J. Conner, Jr.: Named man-
ager-marketing for the General Electric
Co.'s Military Communications Dept., Ok-
lahoma City, Okla.
Robert A. Ehlert: Appointed a district
representative of the Nortronics Div. of
Northrop Corp. for the central regional
marketing area with headquarters in Day-
ton, Ohio.
Safe IGNITION... Simplified
with PYROFUZE Braid
No pyrotechnics or explosives are required with a consistently de-
pendable Pyrofuze system . . . Pyrofuze Wire configured for direct
electrical initiation utilizes normal squib voltages and amperages.
The advent of Braided Pyrofuze Wire assures really safe and remark-
ably simple ignition systems . . . Instantaneous or delayed ignition.
PYROFUZE is a bimetallic composition, the elements of which at 650° C.
alloy violently and exothermically resulting in deflagration without support
of oxygen. . . . Available in a variety of forms. . . . Write for data.
An Affiliate of SIGMUND COHN CORP. PYROFUZE CORP.
121 So. Columbus Ave., Mount Vernon, N. Y.
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
Circle No. 2 on Subscriber Service Card
45
"Let's talk business
about Heart Disease
"The heart and blood vessel diseases
cost American business more than a bil-
lion dollars last year — the value of 70
million man-days of production lost by
executives and craftsmen afflicted with
heart and circulatory diseases.
"The toll in lives among those 45 to
64 years old was even more serious.
Cardiovascular diseases killed more
working Americans in this age bracket
than the next five causes of death
combined.
"How can we cut these shattering
business losses? More heart research is
the answer, according to the experts.
'We're on the verge of great break-
throughs that will save many thousands
of hearts,' say the medical leaders of the
American Heart Association which has
saved thousands of hearts by investing
90 million Heart Fund dollars in research.
"We businessmen respect the experts.
Here is a chance to profit from their
advice. Let's help save the lives of the
people who make our businesses go.
Let's help expand heart research now
with an increased contribution to the
Heart Fund."
More will Live... the more you Give
HEART FUND Sx2
Advertisers' Index
AEROJET-GENERAL CORP., A SUB. OF
THE GENERAL TIRE & RUBBER CO.. . 50
Agency — D'Arcy Adv. Co.
ATOMICS INTERNATIONAL, A DIVI-
SION OF NORTH AMERICAN AVIA-
TION, INC 4
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine &
Osborn, Inc.
BEECH AIRCRAFT CORP 2. 3
Agency — Bruce B. Brewer & Co.
BERRY ASSOCIATES, INC 47
BOEING CO., THE 30
Agency — Fletcher Richards, Calkins
& Holden, Inc.
SIGMUND COHN PYROFUZE CORP.... 45
Agency — William G. Seidenbaum &
Co., Inc.
DELTA AIR LINES, INC 44
Agency — Burke Dowling Adams, Inc
F & M SYSTEMS CO 47
Agency — Don L. Baxter, Inc.
GRIPHOIST, INC 38
Agency — George I. Lynn
GRUMMAN AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING
CORP 6
Agency — Newmark, Posner &
Mitchell, Inc.
HUGHES AIRCRAFT CO 49
Agency — Foote, Cone & Belding
KERN INSTRUMENTS INC 34
Agency — Richmond Adv. Service Inc
MARTIN CO., DIV. MARTIN MARIETTA
CORP 10
Agency — Ball & Davidson, Inc.
MARTIN CO., DIV. MARTIN MARIETTA
CORP 20
Agency — Ketchum, MacLeod &
Grove, Inc.
MICRODOT INC 13
Agency — Jones, Maher, Roberts
NORTHROP CORP 24, 25
Agency — Doyle, Dane, Bernbach, Inc
PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS.
INC., GUIDED MISSILES RANGE
DIV 7
Agency — Deutsch & Shea. Inc
REPUBLIC AVIATION CORP.
Agency — de Garmo Inc.
SANGAMO ELECTRIC CO 29
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SPERRY GYROSCOPE CO., RADIATION
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ICA 32, 33
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missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
—when and where—
FEBRUARY
International Solid State Circuits Confer-
ence, sponsored by IEEE and the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, Sheraton Hotel
and University of Pennsylvania, Phila-
delphia, Feb. 19-21.
Pricing and Negotiating Prime and Sub-
Contracts in the Defense and Aero-
space Industries Seminar, sponsored by
the Contract Management Institute,
Savoy-Hilton Hotel, New York City,
Feb. 24-28.
Ninth Scintillation and Semiconductor
Counter Symposium, sponsored by
IEEE, AEC and NBS, Shoreham Hotel,
Washington, D.C., Feb. 26-28.
MARCH
ASME Gas Turbine Conference and Prod-
ucts Show, Shamrock Hilton Hotel,
Houston, Mar. 1-5.
Atmospheric Problems of Aerospace Ve-
hicles, sponsored by FAA and A MS,
National Aviation Facilities Experi-
mental, Atlantic City, N.J., Mar. 2-5.
15 th Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical
Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy,
Penn-Sheraton Hotel, Pittsburgh, Mar.
2-6.
Fifth Symposium on Thermal Radiation of
Solids, Sheraton-Palace Hotel, San
Francisco, Mar. 4-6.
Southeastern Conference on Theoretical
and Applied Mechanics, Georgia Insti-
tute of Technology, Atlanta, Mar. 5-6.
AIAA Aerodynamic Testing Conference,
Marriott Twin Bridges Motor Hotel,
Washington, D.C., Mar. 9-10.
National Association of Corrosion Engi-
neers Annual Conference and Corro-
sion Show, Sherman Hotel, Chicago,
Mar. 9-13.
Air Force Cambridge Research Laborato-
ries Exploding Wire Conference, Ken-
more Hotel, Boston, Mar. 10-12.
Society for Nondestructive Testing Spring
National Convention, Chapman-Park
Hotel, Los Angeles, Mar. 16-19.
NBS Symposium on Statistical Association
Methods for Mechanized Documenta-
tion, National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C., Mar. 17-19.
Third Hypervelocity Techniques Sympo-
sium, Denver, Mar. 17-18.
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47
editorial . . .
That Boston Center
WE HAVE NOW ENTERED a suspenseful 45-
day period in which Congress must decide if it
will act on the latest recommendation of the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration regarding its
proposed electronics research center.
Last year, NASA proposed that the $50-million
center be located in the Boston area. Congress asked
the space agency for further justification of the cen-
ter and its location.
After a series of presentations by other interested
areas, NASA Administrator James Webb has re-
affirmed the agency's choice of Boston as the pre-
ferred site — to the surprise of almost no one.
NASA will be permitted to proceed on this basis
if the recommendation is not vetoed by Congress
within 45 days.
We favor such a veto.
We favor it on an issue far more fundamental
than that of location. We do not believe NASA has
submitted convincing proof of the need for such a
center.
We have read the space agency's detailed justifi-
cation. We have talked to responsible electronics
authorities in both industry and government. We have,
within the past week, talked to corporate officers of
a number of electronics firms in the Boston area.
These have been firms which, in some cases, have
supported the move to bring a NASA electronics
center to Boston.
More than one of these officials has admitted, in
effect: "We do not see any requirement for such a
center. But if there is to be one, and it appears there
is, then we want it in the Boston area."
The reason for this is frankly expressed self-inter-
est. Many Massachusetts electronics firms at first
feared, and openly opposed, establishment of the
center in their backyard. The reason: concern over
competition for scientific talent.
On further examination, this fear faded with the
realization that establishment of the center nearby
undoubtedly would lead to more business for firms
in the Boston area. Despite NASA pledges that its
principal concern would be in-house research, the
history of such enterprises in the past indicated it
soon would be turning to more ambitious projects.
It is not surprising, therefore, that a number of
Boston area firms have campaigned both quietly and
effectively in behalf of the center. More of a surprise,
perhaps, is the fact that some of those who have been
most active in this campaign will answer with an
honest negative the basic question of whether such
a center really is needed.
That NASA needs an additional electronics ca-
pability, particularly one to provide increased relia-
bility, is not questioned. But NASA has not built
a convincing case that this capability should be iso-
lated in one corner of the nation, far from the NASA
centers deeply engaged in manned and unmanned
flight programs.
If funds are to be provided for this purpose, they
should be devoted to strengthening electronics know-
how at the program-oriented centers where it is
directly applicable.
NASA's own plea in support of the proposed
center, that electronics makes up at least 70 percent
of each space vehicle, is in itself an argument for
building this capability at the existing centers, not at
an academic cell placed conveniently near the fine
universities of the Northeast.
A further argument against the proposed new
facility is that it comes too late in time to contribute
in any substantial manner to the Apollo program. If
we can go to the Moon without it, we can do a num-
ber of other things without it. Under any NASA
budget, and particularly under the present severely
restricted space agency budget, the proposed elec-
tronics center is a luxury we can ill afford. Congress
should act to kill it during this 45-day period.
Our deep concern continues, not only with this
facility, but with the proliferation of organizations
in the university, non-profit and government fields
which are doing work which can be done more effec-
tively by private industry.
The necessity of staying in business, and showing
a profit to the stockholders at the end of the year,
is a powerful motivating force toward an economic
and effective operation.
CONSIDER, THEN, the recruiting advertisement
in the New York Times on January 26 on behalf
of the U.S. Naval Laboratories in the Washington,
D.C., area. This offered a promising future "free from
the job-permanence worries that plague the defense
industry these days."
We suggest you read that novel and interesting
thought again. The Naval Laboratories — the Naval
Laboratories, mind you — are free of the uncertainty
surrounding a fluctuating military budget. Nor is this
just research activity. At the Naval Propellant Plant,
for example, "they manufacture, inspect, test, and
deliver missile propulsion units, too."
Industry frequently concerns itself with the role
of the non-profit corporation. Yet Dr. C. W. Halligan,
president of Mitre Corp., had a word to say in a
recent issue of Industrial Research which might be
very applicable to the Navy activity described above.
He said: "The company must not take on work that
can be done more appropriately by other available
sources. The company must avoid extending the
scope of its work into areas that belong to others.
This is especially true of the proper fields of industry,
such as detailed design and manufacture."
We suggest that the Navy, engaging in the manu-
facture of missile propulsion units while attempting to
lure talent from industry with promises of freedom
from the "job-permanence worries" plaguing that
same industry, is perverting the free enterprise sys-
tem it serves.
Someone should be horsewhipped for this, as the
country editors used to say. Then another country
implement, the axe, should be used on NASA's pro-
posed electronics research center, on the U.S. Naval
Laboratories and on a great many more of these
swollen parasites on the free enterprise system.
William J. Coughlin
48
missiles and rockets, February 17, 1964
Radiometer for NIMBUS weather satellite
Interceptor IR installation
12°K closed-cycle cryostat
90C IR search/track set
Modulated IR source
Liquid-helium-cooled IR detector
Star tracker for SURVEYOR spacecraft
Expanding
Infrared
Programs
IR anti-tank missile controller
create new career assignments
Rapid growth of HUGHES Infrared activities in the
Aerospace Divisions and the Santa Barbara Research
Center has created many responsible
positions for qualified engineers and
scientists in all phases of IR systems
development from conception through
production engineering.
Immediately available assignments
include openings in such diverse tech-
nologies as semiconductor physics, opti-
cal design, cryogenics, mechanical
engineering,
circuit desig
For immediate consideration,
please airmail your resume to:
MR. ROBERT A. MARTIN
Hughes Aerospace Divisions
11940 W. Jefferson Blvd.
Culver City 98. Calif.
HUGHES
HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY
AEROSPACE DIVISIONS
An equal opportunity employer
precision electro-mechanisms, electronic
n, servo systems... and many other areas.
Current HUGHES IR contracts include
advanced systems for space exploration,
weather reconnaissance, anti-ballistic
missile defense, anti-submarine warfare,
interceptor weapon guidance & fire
control, bomber defense and tactical
weapon control.
Professional experience, an accredited
degree and U.S. Citizenship required.
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offer application not only to economical space logistics, but as power for a super ICBM that can be launched
from hardened underground sites. ■ Aerojet has been deeply involved in the design of high-performance pumps
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GENERAL TIRE
First Photo of Full-Scale TOW Mockup
Brown Reveals MOL Growth Potential
Apollo Flight Display Unit Tested ... ...
A Last Interview with Dr. Saenger . . . ioh >n
OGO'S OUTER SPACE TEST TUBE
A COMPLETE PROJECT BY CB&I
A new space simulation system
which is now being used to test
NASA's Orbiting Geophysical Obser-
vatory (OGO) spacecraft was com-
pletely designed and supplied by
CB&I.
This is the largest system designed
and supplied by a single contractor,
without subcontracting the chamber,
thermal system or vacuum system.
CB&I was awarded the complete
project by TRW Space Technology
Laboratories, designer and builder of
OGO and other spacecraft in the na-
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TRW installation is further demon-
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The next time you have an envi-
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"Test tube" for OGO...
The high vacuum and tempera-
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outer space down to earth are
created inside a 30-foot diame-
ter stainless steel Horton-
sphere. ® Here vacuums to 3x 1 0 0
torr (equal to a 380-mile alti-
tude) will be reached, with tem-
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Super-efficiency of the vac-
uum system was proved in test
when 1 x 10 torr was reached
in less than three hours of an
allotted 12. A special feaure of
the system is the diffusion
pump trap — designed and sup-
plied by CB&I — which permits
egress of gas molecules while
preventing entrance of oil mole-
cules from the pump.
Canoga currently has under development broadband
tracking antennas in the 200-2400 mc and 1000-12000
mc frequency regions. These "Sunflower" monopulse
tracking antennas contain nine reflectors, each with its
own log periodic feed element of 12:1 frequency band-
width. Featuring low sidelobes, low antenna noise
temperature, high aperture efficiency and relative insensitivity to mechanical
tolerances, the Sunflower antenna design is predicated on years of experience in
the development of Mercury and Gemini telemetry tracking systems & techniques.
It is one of a family of new tracking system developments from Canoga.
«i f— I
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8966 Comanche Avenue • Chatsworth, California • Phone:341-3010
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New angle-measuring interferometer
Kollmorgen Model K-421 brings 0.02 second-of-arc sensitivity out of the laboratory into practical engineering use.
Uniquely simple! Unlike conventional interferometers,
portable Model 421 Pointing Interferometer has a single
optical element ... a special Koesters double-image prism
having equal internal paths. Permanent calibration is in-
herent. Minimum operator training is required.
How it works! The four-pound Model K-421 is designed to
mount on an alignment telescope having an NAS 2.25-inch
diameter barrel. Two parallel beams of light are projected
at a plane mirror. Mirror rotation changes the path lengths
of the reflected beams and establishes an interference
fringe pattern.
Highly sensitive! Model K-421 is so calibrated that one
interference fringe represents a mirror rotation of one sec-
ond of arc. With the optical micrometer on the Kollmorgen
K-122 alignment telescope, you can subdivide each fringe
into increments as small as 0.02 second of arc. With the
Model K-120 Line-of-Sight Alignment Telescope, visual in-
terpolation to 0.1 second of arc is readily attained. Rotation
angles up to 2000 seconds of arc can be measured. Meas-
urement error does not exceed 0.1 percent of measured
angle, or 0.02 second of arc, whichever is larger. Maximum
working distance is 25 feet.
A versatile instrument! Other uses for this high-precision
interferometer include measurement of absolute pressure,
gravity level reference, sphericity, film thickness, surface
parallelism, refractive index differences and homogeneity of
transparent materials. It also handles many of the angle
measuring tasks usually assigned to autocollimators, but
with five times the sensitivity.
Informative 12-page bulletin contains complete data on
Model K-421 and other new Kollmorgen optical tooling
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NORTHAMPTON, MASSACHUSETTS
Circle No. 4 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Volume 14, Number 8
February 24, 1964
Editor
William J. Coughlin
Managing Editor
Reed Bundy
Senior Editors
Charles D. LaFond Electronics
William Beller Engineering
Associate Editors
Lawrence J. Curran Assistant Managing Editor
Heather M. David Space Medicine
Michael Getler Electronics
Russell Hawkes Industry
John F. Judge Advanced Materials
Robert L. Parker Copy Editor
Rex Pay Electronics
Hal Taylor NASA
James Trainor Military
Contributing Editors
David A. Anderton, Warren Burkett,
Robert Lindsey, Robert Twiss
Friedrich Schonbach Art Director
Donald Strickland Assistant Art Director
Eleanor Cobey Editorial Assistant
Suzanne Montgomery Editorial Assistant
BUREAUS
LOS ANGELES 9301 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills
Willard E. Wilks Bureau Chief
NEW YORK 20 East 46th Street
Michael Getler
CAPE KENNEDY 507 Orange Ave.
Chris Butler Merritt Is., Fla.
PARIS 11 Rue Condorcet
Jean-Marie Riche
GENEVA 10 Rue Grenus
Frank G. McGuire
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Dr. Peter Castruccio Alexander Satin
Conrad H. Hoeppner Vice Adm. H. Sanders (ret.)
Richard F. Gompertz
James W. Claar
Publisher
A. C. Boughton National Sales Manager
Paul B. Kinney Eastern Advertising Manager
Edwin J. Denker, Jr. .. .Western Advertising Manager
Craig L. Mason Director of Research
John N. Carlin Director of Circulation
Paddy Nelson Circulation Promotion
R. Virgil Parker Production Manager
Barbara Wiener Advertising Services Manager
Published each Monday with the exception of the
last Monday in December by American Aviation
Publications, Inc., 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington, D.C., 20005. Cable Address: AMERAV.
Printed at Judd & Detweiler, Inc., Washington, D.C.
Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.
Copyright 1964, American Aviation Publications, Inc.
Subscription rates: U.S. and Possessions, Canada, and
Pan American Postal Union Nations: 1 year, $5.00, 2
years $8.00, 3 years $10.00. All other foreign: 1 year
$15.00, 2 years $25.00, 3 years $35.00. Air freight to
Europe: 1 year $20.00, 2 years $30.00, 3 years $40.00.
Single copy prices: regular issues 50 cents each;
special issues $1.00 each. Subscriptions are solicited
only from persons with identifiable commercial or
professional interests in the missile/space industry.
Subscription orders and changes of address should be
referred to Circulation Fulfillment Mgr., Missiles and
Rockets, 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20005. Allow 4 weeks for change to become
effective and enclose recent address label if possible.
President Wayne W. Parrish
Senior Vice President Louis C. James
Vice President Fred S. Hunter
m
THE COVER
First photo of full-scale mockup of
Army's TOW antitank missile point up
weapon's close-support character. The
Hughes-developed missile is breech-
loaded into the recoilless launcher, fired,
and guided automatically to its target by
a command link with the launcher-
mounted optical sight.
FEBRUARY 24 HEADLINES
Successful Orbit of Army SECOR Satellite Revealed 10
Von Braun Seeks 5 Tests To Man-rate Saturn V 10
Brown Outlines 'Ultimate Capability' of MOL 15
McNamara Testimony Lends Impetus to Polaris B3 16
First Biosatellite Will Carry 14 Experiments 17
NASA Requests Bids on Two Lifting Body Gliders 17
Space Agency Facility Construction Tapering Off . 18
Rogallo Wing Prospects Dim in Project Gemini 21
NORAD Hard Site To Be Operational Next Year 40
SPACE ELECTRONICS f
Apollo Flight Display Prototype Undergoing Tests
SPACE SUPPORT
Cavitating Venturis Refine Rocket Testing
AN M/R EXCLUSIVE
Saenger Predicted Dyna-Soar Concept Rebirth
26
28
35
DEPARTMENTS
Letters 7
The Countdown 9
The Missile/Space
Week® 10
Technical Countdown 25
The Industry Week 49
Contracts/Procurements 50
Products & Processes 52
Names in the News 56
When & Where 57
Editorial 58
47,900 copies this issue
t U.S. Reg. Pdg.
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
Is this
what most engineers mean
when they say
RELIABILITY?
An integrated inertial navigation system
that can guide a nuclear-powered submarine for
weeks in the ocean depths without surfacing.
That is reliability. The system is called the
Mark II SINS. It was designed, developed, and
produced by the Autonetics Division of North
American Aviation. Today it guides the Free
World's nuclear-powered, Polaris-carrying sub-
marines, accurately giving them their position
and velocity plus the direction of north at all
times. It is but one of many achievements
pioneered by the engineers and scientists at
Autonetics in the area of integrated systems
application with built-in cost effectiveness.
These achievements by Autonetics have now
set a new standard of reliability for the entire
electronics industry.
North American Aviation /Autonetics
etters
Ranger Management
To the Editor:
May I commend your Feb. 10 editorial
("A $150-Million Failure") as being over-
due. The only possible complaint might be
that it was too lenient. When Rex Pay's
article on Ranger VI appearing in the same
issue (p. 16) is considered, the conclusion
is inescapable that the Ranger program suf-
fers not from mismanagement, but from
bungling.
The disciplines of system analysis and
reliability engineering are not new: appli-
cation of these techniques would have re-
vealed the incredible naivete underlying the
design of Ranger VI with respect to the
central computer and sequencer (CC&S)
subsystem. Application of elementary con-
trol system reliable design techniques could
and should, have prevented the fiasco of
Feb. 2.
If I am mistaken, and the knowledge
of such design techniques is in fact obscure
and narrowly comprehended, I would be
glad to furnish the data to NASA or JPL,
free of charge.
L. E. Dostert, Jr.
Silver Spring, Md.
To the Editor:
In regards to your well-described ex-
clamatory remarks on the failures of the
(dragged out and well -publicized) Ranger
program. Amen!
The one fault with this editorial, as
well as with nearly all your others, is that
it is not brought to the attention of the
American public.
National apathy concerning space
should be changed.
A. M. DeMark
Syracuse, N.Y.
To the Editor:
In your editorial you have, by shotgun
condemnation done great disservice to
all academically-managed, government-fi-
nanced laboratories. The Instrumentation
Laboratory and Lincoln Laboratory of
MIT, as well as the Applied Physics Lab-
oratory of Johns Hopkins, have records in
space electronics which any industrial firm
would find difficult to better.
You mention that "an academic en-
vironment is neither comparable nor con-
ducive to the kind of hard-driving indus-
trial atmosphere required to make complex
hardware function in a highly reliable man-
ner." There are two points to be made with
regard to this statement. In the first place,
because a laboratory is academically-man-
aged does not make it necessarily follow
that the environment at that laboratory is
not, when the occasion demands it, every
bit as hard-driving as any industrial con-
cern. Secondly, it is a matter of record that
the "hard-driving industrial atmosphere"
produced poor results on the Mercury and
Nuclear Submarine programs. I believe it
is a true statement that had a man not
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
been aboard the Mercury spacecraft during
those epic flights, every shot of that series
would have been written off as a failure as
a result of a subsystem malfunction.
In the future let us be more specific
about the praise or blame that is leveled
by your editorial staff. There is too much
excellent work being done by laboratories
— industrial, civil service, and academic-
ally-associated— to condone continued use
of the shotgun condemnation.
William G. Schmidt
Burlington, Massachusetts
To the Editor:
The Feb. 10 editorial is not worthy of
your magazine or of yourself. The failure
of the TV equipment on Ranger VI was
disappointing, but certainly not enough to
warrant such an impassioned outburst on
your part.
First, you have distorted the statement
made in the Letters column. At least one
of the Ranger failures was due to a failure
of the launch vehicle, and in view of the
fact that the Air Force had complete con-
trol of the "bird" to point of injection, I
fail to see any justification for your state-
ment that responsibility for the failure
should be laid at JPL's feet.
Second, I take exception to your state-
ments that: "Ranger I failed. Ranger II
failed. . . . Ranger VI failed." The impli-
cation is that each and every launch was a
complete and utter failure. You completely
ignore the fact that these were develop-
mental launches, not proven systems. I
have noticed no such scathing remarks
when you refer to the spectacular failures
(yes, failures) occurring during the devel-
opment of Air Force missile systems. In-
deed, these are listed as "partial successes,"
even when (in one case) the thing blew up
on the pad (remember Titan!) .
Third, you make a great to-do about
the fact that JPL operates outside of Civil
Service. It must have escaped your notice
that the Air Force has set up numerous
such organizations — Rand, Ramo-Woold-
ridge, Aerospace, etc. "Unwholesome" ap-
parently depends upon whether the facility
is an Air Force one?
The editorial page is an important con-
cept. It provides a sounding board for
opinions and comments which would not
ordinarily be available to the reader. It is
the privilege of the editor, but with any
privilege goes responsibility as well.
D. Winslow
Stanford, Calif.
To the Editor:
Your standard for an editorial is al-
ways superb, but the one in your Feb. 10
issue demands particular acclaim.
The things said are entirely accurate,
and they needed saying. If the Administra-
tion doesn't start to take a real look at
NASA's lack of project management and
integration ability, we are going to have a
king-sized kluge on our national hands.
(Name Withheld)
Los Angeles
And is this
what most engineers
mean when they say
APPLIED
MICROELECTRONICS?
The lightweight N16 Autonavigator is
another major achievement in inertial navi-
gation by the Autonetics Division of North
American Aviation. Drawing on years of
experience and extensive research, Auto-
netics engineers have applied microelec-
tronics to navigation systems.
N16 is more than a single autonavigator.
It's a whole family based on proven con-
cepts, utilizingstandardized equipmentand
featuring modular construction for growth
potential. The basic N16 is designed speci-
fically for high performance tactical and
transport aircraft. The N16S adds capabili-
ties required in space. The N16M accommo-
dates the same common sub-systems to the
needs of ships and submarines.
This N16 series utilizes precision gyros
and velocity meters which are scaled-down
versions of inertial components now used in
major weapon systems. Use of microcir-
cuitry, integrated circuits and other recently-
proven techniques provides high accuracy
plus a reliability 10 to 30 times that of
conventional guidance systems.
The basic N16 total system weight is 40-
pounds; volume, 1.0 cubic foot; and the
total power consumption is only 140 watts,
including the computer with its built-in
self-check and calibration features.
A low total life cost is assured by the high
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I
The Countdown
WASHINGTON
New Incentives Proposed for JPL
NASA wants to work incentive-type features into the
new contract it is negotiating with Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
This would include a higher fee for good performance and a
penalty if JPL does not meet certain schedule and reliability
standards. NASA also wants Dr. William Pickering, JPL's
director, to hire an industry executive as his deputy. The
space agency feels these moves would lead to the hard-headed
industrial type of management it wants at JPL.
Boston Center Prospects 50-50
Opinion in the House Space Committee concerning
NASA's renewed proposal to build an Electronics Research
Center in Boston appears to be almost evenly split, an in-
formal poll discloses. Outcome could depend on who shows
up at a possible voting next week. But it's more likely Con-
gress will allow itself almost the full 45 days available for
a vote before the project is automatically authorized.
Cuba Lesson Well Learned
One of the most attractive features of the Air Force's
MMRBM is that with its extreme mobility and air-trans-
portability it could be used for much the same kind of
strategic maneuver the Soviets pulled in Cuba. Introduction
of such weapons into countries near the Soviet Union — at
places and times of U.S. choosing — would infinitely com-
plicate the Russians' target interception problem. Besides,
say DOD officials, MMRBM has a longer range, greater
accuracy and far greater mobility than comparable Soviet
missiles.
SPADATS Accuracy To Be Improved
Air Force will start development during Fiscal '65 of a
highly accurate three-site radar system using triangulation
to determine very accurately the orbital parameters of
satellites.
Water Landings for Apollo, Too?
NASA may well drop all plans to bring space vehicles
to touchdown on land. Manned spaceflight boss Dr. George
P. Mueller says he favors water landings for Apollo as well
as for Gemini (see p. 21). Control difficulties are cited as
the major reason for the possible changeover.
LEM Configuration Unaffected by Ranger
Design of the Lunar Excursion Module in Project Apollo
is in no way being held up by slippage in the Ranger pro-
gram, NASA officials report. They say the flexibility of the
design gives it a 98% chance of landing on any surface.
Helicopter Arms Get More Punch
An Army study of suppressive fire systems for heli-
copters is investigating development of a guidance system
that would work with either TOW or Shillelagh. It is pointed
out that systems of this type are unsuited for present heli-
copters and would be elements of the armed helicopter.
Experts say adaption kits won't work for something like this.
Manned Flight Staff Peaking
NASA now estimates that its scientific and engineering
manpower requirements for manned spaceflight only will
reach a peak in FY 1965 of 45,700, of which in-house staff
will total 6,500. This will then decrease until 1970, when the
total requirement will level off to 15,000, with an in-house
staff of 3,800.
OSO Waste Charge Hotly Denied
The space agency will take violent exception to a report
by the General Accounting Office (GAO) that money has
been wasted on the Orbiting Solar Observatory program. Dr.
Homer Newell says the agency will justify buying backup
vehicles — a point singled out as wasteful by GAO — on the
grounds that the program is so important that the backups
are necessary. The answer is now being prepared
Pure Oxygen Gets Preliminary Nod
A second 30-day pure-oxygen environment test has begun
at the AF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, Tex.
Although not all data from the first test have been processed,
the Air Force reports a tentative OK for 30 days for the
controversial spacecraft atmosphere.
INDUSTRY
Genisco Wins Space Simulation Contract
Genisco Inc. has been selected by NASA to develop a
motor generator for research into guidance and psycho-
physiological problems of manned spaceflight. Costing an
estimated $6-6.5 million, the generator will consist of a
centrifuge on a 50-ft. boom, a vertical drive, a programmed
braking device, fluid bearings, and two simulated space
capsules with controls.
Huge Platform for Apollo Control Tests
Stabilization and control systems for the Apollo Com-
mand Module will be tested on a massive 2Vi -ton spacecraft
simulation platform balanced on an air bearing. Built by
Hexcel Products, Berkeley, Calif., the platform was de-
livered recently to Honeywell Military Products, developers
of Apollo stabilization and control. It is 13'/2 ft. in diameter
and consists of several layers of honeycomb core aluminum
balanced on a pressurized dry nitrogen gas air bearing. The
manufacturer says a load of six tons will not deflect the plat-
form more than one 4,000th of an inch at its edge.
INTERNATIONAL
World ComSat Talks Resuming
Further talks will be held soon in Washington on the
proposed world-wide communications satellite system. Some
early progress was reported after three days of discussions
in Rome recently. U.S. and Canadian representatives —
including chairman of the board Leo D. Welch and president
Joseph Charyk of the ComSat Corp.— met with the 17-
nation European Conference on Satellite Communications.
It was agreed that an international organization should
eventually operate the global system. Still to be resolved is
the question of when such an organization should take over.
The U.S. favors a long initial phase under ComSat Corp.
control to gain experience prior to internationalization.
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
9
The Missile /Space Week
Saturn SA-6 Preparations
The S-l Saturn I first-stage
booster and the boilerplate Apollo
Command Module due to fly sometime
this spring arrived at Cape Kennedy
within a few hours of each other
Feb. 19.
The S-l Saturn stage was im-
mediately taken to Complex 37B,
where it was to be placed on the
launch stand the next day. It was the
first time such a stage was taken di-
rectly to its stand and set up without
hangar checks.
Checkout of the Apollo spacecraft
began within a few hours after it
arrived by air.
Ranger VII Slips
NASA has postponed the launch
of the Ranger VII spacecraft origi-
nally scheduled for late February.
The space agency said a new
launch date would be set when a
study of why Ranger VI failed to
take pictures of the Lunar surface on
its recent flight is completed.
The NASA-JPL study is concen-
trating on the unscheduled turn-on
of telemetry from the television sys-
tem, which occurred at about the
time of separation of the booster en-
gines from the Atlas launch vehicle.
SECOR Orbit Revealed
First of the Army's SECOR (Se-
quential Collation of Range) satel-
lites known to have attained orbit
"is working exceptionally well" fol-
lowing its launch late last month.
An earlier attempt on Jan. 24,
1962, to orbit Composite I containing
a Type I SECOR plus four Navy sa-
tellites, failed because of a second-
stage misfire of Able-Star (M/R,
Jan. 29, 1962, p. 12).
Although time and place of the
latest launch were not disclosed by
Dr. Albert C. Hall, DDR&E deputy
director for space, in a talk to the
National Space Club and the Avia-
tion/Space Writers Association last
week, the Type II SECOR satellite
presumably was one of the classified
DOD payloads launched on Jan. 19
by a Thor-Agena from Vandenberg
AFB, Calif.
In its use primarily for military
purposes, SECOR is intended to pin-
point the geodetic coordinates of tar-
gets for U.S. ICBM's. SECOR, in
addition, is part of NASA's ANNA
program, which will provide geodetic
data of scientific use (M/R, Feb. 6,
1961, p. 22).
Built by IT&T Labs, Nutley, N.J.,
SECOR is rectangular in shape,
weighs 40 lbs., and measures 9 x 11
x 14 in. It is designed to spring free
of its carrier after orbit is attained
(M/R, Dec. 17, 1962, p. 16).
The first successful orbital ex-
periment involving SECOR instru-
mentation was part of the ANNA IB
satellite, launched Oct. 31, 1962, by
an Able-Star. The SECOR package
comprised a CW transmitter, 162-
324 mc, for geodetic measurements
and 54-216 mc for refraction studies
(M/R, Nov. 5, 1962, p. 15).
In operation, SECOR fixes ground
positions through multiple-frequency
phase comparison techniques. In a
typical problem, simultaneous radio
signals are sent to the satellite from
three known stations and one or two
unknown ones. By trigonometric
means, the geodetic coordinates of
the unknown stations can be deter-
mined without knowledge of the or-
bital parameters of the satellite.
The Army expects to reduce the
error in locating land masses from
one mile for continental areas and 5
to 10 miles for smaller areas, such as
islands, to within about 100 ft. over
a 1,000-mi. span.
Further launches of SECOR are
expected, both as part of the ANNA
program and independently in a
Thor-Agena.
Serv-U Contracts Explained
Officials of both North American
Aviation, Inc., and Northrop Corp.
have testified that they signed vend-
ing machine contracts without know-
ing that Robert G. (Bobby) Baker,
former secretary to the U.S. Senate
majority, was a major stockholder in
the company involved.
John L. Atwood, North American
president, told the Senate Rules Com-
mittee last week that his firm was
urged to alter its existing contract
with another vending firm in Janu-
ary, 1962, and sign a contract with
Serv-U Corp. by Fred B. Black, Jr.,
its Washington consultant.
He said NAA signed the new con-
tract— which eventually was worth
$2.5 million — because it offered a
better commission from the vending
machine operators to the company's
employee welfare and recreation
fund.
Robert R. Miller, senior vice pres-
ident of Northrop, told a similar
story. He testified that he was first
approached by Black regarding the
Serv-U deal, but did not know until
recently that either Black or Baker
was financially involved.
Von Braun Discusses Apollo
Space flight leaders hope to "man-
rate" the Saturn V Moon rocket with
two unmanned flights. Dr. Wernher
von Braun, head of Marshall Space
Flight Center, thinks five flights
probably will be needed to prove the
big Saturn safe for astronauts.
The first two flights will make
heat shield tests at Apollo re-entry
speeds, Dr. von Braun said. "We'll
have to play it by ear after that," he
told a press conference at the annual
Space Fiesta at Texas A&M Univer-
sity in College Station, Tex.
Ten unmanned flights in Earth
orbits appear likely before any at-
tempt to land on the Moon, said
Apollo boss George Low on a visit to
the Manned Spacecraft Center in
Houston. Dr. Low said he expects
manned Apollo flights to begin in
1968 after unmanned launches start-
ing in 1967. The firing rate will run
four to six Saturn V shots per year,
allowing two to three months between
launches.
Von Braun said he expects to
build 14 Saturns. He said the de-
creased time to man-rate the rocket
stemmed from expectations that "all-
up testing" would produce results
faster. Under the plans presented to
Congress last year, the seventh Sa-
turn would have carried the first
astronauts into Earth Orbit.
Von Braun's visit to Texas A&M
may have turned up a boon for the
Moon project.
The discovery is a device that
uses the technique of "activation
analysis" to identify all the elements
present in a piece of soil. Its heart is
a 5-in. atom smasher (linear acceler-
ator) designed for nuclear bombs.
The accelerator bombards a two-
centimeter area with more than a
billion neutrons per second at 600
bursts per second. This produces ra-
dioactive isotopes of the materials
present in the soil. By scanning the
spectrum of radioactivity resulting
from this, a definite "fingerprint" for
each element present can be estab-
lished.
Dr. Richard Wainerdi, head of
the Activation Analysis Research
Laboratory (AARL) at Texas A&M,
and chief engineer Lloyd Fite think
10
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
they can package the instrument into
a round "hatbox" package about 18
in. in diameter, 6 in. thick and weigh-
ing 30 lbs.
Cape Rail Strike Grinds on
The 13-month-old strike against
the Florida East Coast Railway ap-
peared as far as ever from settle-
ment last week and a top U.S. Labor
Dept. official renewed an earlier Fed-
eral recommendation that the rail-
road be barred from using Govern-
ment-owned tracks at Cape Kennedy
pending a settlement.
Assistant Labor Secretary James
J. Reynolds sent the recommendation
to Secretary Willard Wirtz after
what he called "completely futile"
talks with FEC board chairman Ed
Ball in Daytona Beach. He blamed
Ball and the Florida Railroad and
Public Utilities Commission for the
breakdown in negotiations between
the company and the striking unions.
Earlier, it was reported that the rail-
road president had walked out of the
discussions with Reynolds.
Junction Box Foiled Athena
The first Athena missile, which
was thrown 20 degrees off course
after firing at Green River, Utah,
Feb. 11 and impacted 200 miles from
its target area, was victimized by
short circuit in a second-stage junc-
tion box, Air Force sources indi-
cated last week.
They said there was no connec-
tion between the malfunction and the
Athena's guidance system or propul-
sion units.
Air Force Investigates Blast
A special Air Force board is in-
vestigating the recent Atlas explosion
near Roswell, N.M. A fire set by the
blast caused loss of $11 million.
The explosion occurred during a
training exercise, but caused no in-
juries to crew members.
Shots of the Week
An official state (Antara) news
agency report from Djakarta says
that the Indonesian air force has
launched a Soviet-built surface-to-
air missile of the type thought to
have brought down U.S. U-2 planes
over Russia and Cuba. The firing was
said to be part of a military alert
in Indonesia connected with tension
there over Malaysia.
• The Air Force on Feb. 15
launched from Vandenberg AFB,
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
Calif., a secret satellite aboard a
Thor-Agena rocket.
• An Air Force Titan II ICBM was
successfully launched Feb. 17 from
Vandenberg AFB, Calif. The 5,000-
mi. shot was the ninth of 13 Category
II test series firings. Launch was
conducted by a SAC crew.
• A Polaris A2 missile was suc-
cessfully launched from the subma-
rine USS James Monroe near Cape
Kennedy, Fla., Feb. 17.
• NASA test pilot Milton Thomp-
son flew the X-15 Feb. 19 from Ed-
ward's AFB, Calif. Flight was third
in a series to study heat transfer
rates. The craft also carried equip-
ment to measure boundary layer
noise levels for possible use in the
supersonic transport program.
Vinson Defends Missiles
Rep. Carl Vinson (D-Ga.), chair-
man of the House Armed Services
Committee, said last week that "bet-
ter informed" people, including top
civilian and military officials, con-
sider U.S. missiles "fully capable" of
performing properly if needed.
The statement, made before the
House Rules Committee, presently
considering defense procurement and
research authorizations, conflicted
with statements made recently by
Presidential aspirant Sen. Barry
Goldwater that the U.S. missile de-
terent force is not reliable.
Beryllium Minuteman 'Spacer'
A new, all-beryllium inter-stage
connector, to be used initially on
Wing III versions of the Minuteman
ICBM now in production, will shave
about 23 lbs. off the front-end weight
of the missile, providing increased
range or warhead/penetration-aid
carrying capability.
Production of the device, which
structurally links the new Mark IIA
re-entry vehicle with the missile's
guidance and control section housing,
reportedly marks the first full-scale
production use of beryllium as a ma-
jor structural component of an oper-
ating aerospace vehicle.
Announcement of a production
contract in excess of $2 million by
Avco. Corp., developers of the MK
IIA, to the Brush Beryllium Co. of
Cleveland for the connectors was
made in New York last week. Deliv-
ery of production models has begun.
The connector, or "spacer," is a
32-in.-wide, ll-in.-deep cylinder with
skin thickness tapering from 0.160
in. at its widest points to 0.080 in.
at selected areas.
HIGH
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Circle No. 6 on Subscriber Service Card 1 1
News
Briefs
For structural and guidance use . . ,
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laminate bonded with Dow Corning® silicone
resin have a strength-to-weight ratio at tern-
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of many light weight metals. They also with'
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resist moisture, ozone and corrosives. Fila
ment wound, formed, or fabricated from
sheet, silicone glass laminates have many
uses in aerospace including metalized reflec-
tive heat shields and motor nozzle back-up
material. Good electrical properties, low di-
electric constant and low loss factor over a
wide frequency range are reasons for specify-
ing silicone laminates for radomes and radai
windows as well as for coil forms and com
ponent panel boards in airborne and ground
support guidance and control equipment.
CIRCLE 22 ON READER SERVICE CARD
AEROSPACE NEWS from Dow Corning
Silicone sealants, developed to meet
high mach performance specifications,
are easy to apply... have good adhesion
DOW CORNING® Aerospace Sealants are
specifically developed to meet the needs of the
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your specific requirements.
Filleting and faying sealants are silicone
rubber materials that cure or vulcanize at room
temperature. Typical cure time is about 24
hours. Channel sealants retain their initial
plasticity for the life of the installation.
Cured sealants are resistant to the effects of
weathering, aging, ozone, oxygen and moisture
... remain flexible from —85 to 500 F . . .
have good resistance to fuels and solvents . . .
offer excellent electrical properties.
Easy to apply, Dow Corning aerospace seal-
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in extrusion-type guns . . . also in collapsible
tubes. Cure-in-place Dow Corning aerospace
silicone sealants are tack free in one hour . . .
have minimum shrink and flow. Their flexi-
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contraction and dampens vibrations.
CIRCLE 21 ON READER SERVICE CARD
For high heat transfer . . . Dow Corning®
silicone fluid coolants offer many advantages in
both ground and airborne systems. An extremely
flat viscosity-temperature curve between — 130 and
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CIRCLE 23 ON READER SERVICE CARD
JETLINER— MOON LINER-SPACE CENTER
... 0/7 the rise
SIMPLICITY IS THE KEYNOTE of the reliability being built
into the Douglas DC-9. The total number of components in its
five major systems is far under that of other jetliners, with fewer
wear points and faster and easier maintenance.
TO HELP PUT MAN ON THE MOON,
Saturn S-IVB is being built by Douglas
under direction of National Aeronautics
and Space Administration's Marshall
Space Flight Center. S-IVB is 58 feet tall
and 22 feet in diameter. It will provide
the thrust that will send 3 Apollo astro-
nauts from earth orbit to moon orbit.
THE NEW DOUGLAS SPACE SYSTEMS CENTER
in Huntington Beach, California, is one of the world's
finest privately-owned space complexes. Here, talented
engineers, scientists and technicians of the company's Mis-
sile & Space Systems Division are supported by the most
advanced facilities as they research, test and build systems
and vehicles that will help maintain our nation's leader-
ship in space exploration. The new Douglas Center is
designed for continued growth to meet even more
formidable space challenges of the future.
IN THE AIR OR OUTER SPACE... U^J^J^J LMO G TH'NGS DONE!
Circle No. 8 on Subscriber Service Card
To House subcommittee . . .
Brown Outlines Ultimate' MOL
DDR&E chief stresses current limitation to experimental lab, but
says vehicle could eventually be assembled-in-orbit space station
RENDEZVOUS, re-supply and or-
bital assembly into a space station are
part of the "ultimate capability" of the
Air Force's Manned Orbiting Labora-
tory.
This growth potential for MOL was
revealed by Dr. Harold Brown in testi-
mony before the House Armed Serv-
ics Research and Development sub-
committee released last week.
The Defense Research and Engi-
neering Director stressed, however, that
this is only a capability and is not part
of the present MOL program.
"I want to make a distinction be-
tween its ultimate capability and what
is in the program" Brown said. "What
is in the program is not a space station
in that sense. It is an experimental lab-
oratory. But . . . this could grow to be
a space station, if and after ... we con-
clude . . . that a man can have a sub-
stantial military purpose. . . ."
DOD is trying to avoid limiting the
usefulness of MOL by building the ex-
perimental station around the experi-
ments rather than as an afterthought,
as was the case with Dyna-Soar.
• Four immediate tasks — During
the next six months, the Air Force and
DOD will make a detailed definition of
the augmented ASSET program, MOL,
the changes required in Gemini-B and
the Titan lll-CI MOL/ Gemini-B inter-
faces, Dr. Albert C. Hall told a joint
session of the Space Club and the Wash-
ington chapter of the Aviation/ Space
Writers Association. Hall is DDR&E
deputy for space.
The augmented ASSET program is
designed to collect data concerning
severe re-entry conditions, and is ex-
pected to provide the technology for
a possible ferry vehicle to support the
Manned Orbiting Laboratory. Tests in
the augmented program will include
various re-entry body shapes, materials,
structures and components.
by James Trainer
Definition of MOL will be achieved
by the Orbiting Space Station (OSS)
contracts awarded to Douglas, GE and
Martin, (M/R, Feb. 17, p. 15) and in-
house studies.
• MOL parameters — General pa-
rameters for MOL were outlined by
Dr. Brown in his testimony:
— A cylinder about 10 feet in diame-
ter and 25 feet long weighing "well
over 10,000 lbs."
— Double-walled to provide protec-
tion against meteorites, and divided into
two pressurized compartments in case
of meteorite penetration of one com-
partment.
— A third unpressurized compart-
ment for vacuum component testing.
— A useful volume of 1,500 cubic
feet and a useful payload, depending
on the orbit, of 4,000-5,000 lbs.
Brown, however, then cautioned the
committee that "until we can decide on
the experiments we can't say in detail
what this kind of thing would look
like."
Modifications of Gemini to perform
the MOL mission have not been final-
ized. The "B" is expected to weigh ap-
proximately 6,000 lbs. as opposed to
8,000 lbs. for the NASA capsule. The
main area of weight saving will be in life
support, since the only requirement for
Gemini-B will be to sustain the pilots
during the ascent and descent portions
of the flight. NASA's Gemini, on the
other hand, is required to sustain two
astronauts for up to two weeks.
• Experiments decisive — With the
question of man's utility in space still a
matter of controversy, the experiments
carried out in the MOL program are ex-
pected to have a decisive impact not
only on the design of the laboratory
itself but on future manned military
operations as well.
Amply illustrating this point is Dr.
Brown's statement that "at this point in
time even the requirement for manned
military operations is still in question."
But the possibility that such operations
may become important can't be ig-
nored, and therefore the MOL program
is being conducted.
Early answers regarding man's use-
fulness as well as design of future ex-
periments are expected to come from
the DOD experiments on NASA's Gem-
ini. These packages are particularly im-
portant to the preliminary design and
ultimate value of a co-orbital satellite
inspection system. Separately funded,
these experiments total $8 million in
FY '64 and $6 million in FY '65.
"The missions to be emphasized are
military," according to a DOD official,
"and the experiments to evaluate man's
role in military missions should be con-
sidered first." Other experiments, how-
ever, will also be considered — including,
at a lower priority, non-military ones.
Bioastronautics experiments will be
emphasized, particularly human factor
measurements, tolerance to weightless-
ness, effect of movement on attitude
stability and man's ability to control
re-entry after 30 days in orbit. The
crew's ability to adjust, maintain and
repair equipment as well as their gen-
eral visual ability, will also be evaluated.
Ground simulation and thorough
study must precede any experimental
effort in MOL, Defense officials em-
phasize. The non-orbital part of the
program is a sine qua non and must be
accorded proper emphasis and support,
they point out.
NASA experiments involving
manned use of equipment and instru-
mentation in orbit will also be included
and will be accorded a priority exceeded
only by military considerations. A DOD-
NASA planning board, similar to the
Gemini Program Planning Board, will
also be set up to effect overall coordina-
tion of the program. ■
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
15
Definition in FY '65 . . .
McNamara Says DOD
Is Pushing Polaris B3
Secretary 'anxious to see' results;
highlights of other DOD testimony
PROJECT DEFINITION for the
largest Polaris missiles that can be
launched from submarines now under
procurement will be conducted during
FY 1965. Following definition, develop-
ment of the propulsion system required
for such a missile is to be initiated.
Describing himself as "anxious to
see how much we can get out of this,"
Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNa-
mara revealed that the Dept. of Defense
is aggressively pursuing the Polaris B3
program. The B3, as described by the
Secretary, was essentially the same as
outlined earlier in Missiles and Rock-
ets (Jan. 13, p. 18).
"What it involves is the expansion
of the missile within the existing hole,
to utilize the hole more fully, and
thereby to increase the range of the
missile and/ or the pay load of the mis-
sile."
McNamara noted that Polaris sub-
marines 6 through 18 would not be re-
equipped with the A3 missile but would
keep the A2. One of the reasons he
said, was that he wanted to consider
the possibility of refitting a number of
those vessels with the B3 if it appears
desirable.
The B3 would exploit the maximum
potential of the Polaris submarine and
would take advantage of the fact that
the Navy has reduced the six-inch liner
in the missile tubes by several inches.
Thus, the 54-in.-dia. limitation on the
first three versions of Polaris could ex-
pand to 58 inches. New case materials
and control systems could also be ex-
plored.
Secretary McNamara's statements
were made before the House Armed
Services Committee earlier this year and
released just this week.
• AADS-70 out of limbo— The Ar-
my's Air Defense System for the 1970
time period (AADS-70) is expected to
enter the component development stage
during this year. The Army is presently
evaluating requirements versus tradeoff
studies conducted by three contractors
— Hughes, Raytheon and RCA. Results
of these studies are to be presented to
the Army staff within the next few
weeks.
From these studies, the critical com-
ponents will be identified and, by the
end of March, further work on these
items could be authorized. Although
only $5 million is included in the '65
budget for AADS-70, the total develop-
ment cost would rival the combined
cost of Hawk and Hercules. This is a
serious drawback to ultimate develop-
ment, but the cost could be reduced if
the AADS-70 requirements were re-
laxed. This is something the Army is
looking at now.
Other points covered by Defense
witnesses included:
— In calendar 1965 some experience
will be gained with the Nike-X Phased
Array Radar and data-processing units
as well as the Sprint missile. "That will
be the earliest time at which a well-
founded decision could be made on
Nike-X deployment," according to Dr.
Harold Brown, Director of Defense Re-
search and Engineering.
— Phoenix, the air-to-air missile for
the Navy's version of TFX, will begin
prototype flight tests during FY '65.
Wind tunnel tests and missile and con-
trol system mockups are now being
completed.
• Specific Cuts — Further details of
reductions in the authorization bill for
procurement of aircraft, missiles and
naval vessels and research and develop-
ment were disclosed as the House
Armed Services Committee reported the
bill to Congress last week.
The net reduction of $270.5 million
was entirely in the Research and De-
velopment section of the bill. Of that
amount, the specific cuts made in R&D
for missiles and space were:
Navy
— Military Sciences: $28.5 million,
bringing the request down to $190 mil-
lion. The Armed Services committee
indicated that it objected to a 50% in-
crease in management and support ac-
tivities which it attributed to increased
contract efforts with non-profit institu-
tions.
— Missiles: $38 million, reducing the
request to $376.5 million. The bill spe-
cifically deducted $5 million from the
guided missile exploratory development
program; $19 million from the $56-
million request for Tartar, Terrier, and
Talos and a new surface-to-air missile
system; and cut $10 million in funds
for the Pacific Missile Range. A $4
million cut was not identified.
— Military Astronautics: the full $33
million request was authorized.
Air Force
— Military Sciences: $9 million, re-
ducing the request to the FY '64 level
of $121 million.
— Missiles: $50 million, bringing the
total to $806 million. The committee
cut $35 million from a $110-million re-
quest for the Mobile Medium Range
Ballistic Missile (MMRBM) (M/R,
Feb. 17, p. 14) and $15 million from
the Advanced Ballistic Re-entry Systems
(ABRES) program and exploratory de-
velopment on rocket propulsion.
— Military Astronautics: $37 mil-
lion, reducing the total to $909.6 mil-
lion. Titan III was cut back $20 mil-
lion because of the cancellation of
Dyna-Soar and "improved management
techniques now being applied." Two
other programs apparently were cut, but
these were not specified by the commit-
tee. In addition, two programs, appar-
ently classified, received additions of
$3 million or more.
Army
— Military Sciences: $7.6 million,
reducing the request to $146.6 million.
The cut was aimed specifically at con-
tract studies and analyses.
■ — Missiles: $15 million, bringing the
total to $565 million. Missile explora-
tory development is decreased $5 mil-
lion, while $10 million was cut from
Mauler in view of its removal from the
operational systems development cate-
gory to the engineering development
grouping.
— Military Astronautics: the $18
million requested for communications
satellite terminals and participation in
the Syncom program was approved by
the committee in toto. ■
16
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
Late 1965 flight planned
14 Experiments on First Biosatellite
FOURTEEN biological experiments
will be flown in the first Biosatellite
flight — scheduled for late 1965.
The initial experiments will be used
to study the effects of radiation, weight-
lessness and the absence of the Earth's
rotation on such specimens as pepper
plants, wheat seedlings, amoeba, frog
and sea urhcin eggs, bread mold, fruit
flies and embryonic beetles.
The first Biosatellite flight with its
50 lbs. of experiments will last three
days.
Five later flights will last from 21 to
30 days. Proposed experiments for those
flights include some involving land and
marine plants, roaches, rats, hamsters,
human liver tissue cultures and pri-
mates.
The satellite is being developed for
NASA by General Electric Co.'s Mis-
sile and Space Div. It will be launched
from Cape Kennedy by the Delta
booster and will be recovered in the
Pacific Ocean.
• 170 experiments submitted — The
experiments for the first flight were se-
lected by the space agency's Office of
Space Sciences and Applications and
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmsi
the Office of Advanced Research and
Technology from 170 proposals sub-
mitted to NASA.
The first experiment will measure
during weightlessness the angle between
leaf and stem of a pepper plant, which
on Earth is controlled by certain hor-
mones in the plant.
The second, third and fourth experi-
ments will use the same group of wheat
seedlings to determine whether: 1)
weightlessness greatly affects the growth
of roots and shoots of the seedlings; 2)
weightlessness disrupts the normal orien-
tation of cell division, and 3) seedlings
growing in weightlessness are more sen-
sitive to ionizing radiation.
The fifth experiment will attempt to
detect the effect of weightlessness on
the orderly division of nuclei in amoeba
and on the evolution of food vacuoles —
small cavities in cells filled with a liquid.
The sixth test will expose bread
mold to radiation during weightlessness
to determine whether it alters the bio-
logical effectiveness of the radiation.
• Other first-flight tests — Other ex-
periments will:
— radiate flour beetle eggs during
weightlessness to see if wing develop-
ment is affected in the same degree as
it is when identically radiated on Earth;
— study fertilized frog and sea
urchin eggs to attempt to determine the
effect of weightlessness on cell division,
differentiation and growth.
— expose male wasps to radiation
during weightlessness and mate them
after recovery to determine whether
weightlessness increases or decreases
radiation effects on organisms.
— study effects of radiation and
weightlessness in tradescantia, a blue-
flowering roadside plant, by observing
cell color changes and cell death.
— test bacteria in which latent vi-
ruses begin to reproduce themselves at a
known rate that increases when exposed
to ionizing radiation. An attempt will be
made to determine whether this process
changes if the radiation takes place dur-
ing weightlessness.
■ — expose adult fruit flies to radia-
tion and weightlessness, and examine
their offspring for genetic changes.
— expose immature (pupal stage)
fruit flies to radiation under weightless-
ness to determine whole cell effects. ■
mrnmrnmmmwmmmwmmmm mmmm
Space Agency Invites 29 Firms To Bid on Two
Subsonic Lifting Body Gliders Based on M-2, HL-10
LANDING experiments being conducted
at Langley with scale-model HL-10 vehicle.
NASA HAS INVITED 29 firms to
submit proposals for the development
of two lifting body gliders for a flight-
test program beginning in 1965.
The gliders — based on the M-2 and
HL-10 concepts studied by the Ames
and Langley Research Centers — will be
carried aloft under the wing of a B-52
and released at an altitude of 45,000 ft.
The 7,000 to 8,000-lb. vehicles,
traveling at subsonic speeds, will be
used in the space agency study of the
problems of piloting advanced space-
craft during the landing phase.
Bids on the fixed-price contract
have been requested from the firms
within five weeks.
The lifting body research program
is a cooperative effort of the Ames,
Langley and Flight Research Centers
for NASA's Office of Advanced Re-
search and Technology. The centers
are responsible for the research and
test phases, while the selected contractor
will be responsible for the structural
design of the shell and control system
of the gliders.
NASA will furnish the contractor
information obtained through lifting-
body research experiments on the M-2
concept at Ames and the HL-10 at
Langley.
Both vehicles will be studied in the
40 x 80 ft. wind tunnel at Ames. After
thorough testing and evaluation, the
vehicles will then be investigated in
flight at Flight Research Center, with
Rogers Dry Lake as the landing area.
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
17
FY '65 fund request reveals .
NASA Construction
Program Passes Peak
New facility money dropping sharply from previous levels
with completion of installations needed for Project Apollo
NASA'S FY '65 budget request
makes it clear that funding for new
facility construction will turn down
sharply over the next few years.
Budget documents presented to Con-
gress reveal that only about $50 million
will be needed in future years to com-
plete the projects included in the budget
request.
Another major tr^nd disclosed by
the budget documents is that the cost
of equipping the various new facilities
now accounts for a much larger pro-
portion of the total estimated cost than
the actual construction of the buildings.
For example, of the $89.5 million re-
quested for new facilities at Cape Ken-
nedy, about $64 million will be used
to purchase new equipment. The same
trend is evident at the other major con-
struction site, the Mississippi Test Facil-
ity.
The downward trend for NASA's
construction program was first revealed
by the drop from the FY '64 funding of
$673.5 million to the FY '65 request
of $281 million.
• Apollo facilities key — The down-
turn will be accentuated by the com-
pletion within the next fiscal year of
funding for the major new facilities
required by Project A polio at Cape Ken-
nedy, the Manned Spacecraft Center,
the Mississippi Test Facility and Mar-
shall Space Flight Center.
The only items in the FY '65 request
to be funded in the future are the M-l
by Hal Taylor
engine, $33 million; minor facilities at
Cape Kennedy, $4 million; Wallops Sta-
tion launch area modifications, $6.5 mil-
lion; and several other minor projects.
NASA's future construction require-
ments are a cinch to exceed $50 million,
however. Future budgets will be in-
creased by additional facilities that are
certain to be required at NASA's field
centers.
Congressional cuts in the FY '65
budget would also mean higher money
requests in the future by stretching out
the building program.
• ERC funding details — Authoriza-
tion of the proposed Electronics Re-
search Center would also push the fund-
ing level higher. NASA estimates its
total cost at $50 million, but thus far
has asked Congress to approve only a
little over $10 million. The highest
funding rate for ERC is expected in
FY '66.
The two major facilities planned
for the Electronics Research Center in
FY '65 include an electronic components
laboratory, with a total request of $3.2
million, and the qualification and stand-
ards laboratory.
The component facility will be used
for study, research and design of elec-
trical components in the areas of solid-
state technology, materials, vacuum
devices and electro-mechanical com-
ponentry.
Almost $1.2 million of the total will
be spent on the actual construction of
the facility. Equipment for the labora-
tory will cost an additional $1.9 mil-
lion, including component fabrication.
$734,000; laboratory analytical equip-
ment, $319,000; test equipment, $100,-
000; and glass technology equipment,
$204,000.
Construction of the qualification and
standards laboratory will cost $746,000.
• Standards need explained — The
space agency told Congress the lab is
necessary because it has experienced
major difficulties in obtaining electronic
components, subsystems and systems
meeting the high standards of quality
and reliability necessary for use in the
space environment.
It further contended that costly re-
design delays, flight failures and con-
fusion and waste in the space electronics
industry result from the lack of a com-
mon set of component specifications
and standards.
The laboratory, it said, will handle
component qualification testing, design
criteria for electronics and guidance
elements and component reliability en-
gineering. About $2.2 million will be
spent for special equipment for it.
The two other building items in the
FY '65 budget request for the new re-
search center are an engineering and
administration building at a cost of
$1.85 million and center support facil-
ities at a cost of $1.95 million.
• Higher equipment purchases — The
rising cost of equipping NASA's new
facilities stems from the completion or
near completion of the construction
phase.
At Cape Kennedy, Saturn V launch
complex No. 39 will be funded at a
level of $63.2 million, but equipment
costs will account for $57 million of
the total.
Some of the items that will be pur-
chased include propellant services, $23.4
million; communication, television and
cabling, $6.6 million; firing accessories,
$17.3 million; instrumentation, $5.8
million; and general support, $3.35 mil-
lion.
There will also be high equipment
costs at the Mississippi Test Facility.
Of the $5.7 million requested for com-
ponent service facilities, $3.2 million
is earmarked for equipment purchases.
The Saturn V first-stage test stand
has a project cost of $20.3 million in
FY '65 with equipment costs estimated
at $8.3 million.
Cost of the second-stage test stand
is $20.5 million, with equipment re-
quirements of $12 million. It includes
instrumentation, control and communi-
cations systems, adaptation hardware,
high-pressure water system, high-pres-
sure gas system, helium cold gas system
and stage checkout and storage sys-
tem. ■
18
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
FY '65 manned program plans . . .
NASA Testifies That Rogallo Wing
Is Probably Dead in Gemini Program
by Heather M. David
THE MUCH-TRUMPETED Ro-
gallo wing paraglider is now almost
definitely out of the Gemini program,
unless a real need is established in Air
Force studies now under way for
NASA.
Manned spaceflight head Dr. George
P. Mueller and Gemini director George
M. Low told the House Manned Space-
flight Subcommittee chaired by Rep.
Olin Teague (D-Tex.) the paraglider is
not now a part of the Gemini schedule.
Low admitted to the committee that
present plans are that "all normal re-
coveries will be water."
The original plan for the Gemini
series was that some land recoveries
would be made with the use of the
paraglider. The system is still in the
development stage at North American
Aviation, and is expected to be com-
pleted at about the time of the last two
Gemini flights. However, Mueller said
that "it will be available but not neces-
sarily scheduled."
If the system proves itself "very
well," Low said, it could be phased in
for the last two flights. In addition, the
unit would be used if the study now
being pursued by the Air Force deter-
mines that a precision landing will be
necessary.
• Gemini research — Fifteen experi-
ments have been selected for early
Gemini spaceflights and have been re-
ferred to the Gemini Program Planning
Board.
Nineteen Dept. of Defense experi-
ments are planned thus far, of which
seven have been confirmed by techni-
cal feasibility studies. NASA has re-
ceived proposals for 90 scientific ex-
periments, and eight have been recom-
mended to GPPB. Seven more have been
chosen for further study.
Mueller, NASA's Manned Space-
flight Administrator, outlined these
Gemini plans to the House Science and
Astronautics Committee:
—Flight No. 1— March, 1964. An
unmanned orbital flight — about 87-mile
perigee and 161-mile apogee — to dem-
onstrate the structural integrity of the
spacecraft and launch vehicle, and
make measurements of the launch vehi-
cle. No recovery. Flight 1A can be
flown if more flight information is
needed.
— Flight No. 2 — Summer, 1964. An
unmanned, full systems test, on a
ballistic trajectory with maximum alti-
tude of 87 nautical miles. It should last
about 19 minutes and have a range of
I, 850 miles, and utilize water recovery.
— Flight No. 3 — The first two-man
flight. Three orbits, with controlled re-
entry. This flight may include NASA's
Experiment No. POISE (Panel on In-
flight Scientific Experiments) 74 — Sy-
nergistic Effect of Radiation and Zero
G on White Blood Cells, and POISE
80 — Sea Urchin Egg Growth.
— Flight No. 4 — Four-day manned
flight, to investigate effects of prolonged
spaceflight on the astronuats. Experi-
ments may be: DOD 1: Visual defini-
tion of objects in space; DOD 8, visual
definition of terrestrial features; DOD
II, radiation measurements; POISE 43,
synoptic weather photography; POISE
92, synoptic terrain photography. Pre-
liminary phases of extravehicular ac-
tivity such as cabin depressurization and
opening the hatch may also be investi-
gated during this flight. Spacecraft is
initially injected into 87-by-l 61 -nautical
mile orbit, then circularized at 161
nautical miles.
— Flight No. 5 — Seven-day orbital
flight at 161 nautical miles. Further ef-
fort in extravehicular activity and ren-
dezvous evaluation exercises with the
rendezvous pod (an Agena D boosted
24 hours earlier). Experiments planned
are: DOD 4, passive infrared; DOD
N-l, Astronaut visibility; and DOD 2
and 9 (classified). NASA experiments
are POISE 41, visual acuity; POISE 42,
cloud top altitude spectrometer; POISE
49, airglow horizon photography;
POISE 12, zodiacal light photography.
Other experiments are being formu-
lated by the Manned Spacecraft Center.
Mueller also said that both NASA and
DOD were interested in a series of au-
tonomous navigation experiments to see
how the astronauts perform with close
control from the ground.
The House Space Committee, at a
session chaired by Rep. Teague, closely
questioned whether it was wise to have
classified experiments in the Gemini pro-
gram in view of their effect on interna-
tional tracking station relations, and the
general impression of the program.
Mueller reported that DOD has agreed
to declassify these experiments and will
report them soon.
Gemini astronauts will be equipped
with two-way voice communication, an
oral thermometer, impedance pneumo-
graph and a blood-pressure measuring
system, Mueller said. A new miniature
biomedical recording system has been
developed and is now being integrated
with an electro-encephalograph. In ad-
dition, work was begun on studying
how to monitor extravehicular activity.
During Fiscal Year 1965 in the
Gemini program, Mueller said, NASA
will have six spacecraft delivered and
four in production; four Titan launch
vehicles delivered; one Atlas target
launch vehicle delivered and four in
production; one Agena target vehicle
delivered and four in production.
The Manned Spaceflight chief char-
acterized the year 1963 as "quite
frankly, one of development head-
aches," but said that the program is now
largely over the development hump.
• Apollo status — During FY 1965.
NASA will have six flight-configured
spacecraft for ground test delivered,
along with the last three developmental
spacecraft; completed four production
spacecraft for flight test; begun fabri-
cation of 12 production spacecraft; de-
livered three lunar excursion modules
for ground test; completed eight Little
Joe II launch vehicles; launched Saturn
I SA-7, 8 and 9; completed first Saturn
IB; started fabrication of all stages for
five Saturn IB's and fabricated Saturn
V ground test and flight stages, and de-
livered first F-l and 1-2 flight engines.
Mueller said that during the fiscal
year four new F-l engines would be
built and 12 F-l engines rebuilt to sus-
tain the engine development test pro-
gram. Seven new J-2's would be built
and 14 rebuilt. ■
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
21
For the frozen frontiers:
a family of steels to which zero means nothinc
Strange things happen in the world of ultracold. Some metals get stronger bu
sometimes so brittle they shatter like glass. Others become superconductor.'! i
The load-carrying capacity of some fluctuates wildly. Material selection, in thi i
strange Pandora's Box world, must depend on carefully accumulated perform !
This 56-ft.-long absorber unit is fabricated of
A212 steel plate, popular for services requir-
ing notch toughness down to — 50F.
ASTM A201 and A212:
for many years the
only low-temperature
steels available
These two carbon steel grades are
widely used for a variety of applications
requiring notch toughness down to
— 50F, such as refrigerated vessels for
the storage of liquid propane or am-
monia.
ASME allowable design stresses (%
tensile) are 15,000 psi for A201 Grade
B and 17,500 psi for A212 Grade B
steels.
Both grades are available in flange
or firebox qualities. When specified to
meet the impact requirements of
ASTM A300 to -50F, the plates may
be furnished in the normalized or nor-
malized and stress-relieved condition
to meet the minimum requirements for
the specific application.
This mark tells you a product is made
of modern, dependable Steel.
USS "T-l" Steel's excellent notch toughness,
high strength, and weldability permit high
working stresses in low temperature service.
USS "T-T" Steel: can
cut pressure vessel
weight up to 50%
USS "T-l" Steel combines great
strength (100,000 psi min. yield
strength) , weldability, and low-temper-
ature toughness (15 ft. -lb. min. Charpy
keyhole at — 50F). It is particularly
suited for highly stressed pressure ves-
sels operating at temperatures down to
— 50F, tank trucks for hauling LP gases,
and welded lightweight structures.
Present allowable ASME stress for
"T-l" Steel is 28,750 psi for plates up
to 2" thick. In non-Code vessels, "T-l"
Steel has been used at allowable stress
levels as high as 50,000 psi.
In a series of dramatic burst tests,
USS "T-l" Steel vessels withstood in-
ternal hydraulic pressures up to 2850
psi at about — 45F before bursting,
equivalent to a circumferential stress of
136,000 psi. Another series of "T-l"
vessels, refrigerated to about — 45F and
pressurized to 1875 psi, were tested to
destruction by impact from a 13-ton
ingot dropped successively from 52, 73,
and 101 feet. An impact energy of
nearly 2,700,000 ft. -lbs. was required to
rupture the vessel.
This 2'4% nickel steel static altitude te;
chamber operates at temperatures rangin
from -65F to 500F.
USS 21% Nickel Steel:
down to -75 F
2x/4% nickel steel has been used wide!
for tanks, vessels, and piping handlin
liquid propane and other liquefied gase
at temperatures down to — 75F. It ha
been used particularly by the ehemiea
industry for process and containmen
vessels. Specialized uses include equip
ment such as static altitude test cham
bers operating at temperatures as lov
as — 65F to simulate 75,000 ft. heights
2V4% nickel steel is governed bi
ASTM A203, Grades A and B. Grade E
is most widely used because of its allow
able design stress of 17,500 psi comparee
to 16,250 psi for Grade A.
These steels are also covered bj
SA-203 of the ASME Boiler and Pres
sure Vessel Code.
nee data. We have a wealth of such data at United States Steel, plus compar-
tive design studies, that will make your material problems easier. Ask for a USS
ryogenics specialist by calling our nearest sales office, or writing United States
Iteel, Room 6835, 525 William Penn Place, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230.
>n-stress-relieved 9% nickel steel vessel
is refrigerated to — 320F, pressurized to
ilure— at four times ASME allowable stress.
>te ductile manner of failure.
ISS 9% Nickel Steel:
xcellent strength
nd notch toughness
own to -320 F
eveloped, tested, and proven for cryo-
mic service, 9% nickel steel offers a
.re combination of high yield strength,
ughness, and weldability. It is partic-
arly suited for large-tonnage oxygen
•oducing equipment, and for the trans-
irtation and storage of liquid methane,
;ygen, nitrogen, and argon. Because it
>esn't require stress relief after fabri-
ition in most shell thicknesses, it is a
itural for large field erected tanks and
ssels.
The ASME allowable working stress
23,750 psi (Code Case 1308) is more
an double that of 10,000 psi permitted
e aluminum alloy 5083-0. Plate thick-
;sses can be reduced to less than half
ose of aluminum with sizeable reduc-
Dns in cost per square foot.
Where strength is vital, 9% nickel
eel is a natural alternate for alumi-
im. Its ease of fabrication results in
ibstantial savings; data accumulated
i date suggest savings of at least 10%
final erected cost compared to alumi-
im vessels.
3V2% nickel steel wind tunnel simulates,
among other things, the frigid temperatures
of altitudes up to 16 miles and over.
USS 31% Nickel Steel:
used for land-based
facilities and
ocean-going tankers
Low carbon 3V£% nickel steel has been
used for land-based facilities for the
containment of liquid propane, carbon
dioxide, acetylene, ethane, ethylene and
other liquefied gases at temperatures
down to — 175F. Its excellent low-tem-
perature toughness makes it suitable
for use in shipboard tanks to transport
liquid ethylene. Its formability, also ex-
cellent, has resulted in its use for tanks,
vessels, piping, valves, fittings, heads,
and many other components.
nickel steel is covered by ASTM
A203 Grades D and E. Allowable design
stresses are 16,250 psi and 17,500 psi,
respectively. These steels are covered
under SA-203, ASME Boiler and Pres-
sure Vessel Code.
Type 304 stainless coil heat exchanger retains
strength, stability, and shock resistance in
cryopump operating at — 443F.
USS Type 304 Stainless
Steel: the #1 cryogenic
metal down to
absolute zero
The austenitic chromium-nickel stain-
less steels, 304 and 304L, are by far the
most popular metals for cryogenic serv-
ice down as low as — 459F. They are
used widely in liquid oxygen produc-
tion and storage, and the storage of
liquid hydrogen and liquid helium.
Wherever high purity is essential, such
as handling liquid missile fuels, stain-
less is a must because its surface re-
mains chemically clean and won't scale.
Type 304 stainless steel is easy to
weld and fabricate, doesn't require
stress relief after fabrication, and pos-
sesses high strength with excellent sta-
bility and shock resistance at very low
temperatures. Its allowable design stress
is 18,750 psi.
USS and "T-l" are registered trademarks.
United States Steel
At General Precision Aerospace this means "developing a
TOTAL capability for COMPLETE aerospace vehicle systems."
Throughout the last decade a large percentage of our in house
R&D and proposal efforts have been channeled in this direction.
It is easy to see that a target of these proportions is as val-
uable to the professional staff as it is to the company. It
means technical breadth at state-of-art levels for the indi-
vidual. It means growth in large system development and
management for the organization with attendant broadening
of sub-system and component capability.
Progress has been notable. The diversity of systems contract
awards held by General Precision Aerospace confirm the com-
pany's position as developer and systems manager of complex
and sophisticated defense and space programs.
A case in point is STAFF (Stellar Acquisition Feasibility Flight).
This is a new and comprehensive Flight Test Program for the
USAF Ballistic Systems Division. The hybrid celestial-inertial
guidance and control system to be tested was developed by
engineers and scientists of General Precision Aerospace. The
company is responsible for the guidance and control packages
and the structural sections containing them. The packaged
systems incorporate a Star Angle Comparator prototype. Forth-
coming tests will provide data on the performance of the star
tracker in the boost phase and also in the space environment.
OPENINGS EXIST ON
"STAFF" AND NEW APPLICATIONS
OF THIS CONCEPT FOR
OTHER ADVANCED AEROSPACE
GUIDANCE PROGRAMS
Qualified professionals are invited
to consider these openings at In-
termediate and senior levels:
GUIDANCE SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Project management including ser-
vo loop analysis and design speci-
fications for sub-systems such as
stable platform, airborne digital
computer, star tracker, and gyro
performance requirements. Task
will be in both terrestrial and celes-
tial modes in connection with land
and sea deployment.
FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
Adaptive and optimal flight control
systems analysis and design for
mobile missile. Duties are con-
cerned with aerodynamics stability,
surface loading, re-entry energy management, control sys-
tems simulations and servo feed-back control techniques.
SYSTEMS DEFINITION AND INTEGRATION
Study and define performance requirements of variety of
guidance and control sub-systems and establish criteria upon
which interface specifications are prepared. Particular em-
phasis is given to systems analysis of special purpose air-
borne digital computer and programming.
FIELD FLIGHT TEST
Conduct on-site flight-testing of prototype stellar-inertial guid-
ance systems. Requires field experience with knowledge of
inertial guidance equipment. (Location is Cape Kennedy, Flor-
ida with training in Little Falls, N. J. to begin.)
TELEMETRY- INSTRUMENTATION
Plan and design airborne missile PCM telemetry and data
reduction instrumentation systems for flight test programs.
Direct experience in FM/FM telemetry ground station oper-
ation and data reduction required.
FLIGHT TEST ANALYSIS
Create and design flight and sled test programs for ballistic
missiles and analyze system performance data.
ELECTRO-OPTICAL
Design and analysis of electro-optical instruments for integra-
tion in stellar-inertial guidance systems. Requires knowledge
of astro-sensors in digital data handling and signal processing
devices.
FLOATED GYROS
D&D of floated rate, integrating rate, airbearing gyros for use
in inertial navigation systems for missiles and space vehicles
utilizing fluid and gas dynamics techniques.
INERTIAL PLATFORMS
D&D of advanced inertial platforms for use in navigation sys-
tems for missiles and space vehicles.
ELECTRONICS SYSTEMS
Management position for engineering projects in areas of
transistorized AC & DC computer circuits; high accuracy feed-
back amplifier design; operational amplifiers; analog computer
and instrumentation system organization and design. A strong
background in circuit and feed-back control essential.
ENGINEERING ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Analysis & design of advanced plat-
forms, accelerometers and gyro
packages. Experience in thermal,
stress, or vibration analysis for ad-
vanced stable platforms and refer-
ence sub-systems. Background in
stability and error analysis as well
as servo amplifier and loop analysis.
ANALOG-DIGITAL CONVERSION
& COMPUTATION
Analysis and design of all electronic
solid-state A/D and D/A converters;
digital integrators, and hybrid com-
puting equipment. Strong advanced
circuit background necessary with
knowledge in system analysis, digi-
tal logic, precision pulse generation
and switching, multiplexers, digital
and analog storage techniques,
high speed sampling & sampled
data theory.
RESEARCH ENGINEER -
GYRODYNAMICS
To develop advanced inertial devices. Requires a strong the-
oretical background in analytical mechanics and servo theory.
MS-ME or Physics with 8-10 years' experience in acoustics,
fluid mechanics and device technology.
ELECTRONIC CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTATION
Design and application of closed servo loop control systems
and instrumentation networks for testing procedures for ex-
treme environments of advanced inertial navigation systems.
DIGITAL SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
System application and utilization of real time airborne digital
computers for stellar-inertial guidance systems. Major tech-
nical task responsibilities in preliminary digital computer logic
and circuit design. Evaluation of computer development and
vendor technical techniques.
ADDITIONAL OPENINGS IN SUCH AREAS AS:
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS / ADVANCED PROGRAMS - PROGRAM
MANAGERS AND SENIOR STAFF ENGINEERS / SCIENTIFIC
PROGRAMMERS - COMPUTATION
Write Val Metelsky at General Precision Aerospace, Dept. 13-H, 1150 McBride Avenue, Little Falls, New Jersey.
K]H[£^[L I KEARFOTT DIVISION
[p[MI©0©0®R!]
^HDS©©[P£i©[l
GENERAL PRECISION, INC.
GPL DIVISION
SYSTEMS DIVISION
RESEARCH CENTER
An Equal Opportunity Employer
Circle No. 9 on Subscriber Service Card
Technical Countdown
ELECTRONICS
IBM Perfects Laser Amplifier
An experimental gallium arsenide device has amplified
laser signals more than 1,000 times their original strength
in lab demonstrations at IBM's Federal Systems Div. The
amplifier, as described in the current Applied Physics Letters,
amplifies and filters a beam from an injection laser light
source. The device will now permit detection of laser sig-
nals with simple heterodyne equipment. The frequency of the
narrower laser spectrum is more stable. The relatively noise-
free amplifier can replace photomultiplier tubes used as
light detectors in laser experiments.
Thermal Plots of Integrated Circuits Derived
To aid circuit designers, a technique for computing tem-
perature distributions in integrated circuits, using an IBM
7094, has been developed at Autonetics, a division of North
American Aviation. The active surface of a chip is resolved
to about 0.002 in., and the simulation provides temperature
data on 11,000 points in one circuit. About 100 punched
cards specify the electrical and geometric characteristics of
the active surface. Isotherm drawings displayed on a cathode
ray tube is one form of output available.
TIMMS Function Through Neutron Blast
A linear ac amplifier made up of General Electric
Thermionic Integrated Micro Modules (TIMMs) functioned
through a burst of 10" nvt at 107 R/sec. in the Sandia
Pulsed Reactor Facility with only a slight negative dc shift
near the peak of the burst. Test signal through the amplifier
was a 100-kc sine wave. Made up of 6 triodes, 8 diodes and
19 resistors, the amplifier recovered completely 60 micro-
seconds after the burst. J. Hannabach and D. D. Mickey of
GE predict reliable circuit performance for the TIMM con-
cept up to lO1* nvt. They say one company with a radiation-
hardened computer contract from the Air Force is consider-
ing use of TIMM devices at levels between 1018 and 1021 nvt.
Electro-Optical Monitor Delivered
A three-axis electro-optical monitoring system developed
by Chrysler Corp. Missile Division has been turned over to
the Navy's BuShips. The classified instrument measures rota-
tion about three orthogonal axes with one light beam to an
accuracy of one arc second. Aimed at continuous alignment
and other metrology functions, the high homogeniety of
the light beam allows lateral movement of the monitored
subject without affecting accuracy. The device's angular
range is independent of distance, and it does not use the
movement of an image to measure rotation.
Green Laser Set For Underwater Work
A coherent green light source perfected by the Laser
Systems Center of Lear Siegler will be used by researchers
at the Naval Ordnance Lab, Silver Spring, Md., for under-
water and photochemical experiments. Present red light
laser systems are not as applicable to underwater activities
as the green light. The green light is generated by projecting
an output beam from a neodymium-doped glass laser into a
non-linear crystalline material. The second harmonic of
the laser output is physically generated within the crystal
with a conversion efficiency of better than 20% . Beam width
is approximately 1 milliradian. More than 100 kw of coher-
ent radiation with a bandwidth of 10 angstroms centered
at 5,300 angstroms has been observed.
IC Radiation Sensitivity Related to Complexity
Complex integrated circuits are more sensitive to gamma
radiation than simple integrated circuits, report R. W.
Marshall and E. P. Mitchell, Nucleonics division, Hughes
Aircraft Co., Fullerton, Calif. Some circuits are susceptible
to doses as low as 108 R/sec. Thin-film active devices are
not affected by dose rates of 10s R/sec, they say, predicting
that such devices will be available for nuclear radiation
applications within one or two years.
MATERIALS
Giant Quantum Effect in Superconductivity
Ford Motor Co. scientists report observing a macro-
scopic quantum system formed by the interference between
wavelike properties of electrons flowing between two super-
conductors. The system obeys the laws of quantum theory
but it extends over a distance of 3.5 mm — a rare effect.
The wave properties interfere with each other constructively
and destructively, resulting in current fluctuations. The Ford
work is the first experimental verification of the theoretical
picture of superconductivity being a single quantum state
of very large extent postulated by the late Prof. Fritz
London 20 years ago. The effect may produce a whole new
family of solid-state devices. A current amplifier has already
been constructed by Ford scientists at the company's scien-
tific lab at Dearborn, Mich.
Irish Silica Hits Market
A new green silica insulation material — "Irish" Refrasil
— extends the silica fiber heat range significantly, say its
developers at H. I. Thomspon Fiber Glass Co. The green
and regular Refrasil materials have essentially the same
physical properties, but the Irish cousin can handle 2,800° F
for prolonged periods, has a reduced char rate and shows
improved resin absorption and wetting-out characteristics.
Irish Refrasil is available in limited quantity lots of cloth,
batt, random fiber, cordage, yarn and sleevings.
Gelatin Studied as Rigidizing Agent
The Aeronautical Systems Division's Aero-Propulsion
and Materials Laboratories at Wright-Patterson AFB are
looking at gelatin as a rigidizing substance for space ma-
terials. ASD found that it has a tensile strength of 17,000
to 21,000 psi for films 40 mils thick, comparing favorably
to the highest strength plastic. When combined with fiber-
glass cloth, it has flexural strength as high as 80.000 psi. In
a recent test, ASD engineers produced a pyramid of fiber-
glass cloth layers impregnated with gelatin, and hydraulically
pressed at approximately 150 psi. Permanent antifreeze,
which had been used as a plasticizer, evaporated in the
vacuum chamber and the pyramid became rigid at 150,000
ft. altitude.
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
25
space electronics
Acceptance Testing Under Way
On Honeywell Apollo Flight Display Unit
THE APOLLO all-attitude flight-
display prototype is undergoing accept-
ance testing at Honeywell's Military
Products facility in Minneapolis, Minn.
The 1 1 .9-lb. instrument provides inte-
grated displays covering seven space-
craft operating modes.
Contained in a 7 x 7% x 9% in.
case, the Flight Director Attitude Indica-
tor (FDAI) will monitor the guidance
and navigation system and provide G&N
backup for manned maneuvers through
the stabilization and control system.
Several prototypes have been built
by Honeywell as a part of its Apollo
stabilization and control for North
American Aviation's Space and Infor-
mation Systems Division. Design for
the FDAI has been accepted and pro-
duction models are being built.
Prototypes are expected to undergo
environmental testing early this spring.
Honeywell's FDAI, designers dis-
closed, while not the ideal configuration,
does represent the closest practicable
approximation of all requirements im-
posed by human engineering on such
an indicator. With minimum compro-
mise on reliability and power consump-
tion, it was designed as a fully inte-
grated system within the constraints im-
posed by mechanical, electrical and
signal interface limitations.
• Functionally related — The FDAI
will be activated during the Apollo
launch phase in a monitor mode. Fol-
lowing launch, the display will be able
to present the pilot "all the parameters
necessary to visualize the spacecraft's
orientation in space with respect to a
meaningful reference frame," accord-
ing to one Honeywell spokesman.
All nine indicators are independ-
ently operated and energized, but all
are functionally related. In short, they
will permit the spacecraft pilot to de-
termine the control response required
directly, and thus perform or observe
spatial attitude changes without trans-
formation from display to control.
The seven operating modes (of the
spacecraft) include 1) G&N attitude
control, 2) stabilization and control
system (SCS) attitude control, 3) SCS
local vertical, 4) G&N, 5) delta V
(velocity change), 6) G&N and 7) SCS
entry.
Automatic attitude-control functions
of the G&N or SCS are displayed for
monitoring purposes in each of the
modes. Also, all the information neces-
sary to assist in performing manual con-
trol of spacecraft attitude is presented
continuously.
• FDAI indicators — Nine indica-
tors are provided by the FDAI: a 4Vi-
in. diameter gimbaled plastic sphere
that shows whole-angle attitude in euler
angles in three mutually perpendicular
axes (with respect to a specific frame
of reference); three attitude-deviation
pointers providing vehicular attitude
error, and command attitude in magni-
tude and direction in each perpendicu-
lar plane (aligned in either spacecraft
body or stability axes); and three atti-
tude rate indicators. The latter display
vehicle angular velocity about each per-
pendicular axis, aligned either in a
spacecraft body or pseudo-stability ref-
erence-frame configuration.
The small sphere in the display sym-
bolically represents the spacecraft's
orientation with respect to whatever
space-stable reference is selected (such
as the plane of the ecliptic).
On the transparent faceplate in front
of the ball, two index marks are super-
imposed representing the vehicle's body
and navigation axes.
The Apollo Command Module, be-
cause of its design, will be pitched
down 32 degrees during atmospheric re-
entry. Therefore, during this operating
period, the body axis index will be
located 32 degrees below the naviga-
tion-axis index.
As a graphic aid, the upper hemi-
by Charles D. LaFond
sphere of the sphere is white, the lower
black to indicate plus or minus eleva-
tion. The yaw angle range extends from
±90 degrees to —90 degrees; pitch and
roll angles vary from 0 to 360 degrees.
Heading values (with the white
hemisphere in the top position), printed
on the surface of the sphere, increase
to the right. Roll values are printed
on the rim of the case about the sphere,
increasing counterclockwise.
Red areas on the sphere indicate
dangerous maneuvers — such that gim-
bal lock of the stable platform might
occur.
The attitude deviation indicator
needles give a positive indication of
the maneuvers required (to zero the
needles).
• Background — In the summer of
1957, Honeywell recommended that a
study for an integrated flight attitude
indicator be conducted for the Apollo
program. At that time, the firm's engi-
neers had outlined those attributes of
ideal spacecraft orientation display.
These included the ability:
1) to interpret directly and readily
visualize orientation in space with re-
spect to a reference system having real
meaning to the pilot;
2) to determine directly control re-
sponses required to achieve orientation
changes with no required information
transformation from display to con-
trol;
3) to shift attention from element
to element within the display or from
the display as a whole to other displays
without requiring a change of set in
direction-of-motion interpretation, ref-
erence index interpretation or scale
change interpretation;
4) to operate in the frame-of -ref-
erence of all related equipment without
changing set;
5) to determine the status of and
monitor the system-orientation-sensing
equipment;
26
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
APOLLO Flight Director Attitude Indicator (FDAI) monitors guidance and navigation
system and provides G&N backup through stabilization and control system.
6) to easily read and interpret the
display at any orientation;
7) to capitalize on population
stereotypes and past-training biases for
configuration and direction-of-motion
relationships.
• Automatic, manual data similar
— Past experience with operator-con-
trolled attitude systems, according to
Honeywell, has indicated that the data
needs for manually operated systems
are similar to the information an auto-
matic control system requires in doing
the similar task — that is, the instrument
displays used by a pilot in flying con-
tain primarily the same information
used by an autopilot. The summed out-
put of an autopilot bridge or channel
provides the basis for a good signal for
a "quickened" display.
The pilot provides his own shaping,
gain and application logic to the infor-
mation before he actuates his controls.
Man can also substitute informational
sources and cross check elements for
consistency. When man is controlling
the system directly, the nature of the
display-control relationships plays a
major role provided the necessary in-
formation is present and the system is
within the operator's control band-
width.
In monitoring an automatic func-
tion, the astronaut is interested less in
the elements requiring control actions
than in the overall consistency of the
system signals. He will be evaluating
the information to make the decision to
take over manually, to stop an opera-
tion or to continue automatically. In
such a case, the cross-check of the error
signal and the attitude provides for
evaluating the SCS operation and the
system logic. A cross-check of the ve-
hicle rate and attitude provides infor-
mation for evaluating the reference sys-
tems.
Experience and numerous studies
have grouped space vehicle attitude re-
quirements into three categories; atti-
tude, attitude rate and attitude com-
mand or deviation from a desired atti-
tude. As these elements usually are
blended by an automatic control sys-
tem to produce a control signal, so the
information must be blended by the
astronaut via his visual and mental or-
ganizational capabilities.
The basic consideration in man's
case involves the question of whether
the man can interpret the information
to introduce his decisions and inputs
into the system correctly and within
time.
• Apollo concept — The analysis of
requirements and investigation of the
Apollo system's expected performance
brought Honeywell to the position that
the Mercury vehicle rate-attitude con-
cept was inadequate for Apollo, and a
new display concept was defined. The
new display concept is not a radical
change but does differ from previous
attitude indication systems.
Honeywell determined the Apollo
mission would require a pictorial pres-
entation. The principles governing the
choice of the primary attitude indica-
tor for A polio were :
1) It must provide adequate infor-
mation necessary to allow the astronaut
to control vehicle attitude in all manual
modes.
2) It must provide means of moni-
toring the adequacy of automatic SCS
operation and allow a simple transition
to manual or semi-automatic opera-
tions.
3) It must be capable of allowing
the astronaut to check the condition of
primary reference system and related
equipment.
4) The display concept chosen
must be capable of meeting the speci-
fied Apollo environmental conditions
and delivery schedule.
5) It should be compatible with
current operational procedures in high-
performance aircraft.
6) It should assist the astronaut to
minimize fuel consumption.
7) It should be flexible enough to
allow the astronaut to control to varied
degrees of accuracy and modes of oper-
ation.
The display system should be capa-
ble of handling anticipated changes in
requirements as well as the presently
defined operating envelope.
8) It should be acceptable to the
general using public.
A NASA study of retrograde firing
using the three-axis-ball and a Mercury-
type rate-attitude indicator showed that
pilots did better with the three-axis-ball
and preferred it.
• More demanding than Mercury
— The Mercury attitude-rate indicator
was just "adequate" for a reduced re-
quirement that was very precisely de-
fined.
Not only is the Apollo vehicle mis-
sion changing in nature and require-
ment, but it already has manual modes
more stringent than Mercury.
When employed with the Apollo
SCS, the FDAI will help monitor the
stabilization and control system execu-
tion of guidance and navigation system
commands and aid manual execution
in the event of most SCS failures. ■
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
27
MICROMOTOR injector built by Fox EXPLODED VIEW shows installation of line insert-type, fixed-area venturi in a
Valve, complete except for nozzle. standard flared tube connection. The unit fits directly in the line.
space support
Venturis Offer Test Stand Flexibility
Cavitating Venturis can regulate engine thrust
by 50:1 factor, serve as flow measure check
by John F. Judge
A series of commercially available
cavitating Venturis is providing a new
high in flexibility for rocket testing
facilities.
Developed to customer specifica-
tions by the Fox Valve Development
Co., variable geometry cavitating Ven-
turis have demonstrated an ability to
vary flow — and therefore thrust — well
over 50:1 range with fairly low energy
losses.
These Venturis, says Zola Fox,
president of the firm, impart into every
test stand an automatic check on flow
measuring equipment, act as a flow
limiter in event of a major failure, and
control the flow rate and mixture ratio
during start-up transients.
The devices even tend to reduce
tolerance requirements of pressurizing
tank regulators.
A cavitating venturi is a venturi-
shaped passageway in which the throat
area has been reduced such that the
velocity head at the throat equals the
total pressure head. Under these cir-
cumstances, fluid passing through the
throat flashes into vapor at the fluid
vapor pressure. Recondensation of the
fluid takes place in the divergent sec-
tion of the venturi with accompanying
deceleration of the fluid.
• No surface erosion — The word
cavitation is something of a misnomer
as applied to a cavitating venturi. Loss
of surface material such as occurs in
rotating equipment under "cavitating"
conditions does not take place in a cavi-
tating venturi. Fox Valve has pioneered
use of cavitating Venturis in cryogenics,
liquid metals, slurries and corrosive
media. In these applications, surface
erosion has not been noticeably ac-
celerated by the cavitation phenomena.
A cavitating venturi can be equated,
within a given flow system, to a fixed
area orifice exposed to a known up-
stream pressure and a fixed downstream
(vapor) pressure. Hence, for a venturi
of known throat area and a given fluid,
only one flow rate is possible for any
condition of feed pressure. Thus, the
cavitating venturi can be used as a
flow regulator by simply controlling feed
pressure. Or it can serve as a flow meter
if the feed pressure is recorded.
Maintenance of vaporization at the
throat depends on downstream condi-
tions and the recovery efficiency of the
venturi diffuser. Fox cavitating Ven-
turis have a recovery efficiency of 85
to 92% .
This means that if one of these
Venturis is installed in a 1,000-psi sup-
ply line, pressure restriction downstream
of the venturi can be varied from vapor
pressure of the fluid (usually negligible)
to 850-920 psi with absolutely no varia-
tion in flow. Note that the pressure drop
through the venturi is a minimum of
8 to 15% of the inlet pressure.
The stablilizing influence and flow
metering characteristics of such a de-
vice in feeding any sort of reaction
chamber is obvious. Perturbations in
reaction chamber pressures cannot be
reflected into the feed system. The ven-
turi acts as sort of a choke, damping
oscillations and yet continually con-
trolling flow.
Flow rates during transient start-ups
cannot exceed rated design flow even
though reaction chamber pressures are
momentarily off design values. Even
small oscillations in feed pressure are
reduced in importance inasmuch as sys-
tem flow is dictated by the square root
of feed pressures minus vapor pressure
— a large number — rather than a nu-
merically small differential pressure.
A cavitating venturi is not senstive
to gas slugging as are other flow meters
used in the handling of low density
cryogenic media. Quick flow measure-
ment of even liquid metals is possible
without elaborate instrumentation. An
extensive research program recently con-
ducted by Fox Valve has proven the
utility of these devices even with gelled
slurries having solidity in excess of
80% .
• Operation — Variation in the
throat area of a cavitating venturi is
accomplished by inserting a needle-
shaped pintle into the venturi throat.
The effective area of the venturi is an
annulus instead of a circular passage-
way. The pintle is either threaded into
the housing for manual adjustment of
area or is motivated axially by a re-
motely operated actuator. Pintle posi-
tion in a manually operated adjustable
28
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
Nuclear reactors for training and research
Lockheed-Georgia will design and install a training-
research reactor to your specific requirements. You
can choose from a wide range of power levels and
optional features. And we will help you plan your
entire nuclear facility, assist you in obtaining your
AEC reactor and operator licenses. First step: clip
and send the coupon for detailed folder.
Mr. Jack B. Hippler
Lockheed-Georgia Company, Nuclear Laboratory, Dept. 69-12
Marietta, Georgia
Dear Sir: Please send me your technical folder on
training and research reactors.
name —
firm or school
title —
city zone state
CAPABILITY
Complete architect/design-
engineering services from feasi-
bility studies to site selection
through construction
supervision.
A CCOMPLISHMENT
Vitro has important design-
engineering assignments at the
Nuclear Rocket Development
Station and the Marshall Space
Flight Center. Test range en-
gineering activities date from
Eglin in 1951 to Sardinia in 1964.
CAPABILITY
Design, engineer, and produce
electronic and electro-
mechanical eguipment, instru-
mentation systems, and provide
electronic systems analysis for
test ranges.
ACCOMPLISHMENT
Vitro timing and data handling
eguipment and Nems-Clarke
telemetry receivers are pre-
dominant in the instrumentation
of many major test facilities.
CAPABILITY
Manage complex programs to
coordinate the work of many
contractors and help provide
effective weapon systems on
time and within budget.
A CCOMPLISHMENT
Vitro is the Navy's systems en-
gineering coordinator for the
Polaris missile system, for sur-
face missile ships and manages
other important programs.
VITRO CORPORATION OF AMERICA • Vitro Chemical Company • Vitro Electronics
Vitro Engineering Company • Vitro Laboratories • Vitro Services • and overseas subsidiaries
CAPABILITY
Operate and maintain test facil-
ities including central control,
data acquisition, instrumenta-
tion, data handling, simulation.
A CCOMPLISHMENT
Vitro operates and maintains
test facilities and complex
instrumentation systems at
Eglin for the Air Force . . .
at Huntsville for NASA.
CAPABILITY
Provide other technical services
such as value engineering, data
processing, personnel training,
documentation and manuals.
ACCOMPLISHMENT
Vitro provides training for per-
sonnel, information manage-
ment services, data processing
and test evaluation on a number
of important DOD and NASA
programs.
At Vitro, test range expertise
is a result of eighteen years of
accomplishment. Broad ca-
pabilities in surface and
underwater facilities are es-
tablished. Vitro management
can provide support to test
range projects and programs
that is unmatched in the field.
For information contact:
Frank B. Jewett, Jr., President,
Vitro Corporation of America,
261 Madison Ave., New York
10016. Tel: (212) 682-5700.
1^
TO
Circle No. 11 on Subscriber Service Card
©AMPEX CORP. 1964
Will your next instrumentation recorder turn out to be one of these?
Not if it's an Ampex. We've made more instrumentation
recorders than anybody else in the world. And none
of our customers has ever found himself with a white
elephant on his hands. The first recorder we ever made
—the recorder that pioneered the industry— is still in
service. And right from the start we've held to the idea
that no matter how good a recorder is, it's only as
good as the backup service of the company that made
it. We've built up the largest staff of Service Engineers
in the industry, and stationed them in practically every
major city in the world. We have Contract Engineers
who work full-time in customer installations. And these
people are backed up by a corps of Technical Service
Engineers. We have a Training Division, a full-time
staff of instructors who'll give your people a thorough
Ampex
course in operation and maintenance of our equipment
—either at one of our plants or on-the-job. Our Parts
and Service Division stocks parts for every recorder
we ever made and has depots all over the world. Our
Engineering Division provides modernization kits which
make it possible to incorporate new advances into
older machines. And no matter how old a recorder is,
our Service Laboratory can give it a new lease on life.
Backup services like these don't get mentioned on spec
sheets (they can't be specified). But they're the invalu-
able extra that can mean the difference between a wise
investment and a white elephant. How many companies
offer you this kind of service? You can count them on
one finger of one hand: Ampex Corporation, Redwood
City, California. Term financing and leasing available.
Circle No. 12 on Subscriber Service Card
UPSTREAM PRESSURE MINUS VAPOR PRESSURE (P„-P„) P.S.I.A.
5 1J0 20 60 TOO 20Q 500 1000 2QOO 4QOO
-2000
•200 £
5 10 20 50
AP (PRESSURE DROP) P.S.I.
100 200 300
PRESSURE DROP and cavitation characteristics of Fox venturi valves.
area venturi is readily established ex-
ternally by use of a micrometer. Remote
operated units require a potentiometer
or other electrical position indicator.
Prior to installation, the adjustable
venturi is carefully water-flow cali-
brated over the full range of pintle
positions. Water-flow data is readily
converted to any propellant.
In rocketry, adjustable area ven-
turies have two outstanding applications.
The most frequent application to date
has been on the rocket test stand. The
upcoming host of applications concerns
throttling rocket engines of wide flow
rangeability.
In test stand use, the adjustable
area venturi is usually installed semi-
permanently downstream from the main
propellant (test stand) supply valve.
When a given rocket engine is installed,
the pintle is preset to maintain desired
flow rate at the specified feed pressure.
The venturi serves to check flow
meter readings and will limit flow rate
to nominal values. Injector pressure
drop, uncertainties in engine perform-
ance and other variables will not pre-
clude operation at desired flow and
mixture ratio levels.
A remote operated adjustable area
venturi for throttling engines is a
"hard" flow controller. Once set, it will
maintain thrust level constant. When
linked so both oxidizer and fuel units
are motivated in unison, positive mix-
ture ratio over a full thrust range can
be achieved. Many throttling adjustable
area venturies are in development cover-
ing both large and small variable thrust
engines.
Fox cavitating Venturis have no
moving parts — unless adjustable — and
can be fabricated from any machineable
material. There are no known limits of
application, says Fox, and the devices
have been used in both cyrogenic and
liquid metal areas. Current cavitating
90
70
H
Z
111
O 50
a.
ui
a.
30
% VENTURI
— nrpriv/cnv ' —
N
f\
%
v-
FL
ow
10 30 50 70 90
PER CENT FULL STROKE
OF PINTLE
VARIATION IN flow rate and venturi per-
formance as function of pintle position.
Venturis are being made with throat
sizes ranging from 0.0135 to 4 in.
• Valving applications — Cavitating
Venturis as developed by the firm offer
unique advantages to propellant flow
control problems in aerospace tech-
nology, says Fox.
Once systems planners recognize the
merits of these devices, he adds, further
engineering advantages accrue. A cavi-
tating venturi represents the smallest
possible aperture in a fluid flow system.
If the flow system requires a shut-
off valve, the logical point for this
would be at the venturi. Fox says a
1.5-in. line having a cavitating venturi
with a throat diameter of about 0.25
in. may be opened and closed with a
0.25-in. valve, an 8-in. line may be
opened and closed with a 2.5-in. valve,
and a small 0.25-in. line size attitude
control valve may operate with a valve
normally used to open and close a
0.25-in. orifice.
Drastic weight savings, improve-
ments in reliability, reduction in leak-
age potential and power requirements
are realized.
Fox-designed venturi valves have
proven adaptable to various special re-
quirements. The concept lends itself to
relief valving, sequencing and discon-
nect valving.
The valve consists of a pilot-operated
shut-off valve seating at the throat of a
carefully contoured venturi section. Line
pressure itself is used to actuate the
valve open or closed. A single, small
electrical solenoid or toggle-type manual
valve is sufficient to pilot valves at ex-
tremely high pressures.
The design eliminates actuating
shafts, rods and bellows extending
through the outside wall of the valve —
making the unit ideal for any type of
jacketing. The maximum outer diameter
of the Fox valve is practically the same
as the line size. The major portion of
the valve is actually smaller than line
size. The need for an efficient diffuser
makes the Fox valve somewhat longer
than other types of valves.
The basic valve consists of a con-
vergent-divergent passageway with a
simple, spring-loaded poppet seated at
the venturi throat. Pressure applied at
the valve inlet exterts a seating force
on the poppet in the same direction as
the spring — assuring complete valve
closure and effective sealing.
The sealing capabilities of the Fox
Venturi valve result from the small
size of the seat relative to line size and
the simple, self-aligning poppet. In ad-
dition, there is no relative rotation of
seating surfaces — eliminating abrasion.
Since the moving parts of the valve
are relatively small and light, rapid re-
sponse is readily obtained. Response,
says Fox, is a function of operating
pressure-throat contraction ratio. ■
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
33
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Circle No. 10 on Subscriber Service Card
DR. SAENGER in exclusive interview.
Saenger's Final Interview with M/R
Last summer, Missiles and Rockets
interviewed Dr. Eugen Saenger at his uni-
versity office in West Berlin. He was then
professor of astronautics at the Technical
University of Berlin, a post he assumed in
March, 1963. We asked about his current
research on recoverable launch vehicles
and about the role he played in Egyptian
rocket development. This article, based on
the interview, was delayed pending Dr.
Saenger's sending some technical data and
photographs about his steam-rocket
launcher. Dr. Saenger died early this
month. Thus we publish what were proba-
bly his last words to the press about some
of the problems of astronautics, about an
aerospace plane and about his beliefs con-
cerning Egyptian rocketry and the men be-
hind it.
West Berlin — During World War
II, Dr. Saenger and Dr. Irene Bredt, a
mathematician who later married Dr.
Saenger, wrote a lengthy report for the
German High Command recommending
development of an antipodal bomber.
It was to skip halfway around the Earth
on the upper fringes of the Earth's at-
mosphere— traveling like a flat stone
skimming across the surface of a lake.
The proposed airplane was to be
ground-launched by a rocket-powered
sled that would catapult the bomber
into the air at 500 meters per second,
achieved at the end of a straight 2-kil-
ometer track.
When Saenger submitted the report,
the military situation in Germany was
by William Seller
too desperate for the idea to be consid-
ered. Classified "State Secret," it reached
allied hands after the war.
• Soviet kidnap fails — The Soviets,
intrigued by the idea of a round-the-
world bomber, sought to kidnap Saen-
ger, but the agents selected to do the
job — one of whom was Stalin's son —
seemingly were more interested in Saen-
ger's domicile, Paris, than in the scien-
tist.
The United States later adopted Sa-
enger's aerodynamic ideas — for the de-
sign of the Dyna-Soar. However, the
rocket-sled launch was replaced by a
Titan III booster.
At the time of the Saenger interview,
the U.S. Department of Defense was
considering cancelling the Dyna-Soar
program. Saenger said he was "upset
there is so much discussion in your
country concerning the scientific and
technical significance of Dyna-Soar. We
consider development of such a craft
of tremendous importance."
Going into the matter further, Saen-
ger explained he was working closely
with Eurospace, a European organiza-
tion of about 200 companies with the
common goal of bringing missile/ space
business to the continent. "I am assisting
a German group within Eurospace in
looking into the economics of space
transportation. We are considering re-
usable vehicles. Dyna-Soar is assumed
to be the necessary first step."
• Prophesied Dyna-Soar revival —
Saenger said that if Dyna-Soar were
cancelled (which it was late in 1963),
someone would have to re-institute it.
"We consider it essential to develop an
aerospace plane able to lift off from
Earth, go up to orbit in the form of an
airplane with wings, return like the
Dyna-Soar along a glide path to Earth
and land like an airplane so it can be
re-used," he said.
For the aerospace plane itself, "my
personal opinion favors a one-stage ve-
hicle," he said, "if we can get a high-
energy motor with a specific impulse of
about 450 seconds, such as with hydro-
gen/oxygen propellants. We are trying
to see if we can get a motor from the
U.S. or must develop one ourselves. The
question is completely open now."
The chemical rocket-sled idea for
launching an aerospace plane into space
was modified by Saenger into a steam-
rocket sled. "We are looking into the
structural framework and hardware for
such a catapult," he said. "It could be
cheap to develop and use."
He said he had developed such a
steam rocket, which was on a test bench
at the Stuttgart Institute of Jet Propul-
sion Physics, where he had taught. "It
develops 30 tons of thrust. We ran hun-
dreds of tests on it. We would use it to
accelerate a stage to subsonic or perhaps
supersonic velocity." He said in this way
a two-stage aerospace vehicle could be
developed, with one stage never leaving
the ground.
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
35
Some veterans refuse to retire
Especially System D. Every time we
think of putting it out to pasture, it
claims another victory.
It all began shortly after World War II.
Since America was producing its first
operational jets, CEC was asked to de-
velop a signal conditioner that would
be compatible with the new pickups
of the time.
After what seemed like endless experi-
ments, with frustrations to match, we
finally perfected a vacuum tube signal
conditioner known as System D. Not
only could its power supply handle up
to 12 channels, it was so rugged, reli-
able and durable, it was virtually main-
tenance-free. Result: our customers
claimed we couldn't improve it even
if we wanted to.
Since then, 14 years have passed. CEC
is now offering solid-state signal condi-
tioners far advanced from any known
before. But System D, the indestruct-
ible old veteran, refuses to become
obsolete. In fact, it's now "calling the
signals" for some of America's newest
and biggest missiles — and doing it re-
markably well. It's never learned how
to do it any other way.
This is a specific case of how continuing
customer acceptance has established
CEC's leadership in the development
and production of all phases of data
recording.
It also explains why CEC maintains a
network of 22 sales and service offices
throughout the nation. To expedite
application engineering. To help train
customer personnel in the field of in-
strumentation. To make sure that every
product— new or old— remains compat-
ible with the latest and most advanced
techniques.
Circle No. 13 on Subscriber Service Card
CONSOLIDATED ELECTRODYNAMICS
A SUBSIDIARY OF BELL & HOWELL /PASADENA, CALIF. 91109
INTERNATIONAL SUBSIDIARIES: WOKING. SURREY, ENGLAND
AND FRANKFURT/ MAIN, GERMANY
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This chart will prove most valu-
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Chart shows 43 transducers
available for pressure, vib-
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Chart shows 11 basic
types and where they
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Chart shows 8 analog
and digital, recorder/
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CONSOLIDATED ELECTRODYNAMICS
A SUBSIDIARY OF BELL & HOWELL/ PAS A DEN A. CALIF. 91109
INTERNATIONAL SUBSIDIARIES: WOKING, SURREY, ENGLAND
AND FRANKFURTIMAIN. GERMANY
• Steam concept not new — Saenger
admitted that the idea of a steam rocket
is not new; in fact, "it's about 250 years
old." In Stuttgart, "the first experiments
began in 1956 and continued until
1961," he said. "At the beginning, we
had small thrusts — several hundred kilo-
grams. At the last installation, we
reached the 30-ton figure for about 10
seconds." For a flight launch, "we need
a short-time thrust of about 6 to 10
seconds in order to give a 2- to 3-g
acceleration."
Looking ahead at the propulsion
picture, Saenger said "the next full step
will be taken with the application of nu-
clear energy to rocket motors — of the
kind of the Rover system in which hy-
drogen is heated up by a fission reactor."
He said there is "a lot of interest in
Europe in this system, that is, research
interest. Eurospace would like to use
such a motor for European space vehi-
cles."
Hypersonic ramjets for space vehi-
cles "will be difficult to develop and will
take time, perhaps beyond the 1970's
and 80's," said Saenger. "I feel that
until we have solved the technical ques-
tions for such an engine, we perhaps
should go along with Rover."
• Saenger in Egypt — "I was asked
in the spring of 1960 by the Egyptian
government to give lectures at Cairo
University and help the country by do-
ing consulting work on meteorological
sounding rockets," the scientist said. "I
was told: 'The Israelis now have sound-
Background on Egyptian Rocketry
EGYPTIAN PRESIDENT Nas-
ser decided to build an Arab rocket
in the spring of 1960 when Israel
shot up its own meteorological
rocket. Today there is little question
that Egypt's Al Zafer and Al Kaher
missiles, now being produced in vol-
ume at the Heliopolis 333 plant near
Cairo, have any but military pur-
poses.
By making its own missiles,
Egypt insured itself against getting
obsolete armaments from the Soviet
Union. Egypt has already received
from Russia the SA-2 ground-to-air
antiaircraft missile, the same that
was in Cuba and probably the same
that shot down Powers' U-2; the air-
to-air ATOL normally supplied in
the fuselage of the MIG-21, an IR
heat-seeker of the Sidewinder type,
which Cuba did not have; and the
Komar, a ship-to-ship missile car-
ried by torpedo boats.
But Egypt was subject to the
slightest pressure from Russia as long
as Egypt could not turn out, at least
in part, some of its own armaments.
This situation led to Egypt's contact-
ing airplane designer Willie Messer-
schmitt for the development in Egypt
of the supersonic HA-300, a plane
designed to be the equal or superior
to the French-built Mirage IV, Is-
rael's hottest plane.
According to intelligence reports
gathered by Missiles and Rockets,
Egyptian army officers early in 1961
made contact with West German
rocket experts at Dr. Eugen Saenger's
office at the Institute of Jet Propul-
sion Physics in Stuttgart. Several of
these experts had worked at the
rocket complex at Peenemlinde dur-
ing World War II, and later, on
France's Veronique and Super-Ver-
onique rockets.
One of these men was Wolfgang
Pilz, who in April, 1960, sent a
memorandum to the Bonn govern-
ment and to European industrial or-
ganizations proposing construction
of a satellite launcher, which, he
claimed, would equal the perform-
ance of the launcher based on the
Blue Streak space booster, but cost
only one-quarter as much, about 100-
million DM ($25 million).
It is said that no answer was ever
received to this proposal, and the
rocket experts decided Europe was
no field for their talents and should
look elsewhere. Thus, when the
Egyptian query came, Pilz, who is an
expert on rocket fuels, and Paul-Jens
Georcke, an expert on guidance and
controls, were quick to negotiate and
leave for Africa. Hans Kleinwachter,
who joined the group somewhat la-
ter, is also an expert on guidance and
electronics.
Today, the three West German
scientists are presumably directing
operations in Egyptian rocketry, to
the embarrasment of the West Ger-
man government. These men, threat-
ened with loss of their West German
citizenship, have declared, according
to some witnesses, they would be-
come Egyptian citizens rather than
give up their work.
One note, consistently struck by
nearly every West German queried
about the German rocket experts
working for Nasser, was — "their
business is rocketry and if Germany
couldn't use them they had no choice
but to go elsewhere to earn their
living."
Circle No. 14 on Subscriber Service Card
37
The radiation-resistance of
ROCKBESTOS wires and cables
is far out: up to 1012 Roentgens
Even in the heart of the Van Allen Belt where ionization ranges
from 10ft to 10u Roentgens, a Rockbestos construction defies radia-
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dustrial and nuclear application.
Six types are rated for 10'-' Roentgens: Micatemp, 3 Quartz Braid,
Firezone III, Phosroc II, and Phosroc III shielded and jacketed.
Other Rockbestos constructions range in radiation resistance from
10s Roentgens to 10" Roentgens.
In high temperature service from 800 F. to 2000 F., each is also
meeting rigid electrical requirements in aircraft and missiles. Send
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Division of CERRO CORPORATION • New Haven 4, Connecticut
ing rockets that can go up 200 kilo-
meters. We, too, would like sounding
rockets going up more than 200 kilo-
meters.'
"I saw no difficulty and consulted
with the Egyptians by visiting them
every two months with two of my col-
leagues: Wolfgang Pilz and Paul-Jens
Goercke. Later, another man, Hans
Kleinwaechter, joined the group in
Egypt.
"In the fall of 1961, my government
asked me to stop this work and I did.
My government also asked me to ask
my colleagues to stop and I did, but
they wouldn't," said Saenger.
In 1962 and 1963, Egypt paraded
and demonstrated its "home grown"
rockets. Press reports said they were
anti-Israeli missiles and Egyptian presi-
dent Gamal Abdel Nasser boasted they
could reach "a little south of Beirut,"
thus holding all of Israel in their kill
radius.
But Saenger affirmed that Pilz and
Georcke "are working on nothing else
but peaceful rockets." He explained:
"It's a rocket only for vertical launching
and liquid fuel. There is no guidance.
Although in principle the rocket could
be launched into an inclined flight, there
is no way of knowing with accuracy
where it will impact." The scientist
paused, then added, "So I can't imagine
how it would be used for military pur-
poses."
• Engines, planes in Egypt — Saen-
ger confirmed other reports that only a
few Germans are working on rockets
whereas 300 to 400 foreign technicians
— some Austrians, but mostly West Ger-
mans— "are developing turbojets and
airplanes." Located in a plant at Helio-
polis, a town near Cairo, "the engine
work is under the direction of Ferdi-
nand Brandner, an Austrian-born engi-
neer." Saenger said he had no details
about the airplane development.
He maintained, "The Egyptians are
eager to develop the industry of their
country so that they can be one of the
leading industrial nations in Africa." He
said, "They have an extremely crowded
population. They have the problem of
maintaining life and they see possibility
(for growth) only in heavy industry.
They intend to sell the turbojets to other
countries."
Saenger would not discuss his dis-
missal from the Stuttgart Institute of Jet
Propulsion Physics, indicating it was an
experience too filled with remembrances
and emotions.
His last words to Missiles and
Rockets were a hope and a caution:
"There is a brilliant future for the world
as it goes into space. Yet the young peo-
ple do not know the difficulties of the
work. We should not promise them too
I much." ■
Circle No. 7 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
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Circle No. 16 on Subscriber Service Card
CHEYENNE MTN. area of NORAD's COC. Pike's Peak in background.
Agencies scramble for space . . .
Air Force Presses to Meet 1965 Date
For Operation at NORAD Hard Site
by Michael Getler
Colorado Springs, Colo. — Con-
struction of the North American Air
Defense Command's nuclear-hardened
Combat Operations Center (COC) deep
inside Cheyenne Mountain, near Pike's
Peak about seven miles southwest of the
present NORAD command post here,
has passed the halfway mark. The Air
Force now estimates that the huge com-
plex will become operational late next
year.
The program to ready the site, a
truly enormous undertaking during
which more than a million tons of earth
and granite were blasted and removed,
has slipped about six months thus far.
Total cost of the project is estimated
at $88.7 million.
Steelwork is either completed or in
progress on more than half of the 11-
spring-mounted steel buildings which
will provide some 170,000 sq. ft. of
floor space for the center's operations.
The NORAD COC is located roughly
at the 7,000-ft. level of the 9,440-ft.
Cheyenne Mountain. The heart of the
operating areas is burrowed about %
mile inside the mountain, with some
1,200-1,400 ft. of virtually solid granite
providing the natural roof above the
buildings.
• Elbowing begins — Despite the
huge dent made in the mountain's in-
nards, a scramble for floor space has al-
ready developed among various govern-
ment agencies and commands that will
have facilities in what NORAD officers
call "The Hole."
The Cheyenne Mountain site will
hold all that the current Colorado
Springs buildings contain and quite a
bit more. For example, in addition to
the new NORAD 425L command and
control system, the 496L Space Detec-
tion and Tracking System (SPADATS)
control center, Ballistic Missile Early
Warning System (BMEWS) inputs,
joint U.S.-Canadian aircraft and missile
air defense force status, SAC liaison,
Nuclear Detection System (NUDETS)
and National Warning System opera-
tions, it is currently planned to put a
major new 16,000-sq.-ft. Defense Com-
munications Agency facility into the
mountain, an Intelligence Data Han-
dling System, (reportedly a suborgani-
zation of the Defense Intelligence
Agency), a weather unit larger than
the current one at NORAD, and spaces
for the Federal Aviation Agency
(FAA) and DOT (Dept. of Transporta-
tion, the Canadian equivalent of FAA).
To prevent having each of these
agencies work independently on space
plans, a study group set up at the di-
rection of the Dept. of Defense is now
meeting here to cut everybody down to
size. The study is expected to be com-
pleted in about three months.
Eight of the COC buildings will be
three-storied structures and three will
be one and one-half stories. The spring
shock-mounts, 937 of which are used,
each weighs 1,500 lbs., is 4 ft. high
and 2 ft. wide, and is made of 3-in.-
dia. steel. The entrances to the two-
lane access tunnels (the site contains
some 3 miles of major tunnels) will be
sealed off by two 30,000-lb. steel blast
doors which form an airlock. Commu-
nications antennas serving the complex
and redundant multiple-path cabling also
are being hardened out to distances be-
lieved to be on the order of 30 miles for
the cabling.
While the job of opening up tun-
40
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
STEEL construction work proceeds on COC buildings beneath 1,400 ft. of granite.
nels as much as 45 ft. wide and 25 ft.
high for distances of hundreds of yards
is not considered to be pressing current
construction methods, workers at the
site believe that the excavation of the 45
x 60-ft.-high chambers and 60 x 60-ft.
tunnel intersections may represent some
of the largest of their kind ever con-
structed.
• Hardest yet — The complex, which
will house 250 men per 8-hr. shift
during normal operating conditions and
up to 750 persons in emergency situa-
tions, is designed to withstand anything
but a direct hit with a thermonuclear
weapon, the Air Force says, and to
provide survival capability of up to a
month for the staff.
Actual overpressures which the site
could survive are classified; however, as
one officer points out, it is in fact ex-
tremely difficult to assess the real hard-
ness of a site of this type. Whatever the
actual figures, the NORAD COC is
expected to represent a higher degree
I of protection from nuclear attack than
has ever before been achieved — pro-
viding a sharp contrast to the existing
above-ground headquarters here which
NORAD's former chief, USAF Gen.
Earl E. Partridge, said "one man with
a well-aimed bazooka shot could im-
mobilize."
Though the NORAD COC will be
the biggest and hardest site of its kind
in North America, it will not be the
first such complex. A much smaller ver-
sion of this type of facility has just been
placed into operation at NORAD's
SAGE (Semi- Automatic Ground En-
vironment) complex in North Bay, On-
tario. The Canadian facility has been
mentioned as a possible alternate com-
mand post should the Cheyenne Moun-
tain unit be disabled.
There are currently alternate com-
mand posts for the existing NORAD
headquarters, though the locations are
classified. The Air Force has reported
that the SAGE computers at these other
locations could handle the headquarters
function.
Construction of the new COC is su-
pervised by the U.S. Army's Corps of
Engineers. When completed, it will be
turned over to the Air Force's Air De-
fense Command, largest component of
the jointly run U.S.-Canadian NORAD,
which, in turn, will place it under the
control of Commander in Chief-
NORAD, currently USAF Gen. John
K. Gerhart. Deputy commander is Air
Marshall C. Roy Slemon, Royal Cana-
dian Air Force.
Above-ground testing of portions of
the 425L system also is now going on
here. This phase of the program is
aimed at enabling the equipment to be
checked out and moved into the site
very soon after construction is com-
pleted.
Burroughs Corp. is the systems hard-
ware contractor for 425L, which is de-
signed to provide a highly automated
high-speed computer and display com-
plex for CinC NORAD, allowing analy-
sis of sensor inputs and command
status. The system will use a Philco
2000 computer. Value of the Burroughs
award has been estimated at about $58
million, however total cost of the system
is expected to be much higher.
In addition to Burroughs, Mitre
Corp. is assisting the AF's Electronic
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are available in the following
important areas:
AEROSPACE &
SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Mechanical Engineers
Electronic Engineers
ADVANCED PROGRAMS
Preliminary Design
Operations Analysis
Propulsion
Space Mechanics
Trajectory Analysis
STRUCTURAL SCIENCES
Structural Analysis
Structural Design
Structural Heat Transfer
Mechanism Design
LABORATORY SCIENCES
Plastics— Engineers
Microwave— Engineers
Metallurgist
Minimum qualifications : B.S. De-
gree in Physics, E.E., M.E., A.E.,
or General Engineering required.
If you are willing to accept
challenging work assignments on
advanced vehicles and manned
spacecraft, we urge you to send
your resume to :
MR. B. B. BRADY
PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT
NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION, INC.
BOX 8308
TULSA, OKLAHOMA 74151
All qualified applicants will receive consideration
for employment without regard to race, creed,
color or national origin.
SPACE AND INFORMATION
SYSTEMS DIVISION
NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
43
44
If you want to fit
our severe environment
memory system
into a bread box,
you can.
It's miniaturized, it's rugged and it has a
wide temperature range.
And you have your choice of two welded
module packages. One has individual
pluggable circuit modules. The other has
welded interconnections for high reliabil-
ity and increased packaging density.
But there's more . . .
Capacity: 4096 x 32. Read /write cycle:
4.5 microseconds. Random access, high
reliability, low weight and volume and
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As to the wide temperature range, it
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We recommend the former.
electronic memories inc.
12621 Chadron Avenue, Hawthorne, California
Circle No. 17 on Subscriber Service Card
Systems Div. (ESD) in systems design,
and the Systems Development Corp. is
handling the computer programming in
much the same role it played in develop-
ment of the SAGE system.
Apart from work on the new COC
and 425L development, several other
projects now moving into test stages
around the country may well affect
NORAD's future aerospace detection
capabilities.
• Phased array — At Eglin AFB,
Fla., Missiles and Rockets has
learned, the 13-story building which
will house the high-power phased-
array satellite tracking radar there has
been completed, and testing of installed
radar subsystems and components will
get under way in July. First full test
of the $30-million Bendix-built FPS-
85 radar (M/R, Oct. 15, 1962, p. 15)
is expected this fall. The radar will be
performance-tested and evaluated dur-
ing a subsequent nine-month period
which could lead to its operational use
in the SPADATS net.
No current follow-on has been dis-
closed in this program, but Air Force
scientists at ESD point out that the
test-period results will have an im-
portant bearing on addition of improved
radars of this type. The 320-ft.-long,
150-ft.-high, 130-ft.-deep, southward-
facing electronically scanned array, will,
it is hoped, significantly extend both the
range, the ability to simultaneously track
multiple satellite targets, and the ability
to gather satellite configuration data via
radar.
• Optical system — At Cloudcroft,
N.M., the Air Force also expects to
put its Prototype Optical Surveillance
System into operation in June. This
system, which will be housed on a
9,000-ft. mountain location, is expected
to push the satellite tracking state of
the art even further than the Eglin
radar, according to project sources,
though the two are obviously intended
for different regimes.
The optical system, being built by
RCA's Burlington, Mass. Div., is aimed
at detecting and tracking satellites from
the outer range limits of available radar
skin tracking (generally about 2,000
miles, according to Air Force estimates,
for a l-sq.-meter target) to lunar dis-
tances. RCA hopes to accomplish this
using image orthocon amplification
techniques to measure reflected solar
energy and a pre-determined scanning
method to cancel star and planetary
backgrounds.
The system, with respect to opera-
tional introduction into SPADATS, oc-
cupies about the same position as the
Eglin radar; the decision on its inclusion
will rest heavily upon subsequent tests.
• Over-the-horizon — Planners are
also known to be taking a hard look at
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
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Circle No. 18 on Subscriber Service Card
Saf-T-Climb — the only 100% positive safe
climbing device — prevents falls from any
vertical structure, above or below ground.
And, Saf-T-Climb is simplest to install, sim-
plest to use — even on convex and concave
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4£ Circle No. 19 on Subscriber Service Cord
introduction of over-the-horizon radar
into the missile/ space surveillance in-
ventory. Operation of a prototype sys-
tem was mentioned by Defense Secre-
tary McNamara in his recent budget
testimony (M/R, Feb. 3, p. 9) and was
also described as "highly promising"
by NORAD briefers here this week.
Basically, two types of over-the-
horizon techniques are being pursued —
forward-scatter and back-scatter, with-
the latter having been under develop-
ment for a longer period. Despite the
longer development attention paid to
back-scatter, informed Air Force of-
ficers feel that the choice between the
two is not yet clear-cut and that many
competent scientists would defend
either approach.
It is known that both types of sys-
tems have been built and are now opera-
ting. However, according to ESD
sources, the tests in the field with the
forward-scatter method are being run
with basically laboratory equipment not
yet in the prototype stage. Observers
estimate that operational use of these
techniques in systems such as SPADATS
is still some 3-5 years off.
SPADATS planners, while con-
cerned with sensor developments, are
also becoming increasingly concerned
about getting information from global
satellite sensors back into U.S. com-
mand and control nets quickly, and
handling the enormous amounts of data
that will build up as the amount of
space traffic increases and the art of
detection improves. An inexpensive and
reliable communications systems is
needed, they report — quite possibly a
satellite system.
• Current SPADATS— The cur-
rent operational SPADATS net is wide-
spread and provides an extensive detec-
tion capability which NORAD can be
expected to press on with in addition
to its effort to bring into being forces
capable of identifying and intercepting,
if necessary, hostile vehicles.
Major military inputs to SPADATS
come from the USAF Spacetrack Sys-
tem, including BMEWS, and the
Navy's Space Surveillance System which
stretches across the southern United
States from California to Georgia.
Other Air Force ADC-operated radars
feeding the Spacetrack net are at
Shemya, Alaska, Laredo, Tex., and
Moorestown, N.J. The Navy net in-
cludes three powerful transmitter sta-
tions in Arizona, Texas, and Alabama,
and four receiver stations in California,
New Mexico, Mississippi, and Georgia.
Baker-Nunn cameras used by the
Air Force, RCAF, and Smithsonian
Astrophysical Observatory provide op-
tical observation and photography to
altitudes of 100,000 mi. RCAF also
has a tracking radar at Prince Albert,
Saskatchewan.
In addition, NASA's Minitrack net-
work provides inputs, as does the AF's
Discoverer Satellite Network at Sunny-
vale, Calif., all three national missile
test ranges, and NASA's Goddard Space
Flight Center.
As an example of the growing job
of space detection and identification, a
box score of space activity at NORAD
as of Feb. 12 shows the following:
US UK CAN USSR
Payloads in Orbit
84 1 1
7
Space Probes
5
4
Earth Orbit De-
bris
304
2
9
Space Probe De-
bris
4
Total Objects in
Space
397
3
20
Objects Decayed .
175
155
A total of 751 space objects hac
been catalogued at that date at the
SPADATS control center. ■
HUGE STEEL SPRING — one of 937 — is installed to protect buildings against blast
missiles and rockets, February 24, 19c1
Reliability
oriented
engineers
DOUGLAS IS SEEKING ENGINEERS
WITH DESIGN OR SYSTEMS BACK-
GROUNDS AT ALL DEGREE AND
EXPERIENCE LEVELS. OBJECTIVE: TO
ASSURE THAT SUCH VITAL PROGRAMS
AS SATURN, ZEUS, DELTA AND OTHERS
OPERATE WITH OUTSTANDING
RELIABILITY.
STAFF POSITIONS ARE OPEN WITH THE
FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
Develop subsystem and system mathematical
models, perform reliability predictions, and
evaluate test results.
Participate in design review meetings, assign
reliability goals, and assist designers in reliability
trade-off studies.
Conduct failure effects and failure mode analyses.
Conduct system availability and effectiveness
analyses.
Conduct failure-cause analyses, recommend and
initiate corrective action.
Effectively communicate results of investigations
to management and to design engineers.
MANAGEMENT POSITIONS ARE OPEN
WITH THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS:
Should be a senior engineer familiar with aspects
of an engineering reliability program. Must know
how to set up, implement, and administer pro-
grams for mathematical models, design review,
drawing review, systems analysis, allocation,
prediction, testing, and procurement. Requires
proven capability and preferably an advanced
engineering degree.
Please send resume to: Mr. W. S. Ames
MISSILE £ SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
2700 Ocean Park Boulevard
Santa Monica, California
DOUGLAS
An equal opportunity employer
ACTUATOR SYSTEM
BY EE M CO
The vertical landing and take-off feature of the Army's XV-5A aircraft
demanded a light weight, reliable, wing flap actuator system. EEMCO built it
for Ryan Aeronautical Company, builders of the XV-5A, the world's first lift
fan aircraft. □ The EEMCO flap actuator system is exceptionally light weight,
11.75 pounds, and consists of two ball-type screw jacks powered by a central
drive unit through flexible shafting. The jacks are irreversible with non-jam-
ming end stops. The drive unit is powered by a 28 volt DC motor having an
electro-mechanical clutch and brake. Adjustable travel and interlock switches
obtain an electrical stroke of 5.9 inches with an adjustment range of ± .25
inches. □ For further information on wing flap actuator system D 1518 — or
for information on motors and actuators for aerospace and industrial applica-
tions—write or call the EEMCO Division of Electronic Specialty.
is a diversified, dynamic,
multi-divisional organization serv-
ing defense and industry over a
broad range of vital areas with
advanced systems, sub-systems,
and state-of-the-art components.
Major contributions are currently
being made in the following:
ELECTRONIC AND
ELECTROMECHANICAL
CONTROLS:
gyroscopes, relays, static switching
devices, sensors, flashers, regula-
tors, converters, rotary and linear
actuators, motors, generators,
weapon and camera controls, elec-
tromechanical assemblies for aero-
space applications.
COMMUNICATIONS:
antennas, flexible and rigid wave-
guides, coaxial switches, diplexers,
power dividers, filters, radio tele-
scopes, solar furnaces, matching
networks, antenna drive motors
and controls.
POWER:
precise power systems, dynamo-
tors, computer power sources,
motor - generators, actuators,
starter generators, power conver-
sion systems, transmission towers
for public utilities.
SPACE CONDITIONING:
electronically programmed envi-
ronmental controls and systems for
industrial, commercial, and mili-
tary applications.
SYSTEMS:
Systems Laboratories conduct
research, development and study
programs in reconnaissance, elec-
tronic countermeasures, interfer-
ometer phased array systems, and
total energy packages; integrating
divisional components, sub-sys-
tems, and specialized technical
skills.
For information concerning the cor-
porate systems capability, product line,
or research and development programs,
write to the Director of Marketing,
Electronic Specialty Co., 5121 San Fer-
nando Fid., Los Angeles, Calif. 90039.
ELECTRONIC SPECIALTY CO.
EEMCO DIVISION • 4612 WEST JEFFERSON BLVD.
LOS ANGELES 16, CALIFORNIA • PHONE REPUBLIC 3-0151
Circle No. 20 on Subscriber Service Card
——The Industry Week*
Mergers and Acquisitions
Stellarmetrics, Inc., Santa Barbara, Calif.,
has acquired the entire telemetry equipment line
of SKG, Inc., Anaheim, Calif., in a cash trans-
action. The move gives Stellarmetrics complete
capability in the development and manufacture
of telemetry communications systems for air-
borne and ground-based tracking networks. . . .
United Aircraft Corp., East Hartford, Conn., has
acquired Vector Manufacturing Co., Trevose, Pa.,
designers and makers of telemetry equipment
and other electronic systems. Vector will become
the Vector Dept. of Norden Div. of United Air-
craft. . . . Consolidated Vacuum Corp., Rochester,
N.Y., has purchased Ion Engineering, Inc., Min-
neapolis, Minn. Ion Engineering works in the
field of vacuum thin-film, low energy sputtering
of metals and alloys and has developed equipment
and processes for adapting the sputtering princi-
ple to microelectronics. The purchase involved to-
tal assets, including all manufacturing equipment.
. . . Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.,
Syosset, N.Y., has acquired Electro-Sensitive
Products, Inc., Amsterdam, N.Y., and has changed
the name of that organization to Electro-Metrics
Corp. Products will include electro-magnetic in-
terference measuring equipment and related com-
ponents.
New Activities
Aerospace Industries Assoc. of America,
Washington, D.C., has created an Aerospace Tech-
nical Council (ATC), composed of ranking re-
search and engineering officials of some 50 major
aerospace companies. The new group was created
with three major objectives in mind: (1) to act
as the industry's top-level advisory board on
technical matters; (2) to concern itself with for-
ward thinking and policy planning in technical
areas; (3) to provide overall supervision and
policy guidance for AIA's Technical Service and
the various AIA technical committees. . . . Solar,
a San Diego, Calif., division of International Har-
vester Co., has established a new Advanced De-
velopment department. Organized to increase
Solar's capabilities in the field of advanced mis-
sile/space manufacturing, the department will
work with structures and processes that repre-
sent the most advanced technology in the field.
It will concentrate on processing exotic materials
for aircraft and missile applications, such as the
Apollo and supersonic transport projects.
Industry Facilities
York Research Corp., Stamford, Conn., is be-
ginning a $300,000 expansion in its environ-
mental test facilities, which will offer the missile/
space industry advanced environmental qualifica-
tion services in New England. Heart of the new
facilities will be a $116,000 vibration system,
ordered from MB Electronics, a division of Tex-
tron Electronics, Inc. The system will consist of
an MB Model C126 exciter capable of exerting
10,000 lbs. of force at frequencies up to 3,000 cps,
a powerful amplifier to drive the exciter and a
random-noise source equipped with an 80-channel
automatic equalization system capable of "equal-
izing" the test load to the desired spectrum shape
in only 1 sec. . . . Beckman Instruments, Inc.'s
Systems Div. has delivered a high-speed Model
210 data acquisition and processing system to
the Rocketdyne Div., North American Aviation,
Inc., Santa Susana, Calif. The system was de-
signed to process data gathered during static test
firings of the Saturn J-2 rocket engines. It re-
ceives data from sensors attached to the rocket
engine, converts the data to a binary coded deci-
mal format and transmits it to a central re-
cording unit for future processing. . . . Hills-
McCanna Co., Chicago, is building a new foundry
at Creston, la., designed to produce sophisticated
magnesium and aluminum alloy castings with
physical and metallurgical properties closely ap-
proximating those of the alloys from which they
are made. The 93,000-sq.-ft. facility, being built
on a 27-acre plot, will be known as McCannalloy
Div. Capital investment will be close to $2 mil-
lion. Completion is scheduled for next October.
. . . Microdot, Inc., South Pasadena, Calif., has
announced the opening of an eastern area sales
office in Bay side, N.Y. The office will supplement
the regional sales office in Bedford, Mass. The
Bayside office will handle sales of Microdot con-
nector products, coaxial cable and electronic hard-
ware in Long Island, metropolitan New York and
New Jersey. . . . United Technology Center,
Sunnyvale, Calif., a division of United Aircraft
Corp., has activated a new 350-acre Research and
Advanced Technology Complex, valued at nearly
$1 million. The Coyote, Calif., complex provides
facilities for processing a wide variety of solid
propellants of less than 1 gram to 100 lbs. in
weight. It contains an office and laboratory build-
ing, a ballistics and physical test building, four
process pads and a control environmental station
for humidity and atmosphere control. . . . Com-
munication Electronics, Inc., now located in Be-
thesda, Md., is moving to a new building in the
Washington Science Center in Rockville, Md.
With 50,000 sq. ft. of laboratory and assembly
space, the building more than doubles the space
now occupied by CEI in three locations. CEI
specializes in radio receiving equipment for sur-
veillance, reconnaissance and telemetry applica-
tions.
Company Representatives
Leslie Co., Lyndhurst, N.J., manufacturer of
pressure, temperature and liquid level controls,
has appointed Control Center, Inc., Orlando, Fla.,
sales representative for industrial control equip-
ment in the missile/space, chemical and related
industries. . . . Avco Corp.'s Industrial Products
Subdivision has named Richard E. King as dis-
trict representative in New York, New Hamp-
shire, Vermont, western Massachusetts and north-
ern Connecticut. He will handle wire flame spray
metallizing and plasma coating equipment and
materials for Avco.
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
© Facing @ Straight turning or boring ® Angular cuts
0 Taper turning or boring ©Necking ©Threading
0 Contouring © Key waying
GRAPHITE for aerospace applications can be
machined to almost any shape imaginable — and to
extremely fine tolerances. The above illustration
indicates a few of the basic graphite shaping possibil-
ities. We have many advanced machine tools at your
command — some especially designed to our specifica-
tions for highly sophisticated graphite work.
Tell us what you want machines to do to graphite for
you. We have the machines that can do it — superbly.
WRITE FOR FREE BOOKLET: Graphite For
Diversified Industrial Applications"
GREAT LAKES CARBON CORPORATION
18 EAST 48th STREET- NEW YORK. N. Y 10017 — OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES
50 Circle No. 24 on Subscriber Service Card
-contracts and procurements—
AWARDS
AIR FORCE
$9,000,000— Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., Mountain View, Calif., for
production of electronic security systems for use at Minuteman missile
sites.
$7,200,000 — Aerojet-General Corp., Sacramento, Calif., for continued re-
search and development on Minuteman missile stage two engines.
$2,500,000 — Boeing Co., Seattle, for continued work on the Minuteman
missile.
$2,500,000— General Electric Co., Schenectady, N.Y., for production and
overhaul of klystrons.
$1,400,000 — Boeing Co., Seattle, for continued work on the Minuteman
missile.
$1,200,000— Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., Buffalo, N.Y., for satel-
lite work on an experimental basis.
$1,000,000— Space General Corp., El Monte, Calif., for further production
of Able-Star vehicles.
$1,000,000 — Sperry Rand Corp., St. Paul, Minn., for aerial computers for a
study of maneuvering space vehicles.
$1,000,000 — Aero-General Corp., Sacramento, Calif., for further work on
a micro-wave system for use at Vandenberg AFB, Calif.
$500,000— American Optical Co., J. W. Fecker Div., Newark, Ohio, for de-
sign and production of three multi-purpose equatorial test turntable
systems for use at the 2802 D inertial guidance calibration laboratory.
$324,000 — Packard Bell Computer, Los Angeles, for a telemetry data con-
version system to be installed at the Air Proving Ground Center. Eglin
AFB, Fla.
$200,000 — California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif, for a re-
search program on solid propellants and their physical behavior.
$174,992 — Aerojet-General Corp., Azusa, Calif., for a study of an optical
periscope for use on liquid rocket thrust chambers.
$74,447 — General Applied Science Laboratories, Inc., Westbury, N.Y., for
study of hypersonic combustion.
$52,203 — Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., Buffalo, N.Y., for research
on nonequilibrium effects in supersonic flows.
$41,379 — Brown University, Providence, R.I., for research on electrical con-
ductivities and energy transformation in a plasma.
Lockheed Propulsion Co., Redlands, Calif., for a demonstration of feasibil-
ity of pulsed operation of solid propellant rocket motors (undisclosed
amounts).
ARMY
$15,900,000 — International Business Machines Corp., New York City, for
automatic data processing equipment formerly held by the Army under
lease arrangement.
$12,900,000 — Day & Zimmerman, Inc., Philadelphia, for assembly of boost-
ers, rockets, etc.
$4,100,000— Thiokol Chemical Corp., Bristol, Pa., for loading and assembly
of Sergeant missiles.
$2,000,000 — General Telephone and Electronics Corp., Sylvania Electric
Products Div., Fort Huachuca, Ariz., for modifications to a mobile
digital computer.
$1,700,000— IT&T Corp., ITT Kellogg Communications Systems Div., Chi-
cago, for development and production of related parts for communica-
tions systems.
$1,300,000 — Ralph M. Parsons Co., Los Angeles, for engineering services
related to the Nike-X missile system.
$200,000 — Hughes Aircraft Co., Fullerton, Calif., for an array antenna com-
ponent development program radial feed.
$137,000— Sperry Rand Corp., Sperry Utah Co., Salt Lake City, for work
on the Sergeant missile system (two contracts).
$86,736 — Northrop Corp., Nortronics Div., Anaheim, Calif., for Hawk wing
assemblies.
$70,802 — Northeastern University, Boston, for contribution of studies on the
biological effects of laser radiation.
Perkin-Elmer Corp., Norwalk, Conn., for an optical re-entry instrumentation
system designated Project GLOW (undisclosed amount).
NAVY
$5,282,280 — General Instrument Corp., Hicksville, N.Y., for electronic
counter-measures equipment.
$2,800,000 — Control Data Corp., Minneapolis, Minn., for production of
target card computers for Polaris.
United Technology Center, Sunnyvale, Calif., for investigation of hyper-
golic ignition of solid propellants (undisclosed amount).
NASA
$6,000,000 — Genisco, Inc., Los Angeles, for development, fabrication and
assembly of a weightless motion generator for spaceflight application.
$1,800,000 — General Dynamics/ Astronautics, San Diego, Calif., for Orbit-
ing Astronomical Observatory shroud system and Point Loma test pro-
gram.
$700,300 — Space General Corp., El Monte, Calif., for an improved version
of the Astrobee rocket #1500.
$96,740 — Radio Corp. of America, New York City, for development and'
testing in connection with Lewis Research Center to determine high-
magnetic-field superconduction properties of Nb35n films on insulator
and magnetic substrates.
$94,000 — Standard Pressed Steel Co., Jenkintown, Pa., for research work
on cryogenic fasteners.
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
DIRECT DRIVE TORQUE MOTORS
WHAT, WHY AND WHERE
$73,021— Teletype Systems Corp., Hawthorne,
Calif., for a toxic vapor detection system.
United Technology Center, Sunnyvale, Calif., for
investigation of hypergolic ignition of solid
propellants (undisclosed amount).
MARINE CORPS
$4,000.000 — Electronic Communications, Inc., St.
Petersburg, Fla., for tactical communications
systems including components for the Marine
Corps Tactical Data System.
AEC
Dynatech Crop., Cambridge, Mass., for a long-
range experimental study of forced convection
burnout in liquid-cooled nuclear reactors (un-
disclosed amount) .
INDUSTRY
$12,400,000— Sylvania Electric Products, Inc.,
Waltham, Mass., from Bell Telephone Labora-
tories, for radar work related to the Nike-X
program.
$362,000 — Precision Instrument Co., Palo Alto,
Calif., from Lockheed Missiles & Space Co.,
for provision of additional satellite recorders
for the Agena space vehicle programs.
$330.000— Computer Products, Inc., Belmar, N.J.,
from North American Aviation, Inc., for three
Mark III general purpose analog computers.
$201,000— United Aircraft Corp., Norden Div.,
Norwalk, Conn., from General Dynamics/Fort
Worth, for production of pressure ratio indi-
cator systems for the F-lll (TFX) aircraft.
$140.000 — Interstate Electronics Corp., Anaheim,
Calif., from Philco Corp., for work on display
consoles for the Space Flight Integrated Mis-
sion Control Center at Houston.
Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del., from the
Boeing Co., for development of a propulsion
unit for HIBEX (undisclosed amount).
Ryan Aeronautical Co., San Diego, Calif., from
Space Technology Laboratories, for fabrication
work on the descent rocket engine for NASA's
LEM.
REQUESTS FOR BIDS
GENERAL PROCUREMENTS
Office of Naval Research
Washington, D.C.
The Office of Naval Research has received an
unsolicited proposal from Washington Technolog-
ical Associates, Inc., Rockville, Md., concerning
propriatory ideas for research and development,
fabrication, test and evaluation of solid-state
electrometer amplifiers for rocket and satellite
applications and is considering the award of a
contract to this firm in accordance with their
proposal.
Contracting Officer
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Langley Station
Hampton, Va.
Langley Research Center is negotiating a con-
tract with Space Technology Laboratories for
modifications to government-owned Space Tech-
nology Laboratory's image converter camera sys-
tem. This notice is for information only. RFP
L-4271 not available.
Purchasing Branch
Special Contracts Div.
Procurement and Production
U.S. Army Missile Command
Redstone Arsenal, Ala.
Meter, frequency and power assembly views.
Fed. Stock No. 1430-803^»886. Ord. Part No.
8173652. Sixteen each. IFB AMC(Z)01-021-64-
1087B. Bid opening 2:30 p.m., March 18. Draw-
ings and bid sets available from nearest procure-
ment district. >
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Md.
GSFC will negotiate with the Biochemical
Dept. of Hazleton Laboratories for study, devel-
opment and fabrication of an ATP biological ex-
periment laboratory evaluation instrument. For
information only. Proposal packages are not avail-
able.
The direct drive torque motor is a servo
actuator that can be directly attached to
the load it is to drive. It converts electri-
cal signals directly into sufficient torque
to maintain zero error in a positioning
or speed control system. Most torque
■motors are frameless and require very
little space, offering the greatest flexi-
bility and adaptability in application. They
are thin compared to diameter and have
relatively large axial holes through the
rotor for easy application to shafts, hubs
and bosses. In general, torque motors are
designed essentially for high torque,
"stand still" operation (for positioning
systems) and for high torque at low speeds
(for speed control systems).
Direct drive torque motors are particu-
larly suited for servo systems where size,
weight, power requirements and response
times must be minimized and where posi-
tion and rate accuracies are desirable.
Torque motors have these important ad-
vantages over other servo system actua-
tors:
high torque-to-inertia ratio: a direct
drive motor has the highest practical
torque-to-inertia ratio. To respond to an
input signal, it must overcome only the
inertia of its own, slowly turning rotor and
the driven load. Since it is directly coupled
to the load, it has no gear train. A gear
train increases inertia by a multiple equal
to the square of the gear train ratio,
resulting in sluggish response,
high coupling stiffness: the direct drive
torque motor is attached directly to the
load itself — therefore no gears, no back-
lash errors, no mechanical resonance
problems.
fast response: since it produces higher
torque for its size than any other electro-
magnetic device, and since its torque is
a direct function of applied current in-
dependent of speed (a function of volt-
age), the torque motor's response is
absolute and instantaneous at all operat-
ing speeds.
high resolution: the same characteristics
TORQy SAYS-.
Inland has piled up more
— ac^. information on how to select
pij^ and use torque motors than
Y^la man would ever need. If
iJffk „ you want some, call
m Jf us or write today! A
.\aBrtH/| new condensed mo-
k. jBr J tor selection guide
sBJ^»-' is hot off the press.
that result in fast response from stand
still to maximum operating speeds result
in "locked-on" resolution. The torque
motor is limited only by the sensitivity of
the error sensing circuits that command it.
reliability and long life: the basic sim-
plicity and absolute minimum of moving
parts makes a torque motor inherently
reliable. Extensive design and production
experience have put Inland torque motors
in most major defense programs of the
last decade. These include widely ranging
applications under all conditions and en-
vironments from thousands of feet under-
water to years of unattended operation
in outer space.
The variety and number of applications
of Inland direct drive torque motors are
increasing rapidly in both industry and
government. Some typical applications
are in:
• stable platforms for inertial guidance
• antenna and telescope drives
• filament winding constant tension
drive
• space probe solar cell orientation
• X-Y plotter drives
• precision welding rod drives
• gyro test table rate and tracking
• magnetic tape transport
• submarine periscope power assist
• star tracker optics positioning
Inland Motor Corporation specializes in
direct drive torque motors and servo sub-
systems. Having originated most of the
designs available today, Inland makes
available a design library of over 600
torque motor models. Catalog items range
from a small 0.03 Ib-ft unit to those that
are capable of 3000 Ib-ft of torque. Inland
also produces rotary and solid state am-
plifiers, tachometer generators and other
units which give them the unique capa-
bility to design and deliver complete
direct drive servo subsystems for posi-
tioning, rate and tensioning applications.
Inland's experience, production capacity
and complete prototype facilities are dis-
tinct advantages to the customer.
INLAND MOTOR
CORPORATION
Radford, Virginia
703-NE9-3973
subsidiary of KOLLMORGEN
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
Circle No. 25 on Subscriber Service Card
51
products and processes
New Product of the Week:
Rocket Case Cleaner
Halliburton Co. has developed a new
method of removing solid propellants
from rocket motors.
The system of reclaiming motor
cases is adaptable to a wide range of
case diameters and lengths. Solid pro-
pellant, rubber liners and fiber glass
insulation may be hydraulically sliced,
cut and removed from the inside of
the motor case. The use of non-abrasive
and non-corrosive fluids makes it pos-
sible to leave the internal surface of
the case smooth, intact and ready for
inspection, reprocessing and recharg-
ing.
The company has designed several
models of rocket and booster motor
cleaning fixtures. One is a vertical type
capable of removing the solid propel-
lant from rocket motor cases in diam-
eters ranging from 5 to 20 in., having
lengths up to 7 ft. The self-contained
machine is equipped with remote con-
trols and is hydraulically operated. It
is fitted with a fixed lance and all mo-
tion is imparted to the motor case.
Another type operates in a horizon-
tal position. It is designed for use with
all sizes of rocket motor cases up to 54
in. in diameter and lengths up to 168 in.
The fixture holds the rocket motor case
in a stationary position and is equipped
with a rotating jet lance mounted on a
traveling carriage. The machine is hy-
draulically operated and controlled
from remote positions.
All models of cleaning machines are
equipped with recirculating fluid sys-
tems and include traps, screens and fil-
ters to remove the solid particles of
material for collection and disposal.
Circle No. 151 on Subscriber Service Card
Transducer Test System
Servonic Instruments, Inc., has de-
veloped a semi-automatic pressure
transducer test system designed for
simultaneous testing of four pressure
transducers.
The Model E-36A will generate five
absolute pressure calibration points over
an adjustable range of 0 to 50 psia.
Pressure levels are manually selected
and accurate to ±0.1% full range. Out-
puts are individually presented on a
digital voltmeter.
The unit can accommodate proof
pressures up to 125% of full range with
negligible zero shift. Overall system ac-
curacy exceeds ±0.15%.
Circle No. 152 on Subscriber Service Card
Capacitor
Texas Capacitor Co. is marketing an
epoxy-encased Mylar and foil capacitor
with an operating temperature range
of -55° to 85°C.
The unit has voltage ranges of 200,
400 and 600 dc and a standard toler-
ance of ± 5%. It is also available with
± 10, 3, 2 and 1% tolerance. Insula-
tion resistance exceeds 50,000 megohm-
microfarads at 25°C. With 50% volt-
age derating, the unit will operate to
± 125°C. It can withstand 125% of
rated voltage at 85 °C for 250 hours.
Dissipation factor will not exceed 1 .0%
at 1,000 ±20 cps at 25°C.
Circle No. 1S3 on Subscriber Service Card
DC Solenoid
A subminiature dc solenoid with
continuous or intermittent duty is avail-
able from Tec • Magnetics.
The Model 6-TM-1013 is available1
in five mounting configurations and op- ''
erates on 3 to 220v dc. Rated force is ]
5 oz. with a 0.010 stroke with intermit-
tent duty coil. Operating temperature
range is —400° to 500°F. The unit is
available with pressurized or non-pres-
surized plunger cavities.
Circle No. 154 on Subscriber Service Card
Power Dividers
A series of stripline power dividers
covering the frequency spectrum from
1 to 12 gc has been developed by Elec-
tronics Div. of Electronic Specialty Co.
The four units feature ±3-degree!:
phase tracking between outputs, high
isolation, low insertion loss and lowl
VSWR. For example, the X-band unit i
has a 25-db isolation and a VSWR of
1.5 at mid-band.
Circle No. 155 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964 :
ANNOUNCING
The Fourth Annual
RELIABILITY INSTITUTE
to be held at
The University of Connecticut
May 31 through June 12, 1964
Staff includes E. F. Dertinger, Romeyn Everdell, Leo Jacobson,
David Pertshuk & Dorian Shainin
For brochure or further information, write to:
Prof. Richard Story
Box 41-56
The University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut
52 Circle No. 26 on Subscriber Service Card
r
missiles and rockets
DOD/Military
Systems Issue
March 30, 1964
One of the most important offices in the Depart-
ment of Defense is the Directorate of Defense Research
and Engineering (DDR&E). It has a complement of
145 men, supervising some 30,000 others and directly
affecting over 125,000 industry personnel while an-
nually contracting for $7 billion dollars in space and
military systems research, development, test and
engineering services from its suppliers.
The March 30 issue of Missiles and Rockets will
present an in-depth report covering the DDR&E opera-
tion, its relationship with industry and the services,
its current and advanced programs, in-house R&D ca-
pabilities, future expenditures, and lists of key per-
sonnel.
Sell your products, capabilities or services to over
44,000 program and project managers, engineers
and scientists by advertising in M/R's DOD/Military
Systems Issue.
publication date: march 30, 1964
FEATURES 2 ARC SECOND
DIRECT DRIVES
For rigid, lightweight, precision ap-
plications, the PTSI Model 312 is
now available. With an accuracy of
two arc seconds, it can automat-
ically position optical trackers, infra-
red devices, lasers, cameras, tele-
scopes, antennas and other instru-
ments.
Power-Tronics direct drive, two
axis tracking mount has zero back-
lash and will handle loads of 150
lbs. The entire mount is 32" high
and weighs only 100 lbs.
Power-Tronics engineeringstaff is
ready to assist in the application of
this or special tracking mounts best
suited for your requirements.
OTHER PTSI PRODUCTS
Custom Glmbal Assemblies
Antenna Servo Drives
Electronic & Hydraulic
Servo Drives
Navigational Systems
Flight Simulation Tables
Inertia! Test Tables
Power-Tronic Systems Inc.
A Subsidiary of Hydra-Power Corporation
Pine Court, New Rochelle, New York
Circle No. 27 on Subscriber Service Card
"SPACE" IS OUR PRODUCT
SERVING the needs of the Aerospace Industry
Joseph L. Smith=
|u..r and Associates
2571 N. MacGREGOR DRIVE • HOUSTON 4, TEXAS
JA 6-3721
( On your first visit to the moon
drop in for coffee . . . we'll be there!)
WE ARE SPECIALISTS IN SPACE OF ALL KINDS . . .
We will DESIGN IT, ENGINEER IT, FINANCE IT, BUILD IT, MANAGE IT,
LEASE IT . . . BUY IT or SELL IT.
SPACE ... in OFFICE BUILDINGS, INDUSTRIAL COMPLEXES, RESEARCH
FACILITIES, APARTMENTS, MOTELS, SHOPPING CENTERS, or UNDEVELOPED
LAND.
We are NASA Area's leading Real Estate Agency and either own or have
exclusive listings on numerous tracts near the MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
on CLEAR LAKE for both USERS and INVESTORS. WE BUILT and LEASED to NASA
their largest single location in the Houston Area.
JOSEPH L. SMITH and Associates will represent you on a confidential and
professional basis. We have industrial and commercial properties, with or without
trackage, in all sections of the Houston Area. We also have some excellent
acreages for residential development. FREE planning and engineering service to
our clients. Write or coll for an appointment or brochure.
DC Power Packs
Electronic Research Associates, Inc.,
has available a line of silicon modular
dc power packs.
The units are programmable over
a voltage range of 0 to 60v dc and
have current ratings from 200 ma to
8 amp. The six models operate with
an input of 105 to 125v ac, 50 to 400
cps. Line regulation exceeds ±1.0% for
full input; frequency change and load
regulation is less than 0.02% for 0 to
100% load change. Ripple is less than
800 m-v RMS. Programming constant
is 500 ohms per volt. Temperature
coefficient is less than 0.01 % per de-
gree C.
Circle No. 156 on Subscriber Service Card
Servo Accelerometer
Systron-Donner Corp. is making the
Model 5310 flexure accelerometer, able
to withstand shock and acceleration of
up to 500 g's at 8 millisec.
54
Circle No. 28 on Subscriber Service Card
The device measures acceleration to
an accuracy of 0.1% over a range of
±10 g to ±100 g. Ranges may be ex-
tended to 500 g and 1.0 g.
Circle No. 157 on Subscriber Service Card
Electromagnet
Magnion, Inc., is marketing the
Model CF32-42-23 electromagnet, de-
signed for magnetohydrodynamics stud- i
ies and large-volume magneto-biology
experiments.
The system provides fields in excess j
of 15,000 gauss over a 432-cu.-in. area!
with a power input of 15 kw. Power
coils permit continuous operation at in-
puts up to 50 kw.
Back EMF protection is provided:
a coolant flow switch and temperature
interlock shut off the power supply
should the coolant water be interrupted
or the energizing coils overheat.
Circle No. 158 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
Sequential Camera
A photographic attachment, designed
to take sequential photographs from 17-
in. CRT screens, digital voltmeters and
similar panel-mounted devices, has been
developed by Advanced Technology
Laboratories Div., American-Standard.
The Model 230 mounts on the front
of standard 19-in. equipment racks and
allows the operator to view the display
while taking pictures. The photographed
area measures about 9x12 in. and is
reproduced on 35 mm. film with a
frame size of 0.875 x 1.25 in.
Circle No. 159 on Subscriber Service Card
Pulse Generator
Datapulse, Inc., has available a
pulse generator with a pulse output of
50v into 50 ohms at 10 mc and less
than 2% overshoot at 7-nsec. rise time.
The Model 108 has a variable rise
time from 7 nsec. to 0.05 usee, pulse
— -
# # # *
----- !
widths from 20 nsec. to 5 usee, at up to
50% duty cycles and up to 5 usee,
variable delay from internal or external
triggers. Passive attenuation control pro-
vides waveform at any amplitude from
200 mv to 50v.
Circle No. 160 on Subscriber Service Card
Cathode Ray Tube
An electrostatically focused, high-
resolution cathode ray tube is being
marketed by Electron Tube Div. of
Litton Industries.
The model L-4146 has a deflection
angle of 40 degrees with a 4V4 in.
diameter useful screen area. Spot size is
0.001 in. with a constant resolution
from 25 to 15 kv anode voltage. Typical
anode voltage is 20 kv.
Circle No. 161 on Subscriber Service Card
Torque Wrench Calibrator
A hydraulically operated torque
wrench calibrator with an electronic
read-out system from 0 to 2,000 ft.-lbs.,
is available from Riehle Testing Ma-
chines, a division of Ametek, Inc.
The Model TWC-139 has an accu-
racy of 0.3% of full scale and four dif-
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
ferent scale ranges: 1,000 in. -lbs.; 5,000
in.-lbs.; 500 ft.-lbs.; and 2,000 ft.-lbs.
Operation is either manual or auto-
matic.
Circle No. 162 on Subscriber Service Card
Potentiometer
A hermetically sealed, wire-wound
potentiometer designed around a flex-
ible, tubular type metal bellow is avail-
able from Ormond, Inc.
The Model APK-6 meets MIL-R-
19A specifications and has a life expect-
ancy rated over 10 million cycles. Oper-
ating temperature is from —55° to
125°C. All standard resistance values
are available in either single or multi-
turn construction.
Circle No. 163 on Subscriber Service Card
Sol id-State Generator
Rutherford Electronics Co. is mar-
keting the Model B-15 pulse generator,
featuring a repetition rate of 5 cps to 5
mc.
The solid-state unit has an external
trigger and built-in single shot with de-
lay and width to 10,000 jisec. Output
is ± lOv into 50 ohms. Rise and fall
times are less than 10 nsec; amplitude
is lOv into 50 ohms.
Circle No. 164 on Subscriber Service Card
• Opportunities In I.
MELPAR S EXPANDING
AEROSPACE DIVISION
for Supervisory and Technical Personnel •*
;"• .* ■
. . These positions result from the constant growth of our pro-
. - ; % grams and possess excellent potential for personal advancement.
AERONAUTICS
Projects have both atmospheric and
space applications and work includes
preliminary design for configurations,
drag estimation, stability and control
parameter estimation, validation and de-
tail of design by wind tunnel testing,
and participation in trajectory studies to
: -- assure capability for the mission. Capa-
* bility for structural analysis (vibration and
flutter) is also needed. MS Degree level
of competence is desired.
■ ' GUIDANCE AND CONTROL
Projects have both atmospheric and
space applications and include analysis
• * in both linear and non-linear systems.
Some knowledge of the mathematics of
optimum controls is desirable as is famil-
iarity with the use of analog and digital
computers in solving guidance and con-
;:" trol problems. MS level of capability is
desired.
OPERATIONS ANALYSIS
To perform operations analysis of com-
* _plex military and space systems including
For details, write in i
John A. Haverfield, Managi
trade-off studies on sub-system require-
ments and costs, leading to assessment
of the technical and cost effectiveness
of the total system. Knowledge of prob-
ability theory and its uses as well as
use of digital and analog computers is
required. MS level of competence desired.
SYSTEM TEST & INSTRUMENTATION
i
To conduct tests (including field tests) ■
with special emphasis on telemetry
systems. Familiarity with range of tech- :
niques and equipments for sounding
rockets and probes in a developmental
program is required.
»s ■
PROPULSION
Assignments will include preliminary
design of small, high performance solid
propulsion systems. Problems include
grain, case and nozzle design, specifica-
tions writing, and technical participation
in developmental subcontracts. Knowledge
of the use of analog and/or digital com-
puters is essential as is knowledge of
the present state-of-the-art. MS level'-
preferred.
sfricfesf confidence fo: ^' «
er — Professional Placement •
Circle No. 29 on Subscriber Service Card
55
names in the news
ANDERSTROM STRAITER
Edward A. Anderstrom: Appointed
controller for the Metrics Div. of the
Singer Co., Bridgeport, Conn.
Dr. Maurice Nelles: Named manager
of manufacturing research and develop-
ment of the Aerospace Div. of the West-
inghouse Defense and Space Center, Pitts-
burgh.
Dennis F. Straiten Appointed field en-
gineering representative in the northern
office of Consolidated Systems Corp.,
Bethesda, Md.
C. M. Lewis: Appointed manager-op-
erations of the Radio Corp. of America's
Washington, D.C. and southern defense
marketing region.
SHANNON
KAHO
Les Daly: Appointed public relations
manager in Paris for Northrop Interna-
tional.
Carl V. Shannon: Named program
manager for data products at General
Dynamics/Electronics, San Diego, Calif.
Kenneth M. Lord: Appointed vice
president-commercial for Raytheon Co.,
Lexington, Mass. Clyde R. Rockwood ap-
pointed general manager of the Semi-Con-
ductor Div.
Guy K. McCann: Appointed director of
advertising and public relations at Vitra-
mon, Inc., Bridgeport, Conn.
Jack R. Kaho: Appointed manager-
TO
SIMULATE
SOLAR
RADIATION
To test satellites and
their components
in the conditions of
outer space,
GENARCO Solar
Radiation Simulators
have been chosen
by Bell Telephone,
Bendix, General
Dynamics, G.E.,
Grumman, J.P.L.,
Lincoln Lab., N.A.S.A.
Space General, etc.
Complete Genarco
Simulators with
carbon arc lamps as
sources of radiation
and several types
of optical systems
are available to
meet your special
requirements. Ask for
illustrated literature:
GENARCO, INC.
97 04 Sutphin Blvd.
Jamaica 35, N. Y.
or call us to
discuss your problem:
Solar Simulators Division,
PHONE Code 212 658 5850
56
Circle No. 30 on Subscriber Service Card
spares sales for Interstate Electronics1
Corp., Anaheim, Calif.
G. Edmund Yurowski: Appointed gov-
ernment sales manager of the Bendix *
Corp.'s Semiconductor Div., Holmdel,
N.J.
Earl Goss: Appointed sales manager of I
the DeMornay-Bonardi Div. of Datapulse,
Inc., Pasadena, Calif.
William G. Meschino: Appointed East l
Coast manager-military products for Gen-
eral Time Corp., New York City.
Wayne E. Phillips: Appointed manager
of engineering for the Vacuum Products
Div. of Varian Associates, Palo Alto.
Donald J. Jones: Named executive I
vice president of Centralab, the electron-
ics division of Globe-Union Inc., Mil-
waukee.
William E. Worley: Appointed director
of engineering of the Bendix Mishawaka
Div., Ind.
Eugene R. Drossel: Named director of
public relations of Kaiser Steel Corp.,
Oakland, Calif.
Mamerfo Benitez, Jr.: Appointed tech-
nical director of the Hardman Co.'s newly-
created Aerosafety Div., Los Angeles.
Robert D. Wick: Appointed manager I
of marketing relations for Radio Corp. of
America's electronic components and de-
vices organization, Washington, D.C.
James Makris: Joined Page Communi-
cations Engineers, Inc., Washington, D.C.
as assistant director-range space systems.
Harry S. Burker, Jr.: Named advertise
ing manager of the Clevite Corp., Cleve-I
land.
Howard J. AIsop: Named southeastern
regional sales manager for F&M Systems
Co., Orlando.
John J. Connolly: Promoted to presi-
dent of Data Systems Div. of Litton In-
dustries, Beverly Hills.
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
CLEAN ROOM
APPAREL LAUNDERING
Advertisers' Index
Al RESEARCH MFG. CO., THE GARRETT
CORP 39
Agency — J. Walter Thompson Co.
AIR SPACE DEVICES, INC., SAFETY
TOWER LADDER DIV 46
Agency — Forbath Adv.
AMPEX CORP 32
Agency — Cunningham & Walsh Inc.
ATLAS COVERALL & UNIFORM SUPPLY
Co 57
Agency — Paul & Baum/Adv.
AUTONETICS, A DIVISION OF NORTH
AMERICAN AVIATION, INC 6, 7
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine
& Osborn, Inc.
8ECKMAN INSTRUMENTS, INC 34
Agency — Erwin Wasey, Ruthrauff &
Ryan, Inc.
CANOGA ELECTRONICS CORP 3
Agency — Jordan Adv., Inc.
CHANDLER EVANS CORP 60
Agency — G. F. Sweet & Co., Inc.
CHICAGO BRIDGE & IRON CO 2
Agency — Ladd, Wells & Co., Inc.
CONSOLIDATED ELECTRODYNAMICS
CORP 36, 37
Agency — Hixson & Jorgensen, Inc.
DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT CO., INC 14,47
Agency — J. Walter Thompson Co.
DOW CORNING CORP 12, 13
Agency — Church & Guisewite
Adv., Inc.
ELECTRONIC MEMORIES INC 44
Agency — Faust/Day Adv.
ELECTRONIC SPECIALTY CO.,
EEMCO DIV 48
Agency — Grant Adv., Inc.
GENARCO, INC 56
Agency — Berin/Pecor, Inc.
GENERAL PRECISION AEROSPACE,
GENERAL PRECISION, INC 24
Agency — Deutsch & Shea, Inc
GRAPHITE PRODUCTS DIV./GREAT
LAKES CARBON CORP 50
Agency — Davis, Parsons &
Strohmeier, Inc.
HYDRODYNE DIV. OF
DONALDSON CO., INC 11
Agency — West Associates
INLAND MOTOR CORP., A SUB. OF
KOLLMORGEN CORP 51
Agency — S. Gunnar Myrbeck & Co
KOLLMORGEN CORP 4
Agency — Horton, Church & Goff, Inc
LOCKHEED-GEORGIA CO., A DIV. OF
LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORP 29
Agency — Foote, Cone & Belding
MELPAR, INC., A SUB. OF WESTING-
HOUSE AIR BRAKE CO 55, 59
Agency — Lewis, Dobrow & Lamb
MINNESOTA MINING & MFG. CO.,
MAGNETIC PRODUCTS DIV 45
Agency — MacManus, John &
Adams, Inc.
POWER-TRONIC SYSTEMS INC., A SUB
OF HYDRA-POWER CORP 54
Agency — Richard La Fond Adv., Inc
ROCKBESTOS WIRE & CABLE CO., DIV.
OF CERRO CORP 38
Agency — Marsteller Inc.
JOSEPH L. SMITH & ASSOC 54
Agency — Marion A. Allen
SPACE & INFORMATION SYSTEMS DI-
VISION OF NORTH AMERICAN AVI-
ATION, INC 43
Agency — 8atten, Barton, Durstine
& Osborn, Inc.
UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, THE . 52
UNITED STATES STEEL CORP 22,23
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine
& Osborn, Inc.
VITRO CORPORATION OF AMERICA 30, 31
Agency — Buchen Adv., Inc.
WAYNE-GEORGE CORP 8
Agency — L. K. Frank Co., Inc.
-when and where
MARCH
ASME Gas Turbine Conference and
Products Show, Shamrock Hilton Ho-
tel, Houston, Mar. 1-5.
Atmospheric Problems of Aerospace Ve-
hicles, sponsored by FAA and AMS,
National Aviation Facilities Experi-
mental, Atlantic City, N.J., Mar. 2-5.
15th Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical
Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy,
Penn-Sheraton Hotel, Pittsburgh, Mar.
2-6.
Fifth Symposium on Thermal Radiation
of Solids, Sheraton-Palace Hotel, San
Francisco, Mar. 4-6.
Southeastern Conference on Theoretical
and Applied Mechanics, Georgia Insti-
tute of Technology, Atlanta, Mar. 5-6.
AIAA Aerodynamic Testing Conference,
Marriott Twin Bridges Motor Hotel,
Washington, D.C., Mar. 9-10.
National Association of Corrosion Engi-
neers Annual Conference and Corro-
sion Show, Sherman Hotel, Chicago,
Mar. 9-13.
Air Force Cambridge Research Labora-
tories Exploding Wire Conference, Ken-
more Hotel, Boston, Mar. 10-12.
Society for Nondestructive Testing Spring
National Convention, Chapman-Park
Hotel, Los Angeles, Mar. 16-19.
Pricing and Negotiating Prime and Sub-
contracts in the Defense and Aero-
space Industries Seminar, sponsored
by the Contract Management Institute,
Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, Mar.
16-20.
NBS Symposium on Statistical Association
Methods for Mechanized Documenta-
tion, National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C., Mar. 17-19.
Third Hypervelocity Techniques Sympo-
sium, Denver, Colo., Mar. 17-18.
IEEE International Convention, Hilton
Hotel and Coliseum, New York City,
Mar. 23-26.
American Meteorological Society National
Conference on Physics and Dynamics
of Clouds, University of Chicago, Chi-
cago, Mar. 24-26.
Southwest Research Institute Aerospace
Bearing Conference, San Antonio, Mar.
25-27.
Technical Symposium, sponsored by Poly-
technic Institute of Brooklyn, IRE,
AIEE, Army, Navy and Air Force,
New York City, Mar. 23 -Apr. 2.
APRIL
Society of Plastics Engineers, Engineering
with Thermoplastics, Sheraton Hotel,
Akron, Apr. 1.
Classified
RESUMES
Edited, IBM typed, printed $7.50/1
page/ 100 copies. Catering to Scientists-
Engineers-Executives.
Mail ALERT
816 W. 5th Street, L.A. 17. MA 91877.
CERTIFIED TO MEET GOVERNMENT
SPECIFICATIONS (T.O. 00-25-203)
Engineered to Meet Your Most
Critical Requirement Levels
U.S. AIR FORCE AND NAVY APPROVED FACILITIES
Atlas can also supply Clean Room
Garments for Class 1 thru 4 Programs.
AIR DELIVERY ODTSIDE OF WEST COAST AREA
For Complete Information, Inquire
DIRECTOR OF SALES. DEPT. B
ATLAS
COVERALL & UNIFORM
'•; SUPPLY COMPANY
1441 EAST ADAMS BLVD."
LOS ANGELES 11, CALIF.
PHONE:, ADams 2-3271
Circle No. 31 on Subscriber Service Card
M/R BUSINESS OFFICES
Washington, D.C. 20005—1001 Vermont Avenue,
NW; Sterling 3-5400
A. C. Boughton, National Sales Manager
Craig L. Mason, Director of Research
New York, N.Y. 10017-20 East 46 Street; YUko.
6-3900
Paul B. Kinney, Eastern Advertising Manage
Paul N. Anderson
Beverly Hills, California 90210-9301 Wllshire
Blvd.; CRestview 4-8791
Edwin J. Denker, Jr., Western Advertising
Manager
Ronald L. Rose
Detroit, Michigan 48237-21990 Greenfield Rood,
Oak Park, Mich.; 547-8880
Michael Rouff
Chicago, Illinois 60601-1 East Wacker Dr.,
Room 1522; 321-1444
Charles E. Durham, Jr.
Miami, Florida 33022-P.O. Box 890, Hollywood,
Flo.; Wilson 7-6072
R. P. Caldiero
London, W.I., England-44 Conduit Street;
REgent 4714
American Magazine Group
Geneva, Switzerland— 10 Rue Grenus; Geneva
321044
Paris, France-11 Rue Condorcet; TRU 15-39
issiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
57
editorial . . .
The Cost of <
LIKE MOTHERHOOD, cost reduction is to be
i devoutly regarded. But we must confess that
we are disturbed by the present approach of the
Administration to this admittedly desirable goal.
President Johnson, NASA Administrator Webb
and Secretary of Defense McNamara have blanketed
the industry with well in excess of 7,500 letters on
the subject. These urge increased attention to cost
reduction and ask companies to report actions taken
as a result.
More recently, the Dept. of Defense has pro-
posed guidelines for a uniform cost-reduction pro-
gram. The industry's 100 largest prime contractors
have been asked to comment on these. Industry firms
are expected to set up cost-reduction programs or
expand and intensify existing efforts along this line.
Contractors will be expected to report twice a
year on performance in cutting costs. The seven
pages of guidelines also include a proposed reporting
form and digest of data expected.
Implicit in all of this is a picture of a missile/
space industry which has been grossly negligent in
holding the line on costs while fattening itself at the
government trough.
This just is not true.
The Administration is acting as though this were
a non-competitive industry unmotivated by a desire
for profit. This is, in fact, a highly competitive in-
dustry. The contractor who lets his costs get out of
hand prices himself right out of business. The profit
motive remains the best cost-cutting incentive in the
world.
As we have said in the past, we are pleased with
the recognition DOD has given to the need for more
reasonable profits. The days of companies operating
government plants with government equipment on
government contracts, those days when rate of return
on capital investment provided a cheery contrast to
apparently low profit margins, are gone. These days,
the industry largely builds its own plants and fur-
nishes its own equipment. DOD has recognized this
shift with acknowledgement that more reasonable
profits are required.
But the Defense Dept., and the Administration,
are following an illogical course in attempting to
make cost reduction a primary goal of a profit-
motivated industry. Any firm can cut its cost to zero
by going out of business. What must be determined
are those costs which are essential to keeping the
company in business.
These may be costs which the government, ap-
proaching the problem with a different philosophy,
will not recognize.
Dudley E. Browne, group vice president for
finance and administration of Lockheed Aircraft
Corp., puts the problem well in the current issue of
The Federal Accountant:
"Cost reduction, in industry's point of view, is
good only because it leads to profit improvement. In
the short term it will certainly do this. In the long
term, it may or it may not. Some costs must be in-
curred to assure the future, such as expenditures for
58
st Reduction
new machinery, or for research and development to
bring forth a new product. These are costs that can
maximize profits. Unlike costs that are excessive or
unnecessary and hence reduce profits, costs of prod-
uct improvement are those that help promote cus-
tomer acceptance, more sales and more profits. And
in the long run, I believe, such costs are in the best
interests of government."
An intensive cost campaign by the government,
forcing cost reduction on a project-by-project basis,
can damage industry's ability to fund those overhead
items necessary for future health. This, in time, is
bound to reduce quality and increase cost to the
government.
Company management cannot concern itself solely
with cost on a project basis but must assess costs in
terms of the full company operations. With future
profits in mind, it may make decisions which are in-
explicable to government auditors.
Forcing firms in the industry to build extensive
cost-reporting organizations merely serves to increase
administrative overhead and adds to the paper storm
of blizzard proportions which already costs the gov-
ernment money. Less government interference, not
more, is the answer.
THE ADMINISTRATION ATTEMPT to highlight
cost reduction as a goal in itself will only lead
clever management into artificial cost cutting or into
delay of actual cost improvement which later can be
billed as virtuous response to government demands.
The Administration should recognize that the
free enterprise system provides in the profit motive
its most potent weapon. It must recognize, not cost-
reduction programs, but true cost reduction in terms *|
of lower prices. It must leave to management the
prerogative of achieving these in its own fashion.
Firms in the missile/space industry long have
carried out cost reduction for its own sake. In his
response to President Johnson's letter. President Wil-
liam E. Zisch of Aerojet-General reported cost sav-
ings of $4 million in the Titan program and $5.5
million on Minuteman. These were not achieved be-
cause the President wrote a letter or because Secre-
tary McNamara set up a cost-reduction organization.
They were achieved because they were in the best
interests of the company.
Mr. Browne, in pointing out that cost reduction
is a means and not an end in itself, also emphasizes
the important fact that the law of diminishing returns
applies in this area as in so many others. As the lim-
its of cost reduction are approached, the final gains
cost more than they save. The government's new em-
phasis on cost reduction could push industry into
that area.
The Administration should leave cost-improve-
ment methods to industry. It can better achieve its
goal by careful shopping than by imposing an addi-
tional paperwork burden.
William J. Coughlin
missiles and rockets, February 24, 1964
Good Report?
You bet.
(A) means that overruns on cost
plus fixed fee contracts dur-
ing 1963 were less than 4/10
of 1%.
(B) means that Melpar averaged
96.5% on-time delivery dur-
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(C) means that Melpar furnishes
almost 100% of the facilities
used to do the job.
Simple?
Not when you have to perform.
Melpar performs and excels in
these areas:
• Electronic Warfare Systems
• Simulation and Training
• Communications
• Ordnance • Sensors
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• Materials Studies and Chemical
Processes
• Thin Films • Integrated Circuits
If you are interested in perform-
ance like this, in these and other
areas, let Melpar perform for you.
For Further Information Contact:
Robert E. Miller, Vice President
MELPAR T inc
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0 SYSTEM
CONTROLS
ell's New Secondary Propulsion Module for Agena
ALF Demonstration Agreement Revealed
Standard Space Guidance Contracts Let . p|j
Congressmen Attack SNAP Vacillation . .
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Circle No. 1 on Subscriber Service Card
Circle No. 2 on Subscriber Service Card
You could store
unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
so long you might
forget how to spell it.
Here's a reminder: Dimazine
High energy propellant storable for years in and out
of launch vehicles. Advance loading, instant use.
Resists heat, cold, contamination, shock. Compati-
ble with most metals and selected non-metals.
Used also for stable combustion, smooth hypergolic
starts, safe shutdowns, multiple restarts.
Key reliability factor in Titan II, Agena, Delta,
Ablestar, Bullpup.
Most rocket people spell it the way we do. You too ?
FMC CORPORATION
INORGANIC CHEMICALS DIVISION
i
633 THIRD AVENUE, DEPT. 1833-1, NEW YORK 17, N.Y.
H
HONEYWELL
INSTRUMENTATION
1^
MILITARY
EDITION
Number 1-MI
ElectroniK 16 Recorder Introduced
PHILADELPHIA — Honeywell's
Philadelphia Division has introduced
the ElectroniK 16 potentiometer, a strip-
chart recorder offering many standard
features now optional on other recorders.
"The ElectroniK 16's modular design
concept, along with a number of cus-
tomer-oriented features that make it
convenient to install, maintain and use,
makes it the easiest to work with re-
corder on the market today," said W. A.
Forsyth, military market manager for
Honeywell's Industrial Products Group.
"For example, the instrument mounts
directly into a 19-inch relay rack with-
out using adapters. It has a new, high-
performance, transistor servo-measuring
unit. Chart-changing time has been re-
duced to less than a minute. And we
can supply an optional pre-loaded chart
transport that permits charts to be
changed in approximately 10 seconds."
Mechanical layout of the recorder is
such, Forsyth said, that most available
options and accessories have their own
unique location on the chassis. This
permits the customer to later add fea-
tures previously available only as fac-
tory-installed or not possible at all if
certain other options also were desired.
Analog, Digital Data System
Cuts Time, Cost for Raytheon
SUDBURY, Mass.— Data that once
would have taken six technicians at
Raytheon's Space and Information Sys-
tems Division here two weeks to record
and plot is now being reduced in two
hours by one man.
Behind this 168 to 1 time compres-
sion is an automatic Honeywell analog
and digital data processing system. De-
signed and built as an Air Force mod-
ernization facility from standard com-
ponents by Honeywell's Special Systems
Division, it can record, for selective
playback and readout, up to 230 chan-
nels of data from 1 1 remote test areas.
Raytheon lab manager Elmo Pacini checks
Honeywell Model 1108 Visicorder oscillo-
graph as it monitors wave shape of 24-
channel vibration test data.
The analog portion of the system re-
ceives data from one shock test area and
five vibration test rooms. The digital
system handles temperature, barometric
pressure and air flow data from five
climatic environmental test chambers.
Primary inputs for the analog record-
ing sub-system are 24 accelerometer sig-
nals, recorded simultaneously on two-
inch FM tape. Wave shapes can be
monitored with a Honeywell Model
1108 Visicorder oscillograph. Also re-
corded are shake table frequency, vibra-
tion servo control output and voice for
a total of 27 analog channels.
The playback sub-system, using the
same Honeywell tape transport as the
recording network, plots rectified ac-
celeration level vs. frequency on an X-Y
plotter in log-log or log-linear form.
The digital system scans at 100 points
per minute, measures, linearizes, digi-
tizes and records up to 200 inputs from
thermocouples, turbine flow meters and
pressure transducers.
Information is fed into a Honeywell
ADRT 3200 data logger having an in-
cremental tape recorder. This recorder
stores up to 72 hours of 200-channel
data on one 2400-foot roll of half-inch
tape.
Circle No. 3 on Subscriber Service Card
Operator makes setting on Adjustable
Range Unit, optional equipment with two-
pen ElectroniK 16 strip-chart recorder.
"All adjustments can be made simply
by sliding the chassis forward," Forsyth
noted. "The ink supply can be refilled so
easily that the instrument's recording
operation is not interrupted. The elec-
trical span and zero controls are made
entirely by precision potentiometers
specifically designed by Honeywell for
this function. And a new type of cam-
operated backset switch has been cre-
ated, again with simplicity of adjust-
ment and stability of operation in mind."
The ElectroniK 16 is currently avail-
able in single-pen, two-pen and multi-
point models. Among the options avail-
able are an Adjustable Range Unit, chart
supply indicator, retransmitting slide-
wires and event markers. The multi-
point recorder has an option whereby
any combination of 1 to 24 inputs can
be selected by positioning appropriate
buttons, and another option giving plug-
board selection of alarm points.
WRITE FOR COMPLETE DETAILS
Honeywell
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS GROUP
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 19144
HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL
Sales and service offices in principal cities of the
world. Manufacturing in United States, United King-
dom, Canada, Netherlands, Germany, France, Japan.
missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Volume 14, Number 9
March 2, 1964
Editor
William J. Coughlin
Managing Editor
Reed Bundy
Senior Editors
Charles D. LaFond Electronics
William Beller Engineering
Associate Editors
Lawrence J. Curran Assistant Managing Editor
Heather M. David Space Medicine
Michael Getler Electronics
Russell Hawkes Industry
John F. Judge Advanced Materials
Robert L. Parker Copy Editor
Rex Pay Electronics
Hal Taylor NASA
James Trainor Military
Contributing Editors
David A. Anderton, Warren Burkett,
Robert Lindsey, Robert Twiss
Friedrich Schonbach Art Director
Donald Strickland Assistant Art Director
Eleanor Cobey Editorial Assistant
Suzanne Montgomery Editorial Assistant
BUREAUS
LOS ANGELES. . . .9301 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills
Willard E. Wilks Bureau Chief
NEW YORK 20 East 46th Street
Michael Getler
CAPE. KENNEDY 507 Orange Ave.
Chris Butler Merritt Is., Fla.
PARIS. 1 1 Rue Condorcet
Jean-Mane Riche
GENEVA 10 Rue Grenus
Frank G. McGuire
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Dr. Peter Castruccio Alexander Satin
Conrad H. Hoeppner Vice Adm. H. Sanders (ret.)
Richard F. Gompertz
James W. Claar
Publisher
A. C. Bough ton National Sales Manager
Paul B. Kinney Eastern Advertising Manager
Edwin J. Denker, Jr Western Advertising Manager
Craig L. Mason Director of Research
John N. Carlin Director of Circulation
Paddy Nelson Circulation Promotion
R. Virgil Parker Production Manager
Barbara Wiener Advertising Services Manager
Published each Monday with the exception of the
last Monday in December by American Aviation
Publications, Inc., 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W Wash-
ington, D.C., 20005. Cable Address: AMERAV.
Printed at Judd & Detweiler, Inc., Washington, DC
Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.
Copyright 1964, American Aviation Publications, Inc.
Subscription rates: U.S. and Possessions, Canada, and
Pan American Postal Union Nations: 1 year, $5 00 2
^l'5.„?8i00' 3 *ears $10 00. All other foreign: 1 year
$15.00, 2 years $25.00, 3 years $35.00. Air freight to
Europe: 1 year $20.00, 2 years $30.00, 3 years $40.00
Single copy prices: regular issues 50 cents each-
special issues $1.00 each. Subscriptions are solicited
only from persons with identifiable commercial or
professional interests in the missile/space industry
Subscription orders and changes of address should be
referred to Circulation Fulfillment Mgr., Missiles and
5°^kellf„„i00! .. Vermont Ave., N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20005. Allow 4 weeks for change to become
effective and enclose recent address label if possible.
President Wayne W. Parrish
Senior Vice President Louis C. James
Vice President Fred S. Hunter
THE COVER V v
Textron Bell Aerosystem Co.'s secondary "» - ' '/ ,
propulsion system for Agena target ve-
hicle is shown in clean room before being
shipped to Lockheed Missiles & Space Co.
Each Agena target vehicle for the Gemini ■ " ' VH* „
spacecraft will have two modules astride
the Agena 's aft rack. See story page 10. M TflT
MARCH 2 HEADLINES
Industry To Get More Saturn Development Work 10
Accord Reached on Test Ship for NATO's MLF 14
NASA Outlines Advanced Manned Space Missions 15
Plans Ready for Critical Apollo Subsystem Backups 16
House Committee Virtually Squelches MMRBM 16
Four Contractor Teams Win First SSGS Studies 17
Ramjet Engine Tests in Extended X-15 Program 18
AF Probes Circulatory Problems of Weightlessness 21
NUCLEAR SYSTEMS
DOD, AEC Blasted for Vacillating on Power Systems 24
SPACE SYSTEMS
Philco Labs Developing Martian Life Detector 26
ASTRONAUTICS
Project GLOW Will Augment ABRES Study Program 27
SPACE ELECTRONICS f
Miniature Components Packaged Inexpensively 32
Weight Slashed in Improved Minuteman Circuits 35
Low-Profile Antennas May Find Broad Application 36
Radiation Resistance Troubling Circuit Designers 37
DEPARTMENTS
Letters
The Countdown
The Missile/Space
Week®
Technical Countdown
The Industry Week
6
9
10
23
31
Products & Processes 38
Contracts/Procurements 43
Names in the News 44
When & Where
Editorial
45
46
47,800 copies this issue
t U.S. Reg. Pdg.
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS
PHYSICISTS
MATHEMATICIANS
O MAKE
EACH
POLARIS
COUNT
The Applied Physics Laboratory,
The Johns Hopkins University,
seeks talented engineers and sci-
entists willing to roll up their
sleeves and tackle the Polaris
Weapon System. The objective:
to make each Polaris count!
A PL has prime responsibility for
the operational evaluation of this
weapon system, concentrating at-
tention on the navigation, fire
control, and launch sub-systems
as well as the missile itself.
Staff members establish test pro-
grams, monitor tests at Cape
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collect and analyze test data, and
provide performance values to op-
erational militaryplanningagencies.
Career appointments are available
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you a choice of city, suburban or
country living. The area offers
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and recreational facilities, and
good public and private schools.
There are seven universities at
which staff members can continue
their education with A PL financial
support.
Direct your inquiry to :
Mr. W. S. Kirby,
Professional Staff ing
Applied Physics Laboratory
The Johns Hopkins University
8643 Georgia Avenue,
Silver Spring, Maryland
(Suburb of Washington, D. C.)
An equal opportunity employer
letters
JPL & Ranger (cont.)
To the Editor:
Your Feb. 10 editorial certainly takes
the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to task. It's
a confusing dissertation, however, alluding
to the premise that either "private indus-
try" or civil service organizations are com-
petent in space engineering, but not non-
profit organizations such as JPL. We should
either pay large fees (5 to 8%), such as
most contractors get, or none at all, but
certainly not the Vi% pittance paid to
CalTech. Now what kind of sense does
that make?
You suggest someone should be fired as
a result of the Ranger failures. But are you
at Missiles and Rockets consistent? Do
you fire editors for lashing out irresponsi-
bly before examining all the facts?
Among those you overlooked were:
1. Mariner II, an outgrowth of Ranger
and a much more complex mission, was
quite successful.
2. The Ranger VI failure occurred in
the largest single subcontracted portion of
the spacecraft, built by "private industry."
3. The Ranger and Mariner programs
have not had the benefit of a flight test
program and have been required by NASA
to be burdened down with scientific experi-
ments from the first launch. What Saturn
launching has had to carry scientific equip-
ment as its primary mission? As a matter
of fact, if you will look at the first six
Ranger flights as test flights, you will see
that significant progress has been made as
the failures moved downstream from
A genu to experimental payload.
4. If 100% success of Ranger VI had
to be assured, why did NASA plan three
more shots just like it?
5. Have you compared payload cost
per pound or information bits per dollar
for JPL, "private industry," and Govern-
ment agency feats? If you had, I doubt if
you would have printed your missive.
6. The so-called "private industry" in
the space business isn't private at all. Most
of them are using Government-owned fa-
cilities and equipment and what they do
own is paid for by the taxpayers out of
high fees. The closest thing we've had to
private industry was Bell Labs' Telstar. If
that's the kind of thing you had in mind,
I'm all for it.
Robert P. Thompson
Glendale, Calif.
P.S. Please cancel my subscription here-
with and refund the balance. I will now
subscribe to a more competent technical
publication.
Sand Into Space
To the Editor:
I have completed reading "SA-5 Orbit
Boosts U.S. Prowess" (M/R, Feb. 3, p. 17)
and was quite alarmed at the description
of the orbiting package — "flying junkpile"
I — and especially at the last part of the
sentence . . . "and 11,500 lbs. of sand
ballast."
Surely, at a time such as the present
when every hour of every day is important,
in terms of our race with the Russians, we
can make better use of a high-power rocket
engine than sending 53A tons of sand into
space. Granted that any shot during a
testing phase is a gamble, actually every
shot is a gamble — during or after comple-
tion of the test phase.
With the millions+ dollars being spent
on the various research and development
programs there must be at least one pro-
gram which could have made use of the
space and weight factors devoted to trans-
porting sand into space?
Herbert E. Wodtke
Collinsville, 111.
Electronics Research Center
To the Editor:
Your Feb. 17 editorial, "That Boston
Center," has been read with great interest,
and I sincerely hope that your message will
be effective.
Getting the government out of business
which the government has no business to
be in is an absorbing interest with me . . .
Best wishes for the success of your
efforts to preserve the Private Enterprise
System upon which our freedom is based.
D. Hayes Murphy
Chairman
The Wiremold Company
Hartford, Conn.
Labor and Defense Costs
To the Editor:
A few weeks ago DOD sent out an im-
pressive letter. Signed by Secretary Mc-
Namara, it urged all defense contractors
to go on an austerity budget, to cut all
waste, to eliminate all inefficiency. The
implication was that we would now get
down to business and really achieve the
impossible — high-quality hardware at rea-
sonable cost.
The first sequel to this announcement
was the contract that the Teamsters signed
with the trucking indusry. It was a fancy
contract, with lavish fringe benefits.
The next austerity measure was taken
by the steel industry, when they signed the
new contract with the Steelworkers. Im-
agine, how efficient thirteen-week vacations
are.
It appears then that austerity will be
limited to those of us who are not organ-
ized into sufficiently powerful pressure
groups.
More serious than that, however, is the
effect on the morale of the unorganized
member of industry. To be harrassed,
threatened and pressured to be more pro-
ductive, so that others can be less so, just
is not going to do the job.
Tony Berger
Burbank, Calif.
5 Circle No. 4 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
You can use this idea to seal doors
BFG makes an inflatable seal that works much the same as this little
gizmo. It pops up instantly with a little inflation, snaps back when
pressure is released. Big advantage of the inflatable seal is that it
gives you a firm, pressure-tight seal . . . yet provides very wide
clearance when deflated for quick, easy access. It's used to seal blast
doors, pressurized canopies, radiation chambers, explosive areas,
squipment on amphibious vehicles. Provides an atmospheric seal,
ieeps out gases, dirt, fluids. These BFG seals come in any length,
n several cross-section sizes. Can be installed mechanically or with
idhesives, in straight runs, around corners. Does this give you an
idea? Send coupon for Design Guide.
Circle No. 5 on Subscriber Service Cord
Mail coupon for BFG Inflatable Seal Design Guide
The B.F.Goodrich Company
Aerospace and Defense Products. Dept. MR-3
500 South Main Street, Akron 18, Ohio
Your Name_
Company
Address
City
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Despite the tremendous speed and raven-
ous appetite of today's most advanced
computers, scientists at Lockheed Mis-
siles & Space Company's Computer Re-
search Laboratoriesfeelthatthereis room
for a great deal of improvement. They have
dedicated themselves to the discovery and
development of ways to increase the speed
and reliability of computers while simpli-
fying their operation.
Though today's computer circuits are
capable of operating at speeds measured
in tens of nanoseconds, the useful com-
putation rate is far slower. One of the
roadblocks hindering speed is the need
for the computer to wait for the carryovers
from one column of figures to catch up
with the main calculation. A possible an-
swer to this problem is modular arithmetic,
which avoids carryover. Based on the an-
cient Chinese Remainder Theorem, this
concept is being re-examined at Lockheed
for potential computer applications.
Lockheed's Computer Research Labo-
ratories are studying a very broad group of
related computer research areas, and the
company can boast that an unusual num-
ber of its specialists are at the very fore-
front of their specific fields.
Among the major areas of research
being undertaken at this time are basic
physical phenomena, such as phonons;
quantum mechanics; switching theory;
residue arithmetic (number system re-
search); threshold logic and pattern
recognition and logic design techniques.
LOOK AT LOCKHEED... AS A CAREER
Consider Lockheed's leadership in space
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—such as the Polaris missile, the Agena
vehicle's superb record of space mis-
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Then write for a brochure that gives
you a more complete Look at Lockheed.
Address: Research & Development Staff,
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California. Lockheed is an equal oppor-
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SCIENTISTS & ENGINEERS: In addition
to positions relating to computer research,
such as logical design specialists and
mathematicians, other important openings
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• Inertial guidance • Electromagnetics •
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MISSILES & SPACE COMPANY
A CROUP DIVISION OF LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION
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Basic research toward simpler, faster, more reliable computers
m m m
The Countdown
WASHINGTON
Gemini, Ranger VII Slippage Victims
First unmanned Gemini flight, scheduled for March, is
now very likely to slip into April. Reason: delay in the
recent static firing of the Titan II booster. Expected shut-
down of the Deep Space Instrumentation Facility (DSIF)
will also mean further slippage of Ranger VII to May or
June. The tracking system will be shut down for about six
weeks to tool up for the Mariner launch in November.
Meanwhile, the Atlas booster set up at the Cape for the
Ranger launch has been replaced by an Atlas-Antares to be
used soon in a Project Fire shot.
Lance Aimed at Minimum Retraining
One of the major aims of the Lance development pro-
gram is to minimize retraining and maintenance require-
ments. Army says the new system will demand "little ex-
tensive retraining" of crews familiar with Honest John or
Little John. Maintenance requirements will be filled with
tools already in the TO&E of operational units, with one
exception — a special spanner wrench.
Program Definition of Comsat Completed
DOD has wound up the program definition phase of
the military comsat program — Program 369 — but its status
is still up in the air. Air Force officials refuse to reveal the
status of the contract with the Philco-TRW/STL team. The
award was extended in December for 60 days.
Manned Planetary Flyby's Seen in Decade
NASA planners believe manned Mars and Venus flyby's
are possible beginning in 1974 — assuming the money is
available. Landing missions could then start in 1980. One
manned planetary spacecraft being studied by the space
agency would weigh 340,000 lbs.
Marines Dump Honest John
Three batteries of the Honest John bought by the Marine
Corps have been phased out and the missiles returned to
the Army. The unguided rocket proved too unwieldy for
the Corps' amphibious operations. It will be replaced by
the Howtar — a 4.2-in. mortar and a new howitzer.
Navy Still Interested in Mauler
Although officially the Navy has dropped the Sea Mauler
program, which would have adapted the Army's Mauler
air-defense missile system to warships, both Army and
Navy officials have made it clear the Navy's requirement
in this area is not dead. Other approaches are being ex-
plored, but if the Army should solve Mauler development
problems, the Navy is eager to adapt it.
First Spot of Trouble for Vela
At least one of the two Very High Altitude (formerly
Vela Hotel) nuclear explosion detection satellites ran into
its first minor difficulty about two weeks ago. Problem is
believed to have been a battery failure, but it's reported a
switch was made to a backup. Otherwise, performance of
both satellites is described as "most unusually successful."
Congress Seeks New Thrust in Propulsion
Two or more of the House Space Subcommittees have
taken NASA to task for alleged "lethargy" in its propulsion
program. Congressmen are disturbed about the pace in all
phases — liquid, solid and exotic — and some sort of action
seems to be in the wind.
INDUSTRY
New Delta Buy Tops $9 Million
NASA will buy eight more Delta launch vehicles from
Douglas Aircraft Co., bringing to 47 the number of these
well-proven boosters it has acquired. Although the new
contract, expected to exceed $9 million, doesn't cover mod-
ification, the boosters to be bought will be capable of thrust
augmentation and some will be converted to TAD's. NASA
expects to use the vehicles for orbiting Biosatellites and
Pioneers, as well as future meteorological and other satellites
New Method of Rigidizing Investigated
The Air Force Materials Laboratory has embarked on
an in-house program to research a proposed chemical con-
cept for rigidizing expandable aerospace structures after
inflation in space. Study involves use of flexible coated-
fibrous structural materials that will remain flexible for long
storage periods in folded condition.
INTERNATIONAL
Aramis Proposed for Antiaircraft Defense
Short Brothers & Harland of Britain and Dassault and
Matra of France have proposed that the Aramis guided
missile be used to fill an alleged gap in NATO defenses.
The three companies have submitted blueprints and are
awaiting official approval. There's no explanation yet of the
relationship of the Aramis mission to that of the U.S. Hawk.
Aussie Station To Fire Syncom Kick Motor
Australia and the United States have signed an agree-
ment for a portable command and telemetry station at
Salisbury, Australia. It will be used to fire the apogee kick
motor of the Syncom spacecraft.
Russian Scientist Starts Cuban Station
Nikolai Yerpyiev, scientific secretary of the USSR Acad-
emy of Science, has gone to Cuba to begin setting up a satel-
lite observation station there, Tass reports. The Soviet news
agency says some equipment for the installation has already
been delivered to Cuba.
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
9
The Missile / Space Week
Industry Due Marshall Work
Marshall Space Flight Center is
shifting more of the developmental
work on the Saturn boosters to its
industrial contractors.
Principal contractors immediately
affected will be Boeing Co., Chrysler
Corp., International Business Ma-
chines Corp. and General Electric Co.
Boeing is now assisting Marshall
with the design and engineering of
the S-IC stage of Saturn V. The com-
pany can be expected to assume more
engineering tasks as the development
of the stage progresses.
Chrysler will also be given addi-
tional tasks, including work on the
electrical ground support equipment
for Saturn I and Saturn IB instru-
ment console.
In addition, the two firms can be
expected to increase their activity in
systems engineering tasks in such
areas as analysis of flight dynamics
and structural analysis, advanced de-
sign, assembly and interface docu-
mentation.
Each firm will be assigned re-
sponsibility for the operation of some
test facilities at Huntsville. These
will include the dynamic test stands,
the Saturn I test stand and the load
test facility now under construction.
Boeing will have test responsibili-
ties also at the MSFC Mississippi
Test Operations.
IBM is now under contract for
the production of subsystems of the
Marshall-designed instrument unit.
The contract calls for eventual take-
over by IBM of the responsibility for
additional structural and mechanical
design, procurement of components,
and assembly, checkout and documen-
tation of the entire instrument unit.
General Electric will be given the
mission of design, fabrication, as-
sembly and checkout of ground sup-
port electrical equipment for Saturn
IB and Saturn V.
Medical Overlap Attacked
NASA and the Air Force are
finally coming to grips with the prob-
lem of duplication in bioastronautics
or aerospace medicine, NASA offi-
cials report.
Dr. George M. Knaupf, acting
director of aerospace medicine in the
Office of Manned Space Flight, told
Congress last week that meetings
last summer have resulted in an
agreement by which all NASA and
AF tasks in this area are jointly
reviewed and assigned.
In fact, said Knaupf, the meet-
ings have resulted in the cancella-
tion of 55 projects — 47 in the Air
Force and eight in NASA. As ex-
amples, he said the Air Force had
dropped studies of emergency escape
and a portable life-support system,
while NASA cancelled plans to study
radiation damage, a cardiac output
study and the development of com-
ponents for two-gas environment.
Nine hundred programs in the
Fiscal 1964 budget were originally
reviewed, Knaupf said. Besides those
cancelled, 236 Air Force and 111
NASA programs were allowed to
continue, and 481 Air Force and
seven NASA programs were judged
peculiar to their particular agencies.
Only two need further coordination
at this point. In addition, 123 were
turned over as being best suited to
NASA's Office of Advanced Research
and Technology.
DOD Briefing Dates Given
The Dept. of Defense has an-
nounced to industry the tentative
schedule for seven of the 13 calendar
year '64 classified briefings on its
long-range development plans.
Subjects of the meetings and the
dates are: Aircraft, May 25; Mis-
siles, May 26; Electronics, May 27;
Command and Control, either the
fourth week of May or in June; Arms
and Ammunition, second week of
June; Chemical and Biological, June
15; and Nuclear Products, fourth
week of June.
All the meetings, with the pos-
sible exception of the one on Arms
and Ammunition — which may be in
Chicago — will probably be held in
Washington, D.C.
Bell Delivering Agena System
Delivery of the first module of
a newly developed secondary propul-
sion system for the Agena target ve-
hicle, which will rendezvous with
the Gemini spacecraft, will be made
this week by Textron's Bell Aero-
systems Co.
The system module will be de-
livered to Lockheed Missiles & Space
Co., Sunnyvale, Calif. It consists of a
set of 16- and 200-lb.-thrust radia-
tion-cooled rocket motors (see
cover) , positive expulsion propellant
tanks, a pressurization system and
various valves and controls needed
to support each module.
Each target vehicle will have two
modules that fit snugly astride the
Agena's aft rack. The system will be
used in space to re-orient the pro-
pellants for Bell's multi-restart
Agena engine, and to make vernier
adjustments to the target vehicle
velocity before docking.
More 'Moonspots' Predicted
Bright red spots on the Moon that
Air Force scientists at Lowell Ob-
servatory reported seeing on two
different occasions late last year will
possibly be seen again toward dusk
on June 4 and 5.
This is the opinion of the Lowell
observers, based on calculations made
by Jack Green, North American Avi-
ation, Inc., geologist.
Green is said to base his predic-
tion on the fact that the Moon on
those dates will be as close to the
Earth as it can get and, simultane-
ously, the lunar libration will place
the Aristarchus area — where the
spots were seen — closest to the Earth.
Several causes are ascribed to the
spots. A prevalent one is that they
are luminescing gases, originally
under pressure beneath the Moon's
crust, but set free by fissures induced
by the Earth's gravitational tug. A
second possible explanation is that
the spots are no more than reflected
light that appears red because of
Aristarchus' terrain and its position
relative to the Sun at the time the
sightings were made.
The work of observing the Moon
is sponsored by the Air Force's Aero-
nautical Chart and Information Cen-
ter. A spokesman for ACIC said if
the efflux were truly gas, it might
indicate a warm spot for astronauts
to cluster during the cold lunar
nights. And if the gas were hydro-
gen, it might have been formed by
the dissociation of water, a boon to
any explorers on the lunar surface.
Army Defends Lacrosse
The Army has answered charges
by the General Accounting Office that
it wasted $300 million on the La-
crosse missile system, recently re-
placed in Europe by the Honest John
and 175-mm guns.
In reply to a GAO report calling
the missile unsatisfactory because
of inaccuracy, maintenance difficul-
ties and susceptibility to electronic
interference, the Army said the
weapon nonetheless "met a critical
requirement for a point target
weapon."
10
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
AF Ends TRUMP Series
The Air Force reports its Target
Radiation Measurement Program
(TEUMP) -Interim was successfully
concluded Feb. 12 at the Air Proving
Ground Center at Eglin AFB, Fla.
A Proving Ground official said of
the program: "We have acquired
more data per dollar in TRUMP-
Interim than in any other probe-
borne radiation study." The TRUMP
program investigated light intensity
from ICBM's, particularly in the in-
frared and ultraviolet ranges.
A new, more sophisticated pro-
gram, called TRUMP-Hitab, will be
started in the near future using a
different and heavier high-altitude
vehicle.
Boeing Building Test Stand
The Boeing Co. has broken
ground for a $1.5-million test stand
capable of handling 50, 000-lb. -thrust
upper-stage engines.
Boeing expects the stand to be
ready for use later this year. It will
be the first facility built on a 100,000-
acre test area Boeing recently pur-
chased at Boardman, Ore.
24-Satellite System Studied
General Electric Co. has just com-
pleted a NASA-funded feasibility
study for a global navigation and
control system employing 24 satel-
lites and six major ground stations.
A report on the $100,000 study is
now under review by the Communica-
tions and Navigation Programs Div.
at NASA headquarters.
The system, as conceived by GE,
would be used for aircraft and ship
location, navigation and control; air-
sea rescue operations; remote-area
data transmission; and satellite map-
ping.
The network would deploy two
dozen 150-lb. satellites, six in each
of four orbital planes. They would
be inclined 51 deg. to the equator
with the orbits equally spaced at
90-deg. intervals. Four Atlas-Agena
launch vehicles would be used in
multiple-satellite launchings. The
satellites would then drift into a
semi-random pattern at about 6,500
miles altitude. Not all 24 satellites
would be operated initially; hence
some space-stored vehicles could be
turned on when required.
The six ground stations located
around the globe would provide the
world-wide coverage GE says is pos-
sible with this system. Each station
would work with at least two satel-
lites simultaneously at all times, us-
ing the known position of the satel-
lite pairs to determine the position of
a transponder-equipped ship or air-
craft through measurement of time
delay between transmissions.
Actually, the system would oper-
ate in both passive and active modes.
GE says active mode accuracies to .1
nautical mile are possible and overall
position fixing to within 1 nautical
mile.
A single ground station working
with a pair of satellites should be
able, according to GE, to receive and
display up to 14,400 position fixes
an hour. Equipment aboard aircraft
(loop antenna, transponder, and dis-
Progress Reflected in Project Apollo
LEFT: Mockup of 25-ton Apollo Service Module shows relative
positions of main rocket engine and propellant supply. The
2 1,900-lb. -thrust powerplant, under development by Aerojet-
General Corp. for North American Aviation's Space and Infor-
mation Systems Div., is more than 12 ft. from end to end, and
uses a 60:1 expansion cone. Skirt fabrication involves the most
extensive welding known to date in tissue-thin titanium and
columbiitm. RIGHT: Honeywell's 9-ton simulator rides on a gas
bearing in tests aimed at checking out spacecraft's stabilization
and control system. Cold gas jets provide thrust.
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
11
Designed to Make Life Easier
RSE Model 1021 Portable FM Signal Gener-
ator. Also available in a standard 19" rack
mount (Model 1021R).
Checking Out Command -
and Telemetry Receivers
If you've ever lugged heavy equipment to the launch site, you
know what we mean.
RSE's new self-contained, light-weight portable (17 lbs.) FM
SIGNAL GENERATOR brings laboratory accuracy to the flight
line or launch site. Containing both an accurate signal source
and a ten channel coder, this versatile test set produces CW
or coded FM telemetry or command signals, or generates
standard IRIG tones for testing decoders, etc. You can verify
flight readiness of on-board command or telemetry systems
with this precision instrument, or you can use it as a calibrated
low power test transmitter for proving the complete installa-
tion, including antenna, cables, receiver /decoder — without
direct connections.
The Model 1021 is crystal controlled.
Plug-in heads are available in the 216
to 260 or 406 to 550 Mc ranges. Plug-in
subcarrier oscillators provide up to
ten channels selected by front panel
switches. Connect the 1021 to either a
28 vdc source (such as a battery pack)
i n or a 117 vac source (50 to 400 cps).
w| The 1021 is a versatile laboratory in-
strument, and can speed production
testing operations.
Write for specifications and/or a demon-
\t J| stration. Information also available on RSE
Model 1001 FM Signal Generator and RSE
Models 1851 and 1853 Coders.
RS ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
A Division of Pacific Industries, Inc.
795 Kifer Rd. • Sunnyvale, Calif. 94086 • Phone: (408) 739-3230
Circle No. 12 on Subscriber Service Card
play) using the system will occupy
between 1-2 cu. ft. and weigh be-
tween 20-50 lbs.
The satellite envisioned would be
shaped in a triangular prism config-
uration, which, combined with yaw
stabilization (no details given ex-
cept that the system requires no fuel
consumption) will reportedly cut
down by 50% the solar cell area re-
quired. Vertical stabilization will be
by gravity gradient techniques using
a de Havilland extendable rod and a
GE magnetically anchored viscous
damper.
The satellite would have a cir-
cularly polarized, 6-turn helical an-
tenna, 7 in. in dia. and 30 in. long,
with a ground plane gain of 12 db.
Photovoltaics will supply prime
power of 100 watts. The vehicle
would use solid-state logic and
switching nets, a 550-mc superhetero-
dyne receiver, and 500-mc transmit-
ter with 35 kw peak power 1 micro-
second pulses.
Douglas Proposes H-F Stage
A completely new upper stage de-
signed to add the potential of hydro-
gen-fluorine to the Thor family of
boosters is being proposed to NASA
by Douglas Aircraft Co. The stage
could be used with all other major
boosters.
The universal upper stage would
be powered by a single engine gen-
erating 35,000 lbs. thrust. The re-
startable vehicle would be 30 ft.
long, 10 ft. across and would carry
15 tons of propellant.
Shots of the Week
The Air Force and NASA each
conducted doubleheader launches last
week.
• On Feb. 24, Army artillerymen
lobbed two consecutive Pershing tac-
tical missile shots 200 miles from Ft.
Wingate, N.M., to the White Sands
Missile Range as part of a training
exercise. Warheads were replaced by
instruments, which indicated the two
firings were on target.
• The Air Force launched two
Minuteman ICBM's within 45 min-
utes of each other Feb. 25 from Van-
denberg AFB, Calif. The firings were
to test a new nose cone of undisclosed
type.
• Also from Vandenberg on Feb.
25, the Air Force fired an Atlas-
Agena combination on an undisclosed
mission.
• The Air Force launched an
Atlas and a Minuteman from Cape
Kennedy on Feb. 25 and a Titan II
on the 26th. All were successful.
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
EXPERIENCED AEROSPACE
■ STRUCTURAL ■ PROPULSION
■ MECHANICAL ■ RELIABILITY
II
FLUIDS ■ STRUCTURAL
ELECTRICAL/ ELECTRONIC
STANDARDS
■ STABILITY, GUIDANCE & CONTROL
■ RADAR, RFI, INFRARED, AND OPTICS
■ OPERATIONS RESEARCH
■ AERODYNAMICS ■ NUCLEAR SCIENCES
■ STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS — STRESS, LOADS, DYNAMICS
MANY OTHER POSITIONS ARE ALSO AVAILABLE FOR QUALIFIED ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS
GD/FW is currently engaged in many out-
standing projects involving atmospheric
and space vehicles and systems. Ener-
getic, creative engineers and scientists
are needed now, to help solve the intrigu-
ing problems involved in our many ambitious
programs. ■ FORT WORTH is a modern, clean,
interesting city. The area has the second largest
concentration of aerospace industry in the nation.
High quality homes — urban, suburban, and rural —
are available close to General Dynamics at surpris-
ingly low prices. ■ Driving is easy; traffic density
is low. Freeways lead directly to the ample parking
facilities of General Dynamics/Fort Worth, and nearly
all residential areas are less than 20 minutes away.
There is no fog, no smog, no smoke and no soot. ■
More than 100 parks cover a total of about 5,000
acres. There is a fine zoo, a famed botanic garden,
swimming pools, tennis courts, baseball diamonds,
picnic facilities, horseback riding, Southwest Con-
ference and NFL football, bowling, Casa Manana
theater-in-the-round, sports car races . . . and the
world's largest indoor rodeo — the Southwestern
Exposition and Fat Stock Show. ■ Six large lakes
are within minutes from downtown — three are in
the city limits. ■ Fort Worth has one of the nation's
better school systems. For higher education, there is
Texas Christian University, Arlington State College,
Southern Methodist University, and several other
colleges and universities in the area. ■ To take
advantage of the opportunities offered, write Mr.
J. B. Ellis, Industrial Relations Administrator-
Engineering, General Dynamics/Fort Worth, P. 0.
Box 748-M, Fort Worth, Texas. An equal opportunity
employer.
GENERAL DYNAMI
FORT WORTH
Circle No. 8 on Subscriber Service Card
Seven NATO members agree . . .
MLF Demonstration Ship Picked
McNamara announces choice of guided missile destroyer
USS Biddle; U.S. envisions 25 craft with Polaris-type missiles
U.S. EFFORTS to establish a multi-
lateral NATO force (MLF) of surface
ships armed with Polaris-type nuclear
missiles moved a big step forward when
Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNa-
mara announced that a U.S. guided mis-
sile destroyer would be used in a test
of the MLF's possibilities.
McNamara disclosed on Feb. 26
that the USS Biddle, normally based
at Norfolk as part of the Atlantic Fleet
and carrying Tartar antiaircraft and
Asroc antisubmarine missiles, had been
selected as a "mixed-manning demon-
stration ship."
He said the demonstration program
had been agreed upon by the U.S. and
six other NATO nations — Britain, West
Germany, Italy, the Netherlands. Greece
and Turkey.
A Defense Dept. announcement said
it would take six months to select crew
members and give them language train-
ing before assignment to the Biddle.
Informed sources said foreign crewmen
may ultimately comprise about 60%
of the ship's complement of 1 8 officers
and 316 men.
The Biddle will operate with its
test crew with the Second Fleet in the
Atlantic and the Sixth Fleet in the
Mediterranean.
"The technical equipment on the
Biddle will not be the same as that being
by James Trainor
considered for the surface missile ves-
sels of the (MLF)," the Pentagon
noted. "The Biddle will, however, pro-
vide operational experience with a com-
plex weapon system."
The six months' demonstration, if
successful, could lead to the develop-
ment of a NATO nuclear force consist-
ing of 25 surface ships armed with eight
Polaris missiles each. The invulnera-
bility of this force would be achieved
by intermixing the Polaris armed ships
with the high-density commercial ship-
ping along the European littoral.
The ships would be armed with the
Polaris A-3 or the MMRBM. In fact,
MMRBM development would be given
new life by a decision to implement the
MLF, according to DOD officials.
• MLF, political balm — Ever since
MLF was first proposed by then Secre-
tary of State Christian Herter before the
ministerial conference in Paris in De-
cember, 1960, it has had an admittedly
political purpose. It would give Euro-
pean nations of NATO a greater feel-
ing of participation in the control of
nuclear weapons, while at the same time
not relinquishing U.S. control. West
Germany has been particularly desirous
of such a voice in nuclear matters.
wmrnmmrnmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
Such a force would, it is hoped,
achieve two major U.S. foreign policy
objectives — the reunification of NATO
and the prevention of national nuclear
deterrent forces. Under MLF, no one
nation would be able to launch the force
and, presumably, by participating in the
control of this force would be deterred
from developing nuclear weapons of
its own.
• A first step — The importance of
the demonstration ship should not be
underestimated. Part of the concern
with the MLF concept, voiced particu-
larly by the U.S. Navy, is the ability of
a multinational crew to operate together.
In fact, the Navy has vetoed any
consideration of a multinational crew
for submarines. Many surface ships
have multinational crews, however, and
this is the approach to be explored.
If the demonstration is successful,
development of the MLF force could
begin early in 1965, leading to an initial
operational capability in 1968. Cost of
the program has been estimated at $5
billion. However, the share for each of
the nations participating in the program
has been variously placed at 5-10% of
the country's defense budget over a
period of years.
• Polaris base in Spain — In another
development, the Navy announced that
a Polaris base would be established on
the West coast of Spain at the Rota
Naval base there. The USS Proteus will
establish Squadron 16 at the base. The
tender Holland will presumably replace
the Proteus at Holy Loch, Scotland.
Although there are only 16 Polaris
submarines ready for sea and only 1 1
of these are deployed, each Polaris
tender is equipped to provide full base
facilities and support for nine subma-
rines, with as many as three being serv-
iced at one time.
The USS Lafayette will be the first
ship of Squadron 16. The Rota base
is expected to be as big as Holy Loch
as soon as the Navy gets a similar num-
ber of submarines deployed there.
Up until the time that the Rota base
was announced, Polaris submarines op-
erating in the Mediterranean had to use
the Holy Loch base for re-supply and
support. ■
mm
if
\ 1
• j
First Apollo
Unit at Cape
ENGINEERS and
technicians inspect
first Apollo Com-
mand Module to
arrive at Cape Ken-
nedy from North
American Aviation.
Tube protruding
from top is pas-
sageway to Lunar
Excursion Module.
14
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
Flying by early 1970's . . .
Improved Saturn IB
Would Orbit 30 Tons
Decision on configuration due in a year or two; details
of space agency plans for advanced manned space missions
NASA EXPECTS to develop an up-
rated Saturn IB launch vehicle in time
lor flight in the early 1970's.
A decision on the vehicle's con-
figuration will be made in a year or two.
Concepts under consideration in-
clude solid strap-ons for the first stage
and floxing or adding high-pressure en-
gines to the upper stage.
The solid strap-on would be smaller
than the 156-in. motor being developed
by the Defense Dept. Best bet appears
to be the 120-in. motor being developed
for the Titan III, but it could be smaller.
The improvement program will
probably increase the launch vehicle's
payload capability from 35,000 lbs. to
55,000-60,000 lbs. in Earth orbit.
• Future missions outlined — The
first detailed blueprint of NASA plans
for advanced manned spaceflight mis-
sions also revealed that:
— Some space agency officials are
convinced that the agency will ulti-
mately develop an Orbiting Research
Laboratory for the U.S. space program.
As a result, NASA is studying three
possible concepts for an Extended
Apollo Spacecraft, a Manned Orbiting
Research Laboratory and a Large Or-
biting Research Laboratory. It also in-
tends to use DOD's Manned Orbiting
Laboratory (MOL) for its early experi-
ments and believes that MOL is one of
the possible candidates for use as a
logistics system for the ORL.
— Little FY '66 funding for new
manned spaceflight programs is ex-
pected. Prime candidates for funding in
that year are the Apollo Lunar Logis-
tics Systems {ALLS) and the Extended
by Hal Taylor
Apollo. The major budget decisions af-
fecting future programs, however, will
be made in FY '67.
NASA's planning schedule for fu-
ture missions calls for Extended Apollo
flights in 1968, Orbiting Research Lab-
oratory and lunar resupply modules in
1970, and an Advanced Orbiting Lab-
oratory, maneuverable re-entry ferry,
interorbit spacecraft and an orbital sup-
port facility by 1974.
— About 30 contracts for study of
future manned missions will be awarded
by June 30 of this year.
Details of the advanced manned
mission programs were disclosed by
E. Z. Gray, NASA director of the proj-
ects, and in interviews with other space
agency officials.
• Programs are tentative — In his
presentation to Congress, Gray empha-
sized that the programs were all in the
study phase and represent possible mis-
sions which can be undertaken.
In discussing future launch vehicle
programs, Gray said that "we would ex-
pect there would be an improved ver-
sion of the Saturn IB developed when
the requirements were established.
In addition to the solid strap-ons
and improved upper stage, he said the
inclusion of a cryogenic third stage
would permit the Saturn IB to propel
17,000 to 22,000 lbs. to escape velocity.
"If the Saturn IB is to be fully uti-
lized for its maximum capability, it
should have an upper stage because we
believe it will become the work horse
of this weight classification of spacecraft
for both Earth orbit logistic systems and
also for unmanned planetary probes,"
he told the House Manned Space Flight
subcommittee.
The Saturn V could also be im-
proved by use of high-pressure engines
or uprating the F-l engine from 1.5 to
1.8 million lbs. This would permit
growth of 50% in its current 90,000-
Ib. Earth orbit payload capability.
• Manned spacecraft — NASA offi-
cials said that the Extended Apollo
spacecraft will be required for long
lunar exploration stay times as well as
a possible building tool leading to the
Orbiting Research Laboratory.
Three concepts are currently being
studied.
Concept I consists of the basic
Apollo spacecraft with extension of its
lifetime by adding more expendables to
the subsystems, such as life support,
electrical power stabilization and pro-
pulsion.
Concept II would take the basic
Apollo spacecraft and add to it a
module for providing an expanded
working area. This module would be a
simple enclosure, and the subsystems
required to support it would be in the
Apollo command and service modules.
Concept III adds a mission module
in the Lunar Excursion Module area.
The mission module has its own sub-
systems so that the Apollo spacecraft
then becomes merely a short-time ferry
vehicle.
• Apollo as building block — "We
believe the Apollo is a very useful kind
of an early space station because it has
greater flexibility in many respects than
the MOL. For instance, for returning
cargo from space, and also since it's
designed for higher re-entry speed, it
will be useful for exploration to higher
orbits than could be accomplished with
a Gemini-B," Gray said.
After the Extended Apollo, Gray
said, the space agency is looking at the
Orbiting Research Laboratory concept.
"Beyond the ORL, we predict a
possible growth to an advanced orbit-
ing research laboratory with a maneu-
verable re-entry ferry system and also
interorbit spacecraft for maneuvering
within space," he said.
These systems might also be part of
an orbital support facility that could
be used for orbit staging for planetary
exploration spacecraft. These operations
would include joining together space-
craft, refueling them and maintenance
and checkout operations.
"In general, we believe that an or-
biting laboratory in which NASA is in-
terested will be characterized by a great
flexibility of usage," Gray said.
"It will be much like a research
facility on Earth wherein you have
basically a housekeeping function and
then attached to it will be various kinds
of scientific mission modules," he con-
cluded. ■
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
15
Funds still lacking
NASA Plans Variety of
Apollo Backup Systems
NASA IS READY to start work
on a number of backup systems for the
Apollo spacecraft, including a new 125-
ft. parachute to ensure safe landing if
the three main chutes fail to deploy.
Dr. George Mueller, manned space-
flight chief for the space agency, told
M/R that a group in headquarters and
at the centers is looking at a number
of larger subsystems, although it has not
completely defined which to pursue.
The group also favors studying al-
ternate systems for portions of the re-
action control system, subsystems in the
guidance and navigation system, sub-
systems in the communications equip-
ment and actual internal mechanical
structures.
Mueller said that in addition to these
studies NASA is carrying on a level of
basic work not really identified with
particular systems. Also, he indicated,
the Manned Space Flight Office is look-
ing at the entire program to identify
where problems might lie. Almost all
the actual work will be contracted out.
• Supplemental hopes — Initiation of
this work, which does not come out of
spacecraft funds, but rather out of
"Apollo supporting technology," is be-
ing held up by the supplemental appro-
priations request. NASA's hopes for this
request were dimmed slightly recently
when Chairman Clarence Cannon CD-
Mo.) of the House Appropriations
Committee changed the manner in
which it would normally have been
handled.
Cannon — avowedly frugal and
against the automatic passing of supple-
mental bills — disbanded a subcommit-
tee which in previous years had handled
only the supplemental requests. Thus,
the supplemental will be considered by
the Independent Offices Subcommittee
at the same time it meets to consider
Fiscal Year 1965 funds. Even though
the House Science and Astronautics
Committee is aiming at getting the FY
'65 authorization bill into full commit-
tee by March 15 and onto the House
floor by April 1, this still is late in the
fiscal year for supplementary 1964
funds.
• Electronics Center — The Senate
Space Committee has elected to wait
until the week of March 9 before mak-
ing any decisions on whether to veto
the proposed Boston Electronics Re-
search Center. According to committee
sources, a number of states have asked
permission to address themselves to the
report, and the committee therefore
promised to receive any comments from
anyone interested before the 45-day
period of grace is up.
The Senate committee begins hear-
ings this week on the FY '65 authoriza-
tion bill.
The House Space Committee eked
out an approving vote last week — end-
ing up 18-13. The balance had teeter-
tottered since the consideration period
began, but apparantly was swung by
Chairman George Miller (D-Calif).
Dissenting votes were cast predomi-
nantly by Republicans and some mid-
western Democrats, including Rep.
Joseph Karth (D-Minn.), whose Space
Sciences Subcommittee originally han-
dled the authorization request for the
center.
In another development, Chairman
Olin Teague (D-Tex.) of the Manned
Space Flight Subcommittee, voiced con-
siderable concern as to whether NASA
is making use of payload capability in
the early Saturn tests. He said that the
"load of sand" on Saturn SA-5 bothered
the committee, which has asked for a
listing of specific experiments to be put
on the boosters.
Mueller told M/R it is unlikely
NASA will try to add any other ex-
periments other than the micrometeo-
roid satellite in the early tests. "Only
a small amount of space would be avail-
able, if that," he said. ■
Senate Doubles House Cut in MMRBM Budget
FURTHER BLOWS have been
dealt to the Mobile Medium Range
Ballistic Missile by the Senate Armed
Services Committee, virtually assur-
ing its suspension as a system for
this year at least.
The committee, chaired by Sen.
Richard B. Russell (D-Ga.) speci-
fied that $70 million be cut from the
budget request ef $110 million,
leaving only $40 million for FY '65.
This, it said, should be used for con-
tinued development of the Stellar In-
ertial Guidance System (STINGS),
which "could be useful in connection
with succeeding generations of bal-
listic missiles."
The MMRBM cut was the only
specific slash in the bill, which other-
wise applied a 3% reduction in all
RDT&E, to be programmed by DOD.
The reduction exactly doubled an
earlier $35-million cut by the House
(M/R, Feb. 17, p. 14).
The Air Force just last week re-
affirmed its strong belief in the mis-
sile system, saying that it expected
to release MMRBM into Phase II
within a month. Maj. Gen. W. A.
Davis, commander of Ballistic Mis-
sile Division, said in Los Angeles
that initial operational units could be
out in 1968. It is believed that DOD
could approve Phase II contracts,
since this money was provided in FY
'64 budget. However, the outcome
now is uncertain.
Davis indicated that even if the
possibility of deploying MMRBM in
European nations is ruled out by
budget cuts, the Air Force would
push for development for domestic
use in the composite air strike force.
Although the Senate committee
did not specify where other cuts
should be made, it did say that a pre-
dicted management improvement in
the exploratory development cate-
gory would permit a substantial part
of the reductions to be applied here.
The Senate's $17,040,140,000 bill
thus is $125 million more than the
House bill, and $145 million less
than the DOD request. Like the
House, the Senate committee passed
the $10,613,300,000 procurement
portion intact.
16
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
I
Four contractor teams .
First Contracts Let for U.S.
Standardized Space Guidance System
OVER $2 MILLION has been al-
lotted to what really amounts to a pre-
program definition phase for the vaunted
U.S. Standardized Space Guidance Sys-
tem (SSGS). Completion of the defi-
nition phase may require another $4-8
million.
As the program now stands, four
contractors have been selected for Phase
I A. These include the following teams:
IBM/ Nortronics— $700,000 (Martin,
a part of this team, will provide GSE
and human factors support on any
follow-on contracts) ; Space Technology
Laboratories/ General Precision Inc./
Univac Div., Sperry Rand — $380,000;
Sperry Gyroscope/ Univac Div./Kolls-
man Corp. — $726,71 1; North American
Aviation (Space and Information Sys-
tems Div. and Autonetics Div.) —
$300,000. This amounts to total contract
expenditures of $2,106,711.
Contracts call for delivery of pre-
program definition studies covering
space guidance requirements through
1970, determination of overall require-
ments and necessary experiments to
provide an all-purpose space guidance
and navigation system. Contracts were
awarded Jan. 29 and are due for com-
pletion within four months.
The Air Force first requested pro-
posals from 22 U.S. firms early in Sep-
tember. Following these requests, a
briefing was held on Sept. 24 for pros-
pective bidders on the program defini-
tion phase.
At that time, proposals were ex-
pected to fall into the $300-350,000
range. It is interesting to note the two
distinct values for the existing four con-
tracts resulted. The IBM and Sperry
teams' contracts are nearly double those
of the other two. Inquiries by Missiles
and Rockets have not established a
significant difference in work scope
among contractors, but it is obvious
that a difference must exist.
Phase IB of the program calls for
a feasibility demonstration, will involve
open bidding, and will result in the se-
lection of two contractors who will per-
form 8-month contracts. The value
of these contracts is expected to fall
by Charles D. LaFond
somewhere between $2 and $4 million
dollars each.
Phase II of the program will follow
shortly thereafter. It will involve a com-
plete hardware development and flight-
test program, and will call for only one
contractor. The value of that contract
is not yet known.
• Team efforts — At present, it ap-
pears the contractors listed above were
selected in the order presented. In the
first team, IBM will provide manage-
ment control and develop the computer;
Nortronics will develop the inertial plat-
form and tracker. STL will manage a
team in which GPI will develop a plat-
form and tracker and Univac will de-
velop the computer. In the third team,
Sperry Gyroscope will provide overall
direction and develop the platform,
Univac will develop the computer, and
Kollsman will produce the tracker. The
fourth team, centered at North Ameri-
can Aviation, consists of the Space and
Information Systems Div. and Auto-
netics Div., who will provide system
management and platform-computer-
tracker development, respectively.
In its recent announcement of awards
of contracts to the four contractors, AF
Systems Command's Space Systems Div.
in Los Angeles indicated it will direct
the program for SSGS development.
The system, said SSD, will be designed
to handle all expected future space
missions through the early 1970's. In-
herent in this approach is an Air Force
expectation that such a system will re-
duce guidance and navigation costs and
produce a general-purpose G&N system.
The Phase IA portion of the pro-
gram, AFSC said, will be analytical in
nature to determine system configura-
tions. Means for developing these con-
cepts into operable systems will be
studied in Phase IB. AFSC stressed that
Phase IB source selection will again be
open to industry-wide competition and,
of course, will be based on Phase IA
results.
• Broad potential — First word of
the anticipated SSGS was revealed by
M/R early in September (Sept. 9, p.
16). Even at that time it was known
that this might well be potentially the
largest single space guidance and navi-
gation system development ever initi-
ated by the Dept. of Defense.
However, tempering this is the fact
that another potential SSGS now exists.
And its existence has not been pro-
moted by the Dept. of Defense.
The Titan II guidance system de-
veloped by AC Spark Plug Div. of Gen-
eral Motors Corp. apparently has proved
itself. With simple modifications, the
Titan II guidance system was turned
into that used by the Titan III space
booster.
Rumors are now rampant through-
out industry that AC Spark stands a
good chance of being selected eventu-
ally to supply another modification of
the Titan II guidance system for Cen-
taur. It is known that a design team last
Monday visited General Dynamics/
Convair in San Bernardino to discuss
the possibility of employing the system
in Centaur.
If the AC Spark system were se-
lected, this would in fact — by attrition
— make it the standardized space guid-
ance system for the present.
• System concepts — DOD ap-
proved Air Force initiation of the pro-
gram last fall. As then conceived, the
program was aimed at developing a
single system capable of providing
guidance and control for space launch
vehicles, orbital injection, and all mis-
sion performance requirements through
the early '70's. Thus, in effect, the Air
Force will attempt for guidance what
it had already done for general space
boosters with the Titan III booster sys-
tem.
Inherent in this approach is the
mating of the SSGS with Titan III sys-
tems. The new guidance and naviga-
tion system must provide a capability
for space systems, space shuttle, satel-
lite inspection, deep-space employment,
orbital bombardment, general recon-
naissance and deep zonal penetration
above the Earth's surface. ■
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
17
Nine experiments planned . . .
Modified X-15 May Carry Ramjet
SPACE AGENCY OFFICIALS are
expected to approve in the near future
a program to develop a ramjet engine
for flight on the X-15 rocket plane.
The project is a major step leading
to the Aerospace Plane, which would be
launched from Earth, go into orbit and
then return.
The ramjet — an air-breathing engine
capable of hypersonic speed — is the
most likely propulsion system for the
plane.
Space agency officials disclosed to
Missiles and Rockets that a favorable
decision on the program is expected in
about a month.
While refusing to discuss technical
details, they said that they hope to fly
the ramjet by mid-1967 or early 1968.
• Study contracts pending — Present
plans call for two to four study con-
tracts to be awarded as soon as a deci-
sion is made. It is estimated a year of
research will be required to determine
the ramjet's final design. Industry com-
petition would then be held to select a
prime contractor.
The ramjet would be flown as part
of an extended research program for
the X-15, which NASA said will extend
the rocket plane program to 1968.
The ramjet would be hung under-
neath X-15A-2. The plane would be
launched from a B-52. After burn-out
of the plane's engines, the ramjet would
be ignited.
The program is currently being pre-
pared for headquarters approval by
officials at Langley Research Center.
This could mean that Langley will
have technical direction of the project.
• Nine new experiments — In an-
nouncing the new X-15 research pro-
gram, the space agency said that nine
new experiments have been added to its
missions, including such areas as stellar
photography, advanced structures and
materials, aerodynamics and data sys-
tems, and ramjet propulsion.
NASA said that structures research
has been limited in the X-15 program
to date because no provisions were made
on the original planes for significantly
changing the structure or instrumenta-
tion. The outboard half of the right
wing of the X-15A-2 has been made
detachable, and plans are to test wing
tips made of titanium, columbium and
other materials and their alloys, using
advanced fabrication and structural
techniques.
Preparation of an advanced inte-
grated flight data system is under way,
and the unit will be flown in a NASA
F5D airplane at the Flight Research
Center before it is installed and flown
in the X-15 next summer. Other tests
will be made with deceleration devices
that could be useful on advanced space-
craft as well as airplanes.
Work on equipment for ultraviolet
photography of the stars has been com-
pleted on X-15A-2, and will be carried
aloft after that plane is ready for flight.
The star study, devised for NASA's Of-
fice of Space Science and Applications,
under contract to the University of Wis-
consin, will begin next fall.
The equipment will obtain ultra-
violet photographs of the stars from
altitudes above 40 miles, as a means of
testing theories pertaining to their origin
and makeup.
• Star tracker hardware — Instru-
mentation for the star tracker consists
of a gimbaled platform containing four
cameras (photometers), to be mounted
in the instrumentation bay behind the
cockpit. Clamshell doors atop the air-
plane will be opened as the aircraft
arches over its long ballistic flight path
and is positioned by its pilot for a clear
view of the selected stars. It will be pos-
sible to make a continuous series of
photographs in different ultraviolet
wavelengths.
The star tracking system is slated
for use later in NASA's observatory
satellite program.
An alphatron ionization gage will
also be mounted in a small wingtip pod
for density measurements of the atmos-
phere above 100,000 ft., and a similar
pod will house equipment for obtaining
micrometeorites. Other experiments will
investigate infrared and ultraviolet data
for the Air Force at the extremes of the
X-15's higher altitude capabilities.
The research program will also in-
volve evaluation of advanced vehicle
systems and structural materials. The
Air Force will test an advanced in-
tegrated flight data system that will
enable the pilot to plan his landing ap-
proach rapidly from re-entry to touch-
down on the ground. B
NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION'S X-15A-2 shown before being turned over to NASA
at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. The new version of the rocket plane is designed to
fly at Mach 8. Modifications include external fuel tanks, a pressurized helium system
for use with ramjet tests scheduled for future and a new three-paneled windshield
capable of withstanding temperatures up to 2,400°F.
18
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
Most significant problem
Air Force Investigating
Cardiovascular Effects of Zero-G
by Heather David
A FOUR-WEEK bed-rest experi-
ment is now under way under direction
of the School of Aerospace Medicine
to gather baseline data on what hap-
pens to the human circulatory system
subjected to a situation analogous to
weightlessness for the time period of
the Manned Orbital Laboratory mission.
Air Force scientists have found sev-
eral methods that could protect astro-
nauts from the cardiovascular compli-
cations caused by weightlessness.
Space medical experts have been
especially interested in this aspect of
spaceflight since the postflight physio-
logical experiences of astronauts Walter
Schirra and Gordon Cooper. Schirra
evidenced pooling of the blood in the
legs and Cooper nearly fainted upon
egress from the capsule onto the re-
covery ship. Both experienced a rise
in heart rate and fall in blood pres-
sure.
The symptoms persisted for between
seven and 19 hours after landing and
were, according to the MA-9 official re-
port, of "greater magnitude following
the 34-hour flight than those following
the 9-hour flight."
The physician's concern is, of
course, the re-entry period. While the
condition is an adaptation to the state
of weightlessness, it becomes an impair-
ment in the return to gravity.
During the current experiment, the
subjects will be tested on their ability
to tolerate the levels of transverse-g
that A polio and Gemini astronauts must
sustain. Other tests will be conducted on
tolerance to positive-g (headward),
tendency to faint during feet-down po-
sition on the tilt table, and the efficiency
of an anti-g suit in preventing fainting
on the tilt table after four weeks of
bed rest.
After this series, SAM doctors will
study the promising preventive meas-
ures. On the basis of earlier research,
Maj. Perry B. Miller, Dr. Bryce O.
Hartman, and Lt. Col. Robert L. John-
son say these measures look promising:
— Frequent daily head-down and
feet-down testing on a tilt table prior
to prolonged bed rest.
— Use of a periodically inflated
blood pressure cuff in the extremities
during the flight. This might counter-
act the effect of weightlessness. It would
increase pressure in the veins, produc-
ing the same increase as gravity.
— Periodic valsalva maneuvers, in
which the individual under test exhales
forcefully with his mouth closed. The
increased chest pressure impedes the
flow of blood to the heart, triggering a
reflex that speeds up the heart and con-
stricts the blood vessels in various parts
of the body. This maintains the blood
pressure.
— Intensive in-bed exercises.
Whether exercises benefit the cardiovas-
cular system, the researchers point out,
they most certainly will be needed for
the astronaut's general well-being.
Researchers also found that an
anti-g suit provides a high degree of
compensation against cardiovascular
reactions when used after prolonged bed
rest. However, SAM doctors say that
this constitutes treatment of a disorder
that might be prevented. Also, if the
suit failed, and the astronaut landed in
a remote area, the result would be dis-
astrous.
• AF studies — These preliminary in-
dications came out of a study in which
72 airmen 17 to 23 years old partici-
pated as subjects in an attempt to solve
the cardiovascular problems.
The subjects were divided into
groups of six, all of which followed a
14-week schedule consisting of two
weeks ambulation, two weeks bed-rest,
four weeks ambulation, two weeks bed-
rest, and four weeks ambulation. All but
two subjects completed this regimen,
the latter dropping out for psychoso-
matic reasons.
• Seriousness of problem — Physici-
ans had predicted the Schirra and
Cooper problem, and they are very
concerned about what will happen un-
der prolonged weightlessness. It is per-
haps this problem, more than that of
muscle atrophy or the loss of bone cal-
cium, that is causing physicians to worry
about whether artificial gravity might
have to be provided.
As NASA said in the MA-9 report:
"the implications of this hemodynamic
response will have to be given very
serious consideration as longer missions
are undertaken. No other clearly sig-
nificant changes have been found in
comprehensive preflight and postflight
physical examinations." B
Study Says 30-Day
Crew Needs 198 Cu
General Dynamics/ Astronautics
engineers testing out various space
station configurations say their
studies indicate three men could live
for 30 days in a laboratory only 9%
ft. in diameter and 7 ft. high.
The researchers, who conducted
a number of tests with pressure suits,
said they could fit all the life-support
and mission equipment for three men
in the 72-sq.-ft. floor space. Total
volume of the simulated spacecraft
would be 504 cu. ft., but after equip-
ment was installed, the interior vol-
ume was reduced to 382 cu. ft.
Drbiting
Ft. Work Space
Actual functional volume, they said,
would only be 198 cu. ft.
Checks were made to determine
how much pressure suits restrict op-
eration, on how much room is needed
for crew functions and whether the
members interfere with one another,
and how emergency conditions that
require full pressurization and back-
pack affected interaction.
The test subjects said they did
not feel the space was adequate for
longer periods than 30 days, although
a 156-in.-dia. chamber might be. The
three engineers did not attempt any
long duration tests in the chamber.
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
21
Photo taken at Aquatama, Philadelphia
Dolphin Spoken here? The time may not be far away. Already at Sperry we have developed a tiny
computer — the SCEPTRON™ Pattern Recognizer — which can memorize, distinguish between and react to
different sights and sounds. In the foreseeable future such a device may be able to translate the language
of, say, the dolphin (a particularly smart mammal) into human terms, and vice-versa —
thereby establishing a crude intercommunication. What a world of understanding and
knowledge might open up. □ The SCEPTRON — a "brain cell" of tiny optic fibers— is a
product of Sperry research, which has also produced Loran-C, the rotation rate ring laser,
the photoparametric diode, "heads up" windshield display for aircraft, fluid sphere sperry'rand
and tube gyros and other technical advances. General Offices: Great Neck, New York. corporation
Technical Countdown
ELECTRONICS
Monolithic/Multichip Integration Proposed
A Bell Telephone Laboratory scientist, reporting to the
Solid-State Circuits Conference in Philadelphia last week,
disclosed a new method for integrating devices, which com-
bines, in a silicon mosaic, the monolithic and multichip ap-
proaches. A silicon ingot is first sawed lengthwise into slabs.
The exposed surfaces are polished, oxidized and vapor-coated
with germania. Slabs are stacked and oven-heated so that the
germania melts, bonding the slabs. A second set of saw cuts is
made perpendicular to the first, also using germania to hold
the slabs together. BTL says the resistivity of each resulting
checker can be different and that some flexibility in size and
shape of elements is possible. N-type expitaxial silicon resis-
tive film has been deposited on the mosaic, and expitaxial
diodes and transistors were also fabricated.
Thin-Film Scan Generator Successful
RCA scientists have reported successful operation of a
completely integrated 30-stage thin-film scan generator, em-
ploying insulated-gate field-effect thin-film transistors as the
active element. RCA told Solid-State Circuits conferees that
the generator contains 180 active and passive components,
deposited over an area of 0.15 sq. in. RCA, which maintains
a heavy research effort in FET's (M/R, Feb. 3, pp. 44, 52),
sees the scanner operation as highly encouraging for the
future of thin-film active elements. All components except
the semiconductor are evaporation-deposited with a single
pump-down of the vacuum system. Polycrystalline cadmium
sulfide is deposited during a preliminary evaporation, serving
as the semiconductor and the photosensitive elements for
the image pick-up.
Cooling Improves Photodiode
Texas Instruments engineers have reported observing a
large signal gain effect at avalanche breakdown voltages in
both planar and mesa silicon photodiodes. An S/N ratio
improvement of 5 db. has been measured at 1.25 gc. Further
improvement for some devices, regardless of frequency,
would result if the photodiode were cooled to very low tem-
peratures. TI's K. M. Johnson, reporting at the Solid-State
Circuits Conference, says that action of these devices may be
analogous to a multiplier phototube, and, if effectively util-
ized, could result in nearly the most sensitive, high-frequency
detector of modulated light available, being perhaps better
than 20 db. more sensitive than other available devices.
Tenfold Laser Power Increase Seen
In a review of P-N junction lasers presented at the Solid-
State Circuit Conference, R. N. Hall of General Electric
Co.'s Research Lab predicted that factor-of-ten increases in
both the CW and peak power outputs of current devices rea-
sonably can be expected within the next two years. Hall noted
that power outputs of several watts under CW conditions and
nearly 1 kw during short pulses have been reported with gas
lasers. Hall also said that junction lasers appear to be capable
of delivering pulses of several millijoules. The generation of
coherent radiation at wavelengths shorter than 6,400 Ang-
stroms using junction lasers, according to the scientist, ap-
pears to be unlikely due to lack of any known direct transi-
tion semiconductor with a sufficiently large energy gap. On
the other hand, he notes, extension to longer wavelengths
may be possible, making use of small energy gap semicon-
ductors, such as PbSe or BiiTe>.
Lab-Sized 1 00-Kilogauss Magnet Perfected
Westinghouse engineers are operating the first supercon-
ducting magnet to repeatedly achieve fields of 100 kilogauss.
The magnet is about 7 in. across and 6 in. long with a Vs-in.
hole through the center of the inside section. The high mag-
netic field is generated in this small hole after the entire unit
is cooled in a bath of liquid helium. The unit has been cycled
repeatedly from full strength to zero field without damage.
Part of the tests included repeated collapsing of the magnetic
field — releasing and dissipating the tremendous energy stored
in the coil. The magnet is based on a new superconducting
niobium-titanium alloy developed by Westinghouse. The unit
is hailed by researchers as the forerunner of practical, work-
ing 100 kilogauss magnets.
MATERIALS
Superior Markets TD Nickel Tubing
Thorium-dispersed nickel tubing in restricted sizes is
available on a limited basis from Superior Tube Co., Norris-
town, Pa. The TD Nickel— 2% thoria, 98% nickel— was
developed by E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co. and consists
of a highly uniform distribution of thoria particles in the
nickel matrix. The material has an ultimate tensile strength
of 10,000 psi at 2,400 F. In the 1,900 to 2,300° F range, its
mechanical properties better those of many nickel and cobalt-
base superalloys. Superior TD Nickel tubing is a development
product produced in a range of sizes under a %-in. OD. An
order for a given OD/wall combination will be reviewed be-
fore production and tolerances greater than commercial spec-
ifications require consultation with the mill.
Infiltrated Nozzles for Polaris A3
Silver-infiltrated tungsten nozzle components are being
supplied to Aerojet-General subcontractors by Firth Sterling
Inc. under a $474,000 contract. The infiltrated tungsten,
called Sil-Tung, provides both a heat sink and a transpira-
tion cooling effect in high temperature applications. The
components are to be used in nozzle assemblies for the
Polaris missile.
X-15A-2 Windows Modified
The windows in the advanced X-15A-2 rocket plane will
have three instead of two panels and be elliptical in shape
instead of trapezoidal. An outer panel of 0.650 mm-thick
fused silica, capable of withstanding 2,400° F, was added by
Corning Glass Works to increase heat and shock protection.
The change in shape lends itself to a more uniform distribu-
tion of the loads produced by thermal stresses.
Refractory-Coated Beryllium Oxide Marketed
Dense, pure, spherical beryllium oxide grain and powder,
plain or coated with tungsten, molybdenum or other refrac-
tories is in commercial production at National Beryllia Corp.
Compacted ceramic bodies of tungsten-coated beryllia micro-
spheres have withstood repeated thermal shock cycling from
4,500° F with minimum damage, say NBC spokesmen. Coat-
ing thickness can be precisely controlled.
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
23
nuclear systems
Joint Committee Raps DOD, AEC
Defense Dept. comes under fire for vacillating on needs
for space-power systems; Holifield, Price lead attack
THE JOINT COMMITTEE on
Atomic Energy in hearings last week
lashed out at the "on-again, off-again"
tactics of the Defense Dept. in setting
up requirements for nuclear space-
power units.
The Committee also took the AEC
to task for not pursuing its projects to
a logical end, independent of user re-
quirements, if necessary. The AEC was
specifically criticized for not pushing
strongly enough for a flight test of the
SNAP-10A nuclear reactor for space
applications, especially after the Gov-
ernment will have spent about $100
million to bring it to the flight-test stage.
"I feel 10A would be used almost
immediately if (a successful) flight test
is attained," said Rep. Chet Holifield
(D. -Calif.), Joint Committee vice chair-
man.
Following Holifield's lead, Rep. Mel-
vin Price (D.-Ill.) decried the lack of
a firm military requirement for Pluto,
the AEC program to develop a nuclear
ramjet reactor that could be the heat
source in an unmanned ramjet aircraft
propulsion system. He said this system
could be used in the follow-on to
Polaris.
The Air Force's recent withdrawal
of requirements for flight-testing SNAP-
10A and SNAP-2 was the immediate
cause of the Committee's ire. Neverthe-
less, it was tacitly understood during the
hearings that the Bureau of the Budget
was pulling all the strings. It was for
this reason that Holifield released a
letter he had sent on Feb. 15 to Kermit
Gordon, director of the Bureau of the
Budget.
Pointing out that the SNAP-10A
device could be ready for flight test in
March-April, 1965, Holifield wrote, "the
estimated total cost of this flight test is
$12.4 million for FY '65, over and
above funds previously approved by
the Bureau of the Budget for this pro-
by William Beller
gram." The Congressman recommended
that the AEC be permitted to transfer
this amount from other AEC projects,
thereby staying within the agency's FY
'65 budget.
• A first for the U.S.— The SNAP-
10A system could give the United
States its only opportunity to put a
1 -kilowatt power source into orbit this
decade. The basic SNAP-10A system —
a 0.5-kwe powerplant, consisting of a
uranium-zirconium hydride reactor
coupled with a thermoelectric power
converter — can be upgraded to a power
range of several electrical kilowatts.
The recently cancelled SNAP-2 sys-
tem uses the SNAP- 1 OA reactor in a
Rankine cycle. SNAP-2 was designed
for a power level of 3 kwe, with growth
potential to 10 kwe.
Both SNAP units were initiated on
the basis of Air Force requirements,
SNAP-10A in 1960 and SNAP-2 in
1956. Plans called for flight-testing 10A
first, and SNAP-2 a year later.
In mid-1963, the Air Force indi-
cated there might not be a mission for
the SNAP units; later in the year, the
service formally cancelled the require-
ments for flight-testing them. Since the
original missions for SNAP- 1 OA and
SNAP-2 were classified, there was no
way to learn the precise reasons for the
cancellation. An AEC spokesman as-
sured Missiles and Rockets that, at
the time of the cancellation, SNAP- 1 OA
and SNAP-2 were in "good shape,"
technically and financially.
• Challenges Budget Bureau — The
Joint Committee left no doubt during
last week's hearings that it is pushing
for flight-testing, not only SNAP-10A,
but also any other SNAP units close to
a demonstration stage, with or without
user requirements.
Sen. John O. Pastore (D.-R.I.),
Joint Committee chairman, and Rep.
Holifield released a strongly worded,
jointly signed letter they had sent to the
Bureau of the Budget, NASA and the
AEC last month (M/R, Feb. 17, p. 14).
"It is our intention," the letter said,
"to include authority for the AEC to
flight test SNAP- 1 OA and to authorize
appropriation of the required funds to
accomplish this objective." The letter
POSSIBLE SNAP REACTOR APPLICATIONS
Est.
Specific
Use
Power
Weight
Life &
Date
KWe
Lbs/KWe
Reliability
UNMANNED APPLICATIONS
Meteorological Satellites
1966-67
2
Not critical
Important
Communications Satellites
Synchronous Pt. to Pt.
1968-70
10
Important
Important
Synchronous T.V. Broadcast
1970-72
60
Important
Important
Military
Military Reconnaissance & Surveillance
Interplanetary Missions (Electric Propulsion)
ca 1975
500-1000
25-30
Vital
MANNED APPLICATIONS
Manned Orbiting Laboratory
Large Space Station
ca.1975
30
Important
Important
Lunar Base
ca.1980
30-300
Important
Vital
Flight to Mars
ca.1980
20-200MWe
10-15
Vital
24
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
added, "We are advising you of our in-
tention at this early date in order that
. . . you may take effective action to
prepare for this step. . . ."
The Joint Committee chairmen stated
reasons for their "firm opinion":
— the SNAP-10A reactor system has
been developed to the point where flight
test is needed to prove it out;
— the test would involve the first op-
eration of a nuclear reactor in space by
any nation;
— the SNAP- 1 OA is designed to be a
useful power supply for space missions
and its test will provide guidance for
the development of future, more ad-
vanced systems;
— a test in the environment that
SNAP- 1 OA was designed for — outer
space — is needed to conclusively dem-
onstrate the value and superiority of nu-
clear power for future space missions;
— extensive calculations have been
made of the effects of space environ-
ment on nuclear reactors in space. Cer-
tain of these effects, such as radiation
and attack by micrometeoroids, cannot
be simulated on the ground.
• Flight tests essential — In an eval-
uation of the entire SNAP program,
which was also released during the hear-
ings, the AEC stressed the need for
technical data that ground tests cannot
give. These include "orbital startup,
zero-gravity effects, effectiveness of
shadow-shield design, and self-welding
in space."
Of transcending importance is the
question of the value of a space power
system based on the Rankine cycle.
Even though the AEC is relying on this
cycle in its advanced reactor programs,
such as SNAP-50, such a cycle may not
be as efficient in space as on Earth. In
this event, a major change to another
power conversion cycle may be neces-
sary.
Recognizing this possibility, the AEC
affirmed "It is possible that too much
emphasis is being placed on the Rankine
cycle before feasibility demonstration
has been made in actual flight."
• Polaris follow-on — Pluto was the
second major nuclear system sticking
in the craw of the Joint Committee dur-
ing current hearings. Because of lack
of a DOD requirement and the possi-
bility that, as a consequence, the entire
program might eventually be put on the
shelf, Rep. Price said DOD's action and
attitude do not square with each other.
The military does indeed want a low-
altitude supersonic penetrating vehicle,
he said. "They do have a requirement
for it. . . . They have stated it (over
the years) many times before the Armed
Services Committees of both houses."
Testifying on this subject, Col. J. E.
Duvall, chief of nuclear power division
in the office of Air Force deputy chief
of staff (R&D), admitted that Pluto
could possibly lead to the follow-on to
Polaris. Duvall added that the evalua-
tion of the service's low-altitude super-
sonic vehicle — LASV, formerly SLAM
— will not be out until the spring, when
the Air Force is expected to make a
recommendation.
The Air Force spokesman said there
is not even the certainty the vehicle will
be nuclear-powered. Last year the Air
Force began considering chemical
power for LASV.
It is estimated that by the end of
Fiscal 1965, the AEC will have spent
$148 million on Pluto, and the Air
Force about $70 million on LASV.
Even so, the AEC said it was reluctant
to pour money into the flight test of
Tory IIC — a reactor for Pluto — with-
out "a real military requirement." The
Air Force estimated that a modest flight
test of Tory IIC would cost between
$100 and $200 million.
• Tory evolution — The Tory IIC
reactor is a step between an engineer-
ing test reactor and a fly able prototype.
During the first half of last year, the
Tory IIC reactor was assembled, and
criticality tests were initiated in July.
Late last month, the reactor was shipped
to the Nevada Test Site for further
tests and a blowdown in May.
Under prodding by Holifield, the
AEC conceded that if the May tests
are successful, the next logical step
would be to test-fly Tory IIC. The ad-
mission was made with reservations,
though; given a choice, the AEC in-
dicated it would prefer to flight-test
Tory III, an advanced version of Tory
IIC.
Encouragement for a test of either
Tory must come from the level of the
director of DDR&E "at the very least,"
Holifield observed. "Despite budgetary
pressure, it seems a shame to go as far
as we have and drop the project. It
(can contribute) to the only new
weapon system we have now on the
horizon."
The AEC, seemingly undismayed
by lack of missions for its snap reactor-
type units, testified it would continue to
develop the supporting technology to
cover the power spectrum where "po-
tential" needs exist. The agency be-
lieves that in this manner, it may some-
day attract a buyer. ■
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
25
space systems
Philco Labs Developing Protein
Detector to Probe for Life on Mars
Newport Beach, Calif. — An in-
strument for detecting traces of macro-
molecules on the surface of Mars, as
evidence of life there, is under develop-
ment at Philco Research Laboratories.
It can be designed for hard landing
in a capsule of the Ranger type. Protein
traces as low as 0.03 micrograms in a
sample solution of one milliliter can be
detected.
Being developed under a NASA
headquarters contract, the instrument
detects protein and similar macromole-
cules by the color change they cause
in a carbocyanine dye.
Dyes of this type have previously
been used to identify biological mate-
rials in microscopic quantities. They
are also used extensively in photo-
graphic processing.
The color change in the dye, elec-
tro-optically detectable as an increase
in light absorption at a certain wave-
length, is thought to be caused by a
change in the aggregation of dye mole-
cules when they contact long chain
molecules of the protein type.
Dr. Robert E. Kay, who directs the
protein-detection project at PRL, ex-
pects that indication of the presence of
long chain molecules on Mars will be
the minimum information the instru-
ment will yield. Quite possibly, the ab-
sorption wavelength will indicate the
nature of the molecule detected.
Other proposals for detecting the
presence of life on Mars by probe ex-
periments look for a higher level in the
evolutionary scale and rely on some
form of biological amplification, says
Kay. The Gulliver project, for example,
aims to detect micro-organisms by grow-
ing them in a suitable medium; Multi-
vator aims to detect an enzyme by its
ability to break down a phosphorolated
fluorescent dye.
• Direct route — The protein de-
tector searches for molecules that are
characteristic of all living material as
we know it. The method does not in-
volve the growth, concentration, or sep-
aration of macromolecules (except re-
moval of soil and salts). This directness
is one of its chief attractions, says Kay.
Like the other methods, the protein
detector experiment is based on the idea
that life on Mars would evolve the same
way as on Earth, and would be built up
from large complex carbon molecules.
The test capsule will pick up about
1 gm. of soil by any one of three meth-
ods— a wire brush, a scoop, or a vac-
uum line. The soil will be treated with
about 5 ml. of an appropriate solvent,
and the solution processed, mixed with
the dye, and examined optically for an
absorption band.
Reaction times to produce the com-
plex vary, sometimes extending to 70
minutes.
At least six different absorption
bands, believed to correspond to dif-
ferent degrees of aggregation of dye
molecules, have been found at PRL
with the same carbocyanine dye. Wave-
lengths of these bands are 450, 510,
535, 555, 575, and 650 millimicrons.
The last is called a J-band and corre-
sponds to an agglomeration large
enough to be centrifuged.
• Salts removal — A J-band can also
be formed by the interaction of com-
mon inorganic salts with the dye. So
removal of salts is an essential first
step in the protein detector.
After filtration, the soil solution
passes into a dialysis cell, made up of a
cellulose tube surrounded by carbowax
(a high-molecular- weight polyethylene
glycol). This provides a form of ultra-
filtration, because the carbowax pulls
water and solvent through the cellulose
membrane, together with any mole-
cules of less than about 6,000 molec-
ular weight.
With no pressure inside the tube,
complete dehydration of the sample
takes up to 40 minutes. Solvent is then
let into the tube again, and the process
repeated.
To examine the effectiveness of the
salt extraction, the PRL team has
tested what happens if all the material
that goes into solution from the soil
sample is salt. They find that three
dialysis steps are needed to prevent the
final solution from producing a detect-
able J-band.
Three dialysis steps are therefore
standard in the instrument's test cycle.
Tests on eight Californian soil samples
showed that removal of salts and de-
tection of macromolecules was a simple
matter with this procedure.
The final solution from the dialysis
chamber is then mixed with the dye
solution and a comparison is made of
the light absorption of the mixture and
a pure dye solution, at several wave-
lengths in turn.
As a further check against the
presence of small molecules, these com-
parisons are made at two different tem-
peratures. Small molecules that cause an
absorption band give a solution that
decreases sharply in absorbance as tem-
perature increases. Large protein-sized
molecules cause either an increase in
absorption with rise in temperature, or
else the absorption is not affected.
* Polyphosphates could cause trou-
ble— There is the possibility that long-
chain inorganic molecules in the Mar-
tian soil might give a similar color re-
sponse to carbon molecules. Kay re-
ports that the most troublesome of
these appears to be the polyphosphates.
Polyphosphates do not appear in
minerals on Earth but react with the
carbocyanine dye to give an absorption
spectrum similar to DNA. They can be
recognized by the fact that the absorp-
tion is unaffected by a temperature of
100°C. At this temperature, the dye
complex formed by organic molecules
is precipitated.
Polyphosphates would invalidate the
experiment if they were in sufficient
quantity on Mars to use up all the dye.
• Within state of the art — Dr. Kay
emphasizes that an important feature
of the probe is that it needs no major
breakthrough to make it work. It is
simple and uses established techniques.
All parts can withstand sterilization at
140°C for 24 hours.
The main body of the optical null
spectrophotometer used to compare the
solutions is about 3 in. in diameter and
26
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
11 in. long. Light from a small source,
collimated by a mirror, passes through
one of six narrow-band-pass interfer-
ence filters carried in a rotating wheel.
Selection of the appropriate filter (335,
450, 480, 510, 575, or 650 millimi-
crons) is made by a stepping motor
controlled by a position encoder.
• How it works — After filtering,
the light meets a beam-splitting mirror
that produces four parallel beams of
equal intensity. These pass through
glass-walled cells to a photocell de-
tector.
One cell functions as a reference
cell and contains the standard dye solu-
tion. A second functions as the test
cell for the mixture of dye and soil
solution. The other two are back-up
cells to check the results obtained with
the first cell.
Resistance heaters control cell tem-
peratures. Quality of the reference dye
solution is measured by an electrical
conductivity sensor.
The light beams to the cells pass
through a mechanical beam chopper
that sends pulses of light alternately
through the test cell and the reference
cell. A mirror system combines the light
beams emerging from the cells and
focuses the beam into a photocell de-
tector.
When the solutions in the two cells
are of equal optical density, the com-
bined light pulses produce a uniform
output at the detector. If the absorption
of the test cell increases, a pulsed out-
put appears. When a pulsed-output is
detected, a shutter in the light path be-
fore the reference cell is automatically
reduced in aperture until the pulses dis-
appear. The shutter reading obtained
from a position encoder then indicates
the absorption difference between the
solutions.
This information together with the
position of the optical filter wheel would
be telemetered, indicating the degTee of
absorbance at a specific wavelength.
For a change of absorbance to be
detectable by the instrument, there must
be at least a 0.05 difference in the opti-
cal density across a 1-cm. path length
in the two cells.
• Physical description — The com-
plete probe measures about 17 in. long
by about 7 in. wide overall. At one end
are three soil sample collectors. These
are mounted on optical filter housing,
which also carries the light source and
collimating mirror for the spectrophoto-
meter. In the center of the probe are
a nitrogen supply, three dialysis cham-
bers, the variable aperture device, and
the test cells. Dye storage and mixing
chambers, water reservoirs, and soil-
sampler motors are located at the rear
end of the probe.
Currently, work at PRL includes
improvement to the instrument and
study of the possibility of identifying
molecules by the absorption bands they
produce.
• Some test results — In past experi-
ments, distilled water has been used as
the solvent, but various other solvents,
and the effects of temperature, pH, and
osmolarity are being investigated.
Reactions of the carbocyanine dye
with 34 proteins, 37 peptides, 4 syn-
thetic polypeptides, 40 amino acids, and
42 carbohydrates, and with DNA, RNA
and their derivatives, have been ex-
amined at PRL. In trace amounts (less
than 0.002% ) only proteins, synthetic
polypeptides, nucleic acids, and substi-
tute polysaccharides cause changes in
the absorption spectrum of the dye.
Mono-, di-, and trisaccharides,
purine and pyramidine bases, amino
acids, and nucleosides had no effect.
DNA and RNA produce absorption
maxima at 575 and 535 millimicrons,
suggesting that the particular wave-
length of the absorption maximum may
indicate the structure of the macro-
molecule.
For a great many protein-dye com-
plexes, the exact wavelength of the ab-
sorption maximum may be character-
istic of the protein. ■
astronautics
Project GLOW To Aid ABRES Program
New York — Flight test activity
under Project GLOW, a jointly spon-
sored Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA) and Army research
program to gather infrared, ultraviolet,
and visible spectra signatures on re-
entry vehicles, is expected to begin in
August at White Sands Missile Range,
N.M.
The program, expected to run for
3-4 years, will be used extensively to
evaluate various re-entry bodies asso-
ciated with the Air Force's Advanced
Ballistic Re-Entry System (ABRES)
probably boosted by the service's new
low-cost and lightweight Athena launch
vehicles (M/R, July 8, p. 18).
Actually, firings from the new
Green River, Utah, launch site to the
WSMR impact area with the four-stage
solid-fuel Athena probably will carry
identical but sub-scale models of
ABRES nose cones (M/R, Sept. 2, p.
11). One of the objectives of the
ABRES flight program, which has al-
ready gotten under way at Pacific Mis-
sile Range, using Atlas ICBM's, has
been development of scaling laws which
would allow smaller payloads to be used
with Athena-type vehicles at WSMR.
In addition to ABRES, Project
GLOW is expected to evaluate many
other Army and ARPA re-entry vehicle
programs. ARPA, for example, last
spring disclosed that it was shifting its
Trailblazer II target vehicle launches to
WSMR (M/R, May 6, p. 16).
The optical re-entry instrumentation
system for Project GLOW is described
by project sources as the most accurate
pedestal-mounted pointing system in
existence. A U.S. Army Missile Com-
mand contract, thought to be worth
more than $1 million, was awarded re-
cently to the Perkin-Elmer Corp., Nor-
walk, Conn. Under the contract, Per-
kin-Elmer will supply two identical sys-
tems, the first expected to be on site by
August. GLOW, which will be a passive
system with no associated hardware
carried aboard the test vehicle, will
operate from two sites to provide differ-
ent aspects for signature data collection
and also to aid data correlation. Infor-
mation obtained in the program is ex-
pected to feed both the development
of advanced ground-based detection and
discrimination systems and sensors, and
improvement of nose cone and decoy
re-entry designs.
The optical instrumentation system
will have three major functions, accord-
ing to Perkin-Elmer: acquisition and
tracking; radiance information gather-
ing and real-time storage; and data cor-
relation and reduction.
Instrumentation includes radiom-
eters, spectrophotometers, and spectro-
graphy. In addition, the system is pro-
posed to include an auto-tracker oper-
ating in the IR and visible spectrum, a
TV camera and monitor for visual ob-
servation of target and booster separa-
tion during re-entry, and a boresight
camera.
An ROTI camera, also made by the
Connecticut firm, will also be included
in the system to record re-entry. ■
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
27
BREAKTHROUGH
Martin's RACEP, a random access, discrete address system,
represents a significant breakthrough in the field of military
communications.
It is an advanced combination of radio transmitter-receiver
and direct dial telephone, with advantages of both and the
drawbacks of neither.
It uses no wires, needs no switchboard.
It can transmit voice, data, facsimile. Handle both individ-
ual and conference calls. It is difficult to jam.
It has a command override system that can put a com-
mander in touch with all units immediately.
It is now being field tested by the Air Force.
At Martin, Systems Management means the best possible product in the shortest possible time at the lowest possible co
Available as a vehicular unit or lightweight Manpack.
Martin pioneered this new communication system whk
breaks the "voice" into separate pulses which can only I
reassembled by another RACEP receiver.
Martin is presently embarked on a program to extend ranf
and flexibility of this system and to give it even broadc
spectrums of military effectiveness.
Martin is bringing to bear on this project the same system
management capability that developed and brought to oper
tional readiness such systems as Pershing, Bullpup, Missi;
Master, BIRDiEand
the Titan family. MwM #m # # #w
Circle No. 10 on Subscriber Serv ice Card
—The Industry Week-
New Activities
Union Carbide Corp.'s Linde Div., New York,
is expanding its production line to include semi-
conductors and integrated circuits. The company,
manufacturer of capacitors and other electronic
components, will lease a facility in Palo Alto,
Calif. Operation is expected by mid-1964. . . .
Thermo-Physics Corp. has been formed in Cam-
bridge, Mass., to manufacture thermophysical
property-measurement equipment. The firm has
also established a laboratory to provide measure-
ment services. . . . Vernistat Div. of Perkin-
Elmer Corp., Norwalk, Conn., has changed its
name to Electronic Products Div. and has ex-
panded into a new 15,000-sq.-ft. plant in Wilton,
Conn. The division produces Vernistat potentiom-
eters, binary and decimal encoders and data
reduction equipment. . . . Meradco, a manufac-
turing, engineering , research and development
firm specializing in liquid, gas and exotic fuel
filtration, has been formed in Glendale, Calif.
. . . Philco Corp., Philadelphia, is expanding its
research program with the establishment of
Philco Research Laboratories. Five laboratories
and five support activities are included in the
new organization. Advanced research will be con-
ducted in the areas of physics, electromechanics,
chemistry, electronics and materials. Dr. Lloyd P.
Smith is manager of the laboratories.
Mergers and Acquisitions
Daystrom, Inc., Murray Hill, N.J., electronics
manufacturer, has announced plans to acquire
Boonshaft & Fuchs, Inc., Hatboro, Pa. B&F de-
signs and produces measurement and test equip-
ment. . . . Garrett Corp., Los Angeles, has pur-
chased TKM Electric Corp., Rochester, N.Y.
TKM, formerly a division of Dynamic Electron-
ics, Inc., produces alternators and generators.
Comsat Stock To Cost $20 Share
Communications Satellite Corp., Washington,
D.C., is expected to offer about $200 million worth
of stock sometime in April. Managing under-
writers' suggested price for the 10 to 11 million
shares is $20 per share. Comsat is now preparing
to register the stock with the Securities and
Exchange Commission.
In the Courts
Dynamic Corp. of America and its division,
Reeves Instrument Co., Garden City, N.Y., have
filed a patent-infringement suit against Beckman
Instruments, Inc., Fullerton, Calif., in a U.S.
District Court. DCA and Reeves have asked for
an injunction plus damages and costs for Beck-
man's use of a Reeves-patented "method and
apparatus" for checking analog computers.
Company Representatives
Engineering Supply Co., Canton, Mass., has
been named distributor for Texas Instruments,
Inc.'s line of semiconductors, resistors and capac-
itors. ESC will cover the greater Boston area.
. . . Cliver Sales Engineering Co., Westfield, N.J.,
has been appointed sales representative for Aero- ||
Space Avionics, Inc., Farmingdale, N.Y. Cliver ||
will handle AA's line of special support equip- ||
ment instruments and subsystems in New Jersey. m
Pennsylvania and Westchester County, N.Y. . . .
Applied Engineering Products Co., Stamford, g'
Conn., has named Reagan Electronics, Albany,
N.Y., sales representative for upper New York |j
state. Reagan will handle the AEP line of sub- m
miniature and microminiature RF coaxial con- g
nectors. . . . Advanced Development Laboratories, p
Inc., Nashua, N.H., has named three new repre- 1
sentatives for its line of radar systems and sub- ||
systems. The Jay Co., Timonium, Md., and ||
Arlington, Va., will represent ADL in Delaware, ||
Maryland, Virginia and Washington, D.C. E. G. p"
Miller Co., Inc., Henderson, Tex., and Albuquer- p
que, N.M., loill cover Texas, Oklahoma, New ||
Mexico and Arizona. Gordon Fixman Engineer- p
ing Co., St. Louis, Mo., and Wichita, Kan., will g
handle Kansas, Missouri and southern Illinois. g
. . . Atohm Electronics, Sun Valley, Calif., has g
named Newark Electronics national distributor if
for its line of trimmer potentiometers. f§
New Facilities
Tektronix, Inc . Beaverton Ore has com- ;|
pleted construction of a 35,000-sq.-ft. electro- p|
chemical building. The facility is part of the p
firm's multi-million dollar building program that s|
will group functionally related operations. In
design or planning stages are a 220,000-sq.-ft. §|
technical center and a maintenance building. ||
. . . Marquardt Corp., Van Nuys, Calif., is con- g
structing a facility for testing advanced propyl- g
sion devices. The 6U0-acre test site is located on M
Magic Mountain, 30 mi. north of the main plant. g
. . . Computer Associates, Inc., formerly of Wo- j|
burn, Mass., has moved to a new plant in Wake- g
field, Mass. The firm specializes in digital com- |g
puter programming fields. . . . B. F. Goodrich P
Co. has leased 32,000 sq. ft. of the Chemical Bank if
New York Trust Building and will move its %
Manhattan-based operation to that location %
May 1. . . . Lindberg Steel Treating Co., Melrose
Park, 111., has completed a $150,000 expansion of g
its corporate offices. The company maintains mis-
sile and rocket facilities at the Illinois plant.
. . . Corning Glass Works has announced plans
to double its research and development facilities
at the Corning, N.Y., plant. The company ivill
construct two new buildings, a total expansion of
295,000 sq. ft.
Aerojet-General Corp. has begun construc-
tion of a $2.4-million corporate headquarters
building at El Monte, Calif. . . . The Hamilton
Watch Co., Lancaster, Pa., has placed in opera-
tion a new materials testing laboratory equipped
with advanced apparatus for measuring the soft
magnetic properties of alloys. The laboratory will
enable Hamilton to provide special tests related
to specific customer requirements in addition to ij
standard ASTM magnetics tests for soft mag-
netic materials.
~mmm
issiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
31
British Firm Using Low-Cost Method
To Package Miniature Components
London — A low-cost, high-reliabil-
ity method for dense packaging of mini-
ature electronic components without
necessity for large-volume production
has been applied to logic circuits for
the first time by Standard Telephones
and Cables Ltd.
The concept, called Ministac, was
developed at STC's Standard Telecom-
munication Laboratories and is now
being used on a production basis, with
many applications foreseen in the mis-
sile/space field. One of the principal
benefits of the approach is that it per-
mits small production runs of subassem-
blies without prohibitively high cost
levels per item.
H. T. Prior of STC told Missiles
and Rockets that electronic pack-
ages nearly solid with components could
be fabricated by an all-mechanical proc-
ess requiring no elaborate jigs. Produc-
tion runs can range from 10 to well
over 10,000 with the simple, reliable
process.
"Although research along these lines
is essentially the same in Europe as in
the United States," he said, "it must be
on a smaller scale because of financial
limitations as well as the fewer num-
ber of complete systems required.
Therefore, we've turned to a method
of economically producing the relatively
small number of systems we need."
• Design — STC has dealt with this
limitation by using a stacking method
somewhat similar to the "cord wood"
technique pioneered in the Polaris pro-
gram, although modified to a certain
extent. Fabrication methods are essen-
tially the same, but are geared to com-
patibility with the theme of low costs
despite low volumes.
Paper tape controls punch connec-
tions, or wiring, from solid metal, and
by Frank G. McGuire
components are then stacked within a
rectangular framework of this connec-
tion network. In addition to the low-
cost, low-volume requirements for de-
velopment of the Ministac method, STC
engineers aimed at maximum versatility.
Thus, even though of great use for
miniaturized electronics, there are also
applications to systems using non-mini-
aturized components such as inductors
and variable resistors and capacitors.
• Fabrication — Each Ministac is a
module with plug-in connections and
Special Section
Each month, the first issue of
Missiles and Rockets contains
a special section devoted to the
latest developments in the field
of space electronics, including new
products.
The section begins on this
page with an article by European
Correspondent Frank McGuire
about a British-developed method
for packaging miniature com-
ponents.
Other articles in the section:
• Page 35 — Electronics Edi-
tor Rex Pay discusses flight-con-
trol circuits that have allowed
significant weight reduction in the
Improved Minuteman's third
stage.
• Page 36 — M/R details a
six-foot-high omnidirectional an-
tenna that approaches the effi-
ciency of 120-ft. models.
• Page 37 — Electronics Edi-
tor Michael Getler presents an in-
dustry consensus on improving ra-
diation-resistant semiconductors.
has two side plates, which carry termi-
nals for mounting of components. These
two plates and their internal terminals
are supported by end plates carrying
external, or module terminals. Alter-
natively to the plug-in type connections,
the module can be made so that the
wires for each component can be used
as leadout terminals.
The internal terminals, punched
from semi-rigid metal strips, are on a
0.1 -in. pitch and slotted to accommo
date component leadout wires. STC
says a central feature of the design is
that these terminals are integral with
the module's wiring, which is attached
to the side plates. Stock material used
for internal terminals and connections
is nickel-silver strips of 0.010-in. thick
ness punched with a standard pattern
The border of the strip is perforated
with holes similar to a roll of 35-mm
photographic film to permit the strip to
be fed into automatic punching equip
ment. This perforated border is kept on
the strip until module assembly, when!
it is cut off. Until then, it serves to keep
the interconnection pattern intact and
makes handling easier. Upon cutting off
the border, the slotted terminal tags for:
receiving component leadout wires are
automatically produced.
Until the border is cut off, the strip,
is run through equipment that removes
certain portions of the standard pat
tern, leaving behind the desired net-
work of terminals and interconnections
This grid is planned by STC engineer;
on the basis of standard schematic dia-
grams, which are re-drawn for the pur
pose of determining optimum design
• Assembly — Two differently-de
signed grids are attached to the sur
faces of an insulating material to fora
one side plate. In simple circuits, th<
32
missiles and rockets, March 2, 196-
company points out, only one such
grid may be needed. The insulating
! plate is surfaced with stubby projec-
tions, or knobs, which match the circu-
lar holes remaining in the nickel-silver
strip.
The strip is placed over the insulat-
ing material, pressed down so the knobs
pop into the holes in the strip, then heat
and pressure are applied to soften the
insulating material and expand it some-
what like a rivet, thus securing the two
materials together. At this point, the
border is trimmed off and what remains
is a sideplate complete with wiring ter-
minals, interconnections, insulation and
i component-connection slotted tags.
End plates are made in somewhat
the same fashion. The number of ter-
minals that can be incorporated into
one end plate depends on terminal spac-
ing and the internal width of the mod-
ule. The maximum useful number of
terminals on each end plate is four,
with two connecting each side plate.
"Using 0.2-in. spacing, for example,
j with solderless wrapped joints, three ter-
minals can be provided if the internal
width is 0.5 in., and four terminals can
be provided if the width is at least 0.7
in.," Mr. Prior said.
End plates can also be used anywhere
within the module to provide extra ex-
ternal terminals if desired. Side plates
and end plates are secured together by
engaging the lugs on the end plates with
the slotted terminals on the side plates
1 1 and soldering. As an alternative, the
,' i slotted terminal can be clenched onto
' the lug.
Components with wire ends can be
1 1 mounted directly by soldering to the
; tags, and components requiring more
support than afforded by their leadout
; wires can be mounted on sub-plates.
! Inductors, potentiometers and other
: components used in non-digital work
t can also be easily accommodated.
j
J • Dimensions — Principal dimen-
,. i sions involved in a Ministac module
ID can be varied considerably. Normal
j maximum length without using joining
,p : moldings is about 6 in., variable in steps
!(j j of 0.1 in. Internal width is variable in
,j t steps of 0. 1 in. up to about 2 in. and
0, ; external width is essentially governed by
re the thickness of the side plates, each of
which has a maximum thickness of 0.1
jp in. Thus, external width is equal to in-
e ternal width plus 0.2 in. height of the
Jt. module is fixed at 0.5 in. over the ter-
et. minal tags, although components may
1S be allowed to extend beyond this dimen-
eri sion if sufficiently protected,
lit • Internal design — Up to six inter-
ur- connection tracks running the length of
jj each side plate can be handled in the
je Ministac module. The tracks are divided
ut into sets of three, with one set for each
,flt surface of the plate. The planar form
till of each set of three, however, places
certain limitations on the ways in which
the main interconnecting tracks can be
brought out to the component-attach-
men terminals.
STC feels that these limitations are
unimportant for circuits like triggers,
normal and IF amplifiers, oscillators,
etc., and in practice the company has
had no trouble in designing circuits.
Occasionally an extra wire is needed
to provide a necessary connection.
The firm has adopted a systematic
design approach that provides a con-
ABOVE: Ministac module basic stack at be-
ginning of component assembly. BELOW:
Completed Ministac module developed by
Standard Telecommunication Laboratories.
trol tape for the automatic punch ma-
chine.
• Design approach — Using a nor-
mal schematic as a starting point, STC
engineers turn out an interconnection
diagram in which the components are
arranged in a row approximately as they
appear in the original schematic. How-
ever, the objective is to make one set of
interconnections between components
(the Y-board) as simple as possible.
The set of connections for the X-board
will be located on one side plate and
the set for the Y-board will be located
on the opposite side plate.
Next, a packing diagram and a de-
tailed interconnection diagram are pro-
duced. At this stage, the objective is to
maximize the packing efficiency and
still use the X-board interconnection
grid to best advantage. Thus, any inter-
connections crossing a vertical line must
be limited to not more than three hori-
zontal tracks on each of the two layers
of punched wiring.
Final step is the design of the Y-
board interconnections, which, at the
outset were made quite simple. Conse-
quently, when the designers tackle the
job of arranging components for opti-
mum packing and use of the X-board
grid, it leaves the Y-board relatively
simple. The Y-board is nearly always
considerably less complicated than the
X-board and well within the scope of
the interconnection capacity available.
STC's procedure, then, enables de-
sign attention to be concentrated on one
step at a time. Time required for the
planning process will depend upon the
designer's experience and the extent to
which dense packing is vital in the par-
ticular case. An approximate time given
by STC for design of a trigger circuit
is four hours.
• Salient features — Aside from the
basic advantage of low-volume produc-
tion without excessive costs, STC feels
the Ministac approach makes it pos-
sible to embody any normal circuit
without difficulty into the two-wiring-
grid module, and simpler circuits into
only one grid. The terminal tags and
the interconnections are integral so there
are no connections to be made except
from the components to the side plates
and end plates.
The only control information neces-
sary consists of a punched paper tape
for the automatic nickel-silver strip-
punching equipment. The only opera-
tion required to completely change over
from one module's side plates to that
for another module is to change the tape
on the strip-punching machines.
Either soldered connections (as
presently used) or welded connections
can be applied to module fabrication.
Component assembly can be arranged
either by hand or by automatic equip-
ment, and a solid tag is provided on the
module for the attachment. Any com-
ponent can be removed and replaced
without danger of damage to adjoin-
ing components or connections. Access
to adjustable components is possible
through either of the two open faces
of the module.
STC points out that the internal
spacing of tags at 0.1 in. and the flexi-
bility available in dimensions of the
module give a considerable variety of
applications.
• Fabrication equipment — Design
of the manufacturing machinery was
carried out concurrently with design of
the module concept itself, Mr. Prior
said. The control information for the
wiring grids design is carried by a loop
of paper tape pre-punched. The loop
is read by a tape reader, which actu-
ates a set of air cylinders operating
punches.
The bulk-produced stock material
of nickel-silver strip is fed into these
punches and emerges as a continuously
running set of four grids for a particu-
lar module design. ■
9^ i missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
33
ENGINEERS & SCIENTISTS
nu chiefs, no mourns !
With tongue in cheek, this phrase might be applied to the scientists and engineers of Pan AnVs Guided Missiles
Range Division. Under the direction of the U.S. Air Force Missile Test Center, GMRD has, since 1953, been respon-
sible for conceptual planning, specifications, and operation of the range instrumentation systems developed by
industry for the Atlantic Missile Range. The decisions made by Pan Am's technical staff are vital . . . directly affect-
ing the success of each missile, space vehicle, and scientific probe launch operation at Cape Kennedy.
RANGE PLANNING analyzes projected program requirements up to 15 years ahead, predicts range support
capability required and develops the advanced instrumentation system concepts.
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING utilizes these range plans to develop detailed specifications for all range instrumen-
tation, data, and support systems. They then evaluate bids from industry to insure that capable industry sources
will furnish such systems. This is only the beginning of their task — they follow and monitor the development of
this equipment through installation and checkout.
RANGE OPERATIONS plans and evaluates range support for all launches, coordinates all range support activities,
provides data and command/destruct for range safety, and manages the operation of down-range stations.
Individually and as team members, the men in these groups
have become authorities in range technology. To add to the
capability of the range, the following typical assignments
are under way in Range Planning, Systems Engineering,
and Range Operations:
CW and Pulse Radar: modify and improve sensitivity of Mis-
tram, Glotrac, AN/FPQ-6, and AN TPQ-18 ; develop velocity meas-
uring system with an accuracy of 0.1 fps.
Telemetry: increase the operating range of antennas to cover
frequencies up to 2300 mc; design a system which, upon command,
will select the most important data from each station.
Optics: devise and install an orientation system for both CZR
and cine theodolites ; improve ballistic cameras with respect to
random errors, shutter speed, exposure time and time correlation.
Infrared: develop high resolution spectrometer for launch and
re-entry coverage; implement a complete infrared measurement
system for mid-range coverage.
Underwater Sound: introduce a nuclear battery power supply
into the ship-tended acoustic relay (Star) and extend the range
of this system.
Data Processing: add automated methods to enable more effi-
cient handling of larger volumes of data with minimum degrada-
tion; convert processing of weather information to near realtime.
Meteorology: improve cloud height and growth indication instru-
mentation; develop a system to measure atmospheric electrical
potential and cloud movement.
Instrumentation & Vehicle Control: automate the entire track-
ing network through a Range Instrumentation Control System;
add space diversity to the Cape Kennedy command control sys-
tem by adding a van-mounted 10 KW fast-reaction command
control system.
Correlation: reduce time correlation uncertainty across the range
to less than 100 microseconds; standardize the timing signal for-
mat on the AMR.
Radiometry: schedule and control all electromagnetic radiation
within the missile test area with a Spectrum Surveillance System;
automate, where possible, instrumentation for interference con-
trol, spectrum signature collection and quality analysis.
Data Handling: design equipment to permit very high density
realtime data transmission over RF lines or submarine cable;
increase the digital data equipment available at off-cable sites to
provide more efficient on-site computer programming.
Range Safety: increase the electronic monitoring of launch
hazard areas and of missile and spacecraft performance; install
a second Range Acquisition Data Distribution & Control system
to permit handling of dual missions; develop instruments to
measure blast parameters and fireballs resulting from exploding
missiles.
Ship and Aircraft Instrumentation: improve the instrumenta-
tion to meet more stringent telemetry, navigation, tracking,
communications, and data handling requirements; phase into
operation new and/or modified tracking ships and aircraft.
Engineers and scientists with applicable experience are invited to write in confidence to Manager - Professional Employment, Dept. 56C-1.
J&L GUIDED MISSILES
^0 RANGE DIVISION
PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS, INC.
P. 0. BOX 4465, PATRICK AIR FORCE BASE, FLORIDA
An Equal Opportunity Employer
Circle No. 9 on Subscriber Service Card
JPME (IlLiMlili
Circuit Weight Slashed
In Advanced Minuteman
by Rex Pay
Los Angeles — Weight and volume
reductions of 10 to one in Improved
Minuteman flight-control circuits have
enabled their relocation from first- and
second-stage positions to the third stage,
without a range-payload penalty.
Most of the flight-control circuits
are now located in the guidance and
control compartment, behind the pay-
load. They can be replaced without re-
moving the missile from the silo, reduc-
ing field maintenance cost considerably.
Main contractor for the Minute-
man guidance and control system is
Autonetics division of North American
Aviation, which displayed components
'of the system at the 1964 National
Winter Convention on Military Elec-
tronics.
• Second stage refinements — The
Improved Minuteman (WS-133B) pro-
vides increased range and accuracy
compared to the WS-133A Minuteman,
chiefly through use of a new second-
stage motor and a navigational compu-
ter of increased capacity (M/R Oct. 7,
p. 43).
Instead of gimbaled nozzles, the
second-stage motor uses secondary in-
jection thrust vectoring, and a new
flight-control system has been designed
for it.
Freon is injected downstream of the
throat of the single second-stage nozzle.
The resulting shock wave, pressure field,
and momentum tranfer deflect the main
thrust vector.
Freon is injected at four locations
spaced 90° apart around the nozzle by
means of two hydraulically-actuated
valve units. Each valve is capable of a
maximum flow of about 60 lbs. per sec.
The freon is contained in a circumfer-
ential tank around the main nozzle.
Because enough freon is carried for
the most demanding mission, a range
penalty is incurred if some is not
dumped on a smooth flight.
During flight, the amount used is
monitored by analog pick-offs that in-
dicate valve position. All four analog
outputs are summed and integrated to
measure total freon used. After the
amount of freon that can be dumped
has been computed, it is jettisoned by
fully opening all four nozzle systems.
This also gives additional thrust.
• Controlling roll — Roll control on
the first and third stages is carried out
by differential movement of the four
gimbaled nozzles, as in WS-133A. On
the second stage of the Improved Min-
uteman, however, roll is controlled by
diametrically opposed hot gas nozzles.
The missile is not allowed to roll, being
maintained with one side always point-
ing down.
Roll correction is varied by means of
flappers in the hot gas nozzles. The
flappers are centered for no correction.
Rate sensing in roll is carried out by
the main guidance platform in the third
stage. Rate sensing in pitch and yaw
on the second stage is carried out by a
force re-balance angular accelerometer.
Electronic circuits located in the
second stage include secondary power
supplies, a de-modulator and a roll
switch. Discrete components are used
throughout these electronic circuits,
primarily because of the low volume of
components and the absence of com-
mon functions. Main power supply
on the vehicle is 28 volts dc from bat-
teries in the first and third stage. AC
supplies from these are produced by
solid-state converters.
There are two solid-propellant hot
gas generators in the second stage. One
provides gas to pressurize the freon
tank; the second supplies the hot gas
for roll control.
• Third stage makeup — Most of the
electronics for the flight-control system
are located in the amplifier assembly in
the guidance and control section be-
tween the third-stage motor and the
payload. This assembly contains several
servo amplifiers and also semiconductor
power switches that provide 10-amp
signals to activate ordnance functions
such as staging, engine ignition, and
thrust termination.
Also included are power supplies,
plus circuits to select the proper group
of servo amplifiers and to decode the
ordnance commands. These functions
are performed by about 260 integrated
circuits.
The torque supplied by the flight-
control system to the first stage nozzles
is 26,000 inch-pounds. Torque on the
third stage nozzles is about 8,000-9,000
inch-pounds. This is because the stage
is not only smaller but is also operated
outside the atmosphere so that the
nozzles do not have to combat aero-
dynamic forces.
The hydraulic pressures used in the
first, second, and third stages are 3,000
psi, 500 psi, and 1,500 psi, respectively,
with the injection system requiring much
lower pressure than the gimbaled
nozzles.
The two electro-hydraulic control
assemblies for the first and third stages
are located in the center of the four
nozzles and are covered with a white
silicone rubber ablative material.
• Combating heat — Exhaust gases
in the second stage are isolated from
the injector controls by the main nozzle
walls but are subject to radiated heat.
For this reason exposed hydraulic com-
ponents are made highly reflective, and
the hydraulic power supply and elec-
tronic units are contained within a gold
plated housing.
On delivery, the reflectivity of these
units in the infrared range is about
90%, which allows a margin of degra-
dation with time in the field. The gold-
plated cover for the control system also
serves as a pressure vessel to withstand
the shock pressure of second-stage igni-
tion.
A feature of the hydraulic system is
that there are no pipes or connectors.
All fluid passageways are integral with
the casing and mounting brackets of the
various components. ■
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
35
Firm Makes Low-Profile
High-Efficiency Antennas
ffidd HILIIOTOKlDi
Newbury Park, Calif. — A six-ft.-
high omnidirectional antenna with an
efficiency approaching that of a 120-
ft.-high tower antenna has been in-
stalled on the Pacific Missile Range
tracking ship USS Wheeling, currently
docked in New Orleans.
This 35-ft.-dia. prototype unit oper-
ates over a 2 to 30-mc frequency band
and was built by Northrop Ventura
division under a $1 14,000 contract with
the Navy.
The company is now thinking of
proposing antennas of this type — the
Directly Driven Resonant Radiator
(DDRR) — for about 35 tracking ships
and 40 ground tracking stations around
the world.
Advantages of low antenna height
are reduced vulnerability to damage
from winds, lightning, or low-flying in-
strument-recovery aircraft, and reduced
maintenance costs. Its low profile also
makes it suitable for hardened installa-
tions.
Penalties incurred in comparison
with a quarter-wave vertical are in-
creased use of ground area and about
1.5 db loss in signal strength.
Northrop Ventura has completed
Phase I of an Army contract for a
transportable 70 to 130-kc DDRR for
jamming navigation and position-fixing
systems. Negotiations are under way for
Phase II of this contract and for another
concerned with development of a
DDRR for higher frequencies, proba-
bly for fuse jamming.
• First used in target drone — The
DDRR evolved from a circular antenna
used in a target drone. In its basic form,
it consists of a horizontal ring broken
at one point, with the two ends con-
nected to an efficient ground plane. One
connection is directly through a short
vertical post, the second is through a
tuning capacitor.
In this configuration, the antenna is
suitable for narrow-band operation
(0.5% of operating frequency) between
70 kc and 300 mc. The circumference
of the ring is less than a quarter of the
operating wavelength and it is located
about 0.016 of the wavelength above
the ground plane.
Although the basic type of DDRR
can be tuned over a limited frequency
range by adjustment of the variable
capacitor, the radiated field strength de-
creases as the tuned frequency rises.
This problem is overcome in the
double-post DDRR. In this, a straight
conductor is substituted for the tuning
capacitor, which is reconnected between
the ring and the ground plane at a point
about half-way between the two end
posts. This version of the DDRR has
nearly four times the radiation resist-
ance of the single-post model and is
tunable over a 1.7 to 1 bandwidth with-
out noticeable loss of signal strength.
• Wheeling configuration — The an-
tenna installed on the USS Wheeling
consists of five concentric ring systems
of the double-post type. Frequency cov-
erage is divided between the five rings
as follows: 2.0 to 3.3 mc, 3.3 to 5.75
mc, 5.75 to 10.0 mc, 10.0 to 17.2 mc,
17.2 to 30.2 mc.
Transmission tests from Newbury
Park, California, to Hawaii showed that
the prototype PMR antenna performed
as well as a nearby quarter-wave verti-
cal. Signals from the two antennas ar-
rived at Hawaii with strengths that fluc-
tuated within ±1 db of each other.
The circular configuration is not
essential and other shapes can be used
to suit available space. The 35-ft. -di-
ameter PMR ship antenna could have
been reduced in size by spiralling, but
adequate space was available on top
the ship's helicopter hanger.
For Atlantic Missile Range ships,
Northrop Ventura has proposed a 16-
ft. square configuration.
Power feed to the DDRR is by
means of a coaxial transmission line di-
rectly connected to one vertical post.
The post serves as an auto transformer,
the height of the tapping point being
selected to give correct impedance
match.
Main radiating parts of the DDRR
are the vertical post and the vertical
conductor containing the capacitor.
The antenna presents the feedline
with the equivalent of a high-Q parallel
tuned circuit. High Q is not the result
of low radiated energy, but is only an
apparent Q caused by the fast-changing
input impedance of the top-loading. The
input impedance changes much faster
with frequency than the reactance of a
lumped capacitor.
• Use in Gemini proposed — The
high apparent Q gives the DDRR its fre-
quency-selective characteristics, which
can be of value in reducing adjacent-
channel interference and improving sig-
nal to noise ratio.
Low profile and the weight saving
brought by the absence of a matching
network make the DDRR suitable for
use in space vehicles. Currently, North-
rop Ventura is proposing that the 2-ft.
stub antenna for Gemini communica-
tions should be replaced by a DDRR.
Northrop Ventura, which has the
contract for the Gemini parachute sys-
tem, says that there is the possibility
that a parachute line might foul the stub
antenna. This might either damage the
line or snap off the stub, breaking the
communication link.
The ring antenna that would replace
the stub (240 mc) would be about 1.5
in. high and would be covered by a
low radome. Studies are in hand to see
where the radome can be located to
reduce effects of re-entry heating.
• Roll up antenna for ECM —
Recently Northrop Ventura has de-
veloped a prototype transportable
DDRR for jamming operations at fre-
quencies between 70 and 130 kc. It isj
a single-post type, designed to replace
a 120-ft. top-loaded umbrella. (A quar-
ter-wave antenna at this frequency
would be about 10,000 ft. high.)
The antenna, which is in the shape
of a square spiral of Litz wire woven
into a grid of nylon webbing, can be
rolled up like a carpet. Overall size of
the nylon grid is 35 x 35 ft. The ground
plane is a 100 x 100-ft. screen of alumi-
num mesh. The whole system has been
designed for transport on an M36C
Army truck with a 1.5-ton trailer.
When raised by pulleys to the top of
35-ft. vertical posts, the antenna has an
efficiency of 1.5%, which is greater than
that of the top-loaded umbrella.
The ability to vary the frequency of
the DDRR antenna by simple adjust-
ment of one tuning capacitor is par-
ticularly useful in electronic counter-
measures applications. ■
36
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
Design Seen as Interim
Solution to Circuit Irradiation
Philadelphia — Next round of im-
provements in radiation-resistant semi-
conductor circuits, according to panel-
ists discussing the subject at the Inter-
national Solid-State Circuits Conference
held here last week, is more likely to
come from increased attention to cir-
cuit design and improved test data cor-
relation than through continuing re-
finements in material technology.
Though some engineers still see
another order-of-magnitude of "hard-
ness" improvement possible within the
transistor technology, it is felt by many
that "further progress is now getting
painful" and that advances of that de-
gree will take another 2-5 years, gen-
erally paralleling progress of active ele-
ments into the 10-50 gc range.
In the interim, most experts agree
that considerable progress can be made
by clever circuit design using available
componentry in optimum arrangement.
Improved hardness is generally
achieved at the expense of switching
capability for digital circuits, increased
numbers of components, higher power,
and increased cost. The specific design,
in turn, is further influenced by the pre-
dicted radiation environment (both the
spectrum, length, and type of exposure)
and the material structure and tempera-
ture sensitivity of the componentry.
• Radiation resistance complex —
While many engineers seek more defi-
nitive guidelines and values for radia-
tion-resistant circuit design, experts
point out that these very complex vari-
ables and possible trade-offs make it
difficult to approach specific circuit de-
sign with anything but broad generaliza-
tions until virtually all mission and oper-
ating needs and restraints are detailed.
What is needed, many users feel, is
increased radiation environment testing
at the manufacturer's level, providing
correlated radiation level-electrical re-
sponse data similar to that now pro-
vided for other environments. Consider-
able uncertainty continues to surround
the measurement and value of the "K"
factor, the constant that basically indi-
by Michael Getler
cates how fast the lifetime of a device
is being degraded.
While K is generally known to
within a factor of three, it is not known
with much more accuracy with respect
to a single device or a class of transis-
tors. Data in the latter case is even more
difficult to collect since slight differ-
ences in processess used by various
manufacturers of the same class of de-
vice can alter the hardness while not
affecting the general operating specifi-
cations.
• Radiation effects explained — There
are two basic types of transient radia-
tion effects on semiconductor devices.
A high-intensity radiation pulse causes
ionization that will usually decay in a
few microseconds to a few milliseconds,
according to D. Landis of the San-
ford University Electronics Lab. Cir-
cuit design for this transient, he pointed
out in a presentation here, should pro-
vide for recovery before requiring that
it operate.
The other transient effect, which may
occur at low radiation intensity, is the
result of the collection of ions on sur-
face regions with high-electric-field in-
tensity. This effect, says Landis, can be
minimized by using silicon planar de-
vices with passivated surfaces, and by
avoiding prolonged application of re-
versed bias to a junction operating in
a radiation field.
While there is general agreement
that stray radiation pulses, even though
of significant strength, may not be
permanently damaging if they are of
short duration, experts at the meeting
pointed out that it is vital for digital
circuitry to be able to recognize these
spurious signals in order to achieve
the proper smoothing.
Though short pulses may be over-
come, there are upper limits above
which circuits will not recover, pri-
marily because of severe temperature
changes in the silicon or other base ma-
terial. These thermal effects are now of
principal concern in establishing radia-
tion dosage limitations.
The time in which a circuit can re-
cover is also closely studied. For ex-
ample, panelists here report major in-
terest in developing improved teleme-
try circuits capable of functioning in the
area of a weapons burst either during
the burst or a few milliseconds after.
• Hesitance on thin film — When
questioned about the prospects for thin-
film active devices, panelists — from the
Sandia Corp., IBM, and General Atom-
ics-— were reluctant to claim major gains
for this approach until experimental
data were available. One scientist
pointed out that while induced currents
may be less with thin films, what is really
important to radiation environment
operation is the ratio of the induced
current level to the signal level.
The main permanent damage ef-
fects of radiation on junction devices
are decreased gain, and increased leak-
age currents, diode voltages, and satura-
tion voltages.
In a rundown of general semicon-
ductor suseptibilities presented here,
Landis reported that tunnel diodes,
zener diodes, and high-speed switching
diodes are relatively radiation resistant.
Silicon-controlled rectifiers, unijunction
transistors, and low-frequency thick-
base transistors are easily damaged
by radiation and should be used with
caution.
High frequency transistors and field-
effect transistors are moderately sensi-
tive to radiation, he said, and are the
most useful active elements for radia-
tion-resistant semiconductor circuits.
Field-effect devices, Landis says,
have a higher damage threshold than
ordinary transistors, but a very-high-
frequency transistor may still have usa-
ble gain left at radiation levels that de-
stroy the usefulness of field-effect tran-
sistors. Germanium devices are per-
haps slightly less sensitive to radiation
than equivalent silicon devices, but the
difference is small for components.
(continued on page 38)
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
37
• New design rule needed — "De-
sign for low beta," says Landis, "seems
to be the standard rule for radiation-
resistant circuits. A better rule is to
determine what happens to the com
ponents in radiation, and design the
circuits to work when it happens."
Regarding care in choosing circuit
elements, Landis reports that passive
components are generally more stable in
radiation environments than active com-
ponents; thus a radiation-resistant cir-
cuit should have minimal dependence
on active device parameters.
For example, Landis says that diodes
are less sensitive to radiation than tran
sistors and therefore diode logic should
be used unless the extra gain of tran
sistor logic is needed. An oscillator
should be designed to give negligible
loading on its tuned circuits or crystal,
even after irradiation. Amplifiers should
have their characteristics controlled by
feedback through passive components,
and should have sufficient open-loop
gain after irradiation so that their char-
acteristics do not change.
Switching circuits, he says, can gen-
erally be made less sensitive to radia-
tion than analog circuits. Since many
basically analog or anolog-to-digital sys-
tem functions can be realized with
mostly digital circuitry, Landis says,
this approach should be considered. ■
New Product of the Week:
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LAMBERT • ST.
PERSONAL:
AIRCRAFT CORPORATION
LOUIS MUNICIPAL AIRPORT • ST LOUIS 66, MISSOURI
name — r ™ M — ~
Address _ ^SLJ^SuLu^Jl^^Lat^
Age 2A
Health.
Physical Appearance J Bm^ggacjv c^ay— ■— - - —
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ILITARY SERVICE: ^^^^^£p^4^f^^
ACHIEVEMENTS:
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CURRENT ASSIGNMENTS: , j^, . . 0,
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FUTURE OBJECTIVE:
Vital programs in the national interes
now underway at McDonnell, ha\
created exceptional opportunities ft
engineers, scientists, physicists, math
maticians, and specialists in aerospat
design, human factors, electronics, phol
optics, and data processing. For mo:
information, complete the resume for
on the right. For a comprehensive, in
mediate review of your qualification
forward your complete resume to M
D. F. Waters, Professional Placemen
Department 62 MM, McDonnell, St. Lou
66, Missouri.
Day/Night Camera
Coaxial Transfer Switch
A laser beam welding system for
missile/space materials has been de-
veloped and manufactured by TRG.
Inc.
The system consists of a power sup-
ply, pulse-forming network, ruby laser
head with associated optics, cooling sys-
tem, positioning table and control con-
sole. Power input is 220v, 60 cps, 3
phase. Maximum output voltage is
3,000v. Energy delivered to the flash
lamps can be adjusted up to 30,000
joules.
The system can be used in single-
pulse or multiple-pulse modes of opera-
tion at rates from one pulse per 12 sec-
onds to one pulse per second, depend-
ing on material, thickness and type of
weld. The laser beam can be varied
from 0.060 to 0.640 in. in length. There
are 10 capacitors of 580 nf each per
[capacitor bank.
Circle No. 151 on Subscriber Service Cord
A 70-mm. reconnaissance camera
with a 24-hr. photographic capability is
being marketed by Itek Corp.
The device uses standard flash car-
tridges or can be adapted for use with
stroboscopic light. Lens is 52 mm., f/3.5
to f/22 Kaligar. Lens coverage is 58.6
degrees. In-flight power requirement
is 28v dc, 75 watts. Shutter speeds are
bulb and 1/60, 1/125, 1/250 and
1/500 sec.
The sensor weighs 6 lbs. and meas-
ures 4x8.38x6.5 in. Resolution is
lens-film limited providing an AWAR of
over 53 lines/mm. on Panatomic-X film
and 18 lines/mm. on Royal-X Pan
film.
Circle No. 152 on Subscriber Service Card
X-Y Recorder
Houston Instrument Corp. is mar-
keting the Model HR-98T X-Y re-
corder, measuring 11x17 in.
The model features 1 mv/in. sen-
sitivity, switch selectability to 10 v/in.
in five steps with vernier control be-
tween ranges. Input impedance is 100 K;
accuracy is 0.25%; X-axis time sweep
is from 0.05 to 2 in. /sec. in six steps.
Circle No. 153 on Subscriber Service Card
E&M Laboratories has developed
the Model VC13SC coaxial transfer
switch for missile and spacecraft appli-
cations.
Specifications include a 0 to 6.0-gc
frequency range and 40-db minimum
crosstalk. Insertion loss is 0.3 db maxi-
mum; VSWR is 1.25 maximum. The
unit can withstand shock of 50 g's mini-
mum in three axes. Operating tempera-
ture range is —55° to 100°C.
Hermetic sealing and remote posi-
tion indicator circuits are available on
request.
Circle No. 154 on Subscriber Service Card
Phase Shift Circulator
A differential phase shift circulator
that can be operated at 25 kw CW with
a 6:1 load mismatch is being marketed
by Raytheon Co.'s Special Microwave
Devices Operation.
The model CXH-25 operates at 8.35
gc with isolation of at least 20 db and
insertion losses no greater than 0.3 db.
VSWR is 1.15. The device is designed
for pressurized cooling with water cir-
culation of 1.5 gal. per minute at 150
psi.
Circle No. 155 on Subscriber Service Card
WAP mtfMES
IOANFLLMCOOMW£LLMCDOMMrLLMCDO«MCLLMCDONW£LL AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER. MCDOHMLt MCDONNELL MCDOMNEU MCMNMU MCOONHMUL.
Please complete this form and forward to: Mr. D. F. Waters, Professional Placement, Dept. 62, McDonnell 1
Aircraft, St. Louis 66, Missouri. This is not an application for employment. Your qualifications will be ?:
reviewed by our placement staff and you will be advised of positions at McDonnell for which you qualify.
You may then make application if you wish. All replies confidential. 2
lame
!ity & State
resent Position
rimary Experience Area-
ducation: AE ME_
legree: BS_
Home Address .
Phone
-Age-
Date
Math_
_MS
_Physics_
Date
_PHD
.Chemistry^
_EE_
Number of Years _
-Astronomy Other
Date
I would like to receive application form D
Openings now exist in the following areas:
Advanced Product Planning, Aerodynamics, Engineering Planning,
Design, Control and Structural Dynamics, Electronics, Ground Support
Equipment, Liaison, Materials, Mathematics, Metallurgy, Operations
Analysis, Propulsion, Reliability, Research, Space Medicine,
Structures, Systems Management, Thermodynamics, Wind Tunnel
IONWILL m CDOMWELL MCDONNELL MCOOWWELL MCOOMMCLL MCOOMWCLl MCDOMWEU (MCDOWWELL MCDOMWELL
MCDONNELL MCDONNELL MCDONNELL MCDONNEL
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
Circle No. 11 on Subscriber Service Card
39
missiles and rockets
DOD Military System
A Report on the DDR&E
DDR&E, the Directorate of Defense Research and Engineering,
is one of the most important offices in the Department of Defense,
it has a complement of 145 men, supervising some 30,000 others
and directly affecting over 125,000 industry personnel. DDR&E annu-
ally contracts for $7 billion dollars in space and military systems re-
search, development, test and engineering services from its suppliers.
The March 30 issue of missiles and rockets win
present an in-depth report on DDR&E covering:
DDR&E Operation ■ Relationships with Industry and the Services ■ Current
& Advanced Programs ■ In-House R&D Capabilities ■ Future Expenditures ■
Key Personnel
Issue Date: March 30, 196
sue, March 30
The DOD Military Systems
Issue will be must reading for over 45,000
program and project managers, engi-
neers, and scientists in industry and the
military. Advertise in this issue to gain
maximum exposure for your products,
capabilities, or services.
Buy proven performance
In MISSILES AND ROCKETS — 275 page
advertising gain in 1963 over 1962; 3700
new paid subscribers gained during 1963;
total paid circulation of over 45,000.
Advertising Closes:
March 16, 1964
Telemetry/Control System
Arnoux Corp. is marketing the
model TAC-1000 self-adaptive telem-
etry and control system, designed so
only those parameters of concern to
operating personnel need to be trans-
mitted. Wide-band communication links
needed to transmit redundant data via
conventional PCM telemetry techniques
are not required.
The device features from 10 to
1,000 input channels; go/ no-go data;
variable word length; a self-adaptive
format and solid-state design.
Circle No. 156 on Subscriber Service Card
Antenna Multicoupler
Aerospace Research, Inc., is mar-
keting a line of Type PMC transmitter/
antenna multicouplers, available with
combinations of center frequencies,
bandwidths and channel spacings.
The six-channel model in the 800 to
820-mc range with channel spacings
of 4 mc has 3-db bandwidths of 1.3 mc
and isolation of greater than 20 db be-
tween channels. Insertion loss is less
than 2 db; VSWR exceeds 1.2:1. The
unit can handle more than lOOw per
channel up to 85 °C.
Circle No. 157 on Subscriber Service Cord
Noise Analyzer
Quan-Tech Laboratories, Inc., is
marketing the Model 312 analyzer,
which provides a three-point spectrum
analysis of the noise characteristics.
The device makes measurements at
100 cps, 1 kc and 10 kc simultaneously.
Respective measurement thresholds are
approximately 1.5, 1.1 and 0.7 pa/root
cycle. Drain voltage range is 0.1 to 30v;
drain current range is 0.05 to 30 ma.
Gate bias is continuously variable from
lv forward to 15v reverse.
Circle No. 158 on Subscriber Service Cord
Measuring Counter
Computer Measurements Co. has
developed the Model 73 8B solid-state
frequency measuring counter.
The device measures all tone and
RF frequencies from 10 cps to 100 mc
directly with accuracies up to
0.000005%. When used with a plug-in
heterodyne converter, it measures fre-
quencies to 500 mc. Readout is seven
digits in kilocycles. Sensitivity is 0.1
RMS (2v maximum). Stability is 5
parts in 10s short term and 5 parts in
107/week long term.
Circle No. 159 on Subscriber Service Card
Isolator
Raytheon Co.'s Special Microwave
Devices Operation has developed a
1,250 to 1,350-mc isolator, the Model
ILH37.
The water-cooled device, which is
14 in. high, handles 2.5 Mw peak power
and 5 kw average power into a load
mismatch of 1.5 to 1. Insertion loss is
less than 0.65 db with 10-db minimum
attenuation. Maximum VSWR is
1.20:1.
Circle No. 160 on Subscriber Service Card
Antenna Positioner
Andrew Corp. is marketing an eleva-
tion-over-azimuth positioner for micro-
wave antennas, designed for a tactical
communications system.
The type 30131 will withstand 125-
mph winds with a 6-ft. parabola in place
and is operational with ±1° accuracy
in 30-mph winds. Elevation and azimuth
functions are remotely operated. The
unit is fitted with a reverse locking
clutch and a locking screw mechanism
to prevent torque feed-back from the
antenna.
Circle No. 161 on Subscriber Service Card
Encapsulated 'Stick'
International Rectifier Corp., is mar-
keting a line of encapsulated "sticks'"
capable of handling peak reverse volt-
age from 2 to 75 kv.
The units have output currents of
0.2 to 3 amps and are available in con-
figurations ranging from single-phase
half wave blocks, center taps and
bridges through 3-phase bridges. Volt-
age density up to 8 kv per linear inch is
available.
Dimensions range from 0.5 in.
square by 1.0 in. long to 0.75 in. square
by 5 in. long.
Circle No. 162 on Subscriber Service Card
Traveling Wave Tube
A traveling wave tube designed for
the power-output stage in radar sys-
tems is available from the Electronic
Tube Div., Westinghouse Electric Corp.
The model WX-5383 has an elec-
trical bandwidth of ±300 mc and can
be centered anywhere within the C-
band. It has a 40-db. saturation gain
with 10-kw peak power. Duty cycle is
0.01. Water requirement for cooling is
0.3 gal. per minute with a pressure drop
of 10 lbs./sq. in.
Circle No. 163 on Subscriber Service Card
Crystal Detectors
A series of crystal detectors designed
as detecting elements in closed-loop
microwave leveling systems is available
from Hewlett-Packard Co.
The Model 424A units offer a re-
sponse fiat within ±0.2 db across each
waveguide band from 2.6 to 10 gc and
±0.3 db from 8.2 to 12.4 db. SWR is
under 1.35 through the X-band. Output
impedance does not exceed 15,000 ohms
shunted by approximately 10 pf.
Circle No. 164 on Subscriber Service Card
FM Signal Generator
A portable test set for checkout ol
telemetry and command equipment is
being marketed by RS Electronics Corp.
The Model 1021 combines an FM
signal source with a 10-channel coder
to produce self-coded FM telemetry
or command signals, or generate stand-
ard IRIG tones for direct testing of de-
coders.
Plug-in RF heads set frequencies in
the 216 to 260- or 400 to 550-mc bands.
RF frequency is crystal-controlled. FM
deviation is ±200 kc. Input is 28v dc
or 117v ac ±10% , 50 to 400 cps.
Circle No. 165 on Subscriber Service Cord
Static Inverters
Kinetics Corp. is marketing the SI
series of static inverters, with standard
single-phase models ranging from 35
to 700 va. The units met MIL-E-5272
specifications.
The units convert 28-v dc power
into 400-cycle, 115-v ac power over
a factor range from 0 lagging to 0.5
leading. Overall unit efficiency is flat
from V2 to full load. Harmonic dis-
tortion is less than 1% nominal and
full load, and less than 3% at any
condition. Voltage regulation is ±1%;
frequency regulation is ±0.5%.
Circle No. 166 on Subscriber Service Card
42
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
contracts and procurements
AWARDS
AIR FORCE
$3,000,000 — North American Aviation, Inc.,
Rocketdvne Div., Canoga Park, Calif., for
Alias missile propulsion systems and related
support items.
$2,400,000 — General Electric Co., Philadelphia, for
work on Mark VI re-entry vehicles.
$1,700,000 — Martin Marietta Corp., Denver, Colo.,
for further research and development on the
Titan II weapon system.
$1,500,000 — American Bosch Arma Corp., Garden
City, N.Y., for continued research and devel-
opment on Atlas missile guidance systems.
$1,500,000 — Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City,
Calif., for Minuteman ICBM checkout equip-
ment and Titan ICBM guidance systems.
I $1,100,000 — Boeing Co., Seattle, Wash., for fol-
low-on work on GSE related to Minuteman
ICBM sites.
$293,020 — Gulton Industries, Inc., Metuchen, N.J.,
for nickle cadmium batteries.
j$167,447 — Parametrics, Inc., Waltham, Mass., for
research and study of shock-tube lab astro-
physics.
S92.S1I — Consolidated Electrodynamics Corp.,
Pasadena, Calif., for a spectrometer.
i$55,555 — Ramco, Inc., Fort Walton Beach, Fla.,
for modifications to Eglin Range #70.
$39,908 — Aerospace Research Associates, Inc.,
West Covina, Calif., for research on variable
geometry structures that absorb and release
energy.
$31,982— Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., for
research on plasma physics and related topics.
$18,658— Gulf Electric Construction Co., Crest-
view, Fla., for alterations to building #744 at
Eglin Air Force Base.
General Atronics Corp., Philadelphia, for design,
development and fabrication of a fiber optic
recording oscilloscope for the display and re-
cording of scientific phenomena (undisclosed
amount).
ARMY
$13,800,000 — International Business Machines
Corp., New York City, for punchcard ma-
chines and computers formerly leased, now
to be purchased.
$3,207,166— C. H. Leavell and Co., El Paso, and
Peter Kiewit Sons' Co., Omaha, for construc-
tion of the largest rocket test stand at NASA's
Mississippi Test Center.
$1,500,000 — General Dynamics Corp., Pomona,
Calif., for further research and development
on the Redeye missile.
$1,210,656 — Hyde Construction Corp., Jackson,
Miss., and Thornton Construction Co., Inc.,
Hancock, Mich., for the construction of vari-
ous roads, railroads and utilities at NASA's
Mississippi Test Center.
5258,000— Martin Co., Orlando, Fla., for modifica-
tions of the BIRDIE target data system for
/V ike-Hercules.
NAVY
£9,600,000— Collins Radio Co., Richardson, Tex.,
for production of airborne data-communica-
tions sets.
£8,558,280 — Raytheon Co., Space and Information
Systems Div., Sudbury, Mass., for production
of electronics guidance units for the Mark II
Polaris missile system.
,6,500,000— Raytheon Co., Lowell, Mass., for fol-
I low-on production of Sparrow III missiles.
54,800,000 — Technical Materiel Corp., Mamaro-
[ neck, N.Y., for communications equipment
I production.
$3,000,000 — Sperry Rand Corp., Gyroscope Div.,
Great Neck, N.Y., for shipboard missile radar
set modifications.
$2,300,000 — North American Aviation, Inc., Auto-
netics Div., Anaheim, Calif., for SINS naviga-
tion equipment for Polaris systems.
El ,800,000 — American Bosch Anna Corp., Garden
City, N.Y., for design work related to data
collecting/recording gear for use aboard an
| experimental submarine.
(1,029,000 — Atlantic Research Corp., Alexandria,
Va., for 550 ARCAS meteorological sounding
rockets, including payloads and associated
I support equipment.
$204,000— ARINC Research Corp., Washington,
D.C., for a study of the Marine Tactical Data
Defense System for air defense.
Control Data Corp., Computer Group, Minne-
apolis, for 11 additional fire control computer
systems to be used aboard Polaris submarines
(undisclosed amount).
NASA
$2,400,000 — Radiation Incorporated, Melbourne.
Fla., for production of 10 Pulse Code Modu-
lation (PCM) data acquisition and stored
program decommutator systems.
51,356,000 — Blaw-Knov Co., Pittsburgh, for design
and fabrication of three 85-ft. diameter dish-
shaped antenna structures to be used in locat-
ing and keeping track of the Apollo manned
moon mission spacecraft.
$248,349 — AHis-Chalmers, Milwaukee, for advance-
ment of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell power sup-
ply systems technology.
Rocket Research Corp., Seattle, for the manufac-
ture of two subliming solid control rocket sys-
tems (undisclosed amount).
Otis Elevator Co., Brooklyn, N.Y., for production
and installation of 31 elevators for Launch
Complex 39 at Merritt Island, Fla. (undis-
closed amount).
DEFENSE ELECTRONICS SUPPLY
CENTER
$137,858 — Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.,
DuMont Laboratories Div., Clifton, N.J., for
high voltage rectifier tubes for use in ground-
based radar early warning systems.
INDUSTRY
$600,000— Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp., Asso-
ciated Products Operations, Marion, 111., from
North American Aviation's Rocketdvne Div.,
for development of a solid propellant gas gen-
erator system for the Lance missile.
$500,000 — Acoustics Associates, Inc., Los Angeles,
from North American Aviation's Space and
Information Systems Div., for liquid gaging
equipment on the second stage of the Saturn/
Apollo moon landing rocket.
$70,000— Correlated Data Systems Corp., Glen-
dale, Calif., from Cal Tech's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, for five additional solar panel
simulators.
Diffraction Limited, Inc., Bedford, Mass., from
Raytheon Co., for two telescopes with a magni-
fication of four power for Raytheon laser sys-
tems (undisclosed amount).
Diffraction Limited, Inc. Bedford, Mass., from
Specrrophysics Corp., for 25 Brewster's angle
windows for Spectrophysics laser systems (un-
disclosed amount).
International Telephone and Telegraph Corp., In-
dustrial Products Div., San Fernando, from
Northrop Norair, for manufacture of airborne
missile launcher power supplies (undisclosed
amount).
REQUESTS FOR BIDS
GENERAL PROCUREMENTS
Bureau of Naval Weapons
Washington, D.C.
Research and development effort on the MK 18
Mod I guidance control group of the Sidewinder
I-C guided missile for improvement of perform-
ance and reliability. BuWeps intends to solicit
a proposal from Philco Corp., Communications
and Electronics Div., Philadelphia, Pa., for con-
tinuation of a research and development pro-
gram previously undertaken by the above firm
under an existing contract. Note: For information
only.
Directorate of Procurement
Rome Air Development Center
Griffiss AFB, N.Y.
A research and development contract is being
negotiated with Clevite Corp., Shockley Transistor
Unit, for failure mechanisms in silicon semicon-
ductors resulting from an unsolicited proposal.
Note: For information only.
Purchasing Office
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Huntsville, Ala.
Furnish all labor and materials for the design
and manufacture of three liquid hydrogen level
optical sensor systems in accordance with Spec.
R-P&VE-PMS-Spec.-4-13 which will be furnished
with the RFQ. The procurement will require com-
plete drawings, wiring, wiring schematics, ACD
test data for each sensor. Bendix Corp., Pioneer
Central Div., Davenport, Iowa, is considered most
capable vendor to accomplish task. This company
has already completed preliminary design work.
Job — RFQ 1^1-50—01088. RFQ due date: 3-23-64.
Development of a low-range absolute pressure
calibration system, class 59. The procurement is
for the study, development, design and production
of a prototype absolute low pressure calibration
system. RFQ due date 3-20-64.
NASA Manned Spacecraft Center
General Research Procurement Office
Houston, Tex.
Attn: Daryl W. Chilcutt
Area Code 713, HU 7-7351.
Negotiations will be conducted with Distribu-
tors of Precision Instrument Co. for videotape
recorder. RFP MSC-64-1090P. Note: For infor-
mation only. No. RFP available.
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missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
Circle No. 7 on Subscriber Service Card
43
names in the news
Cm
HINRICHS
Dr. Karl Hinrichs: Named director of
research for the Systems Div. of Beckman
Instruments, Inc., Fullerton, Calif.
Dr. John E. Barkley: Promoted to pres-
ident of the Applied Science Div. of Litton
Industries, Minneapolis.
William J. Hill: Appointed director of
quality control for CBS Laboratories,
Stamford, Conn.
William C. Culver: Appointed govern-
ment marketing manager for Electronic
Specialty Co., Los Angeles.
James C. Elms: Elected vice president
and general manager of Raytheon Co.'s
Space and Information Systems Div., Lex-
ington, Mass.
Troy Bailey: Joined the Martin-Decker
Corp., Long Beach, Calif., as field manager
of the Telemetry Div.
William E. Benke: Appointed assistant
to the president-marketing of CTL, Stude-
baker's missile/space technology division,
Cincinnati.
George E. Puryear: Appointed man-
ager of Hycon Mfg. Co.'s Dayton, Ohio,
office.
Clifford A. Hickman: Appointed mar-
keting manager of Fairchild Space and
Defense Systems Div. of Fairchild Camera
and Instrument Corp., Palo Alto, Calif.
James C. Nance: Appointed manager
of the nuclear pulse propulsion project
(Orion) at General Atomic Div. of Gen-
eral Dynamics, San Diego, Calif.
Stephen P. Dillon: Appointed assistant
director of operation-Santa Monica for
the Douglas Missile & Space Systems Div.
John P. Endicott: Named vice presi-
dent-finance of Babcock Electronics Corp.,
Costa Mesa, Calif.
Marvin L. Bookin: Named director of
advanced engineering at Data Display.
Inc., St. Paul, Minn.
Charles R. Plum: Named director of
44
HILL
CULVER
ELMS
the Instruments Div. of Aero Service
Corp., Philadelphia.
Dr. Richard S. Greeley: Promoted to
associate head of the Mitre Corp.'s Intelli-
gence Systems Dept., Bedford, Mass.
Ashley A. Farrar: Appointed vice pres-
ident-marketing for the Electronics Div.
of General Dynamics, Rochester, N.Y.
Dr. Wolfgang K. Berthold: Appointed
director of research for ITT Industrial
Laboratories Div. of International Tele-
phone and Telegraph Corp., Fort Wayne,
Ind.
Paul R. Dolan: Named president of
Micro Systems, Inc., Pasadena, Calif., sub-
sidiary of Electro-Optical Systems, Inc.
Robert H. J. King: Appointed director
of business development for the Space
Systems Div. of Fairchild Stratos Corp.,
Hagerstown, Md.
Robert H. Malott: Named manager of
FMC Corp.'s Organic Chemicals Div.,
New York City.
Arthur H. Hausman: Appointed vice
president-operations for Ampex Corp.,
Redwood City, Calif.
E. E. Hotchkin: Appointed director of
engineering for Data Recorders Div. of
Consolidated Electrodynamics Corp., Pas-
adena, Calif.
George C. Martin: Appointed vice-
president-engineering at the Boeing Co.,
Seattle.
Leonard P. Grady: Appointed director
of marketing for Philips Defense and Space
Laboratory, Mount Vernon, N.Y.
George F. Anisman: Elected vice pres-
ident of Menasco Manufacturing Co.,
Burbank.
William N. Moody: Appointed market-
ing manager for the Princeton, N.J., divi-
sion of Electro-Mechanical Research, Inc.
Donald M. MacArthur: Appointed
manager-chemical and life sciences center
of Melpar, Inc., Falls Church, Va. Stanley
E. Rauch will head up the electronics-
physics research center. Edward L. Ditz
will manage the space sciences research
center.
Richard A. Hayes: Joined the Photron-
ics Corp., Flushing, N.Y., as vice presi-
dent-engineering.
Thomas J. Sullivan: Elected vice presi-l
dent and director of program management I
of Hydraulic Research and Manufacturing!
Co., Burbank, Calif.
Capt. Stewart W. Sw acker (USN Ret.):>
Appointed director of research at Manson1
Laboratories, Inc., Stamford, Conn.
Wesley S. Melahn: Elected president of j
the System Development Corp., Santa J
Monica, Calif., and a member of thei
Board of Directors.
Dale Myers: Appointed vice president
for advanced systems of North American i
Aviation's Space and Information Systems«
Div., Downey, Calif.
Larry Cox: Joined Dearborn Electronic \
Laboratories, Orlando, Fla., as national ij
sales manager.
Hugh A. Brown: Named chairman of I
the Procurement Review Committee inJ
the Directorate of Procurement, Air Forced
Missile Test Center, Fla. Charles W. Swan-
ton named a contract price analyst.
Frederick B. ( line: Appointed deputy I
director of the Propulsion and Vehicle J
Engineering Laboratory, Marshall Space |
Flight Center, Ala.
William L. Gore: Named senior vicei
president for sales at Aerojet-General |
Corp., Azusa, Calif.
Royal S. Foote: Named vice president
of Science Management Corp., Denver.
John B. Montgomery: Elected a \ ice
president of Schlumberger Limited, Hous-
ton.
Richard J. Hart: Appointed super-
visor of tool engineering for the auto-
motive and aircraft divisions of Holley
Carburetor Co., Warren, Mich.
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
when and where-
MARCH
Atmospheric Problems of Aerospace Ve-
hicles, sponsored by FAA and AMS,
National Aviation Facilities Experi-
mental, Atlantic City, N.J., Mar. 2-5.
15th Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical
Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy,
Penn-Sheraton Hotel, Pittsburgh, Mar.
2-6.
Fifth Symposium on Thermal Radiation of
Solids, Sheraton-Palace Hotel, San
Francisco, Mar. 4-6.
Southeastern Conference on Theoretical
and Applied Mechanics, Georgia Insti-
tute of Technology, Atlanta, Mar. 5-6.
AIAA Aerodynamic Testing Conference,
Marriott Twin Bridges Motor Hotel,
Washington, D.C., Mar. 9-10.
National Association of Corrosion Engi-
neers Annual Conference and Corro-
sion Show, Sherman Hotel, Chicago,
Mar. 9-13.
Air Force Cambridge Research Labora-
tories Exploding Wire Conference, Ken-
more Hotel, Boston, Mar. 10-12.
Society for Nondestructive Testing Spring
National Convention, Chapman-Park
Hotel, Los Angeles, Mar. 16-19.
Pricing and Negotiating Prime and Sub-
contracts in the Defense and Aerospace
Industries Seminar, sponsored by the
Contract Management Institute, Am-
bassador Hotel, Los Angeles, Mar.
16-20.
NBS Symposium on Statistical Association
Methods for Mechanized Documenta-
tion, National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C., Mar. 17-19.
Third Hypervelociry Techniques Sympo-
sium, Denver, Colo., Mar. 17-18.
Second Semi-Annual Air Force RTD Pro-
curement Management Seminar, Del
Mar Hotel, Santa Monica, Calif., Mar.
18-20.
IEEE International Convention, Hilton Ho-
tel and Coliseum, New York City, Mar.
23-26.
American Meteorological Society National
Conference on Physics and Dynamics
of Clouds, University of Chicago, Chi-
cago, Mar. 24-26.
iSouthwest Research Institute Aerospace
Bearing Conference, San Antonio, Mar.
25-27.
Technical Symposium, sponsored by Poly-
technic Institute of Brooklyn, IRE,
AIEE, Army, Navy and Air Force,
New York City, Mar. 23-Apr. 2.
APRIL
Society of Plastics Engineers, Engineering
with Thermoplastics, Sheraton Hotel,
Akron, Apr. 1.
Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Annual
Scientific Briefing for Tomorrow,
Worcester, Mass., Apr. 1.
Optical Society of America Spring Meet-
ing, Sheraton-Park Hotel, Washington,
D.C., Apr. 1-3.
AIAA Annual Structures and Materials
Conference, Riviera Hotel, Palm
Springs, Calif., Apr. 1-3.
American Chemical Society National Meet-
ing, Philadelphia, Apr. 5-10.
22nd Annual Meeting, National Aerospace
Services Association, International Inn
Washington, D.C., Apr. 6-7.
IEEE Rubber and Plastics Industry Con
ference, Sheraton-Mayflower Hotel
Akron, Apr. 6-7.
IEEE International Conference on Non
linear Magnetics, Shoreham Hotel
Washington, D.C., Apr. 6-8.
ASME Design Engineering Conference and
Show, McCormick Place, Chicago, Apr.
6-9.
ISA Measurement and Control Instrumen-
tation Div. Symposium, Floridian Ho-
tel, Tampa, Fla., Apr. 8-10.
48th Annual Meeting, Federation of Amer-
ican Societies for Experimental Biology,
Conrad Hilton Hotel, Chicago, Apr.
12-18.
IEEE Symposium on Microelectronics,
Chase-Park Plaza Hotel, St. Louis, Mo.,
Apr. 13-15.
Institute of Environmental Sciences, An-
nual Technical Meeting and Equipment
Exposition, Sheraton Hotel, Philadel-
phia, Apr. 13-15.
American Power Conference, sponsored by
IEEE and Illinois Institute of Technol-
ogy, Sherman Hotel, Chicago, Apr.
14-16.
IEEE and ASME International Conference
and Exhibit on Aerospace Electro-
Technology, Westward-Ho Hotel, Phoe-
nix, Ariz., Apr. 19-25.
ASTME Annual Meeting, Convention and
Exposition, Detroit, Mich., Apr. 20-24.
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McDonnell aircraft corp 38, 39
Agency — John Patrick Starrs, Inc.
PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS,
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nissiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
45
editorial . . .
A Reasonable Man
A PROPER BALANCE of power in the national
decision-making process between Congress and
such agencies as Dept. of Defense and the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration is a delicate
thing to maintain.
Inevitably, the balance tips first one way and
then the other — amid great expressions of concern
from the aggrieved party. Such concern now is being
expressed on the Hill, based largely on Secretary of
Defense McNamara's refusal to spend money on all
the projects Congress would like him to spend it on.
Rep. Leslie C. Arends (R-Ill.) called this to the
attention of his colleagues on the House Armed Serv-
ices Committee the other day in quite vivid terms.
"I feel it my duty to alert the House," he said, "to
the fact that power has moved — on tip-toes — from
Capitol Hill to the Pentagon and once there, has
reached back a friendly hand and issued a smiling
invitation to come on over and watch the computers
work. It is a disturbing feeling to sit in committee
and listen to the recognized military experts of our
country state flatly that we need this or we need that
and for us to attempt to meet needs through legis-
lation and have the whole thing an exercise in utter
futility."
It is true that a continual and deliberate ignoring
of the wishes of Congress by the Secretary of Defense
can have a very harmful effect.
But it is also true that if the services constantly
are permitted to bypass a properly economy-minded
Secretary of Defense with appeals to Congress, then
the results can be equally harmful.
Thoughtful members of both Houses have sought
solutions to this knotty problem. One suggestion is
that Congress establish a scientific and technical
secretariat all its own — with the implication that it
then will have competent technical advice on which
to judge the merits of the projects before it. We feel
this is not the answer.
What the Congress would wind up with is a lot
of scientists convinced they are capable of making
political decisions. We have enough of those already.
There also would be another danger from such
a scientific panel. It would tend itself to assume the
decision-making power in all military and space pro-
grams, tipping the balance much too far from proper
management by the agencies concerned.
What then is the solution for the harassed com-
mitteeman trying to make sensible decisions on com-
plex technical programs? We think it lies in the area
of what the legal profession likes to call "the reason-
able man."
Congress can obtain competent technical advice
from many sources — from private firms involved in
the projects, from firms not involved in the projects,
from any of the services or many other government
agencies.
True, many conflicting opinions may be heard.
But in the end, the Congressmen will have to reach
the decisions which would be made by the law's
reasonable man.
A good case in point is the controversy described
on pp. 24-25 of this issue over the requirements for
nuclear power units, the SNAP-10A for space and
the Pluto reactor — Tory II — for the low-altitude
supersonic vehicle (LASV), formerly known as
SLAM.
The Joint Committee on Atomic Energy is quite
exercised over the vacillating performances of the
Dept. of Defense and the Atomic Energy Commis-
sion in regard to the flight-testing of these systems.
In view of the millions of dollars which have been
invested in development, the committee is question-
ing the neglect in carrying the projects into flight test.
The Air Force withdrawal of requirements for
SNAP-10A after an expenditure of some $100 million
seems to be particularly irritating. Funding for Pluto
and LASV to date has been in the neighborhood of
$218 million.
Why in the name of all that is economic, the com-
mittee demands, should the Air Force withdraw re-
quirements for the one and refuse to push ahead with
the other at this point in time?
IT SEEMS TO US that the committee may be right
in the one instance and pressing in the wrong
direction in the other. To carry SNAP-10A through
a flight-test program would cost an estimated $12
million. Although the Air Force operational require-
ment has disappeared, we feel this is a reasonable
additional expenditure for building-block technology
on a unique project where $100 million already has
been invested. We remember, for example, when
President Eisenhower used the radio-isotopic gener-
ator SNAP-3 only as a trick device to turn little lights
on and off because there was no military requirement
for the unit. Yet, one was found and even today a
SNAP-3 unit launched in a Navy navigational satellite
in 1961 still is operating in orbit.
On the other hand, it is estimated that even a
modest flight-test program for Tory II and LASV will
cost between $100 and $200 million. This, for a
project on which somewhat more than $200 million
has been spent to date, is a major milestone.
Dept. of Defense quite properly has called for a
breathing spell. From all reports, the program has
conclusively shown the technical feasibility of Pluto
and is ready to move into the next stage — flight test.
But there are major policy decisions to be made. Does
the U.S. require LASV? Should it be chemical or
nuclear? If there is no firm mission requirement,
should the program be killed right now before it
becomes another Sky bolt or should it be carried along
on back-burner funding for another look at this time
next year? DOD must consider all these questions
before committing another $200 million to Pluto.
JAEC's concern is quite proper. Mr. Arends'
distress over being ignored is equally so. So is Mr.
McNamara's determination not to let Congress run
his shop for him.
We can only hope that the reasonable man pre-
vails, in these as in other matters.
William J. Coughlin
46
missiles and rockets, March 2, 1964
Today, Hughes is one of the nation's most
active aerospace/electronics firms. Projects
include: F-111B PHOENIX Guided Missile Sys-
tem, TOW Anti-Tank Missile, SURVEYOR
Lunar Spacecraft, SYNCOM, VATE, ARPAT,
POLARIS, Hard Point Defense and others.
This vigor will assist the qualified engineers
and scientists towards more and better oppor-
tunities for both professional and personal
growth.
Many immediate openings exist. The engi-
neers selected for these positions will be as-
signed to the following design tasks: the
development of high power airborne radar
transmitters, the design of which involves use
of the most advanced components; the de-
sign of low noise radar receivers using para-
metric amplifiers; solid state masers and
other advanced microwave components; ra-
dar data processing circuit design, including
range and speed trackers, crystal filter cir-
cuitry and a variety of display circuits; high
efficiency power supplies for airborne and
space electronic systems; telemetering and
command circuits for space vehicles, timing,
control and display circuits for the Hughes
COLIDAR (Coherent Light Detection and
Jing).
If you are interested and believe that you can
contribute, make your appointment today.
For immediate consideration,
please airmail your resume to:
Mr. Robert A. Martin
Head of Employment
Hughes Aerospace Divisions
11940 W. Jefferson Blvd.
Culver City 51, California
Creating a new world with electronics
! ,
HUGHES
i i
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HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY
AEROSPACE DIVISIONS
An equal opportunity employer.
U. S. CITIZENSHIP REQUIRED
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push-button model 18 is designed for panel mounting.
Solenoid operated model 17 is for remote electrical
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sales division of Walworth Company
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Offices and distributors throughout the world
nissiles and roc1
HE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Special
Panel Shapes
U.S. Space
Station
DOD Expands
PDP Application
SRI Attacks
Solids Instability
Latest Edition
Of M/R Astrolog
H
HONEYWELL
INSTRUMENTATION
MILITARY
EDITION
Number 1 MI
ElectroniK 16 Recorder Introduced
PHILADELPHIA — Honeywell's
Philadelphia Division has introduced
the ElectroniK 16 potentiometer, a strip-
chart recorder offering many standard
features now optional on other recorders.
"The ElectroniK 16's modular design
concept, along with a number of cus-
tomer-oriented features that make it
convenient to install, maintain and use,
makes it the easiest to work with re-
corder on the market today," said W. A.
Forsyth, military market manager for
Honeywell's Industrial Products Group.
"For example, the instrument mounts
directly into a 19-inch relay rack with-
out using adapters. It has a new, high-
performance, transistor servo-measuring
unit. Chart-changing time has been re-
duced to less than a minute. And we
can supply an optional pre-loaded chart
transport that permits charts to be
changed in approximately 10 seconds."
Mechanical layout of the recorder is
such, Forsyth said, that most available
options and accessories have their own
unique location on the chassis. This
permits the customer to later add fea-
tures previously available only as fac-
tory-installed or not possible at all if
certain other options also were desired.
Analog, Digital Data System
Cuts Time, Cost for Raytheon
SUDBURY, Mass.— Data that once
would have taken six technicians at
Raytheon's Space and Information Sys-
tems Division here two weeks to record
and plot is now being reduced in two
hours by one man.
Behind this 168 to 1 time compres-
sion is an automatic Honeywell analog
and digital data processing system. De-
signed and built as an Air Force mod-
ernization facility from standard com-
ponents by Honeywell's Special Systems
Division, it can record, for selective
playback and readout, up to 230 chan-
nels of data from 1 1 remote test areas.
Raytheon lab manager Elmo Pacini checks
Honeywell Model 1108 Visicorder oscillo-
graph as it monitors wave shape of 24-
channel vibration test data.
The analog portion of the system re-
ceives data from one shock test area and
five vibration test rooms. The digital
system handles temperature, barometric
pressure and air flow data from five
climatic environmental test chambers.
Primary inputs for the analog record-
ing sub-system are 24 accelerometer sig-
nals, recorded simultaneously on two-
inch FM tape. Wave shapes can be
monitored with a Honeywell Model
1108 Visicorder oscillograph. Also re-
corded are shake table frequency, vibra-
tion servo control output and voice for
a total of 27 analog channels.
The playback sub-system, using the
same Honeywell tape transport as the
recording network, plots rectified ac-
celeration level vs. frequency on an X-Y
plotter in log-log or log-linear form.
The digital system scans at 100 points
per minute, measures, linearizes, digi-
tizes and records up to 200 inputs from
thermocouples, turbine flow meters and
pressure transducers.
Information is fed into a Honeywell
ADRT 3200 data logger having an in-
cremental tape recorder. This recorder
stores up to 72 hours of 200-channel
data on one 2400-foot roll of half-inch
tape.
Circle No. 1 on Subscriber Service Card
Operator makes setting on Adjustable
Range Unit, optional equipment with two-
pen ElectroniK 16 strip-chart recorder.
"All adjustments can be made simply
by sliding the chassis forward," Forsyth
noted. "The ink supply can be refilled so
easily that the instrument's recording
operation is not interrupted. The elec-
trical span and zero controls are made
entirely by precision potentiometers
specifically designed by Honeywell for
this function. And a new type of cam-
operated backset switch has been cre-
ated, again with simplicity of adjust-
ment and stability of operation in mind."
The ElectroniK 16 is currently avail-
able in single-pen, two-pen and multi-
point models. Among the options avail-
able are an Adjustable Range Unit, chart
supply indicator, retransmitting slide-
wires and event markers. The multi-
point recorder has an option whereby
any combination of 1 to 24 inputs can
be selected by positioning appropriate
buttons, and another option giving plug-
board selection of alarm points.
WRITE FOR COMPLETE DETAILS
Honeywell
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS GROUP
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 19144
HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL
Sales and service offices in principal cities of the
world. Manufacturing in United States, United King-
dom, Canada, Netherlands, Germany, France, Japan.
missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Volume 14, Number 10
March 9, 1964
Editor
William J. Coughlin
Managing Editor
Reed Eundy
Senior Editors
Charles D. LaFond Electronics
William Beller Engineering
Associate Editors
Lawrence J. Curran Assistant Managing Editor
Heather M. David Space Medicine
Michael Getler Electronics
Russell Hawkes Industry
John F. Judge Advanced Materials
Robert L. Parker Copy Editor
Rex Pay Electronics
Hal Taylor NASA
James Trainor Military
Contributing Editors
David A. Anderton, Warren Burkett,
Robert Lindsey, Robert Twiss
Friedrich Schonbach Art Director
Donald Strickland Assistant Art Director
Eleanor Cobey Editorial Assistant
Suzanne Montgomery Editorial Assistant
BUREAUS
LOS ANGELES 9301 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills
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NEW YORK 20 East 46th Street
Michael Getler
CAPE KENNEDY 507 Orange Ave
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Jean-Marie Riche
GENEVA 10 Rue Grenus
Frank G. McGuire
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Dr. Peter Castruccio Alexander Satin
Conrad H. Hoeppner Vice Adm. H. Sanders tret.)
Richard F. Gompertz
James W. Claar
Publisher
A. C. Boughton National Sales Manager
Paul B. Kinney Eastern Advertising Manager
Edwin J. Denker, Jr Western Advertising Manager
Kenneth C. Blanchard. Marketing & Research Director
John N. Carlin Director of Circulation
Paddy Nelson Circulation Promotion
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Published each Monday with the exception of the
last Monday in December by American Aviation
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ington, D.C., 20005. Cable Address: AMERAV.
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Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.
Copyright 1964, American Aviation Publications, Inc.
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Subscription orders and changes of address should be
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D.C. 20005. Allow 4 weeks for change to become
effective and enclose recent address label if possible.
President Wayne W. Parrish
Senior Vice President Louis C. James
Vice President Fred S. Hunter
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
THE COVER
Aerojet-General conducts cold-flow test
of liquid oxygen in 1 .5 -million-pound
thrust development chamber for NASA's
M-l rocket engine. Hot firings are next
for the powerplant, which is being de-
veloped as the nation's most powerful
hydrogen engine to boost the big pay loads
the U.S. will need after first lunar flights.
^ MARCH 9 HEADLINES
Panel To Set Configuration of U.S. Space Station 12
Boeing's Lunar Orbiter Contract Questioned 13
Space Agency Seeks Funds for Geodetic Satellite 13
NASA May Switch Weather Satellite Contract Policy 13
DOD Plans Wider Use of Project-Definition Method 14
AF Manual Promises Tighter Systems Management 15
New Marshall Study Contracts To Total $10 Million 16
Five-Year Plan To Aid Fight Against RFI Problems 17
^ SPECIAL SECTION
Latest Edition of M/R's Astrolog— A Status Report on all
U.S. Satellites, Spacecraft, Space Vehicles and Missiles 21
^ SPACE ELECTRONICS f
Radiation Systems Develops Promising Scanning Array 33
^ SPACE PROPULSION
SRI Attacks Combustion Instability in Solids 36
MSC Hybrids Research Aims at Lunar Survey Mission 38
^ DEPARTMENTS
Letters 4 Industry Week ... 39
The Countdown 7 Contracts/Procurements 40
The Missile/Space Products & Processes 41
Week® 8 Names in the News 45
Technical Countdown 31 Editorial 46
47,500 copies this issue
t U.S. Reg. Pdg.
3
NORTH AMERICAN
AVIATION, INC.
SPACE AND
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS DIVISION
TULSA
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ADVANCED PROGRAMS
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STRUCTURAL SCIENCES
Structural Analysis
Structural Design
Structural Heat Transfer
Mechanism Design
LABORATORY SCIENCES
Plastics— Engineers
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Minimum qualifications: B.S. De-
gree in Physics, E.E., M.E., A.E.,
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If you are willing to accept
challenging work assignments on
advanced vehicles and manned
spacecraft, we urge you to send
your resume to :
MR. B. C. BRADY
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NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION, INC.
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Alt qualified applicants will receive consideration
for employment without regard to race, creed,
color or national origin.
SPACE AND INFORMATION
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NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION
letters-
Ranger Management
To the Editor:
Congratulations on your Feb. 10 edi-
torial. It's about time that men with and
of your resources open the "right" people's
eyes.
ludging by the record of Ranger, JPL
is wasting our tax money. Therefore I PL
should be relieved from any future re-
sponsibility in critical space programs.
H. F. Baumgartner
Canoga Park, Calif.
To the Editor:
Re: your editorial analysis Feb. 10.
I second the motion!
R. ludy
Santa Monica, Calif.
To the Editor:
If you really think that the academic
and research atmosphere at the California
Institute of Technology is, as described in
your Feb. 10 editorial, "leisurely," then as
a graduate of that institution I will tell you
this: Your remark may or may not be
completely knuckleheaded, but it certainly
does not represent an informed point of
view.
Willard A. Dodge, Ir.
Pacific Palisades, Calif.
To the Editor:
Re your editorial dated Feb. 10 ("The
$150-Million Failure").
Please cancel my subscription. I don't
want your magazine in my home.
Are all of your facts so far from right?
C. L. Steadman
let Propulsion Laboratory
Pasadena, Calif.
Kiwi Funding
To the Editor:
I read with interest your article,
"NASA Seen Blocking Electric propul-
sion" (M/R, Feb. 10, p. 24) and feel that
I must call to your attention: 1) that the
Kiwi program is not eliminated and, quite
the contrary, is very much alive, and 2)
that Kiwi funding has always come from
the AEC.
LASL cold-flow tested a Kiwi B-4D on
Feb. 13, and it appears that vibration prob-
lems are licked. Hot tests of a Kiwi B-4D
and a Kiwi B-4E should be held sometime
before mid-year, and the NERVA contrac-
tors are planning a cold-flow and hot tests
of NRX before mid-year.
Peter Mygatt
Public Relations Office
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
Los Alamos, N.M.
Reference was made to the Fiscal Year
1965 budget, in which period Kiwi will be
phased into NERVA. — Ed.
Graphite
Specialties
NOW
BASIC CARBON
CORPORATION
Blank & Walmore Roads
SANBORN, NEW YORK
Phone: 731-3226 Area Code 716
4
Circle No. 2 on Subscriber Service Card
Boston Center
To the Editor:
In answer to your Feb. 17 editorial
("That Boston Center"), I wish to inform
you that the need for research centers and
laboratories arises from the sloppy and
faulty work performed by private commer-
cial concerns that sell and supply items for
the defense of our country.
I have close contact with private con-
cerns and so far have met few that have
shown a sense of patriotism and responsi-
bility for their country. It is becoming
more and more apparent that private con-
cerns have only one attitude toward their
government, and that is to extract as much
money for less and as often as they can.
Proof of these statements can be made by
the tragic loss of the "Thresher" and so
many missiles that have failed because of
faulty items manufactured and installed by
money-hungry manufacturers.
You speak of free enterprise, but your
first and last obligation should be your
country and its defense against the people
who would destroy all that we have now.
Your statement about "swollen parasites"
on the free enterprise system is uncalled
for and downright unpatriotic.
I have worked for the U.S. Army since
1958 and have witnessed the irresponsi-
bility of private concerns; you should be
calling them "swollen parasites." As for
you. Mr. William J. Coughlin. as sure as
there is a God in the Heavens, you will
receive your just reward.
Hyke D. Markarian
Waltham. Mass.
Disneyland?
To the Editor:
For months now, I have been reading
Letters to the Editor, pro and con, on the
Cape Canaveral name change. The latest
concern of your readers, it seems, involves
petty bickering as to who is qualified to
judge whether the change is appropriate or
not. Are length of residence, knowledge of
history, political preference, and word in-
terpretations now prerequisites for de-
termining if alteration or outright aboli-
tion of an internationally known landmass
name is justified?
"Cape Canaveral" is as traditional to
America as "Times Square," "Grand Can-
yon," "Squaw Valley," or "Disneyland,"
To destroy its name, now or ever, is ap-
proaching the similarity of tactics em-
ployed by the Ministry of Truth in George
Orwell's 1984; eradicating names of per-
sons, places, and things without a trace.
Let us put a "Kennedy Missile Test
Center" on Cape Canaveral, but let us not
mold our landmark nomenclatures into
palimpsests as the non-democratic coun-
tries do.
Richard B. Cooper
University of Tampa
Tampa, Fla.
We suspect that the nation — all the way
from New Amsterdam to Boulder Dam —
will survive the Canaveral-to-Kennedy
name change. — Ed.
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
You'll get a bang out of this valve
— right on schedule, exactly as programmed. Bang it's open (or bang it's
closed), no misfires, no maybes, no its, ands, or buts. There just isn't any
faster, surer way to handle critical flows than with a Pelmec propellant-
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Take the Model 1128 normally-closed helium valve, for example. Normally
closed, but not in the normal manner; this one is completely sealed off,
terminating in a seamless, homogeneous metal plug with a helium leak rate,
before firing, of zero.
Bang, and ten milliseconds later, there's a wide-open flow path, completely
unobstructed, with a pressure drop no greater than that for the line itself.
Meantime, there's been no contamination with propellant gases, no rupture
or fragmentation, no leakage (helium leak rate after firing is under a
millionth of a cc per second).
But before you get (pardon the pun) all fired up about the Model 1128,
you should see some of the others we've put in orbit. They're available in
sizes Va" to %" and larger, in any material, for any environment, pressure-
proof to 10,000 psi and beyond. For
low-pressure details, drop us a note
today.
LM
division of Quantic Industries, Inc.
1015 Commercial Street
San Carlos, California
Circle No. 3 on Subscriber Service Card
As the nation's first industrial firm devoted exclusively to
missile and space technology, TRW Space Technology Lab-
oratories grew with the national space effort. Since 1957,
STL has participated in nearly every manned and unmanned
space probe.
Today, 2500 engineers and scientists and 4500 support per-
sonnel combine their talents on many STL projects ranging
from research and development to design and manufacture
of NASA'S OGO spacecraft, Air Force nuclear test detection
spacecraft, Tetrahedral Research Satellites, and NASA'S
Pioneer spacecraft.
Also underway is the development of the variable-thrust
rocket descent engine for LEM, the Lunar Excursion Module
of Project Apollo. At the same time STL continues Systems
Management for the Air Force's vital Atlas, Titan and Minute-
man Programs.
These many space activities create immediate openings for
engineers and scientists with experience in Theoretical
Physics, Systems Engineering, Radar Systems, Experimental
Physics, Applied Mathematics, Space Communications, Space
Physics, Antennas and Microwaves, Inertial Guidance, Analog
Computers, Solid State Physics, Computer Design, Telecom-
munications, Digital Computers, Guidance and Navigation,
Electromechanical Devices, Engineering Mechanics, Applied
Aerodynamics and Propulsion Systems.
TRW
SPACE
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORIES
In Perspective
For information about positions in Southern California or Cape
Kennedy, write STL Professional Placement, Department B-3,
One Space Park, Redondo Beach, California. TRW is an equal
opportunity employer.
TRW SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES
The Countdown
WASHINGTON
Bullpup Follow-on Is Sought
An all-weather, extremely accurate tactical air-to-surface
missile is high on the Air Force shopping list. Immediate
problem: to demonstrate feasibility of a system superior to
those now available. In-house studies have suggested several
approaches which may lead to definition of a missile or
family of missiles to fill the requirement.
Navy Reveals MISER Program
A ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore relay system using
communications satellites is under advanced development by
the Navy. Dubbed MISER, the program calls for procure-
ment and evaluation of a shipboard terminal during the
coming year. Presumably, MISER is based on Navy work
on LOFTI (VLF) experiments, which have been very
successful.
Titan III May Get Nod for SNAP 50 Test
If it ever reaches that stage, SNAP 50 is likely to be
flight-tested on Titan III, Air Force officials believe. But
Saturn remains another possibility. Weight of SNAP 50
will be approximately 20,000 lbs. (20 lbs. /kilowatt). Air
Force is enthusiastic about the program and feels that
Manned Orbiting Laboratory or its successors will require
SNAP 50-type devices.
NASA Exonerates Titan in Gemini Slippage
NASA officials now acknowledge that further delay in
j the first unmanned Gemini flight cannot be blamed on slip-
! page in the recent static firing of its Titan II booster (Count-
down, March 2, p. 9). Word from the Cape is that the shot
still is scheduled for March. Slippage into April is regarded
as almost certain, however.
i Nuclear Power Seen for Satellite Inspection
Air Force studies indicate nuclear rockets may be an
answer to the difficult problem of satellite inspection. With
almost twice the thrust capability of chemical vehicles, nu-
clear inspectors would be able to make appreciably more
i inspections per launch. The higher specific impulse also
would allow greater orbital changes per amount of pro-
pellant.
Project Orion Is Still Alive
Interest continues in Project Orion, which would provide
propulsion for a spacecraft through a series of small nuclear
explosions. Marshall Space Flight Center is expected to award
a study contract on the concept in Fiscal '65. Despite still
formidable technical and political problems, the approach is
regarded as promising.
The Million-Dollar Misunderstanding
Members of the House Manned Space Flight subcom-
mittee recently asked a NASA official how much the space
agency was spending on Nova studies. His reply: $50,000.
While that answer may be technically correct, he forgot to
mention the $l-million study contract the space agency is
negotiating with Martin Co. to study post-Saturn V launch
vehicles — previously known as the Nova program.
i missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
Report on Ranger VI Failure Is Due
A report on cause of the malfunction which blacked out
Ranger VI television transmission is imminent. NASA and
industry officials met in Washington last week to firm up
their findings. Major attention has been centered on the pre-
mature telemetry transmission. Incidentally, none of the 32
observatories which attempted to see and photograph Ranger
Vl's lunar impact succeeded. At the two observatories in
the best position — Kitt Peak at Flagstaff, Ariz., and Mc-
Donald at Alpine, Tex. — film packs jammed.
NASA To Award Lunar Surface Study
Manned Spacecraft Center is preparing to award a
$100,000 study of how astronauts can perform lunar sur-
vey measurements after landing on the Moon. The six-month
study will seek answers on how the size and shape of the
Moon can be established and how points on the lunar surface
can be located for the purpose of future navigation.
Senate Looks at Electronic Center This Week
On Tuesday, the Senate Space Committee will meet on
NASA's proposed Boston electronics center. Space agency
Administrator James Webb has offered to hold off any action
until all the committee's questions are answered — regardless
of expiration of the 45-day deadline by which Congress must
act if the center is to be vetoed.
INDUSTRY
Chrysler Gets Additional Saturn Contract
Chrysler Corp. has been awarded an additional $16-mil-
lion contract for modifications to the work it will perform
on its Saturn I and Saturn IB first-stage production contract.
New money will cover expanded booster reliability testing
and engineering support activities.
Contracting for Gemini X Outlined
Contracting arrangements for the Gemini X program
have been disclosed. Air Force is negotiating a contract with
McDonnell Aircraft to study reqirements of the blue-suit
Gemini. If the capsule is sufficiently similar to NASA's
version, the space agency will do the contracting for the
Air Force. If not, AF will handle its own contract.
INTERNATIONAL
French Plan Own Tracking Network
The French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)
has commissioned Compagnie Franchise Thomson-Houston
(CFTH) to provide initial equipment for an all-French
tracking network. Space officials there boast it will be
superior to Minitrack, the U.S. net.
Swedish Army Orders Bantam Missile
Combat and training versions of the Bantam antitank
missile have been ordered by the Swedish Army in a $3-
million contract with AB Bofors, Swedish armament and
chemical firm. Bantam is a wire-guided missile with a range
of 1.5 miles. Similar in concept to the U.S. TOW missile, ii
now undergoing service testing in Sweden.
7
The Missile/ Space Week
Singer Leaving Weather Bureau
Dr. S. Fred Singer, director of
the National Weather Satellite Cen-
ter since its inception in 1962, has
resigned to head the nation's first
school of Environmental and Plane-
tary Sciences at the University of
Miami.
David S. Johnson, Deputy Direc-
tor of NWSC, will move into the posi-
tion of director. Johnson was instru-
mental in establishing the Meteor-
ological Satellite Laboratory and was
its director until it became the Satel-
lite Center.
Singer most recently participated
in the planning of an interim meteor-
ological satellite system based on
Tiros technology. This is expected to
consist of two satellites in polar cir-
cular orbit. The new satellites, of a
cartwheel type, will have subsystem
redundancy to increase lifetime.
Hughes Gets ATS Pact
NASA has selected Hughes Air-
craft Co. as prime contractor for
the Advanced Technological Satellite
(ATS) program.
The incentive contract, covering
development of five spacecraft, will
be worth more than $30 million.
Flights will begin in 1966.
Hughes recently completed a 21-
month feasibility and preliminary
design study based on the successful
development of the Syncom syn-
chronous orbit communication satel-
lite.
Investigations to be undertaken
on the Advanced Technological Satel-
lite include meteorological sensors
and components, radio frequency
propagation measurement, Earth-
pointing antenna systems and radia-
tion measurements.
ATS will be a cylindrical struc-
ture weighing about 650 lbs. to be
launched by an Atlas-Agena from
Cape Kennedy. It will carry a va-
riety of experimental instruments
weighing from 100 to 300 lbs., de-
pending on the mission.
Three types of missions are
planned for ATS:
— a 6,500-mi. Earth orbit to ex-
periment with a gravity-gradient
stabilization system. Several long
booms will extend from the space-
craft to interact with the Earth's
gravitational field to stabilize the
satellite and align it toward Earth.
— two synchronous 23,500-mi.
Earth orbits with the ATS spin-
8
stabilized to make meteorological,
communications and navigational in-
vestigations.
— two synchronous Earth orbits
using the gravity-gradient stabiliza-
tion system to make engineering and
technological studies.
SECOR Touted for New Role
Cubic Corp., San Diego, Calif.,
developer of the SECOR satellite sys-
tem for accurate ground mapping, is
proposing an extended system of this
type to NASA for interplanetary po-
sition fixing. With one transmitter
on the Moon and another on Earth,
the extended system would provide
accurate navigational guidance for
interplanetary probes. The station on
the Moon could be an automatic soft-
landed package or could be set up by
an astronaut.
C. J. Breitwieser, executive vice
president of Cubic, says that the
SECOR system (M/R, Feb. 24, p.
10) which requires a 7-lb. trans-
ponder in the space vehicle, also has
very real potential for orbital ren-
dezvous work. It could provide ac-
curate tracking data for initial ren-
dezvous maneuvers.
The present SECOR system is be-
ing developed by the Army Corps of
Engineers. Tests with a 600-mi.-high
satellite are being made from 1-kw
transmitters at Fort Carson, Colo.,
Las Cruces, N.M., Stillwater, Okla.,
Austin, Tex., and Grand Forks, N.D.
Each station in turn acts as the un-
known and its position is measured
with respect to the others. Unofficial
reports suggest that accuracies bet-
ter than 30 meters are being ob-
tained.
Future expansion of this program
would probably call for establishment
of a ground station in Alaska and,
ultimately, Hawaii.
Echo II Status Report
The Echo II passive communica-
tions satellite has been successfully
used for the transmission of radio
signals and telephone speech between
Britain's Jodrell Bank Observatory
and the Soviet Union's Gorki Univer-
sity Radio Astronomy Station.
The transmission of radiophoto
experiments was also scheduled be-
tween the two stations.
Echo II orbits the Earth every
108.8 minutes at a perigee of 633
statute miles and an apogee of 820
miles.
Shots of the Week
The Navy on Mar. 2 successfully
fired a Polaris A2 missile from the
nuclear submarine Woodrow Wilson,
submerged off the Florida coast. The
steam-launched shot was the first to
be conducted from the Wilson.
• The Air Force launched a Thor-
Agena from Vandenberg AFB, Calif.,
Feb. 27. The booster carried a pay-
load of undisclosed type.
• An Air Force Minuteman mis-
sile was launched Feb. 27 from Cape
Kennedy on a routine 5,000-mile
flight to the splash net near Ascen-
sion Island. The Air Force said the
flight was a complete success.
• On Feb. 28, Army artillerymen
completed a series of four Pershing
shots from Ft. Wingate, N.M., into
the White Sands Missile Range. The
first two shots on the 24th (M/R,
Mar. 2, p. 12) were successful. A
Feb. 25 shot failed, but the firing of
the 28th was successful.
Nike-X Award Let
Western Electric Co. has received
a $70.6-million major contract from
the Army for research and develop-
ment in support of the Nike-X pro-
gram.
More than $22 million of this sum
will go to Bell Telephone Labs in;
Whippany, N.J., and more than $10.3
million is to be spent in Western
plants in Greensboro, Winston-Salem
and Burlington, N.C.
Johnson Reveals A-l 1 Missile
An experimental fire control and
air-to-air missile system for the A-
11 aircraft was revealed by Presi-
dent Johnson in his February 29
news conference.
However, in making his surprise
announcement of the existence of the
Mach 3 interceptor, the President
just as quickly dropped the curtain i
of secrecy back over the entire sub- ,
ject. He would not discuss the A-ll
program any further, he said, and (
he publicly cautioned other officials ;
not to discuss the project.
It appears likely that the missile
system described by the President is j
an outgrowth of the Falcon family |
of air-to-air missiles developed by j
Hughes Aircraft Co. The company
had been working on similar com- t
ponents for the F-108, an Air Force ,
interceptor, before that program was (
cancelled. After the interceptor can-
i
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
cellation, Hughes was permitted to
continue work on the fire control and
missile system designated GAR-9
(new designation AIM-4-7) .
Part of the Falcon family, the
GAR-9 was designed for launch from
high speed airborne platforms such
as the A-ll. At the time of the F-108
cancellation, over $200 million had
been spent on the system — $70 mil-
lion of that amount on the fire con-
trol system.
The fire control system is believed
to be the AN/ASG-18, which the Air
Force has carried on its books under
Advanced Development. Propulsion
for the AIM-47 is provided by Lock-
heed, a departure from the other
members of the Falcon family. These
used Thiokol motors. Lockheed is
prime contractor for the A-ll.
AMC Gets New R&D Center
The Army Missile Command's
new research and development cen-
ter at Redstone Arsenal will be
dedicated March 12.
The facility will be named for
Francis J. McMorrow, the major gen-
eral who headed the Army Missile
Command at the time of his death
last year.
Col. Nickerson Dies in Collision
Army Col. John C. Nickerson, a
key figure in the 1957 fight over the
Department of Defense decision to
limit the Army to development and
use of short range missiles, was killed
in an automobile accident Mar. 1
near Alamagordo, N.M.
The colonel was stationed at Ft.
Bliss, Tex., at the time of the acci-
dent.
Nickerson's wife was also killed
in the wreck, and his two sons were
injured.
Comsat Files with FCC
Communications Satellite Corp.
expects to construct and place into
orbit a synchronous communications
satellite by spring, 1965.
The first satellite would be experi-
mental, but would provide service be-
tween North America and Europe.
Global service from a more advanced
system is planned by 1967.
In an application to the Federal
Communication Commission, Comsat
asks approval for construction and
launch of a 240-telephone-circuit sat-
ellite into synchronous orbit. The
isatellite would have an alternate ca-
pacity for message traffic, facsimile
or black and white television.
Also sought in the application is
approval (as required by the Com-
munications Satellite Act) of the sat-
ellite's technical characteristics.
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
The first satellite is to weigh 150
lbs. at launch and 85 lbs. in orbit,
after expenditure of fuel and motor.
Launch would be from Cape Kennedy
with a thrust-augmented Thor-Delta
booster.
The communications repeater in
the satellite is to be compatible with
ground stations already in use or
under development.
Ball Bros. Get OSO Award
Ball Brothers Research Corp. has
received a preliminary $800,000
NASA contract to begin construction
of the last five of the eight planned
Orbiting Solar Observatories (OSO) .
Ball has already built two of the
eight satellites, and is working on a
third. One OSO has been flown, and
plans call for the launch of two more
before the end of the year.
The five OSO satellites covered by
the new contract will be launched at
nine-month intervals beginning in
early 1966, according to NASA. They
are intended to study the solar cycle
through the periods of increased ac-
tivity during the late 1960s. The pre-
viously contracted OSO's are slated
to participate in the current Interna-
tional Year of the Quiet Sun by tak-
ing X-ray and ultraviolet radiation
measurements of the Sun.
Polaris Reliability Praised
Secretary of the Navy Paul H.
Nitze says that Polaris submarines
presently on duty are practically in-
vulnerable to enemy attack and could,
by themselves, account for a retalia-
tory kill of 25 to 35-million persons.
The claim was made in a letter to
Rep. George Mahon (D-Tex.), Chair-
man of the House Appropriations
Defense Subcommittee, who recently
questioned Nitze regarding the reli-
ability of the Polaris system.
Nitze said he based his estimate
of the weapon system reliability on
the product of compiled figures on
alert, launch, flight and warhead reli-
ability.
The Secretary quoted Vice Chief
of Naval Operations Adm. C. V.
Ricketts as saying that since the first
Polaris sub went on duty over three
years ago, ". . . no Polaris has been
late in deployment; no patrol has
been aborted; no submarine has re-
turned early from its patrol ; no com-
munication message has been missed.
Over 99% of the time at least 15 of
the 16 missiles (in a typical subma-
rine) have been ready for firing and
all 16 missiles have been ready for
firing over 95% of the time."
Circle No. 4 on Subscriber Service Card
9
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arc. Write for free literature.
1947
VALE I. One of the earliest applications of digi-
tal computation.
1948
DIDA. First digital differential analyzer.
1949
VALE II. A more automated VALE I with card
input.
1950
MADDIDA. First digital differential analyzer with
magnetic drum memory.
1951
QUAC. Digital computer with rotating magnetic
drum memory and card-fed input which generated
a quadratic arc.
1955
GFC. A highly specialized ground-based digital
computer for the first intercontinental missile.
1957
APAC. Airborne parabolic-arc computer. First all-
solid-state missile-borne digital computer.
1959
LINC. Lightweight inertial navigation computer. A
hybrid with plug-in modules and a component
density of 20,000 per cubic foot.
1960
GAM-87A Prelaunch. An advanced hybrid with a
500,000-bit memory and the greatest computa-
tional capacity of any aerospace computer.
1961
Mark IV SINS. Polaris submarine-borne computer.
Welded modules, plug-in trays, 35,000 compo-
nents per cubic foot.
1961
Ranger Central Computer and Sequencer. Built to
JPL design for Ranger Blocks I through III.
1963
CP-720. Navigational airborne data processor. An
advanced hybrid for AN-USQ-28 geodetic mapping
and survey system.
It took us 17 years
A long time? Not really.
The modern computer industry is only 17 years
old. It was born about the time that Northrop engi-
neers invented the digital differential analyzer and
combined it with a magnetic-drum memory to cre-
ate the first truly compact computer.
We've always made small computers. With big
capacity. Small because most of them were de-
signed to fly. Big capacity because they were the
brains of the most complex military and aerospace
systems.
We're in the systems integration business, and
we've developed our computers to meet systems re
quirements. Each one has been at the limits of the
state of the art. Some have been breakthroughs.
The computer on the right is the NDC-1000, now
in the final stages of development. It's designed toj
be an off-the-shelf item for many military and aero l
to build this computer.
pace applications. It will package the equivalent of
learly a million components into less than one cubic
'oot. Its problem-solving capability will match the
argest ground-based computers. It will accept all
;ypes of inputs, deliver any desired readout. It will
'unction dependably in all military and spacecraft
mvironments.
The NDC-1000 is the closest thing to a "stock"
tomputer we're likely to build. But we'll keep right
on designing computers to integrate systems.
They'll get smaller and lighter, faster and more
versatile. They will be rugged and reliable, and they
will check their own condition. They will incorpo-
rate all the sophistication that our computer special-
ists have acquired over the years since the world
began.
The computer world, that is.
NORTHROP NORTRONICS
New NASA/DOD group . . .
ONE OF
DOUGLAS
space
station concepts is
shown in
recent drawing.
Panel Shaping Space Station
by Hal Taylor
A SPECIAL PANEL has been es-
tablished by the Johnson Administra-
tion to recommend the best configura-
tion for the National Space Station
program.
The group, formally approved on
March 2, is named the National Space
Station Planning Sub-Panel of the joint
NASA/DOD Aeronautics & Astronau-
tics Coordinating Board (AACB).
Informed sources say the panel will
make its report in "a matter of months."
The schedule was confirmed by Dr.
Edward C. Welsh, acting chairman of
the National Aeronautics and Space
Council, the White House's space ad-
visory group.
"I attended the March 2 meeting
and I would say that a recommenda-
tion would be made later this year,"
Welsh told Missiles and Rockets.
The White House official was far
less sure, however, of when develop-
ment of a national space station might
begin.
"I would expect a start soon after
the recommendation is made," Welsh
said, "but nobody really knows at this
point. In part, it will depend on what
the recommendation is."
The "go/ no go" decision is certain
to be put off until after November's
presidential election. Approval of the
development program before the elec-
tion would simply be an exercise in
frustration if the Johnson Administra-
tion were turned out of office. Any new
administration probably would review
the whole U.S. space program, includ-
ing the space station project, meaning
further delay in its initiation.
The six-man sub-panel will be
headed by co-chairmen Dr. Michael
Yarymovych of NASA's Advanced
Manned Missions Office and Col. Ken-
neth Schultz, Deputy Director of the
Development Planning for Space, Head-
quarters, USAF.
Other NASA representatives are
Richard Wisniewski, chief of Advanced
Vehicle Conceptual Studies, and Willis
B. Foster, director of the Office of
Manned Space Science.
The other DOD officials on the sub-
panel are Starr Colby, Assistant Direc-
tor for Space Technology in the Office
of Defense Research and Engineering,
and Col. John L. Colter, USAF.
• Assignment — Broad responsibility
of the group is to implement the NASA/
DOD agreement to make maximum use
of Earth-orbital studies in establishing
the requirements and objectives of both
agencies in the National Space Station
program.
It will seek to determine the opti-
mum configuration for the space sta-
tion, its estimated cost and which agency
should manage the project.
Work tasks include:
— Review developments in the pro-
gram and recommend the necessary con-
cepts which will maximize use of exist-
ing hardware for the National Space
Station program.
— Develop an integrated plan of
studies which establishes the feasibility,
cost and operation of a National Space
Station program which will meet the
long-range goals of NASA and DOD.
The sub-panel will make its report
to the AACB. From there, it will be
passed along to NASA Administrator
James E. Webb and Secretary of De-
fense Robert S. McNamara.
The panel will have no responsibility
for, and will not consider, the Air
Force's Manned Orbiting Laboratory
(MOL) project.
The group has been meeting in-
formally since October, 1963, but was
not formally set up and given respon-
sibility for the project until last week.
It has already coordinated and ap-
proved NASA's space station study pro-
gram for Fiscal 1964.
• Douglas pushes ahead — An im-
portant part of the space agency's pro-
gram was finalized recently with the
signing of a $1.4-million contract with
Douglas Aircraft Co. for a follow-on
study of the NASA Manned Orbital
Research Laboratory (MORL) concept.
Last year, Douglas completed a
three-month MORL study contract
which led to the new award; in De-
cember the firm was selected to negoti-
ate the contract just signed.
The new six to 9-month contract
will be managed by the Langley Re-
search Center's Manned Orbiting Lab-
oratory Studies Office, headed by Wil-
liam N. Gardner, under the overall di-
rection of NASA's Office of Manned
Space Flight. Basic research on the
technology of a manned orbiting lab-
oratory has been in progress at Langley
for several years.
In its study, Douglas will refine the
NASA concept of an orbiting labora-
tory which assumed a cylindrical six-
man spacecraft capable of being
launched by the Saturn rocket. The
feasibility of using equipment to pro-
vide intermittent artificial gravity for
the spacecraft crew, and the feasibility
of launching both ferry and supply
spacecraft on a single vehicle will be
examined.
The study program will also con-
tinue on the Extended Apollo concept,
which could increase the spacecraft's
orbital operations capability up to one
year. In this area, the agency has still
not decided whether to award a separate
study of the laboratory module, which
might be part of the extended space-
craft concept. ■
12
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
To House Space Committee . . .
NASA Explains Choice of Boeing
Over Hughes in Lunar Orbiter Award
MEMBERS of the House Space
Committee appear to be satisfied with
NASA's contracting policy on the Lunar
Orbiter award, but probably will turn
over another contract to the General
Accounting Office (GAO) for investi-
gation.
Award of the Lunar Orbiter to the
Boeing Co., which submitted a bid of
$83 million — said to be almost twice as
high as that of Hughes Aircraft Co. —
was questioned by Rep. Earl Wilson
(R-Ind.).
$6.75 Million Requested
For Geodetic Satellite
NASA is asking $6.75 million
for a new geodetic satellite, which it
informally is calling Geos, although
it has no official name yet.
Space Sciences chief Dr. Homer
Newell says NASA will prepare the
satellite and instrument it to cover
the observing needs of the agency
and the Departments of Defense and
Commerce. This may include flash-
ing-light electronic instrument re-
quirements, and any laser reflectors.
The user agencies are expected
to fund their own ground stations
and observing programs.
The Army's SEC OR (Sequential
Collation of Range) is a contending
system for the new satellite, but will
not necessarily be carried. Newell
said that NASA has since done much
work at Goddard Space Flight Cen-
ter, and that many systems are in
competition.
In addition, he said, the iono-
spheric beacon satellite has carried
laser equipment for optical tracking
measurements, with geodetic pro-
gramming in mind.
A policy planning board at NASA
headed by Dr. John Naugle meets
regularly with the Department of
Commerce and DOD, and oversees
a working group which is develop-
ing plans for the satellite.
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
According to Rep. Joseph Karth (D-
Minn.), chairman of the Space Sciences
Subcommittee which handles the lunar
and planetary program requests: "On
several occasions during the hearings we
probed deeply into the question, involv-
ing the contract to Boeing."
Karth indicated that the subcommit-
tee was satisfied with NASA's answer,
which was that Boeing's proposal was
selected because of its three-axis system
rather than the spin-stabilized system
suggested by Hughes. Although the Boe-
ing spacecraft would cost more, the
photographic system for the spin-stabi-
lized system brought up problems more
difficult than those of the three-axis sys-
tem. "After all, the only objective of
Lunar Orbiter is to take pictures of the
lunar surface," Karth pointed out.
He indicated that the subcommittee
felt that one decision was perhaps not
significantly better than the other, but
that the three-axis approach showed
enough additional merit to be worth-
while.
The subcommittee reported that it
was not attempting to pass on the tech-
nical merits of the decision, but that it
was generally "satisfied" with NASA's
assurance that the system was best, and
would "wait and see what happens."
Chairman George P. Miller (D-
Calif.) of the House Space Committee
told reporters that the full committee
would take up the subject only if evi-
dence were produced to justify it.
• Investigation — Several questions
on NASA contracting policies raised in
the Manned Spaceflight Subcommittee
resulted in closed-door hearings with
procurement and program witnesses.
Given particular attention was a
"housekeeping" contract to Mason-Rust
Company. Rep. Olin Teague (D-Tex.)
told M/R the committee is considering
asking the GAO to look into it.
The Congressmen questioned the
contract because, while Mason-Rust was
first selected after competition to per-
form such duties as fire protection,
medical operations and janitorial serv-
ices, an additional facet was added
which gave the company the job of
managing construction.
This resulted in Mason-Rust's choos-
ing the architects, arranging for bids and
doing all the supervising on the con-
struction of a building reported to be
worth about $8 million. ■
Space Agency May Alter
Weather Satellite Policy
NASA probably will switch to
a prime contractor for meteorologi-
cal satellite systems when they reach
the operational stage, space agency
officials told Congress.
The unique practice of allowing
the Goddard Space Flight Center to
manage the meteorological satellite
program "in-house" was adopted be-
cause, at the time, the agency was
reaching far beyond the state of the
art. Edgar M. Cortright, deputy as-
sociate administrator for Space Sci-
ences and Applications, explained
this last week to the Space Sciences
Subcommittee of the House Space
Committee.
In the Nimbus program, it
finally was decided to award an inte-
gration contract to industry. The
subcommittee questioned the possi-
ble inefficiency of the in-house ap-
proach, to which NASA replied that
it had decided to switch when the
programs became operational.
Dr. Homer Newell, Cortright's
superior, also disclosed that the
Weather Bureau's decision to pull
out of the Nimbus program in favor
of an operational interim Tiros pro-
gram has left NASA with one Agena
B stage for which it cannot find a
use, although the Nimbus purchased
for the Department of Commerce
will be utilized in NASA's R&D pro-
gram. In addition, he said, cancella-
tion of the Hiland Command and
Data Acquisition station has made
surplus one antenna which cannot be
used economically in the NASA pro-
gram unless the Weather Bureau can
find another use for it.
13
Titan III success noted . . .
Project Definition Technique
To Be Applied to Many More Programs
Services preparing implementing instructions for conversion
to across-the-board application; a detailed DOD explanation
by James Trainor
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS cost-
ing as little as $25 million, as well as
those whose production costs are $100
million and above, will be subject to a
Project Definition Phase (PDP), under
a new directive from the Dept. of De-
fense.
Project Definition, which falls at the
critical juncture between Advanced De-
velopment and full-scale Engineering or
Operational Development, has thus far
been applied to only a few selected pro-
grams. Among these are Titan III,
MMRBM, Lance and the airborne por-
tion of the Military Communications
Satellite programs.
The effect of the directive is to con-
vert from what until now has been a
controlled experiment of a management
technique to an across-the-board appli-
cation.
Defense officials, although they ad-
mit that no weapon system that has
gone through Project Definition has yet
completed its life cycle, are enthusiastic
about the efficacy of the management
icchnique. The example most pridefully
mentioned is the Titan III program,
which underwent the full Project Defi-
nition treatment.
"We believe that the Titan III, on
which I guess more than half the money
has already been spent . . . (although it)
is unlike most, and it is too early to
boast, is on schedule and within the
planned funding," Dr. Harold Brown,
Director of Defense Research and En-
gineering, told a Congressional commit-
tee recently.
(Project Definition is identical to
what formerly was called Program Defi-
nition. The name was changed so that
the process would not be confused with
the more well-known Program Pack-
ages used by DOD Comptroller Charles
Hitch.)
• All ducks in a row — The basic
rationale behind Project Definition is
the belief that a weapon system should
not be allowed to go into full-scale de-
velopment until well-established criteria
are met. The technology must be in
hand, the schedule realistically defined
and the costs tied to both the technology
and the schedule.
Specifically, the directive (DOD Di-
rective No. 3200.9 dated February 26,
1964) states that the "most important"
objective of Project Definition is to pro-
vide an adequate basis for management
decisions to proceed with, cancel or
change development projects. These
decisions, the directive points out, are
made on a total system and total cost
basis.
Other objectives of the Project Defi-
nition Phase are to:
— Establish firm and realistic specifi-
cations.
— Precisely define interfaces and
responsibilities.
— Identify high-risk areas.
— Validate technical approaches.
— Establish firm and realistic sched-
ules and cost estimates for Phase II
(full-scale development), including pro-
duction engineering, facilities, construc-
tion and production hardware.
— Establish schedules and cost esti-
mates for planning purposes for the
total project, including production, op-
eration and maintenance.
In the case of contractor-conducted
Project Definition, the final package is
to include a firm fixed-price proposal or
a fully-structured incentive proposal for
Phase II.
• Prerequisites for PDP — Before
one of the services can initiate a PDP.
however, the action must be approved
by DDR&E. The PDP is not, the Direc-
tive emphasizes, "a substitute for experi-
mental tests, engineering, and analytical
studies which provide the technical, eco-
nomic and military bases for a decision
to develop the equipment or system."
In other words, a request for initia-
tion of a PDP will not be approved
unless it appears that:
— Primarily engineering rather than
experimental effort is required.
— "Building block" components and
technology needed are sufficiently in
hand.
— A thorough trade-off analysis has
been made.
— The best technical approach has
been selected.
— The mission and performance en-
velopes are defined and are optimized
for technical feasibility and cost-effec-
tiveness.
— The cost-effectiveness of the pro-
posed item has been determined to be
favorable in relationship to the cost-
effectiveness of competing items on a
DOD-wide basis.
— Cost and schedule estimates are
credible and acceptable.
This information plus a current
Technical Development Plan and a plan
for the conduct of the Project Definition
Phase, as well as pertinent back-up in-
formation to support these prerequisites,
provides the basis for DDR&E approval
or disapproval of the PDP proposal.
If the request is approved, the con-
duct of the PDP could take three differ-
ent forms: Competitive Contractor, Sole
Source Contractor and In-house Lab-
oratories. The first is by far the pre-
ferred; the remaining two really cover
special cases.
Under the Competitive Contractor
procedure, two or more contractors
would be selected from the initial group
of bidders to conduct a Project Defini-
tion. These contractors would be fully
compensated for their work on PDP,
using fixed price contracts and avoiding
any action which suggests cost sharing.
Contractors may also be compen-
sated during the period between submis-
sion of PDP reports and the award of |
a definitive full-scale development con- 1
tract. This is in order to retain key per- 1
sonnel on contractor teams and, for
Competitive Contractor PDP, to pre-
serve competition. During such a per-
iod, the firms would work on assigned
tasks, such as refinement of specifica-
tions.
The Sole-Source PDP situation
really applies to a system already under
contract and in engineering or opera-
tional development. The purpose of the
PDP, in this situation, is to define the
cost, performance and schedule of a
proposed modification to the weapon
program. This normally would be car-
14
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
Due out March 30 . . .
Air Force Manual To Bring
Tighter Systems Management
ried out by the contractor executing the
development program.
Finally, the In-House Laboratory
PDP is designed for those rare occa-
sions (such as Sidewinder at Naval
Ordnance Test Station), where it is
planned that the Phase II effort will be
| conducted by an in-house team.
• What is required — In conducting
the Project Definition, the contractor is
! expected to make system tradeoffs to
obtain, within the limits of the mission
and performance envelopes, an opti-
H mum balance between total cost, sched-
ule and operational effectiveness for the
" svstem.
In addition, a detailed PERT/ Cost
a Program plan for Phase II is also re-
quired. The PERT/ Cost plan must be
;. in such detail that it can be put into
• operation and reports made against it at
i the initiation of the Phase II effort.
Other items which must be included
J in the final PDP report:
— A list of each of the end items
required for operation and maintenance.
— Performance specifications for
each of the end items.
— Principal objectives and features
of the overall system design, including
i recommendations for its operational use
i; based on operational concepts estab-
■■ lished by the department or agency.
— Required new designs and tech-
< nology, if any, and a proposed test plan
to demonstrate feasibility, including
justification of the decision that existing
r. | designs or techniques are not applicable.
:,. After submission of the PDP, the
service involved will recommend to
k DDR&E in writing that full-scale de-
•£. velopment based on the results of PDP
d and proposals received be initiated;
| further exploratory or advanced devel-
j opment of key components be under-
u taken; the development effort be de-
,, j ferred or abandoned; Project Definition
v. i be continued; or an alternative source
r- which has met the objectives of PDP
p be awarded the contract for develop-
. ment. On the basis of these recommen-
dations and the PDP, DDR&E will
I approve or disapprove the action re-
:. quested.
For projects which the services feel
are of such importance that the PDP
should be dispensed with, they can make
such a recommendation to DDR&E in
writing, fully documenting the reasons
for requesting the waiver. Except in
specific provisions of the PDP which are
reserved to the Secretary of Defense,
DDR&E has the authority to grant such
waivers.
The services are required under the
directive to submit their implementing
instructions to DDR&E by April 26.
DDR&E is also preparing more de-
tailed guidance on the implementation
of PDP. This should be available within
two months. ■
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
A NEW AIR FORCE configuration
management manual aimed at eliminat-
ing what Gen. Bernard A. Schriever
calls "horrible examples" of waste in
time and money is in final preparation.
A "quantum jump" in Air Force
systems management capability is pre-
dicted as a result of the new AFSCM
375-1, which Schriever, commander of
Air Force Systems Command, says will
shorten total acquisition time by short-
ening decision time during the entire
acquisition process. One result, accord-
ing to Schriever, will be an increase in
the in-commission rates of operational
systems, giving "overall defense capa-
bility a significant shot in the arm."
The document, seen as meaning "a
new way of life" for industry in con-
figuration identification, control and ac-
counting, will cover not only missiles
and space systems — including one-of-a-
kind — but ground command and control
systems and aircraft programs. A March
30 deadline has been set to have it
ready for application to the CXX cargo
aircraft and other upcoming programs.
At a four-day Los Angeles Air
Force-industry symposium held to work
out the final draft, Air Force spokes-
men called it the first official implement-
ing procedure to conform to Defense
Secretary McNamara's program-defini-
tion phase. The latter is being docu-
mented for the first time in another new
manual, 375-4, for distribution Mar. 16.
• To eliminate costly changes —
AFSCM 375-1 is an attempt to give the
Air Force complete control over system
configuration from conceptual through
operational phases, with "configuration"
defined as "the complete technical de-
scription required to fabricate, test, ac-
cept, operate, maintain and logistically
support systems and equipment."
The document defines "configuration
management" as "the formal set of pro-
cedural concepts by which a uniform
system of configuration identification,
control and accounting is established
and maintained for all USAF systems/
equipment and components thereof."
At the symposium, Schriever cited
a number of bad management examples.
Among them^
— "Three early Atlas squadrons had
an average of 200 change orders apiece
with a cost of about $ 1 5 million for the
three squadrons.
— "Failure to freeze missile design
in one instance resulted in 3,000 engi-
neer change notices being submitted for
one element of the automatic program
checkout equipment."
• Already in operation — Schriever
said he cited these as early mistakes. He
noted that improved configuration man-
agement techniques have been a major
factor in accomplishments of the Titan
II and Minuteman programs.
At the same time, Schriever said,
investigation of "charges of tremendous
overruns" in several missile programs
showed that about 90% of the so-called
overrun actually was due to directive
changes from higher levels or changes
that were necessary but not properly
accounted for in terms of dollars.
"Proper configuration accounting
can certainly do a lot to put the dollars
in the right pocket," he said. "The im-
provements we want to see in configura-
tion management are aimed at getting
better work statements and, in turn,
bringing about a better overall manage-
ment job. We must define our overall
program in more and more specific
terms as each program moves through
its life cycle."
With a new, standardized procedure,
the Air Force should be able to acquire
new systems with better reliability in
less time at lower cost, Schriever said.
Industry reaction to the draft of
the new document was generally ap-
proving, but there were some reserva-
tions indicating problems in application.
These included the matter of imposing
the new configuration control rules on
vendors who may sell only a few items
to a given contractor.
A Mar. 30 deadline is set for in-
dustry to present its reactions to the
new manual through the Aerospace In-
dustries Association.
The manual will be employed on all
new programs, including those currently
in the definition phase, and on pro-
grams already in existence as mutually
agreed. ■
15
in next 10 weeks
MSFC Plans $10 Million in Studies
RFP's from industry anticipated in four weeks for three
interplanetary mission contracts; one will be Mars lander
Huntsville, Ala. — NASA's Mar-
shall Space Flight Center will award
about $10 million in study contracts in
the next 10 weeks, including further
work on the Project Empire series to
determine the requirements for manned
interplanetary space flight missions.
Three separate contracts will be
awarded in the interplanetary area, with
requests for proposals from industry ex-
pected in about four weeks.
One contract will concentrate on a
Mars surface operation for the first
manned landing mission. It will attempt
to determine what the astronauts should
do when they get there as well as what
instruments and power supplies will be
required.
The other two awards will be an
extension of the Project Empire series,
which laid down the broad require-
ments for manned missions to Mars and
Venus. One will concentrate on the
mode of flight and the Earth orbital op-
erations which will be necessary to make
the flight. The other will determine the
payload needed for the mission.
Among the questions the selected
contractor will be expected to answer
are whether artificial "g" will be needed,
the type of required life-support sys-
tem and what the trade-offs are between
various payload weights and costs.
• 20 Contracts in FY '64— Marshall
expects to award a total of 20 study con-
tracts by the end of this fiscal year.
The large number, in comparison to
the rest of the field centers in the
manned spaceflight program, stems
from the fact that Marshall is the only
center having a Future Projects Office
devoted to the study of advanced mis-
sions.
Marshall is also currently evaluating
about 12 bids from industry for a study
of manned systems using electric pro-
pulsion systems. Selection of a con-
tractor is expected within the next two
months.
The firm will be limited to a Mars
or Venus mission using a first genera-
tion system based on the Saturn V
booster.
The other upcoming contracts will
include research efforts in the areas of
advanced manned lunar operations,
Earth-orbital operations and launch ve-
hicles.
• Lunar trajectory research — The
effort in the lunar area will continue
Martin Marietta Corp. work in compil-
ing literature on lunar trajectories.
A new contract will also be awarded
to study advanced lunar systems. It
will attempt to answer the question of
what should follow Project Apollo in
terms of lunar exploration.
Marshall's broad study of Earth
orbital operations will also be main-
tained.
This invloves the entire complex of
such operations, including rendezvous,
orbital assembly, transfer, rescue and
launch. It also implies the storage of
cryogenics and the attendant problems.
Bids will also be requested for a new
study of the feasibility and requirements
of a cryogenic tanker to support Earth-
orbital operations.
• Launch vehicles — Marshall's Fu-
ture Projects Office is also going to ask
industry for proposals on concepts to
improve the performance of the Saturn
IB launch vehicle. This could involve
solid strap-on motors on the first stage.
The study will include cost, feasibility
and performance estimates for each con-
cept.
The center would also like to study
modifications to the Saturn V booster
to improve its performance. This must
still be approved, however, by NASA
headquarters.
In terms of vehicles that can replace
the Saturn V, recoverable boosters are
destined for intensified study because
NASA now believes they may be feas-
ible in the mid-1970's.
The center still has not decided
whether it will award additional studies
of the so-called Nova-class vehicles. If
it does, the FY '64 studies will cover
classes II and III, involving more ad-
vanced concepts than class I, which in-
cludes only current state-of-the-art
technology. ■
Gemini Goes
Atop Titan
McDonnell
Gemini capsule is
lifted toward its
first mating with
the Martin Titan
II that will send it
on an unmanned
orbital flight.
Launch may be as
early as last week
in March from
Cape Kennedy's
Complex 19.
16
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
Five-year plan, 'output catalog'. . .
Two Documents Will Assist ECAC
In Solving Military RFI Problems
Annapolis, Md. — Two documents
i now undergoing Dept. of Defense and
,. Air Force review will play a major part
in enabling the tri-service Electromag-
. netic Compatibility Analysis Center
; (ECAC) to deal with the growing cost
|. and complexity of military radio fre-
quency interference (RFI) problems.
i i One of the documents, just handed
[i to the AF's Electronic Systems Div.,
: currently managing the center for DOD,
: ; is ECAC's new five-year plan. This
fully details the projected requirements
s — and funds — to cope both with prob-
:• lems already at hand that will still need
solving and with those associated with
ii j extension of RFI solutions into other
i, | locales and advanced equipments. Spe-
i cifically, the plan is known to outline
: the need for the same kind of environ-
; mental and spectrum signature data for
s European, Canadian, and Alaskan RFI
j profiles as is now available for the U.S.
i- | interior zone.
The center, which has been budg-
:. ; eted at about $3 million per year for
\ each of the past three fiscal years, has
i i asked for an increase in the Fiscal Year
n ! 1 965 request.
; ! The second document, currently
: being reviewed by the office of the Di-
rector of Defense Research and En-
gineering (DDR&E) and the J-6 office
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), is
, an ECAC "output catalog," which
i should be of major value for the serv-
3 ices and their electronics contractors.
A The catalog will be the first one released,
although an earlier attempt was made
j at putting one out. It will be a periodi-
e cally up-dated compilation of the types
3 of information available from ECAC
i. and the format.
The catalog, expected to be released
A in about a month, will be distributed
k to the services; presumably their funded
|| contractors will have access to it. Later,
:i it is expected, firms not working under
J. contract but who are developing or pro-
posing new systems will also have ac-
( cess to ECAC data. This type of access
I has been inhibited to date so that a data
base and RFI analysis and modeling
by Michael Getler
schemes could be developed first. The
extent of industry access to ECAC is
one of the major items in the current
DOD review. While no doubt helpful
to both interests, unless properly
handled it could swamp the ECAC.
The catalog will also contain ab-
stracts of specific ECAC analysis and
a listing of ECAC documents available
from the Defense Documentation Cen-
ter. It will not be available from DDC.
• Misconceptions — ECAC's ability
to help the DOD and services solve
their major RFI problems is almost di-
rectly related to the size of its data base.
The growth of this base, particularly in
the last year, has allowed the center
to begin making valuable inputs to serv-
ice programs.
However, ECAC's overall contribu-
tion to defense is not readily apparent
for several reasons. For one, much of
its work is on classified projects. For
another, seasoned observers report that
individual services who come to ECAC
with RFI problems on their hands in
some cases do not want rival services
to know of them. This not only keeps
ECAC quiet, but it inhibits the flow of
information in an area where experi-
enced observers say there really is still
no central clearing house for the com-
plete RFI picture on all levels.
"A lot of people think ECAC is
tying all this together," reports one
scientist here, "but we are not. For ex-
ample, we could use a much better feed-
in from the black-box equipment de-
signers. Measured interference specs,
including harmonics, at the black-box
level would greatly enhance ECAC's
capability; we can get these if we re-
quest them, but in many cases we don't
know about them."
The reverse is also true. The mas-
sive spectrum signature and RFI library
now being developed at ECAC is be-
coming the largest in the country and
would also be of major import to manu-
facturers, especially its information on
such things as susceptibility character-
istics of receivers.
Another misconception about ECAC
is that its effort is spread evenly across
the RFI board, including compatibility
at the black-box level, intra-systems
level, near-field environment surround-
ing a particular equipment such as a
ship or aircraft, and total system-to-
environment level.
Actually, scientists here stress that
ECAC's primary charter lies in the
last category — the ability to relate
equipments and new systems to a com-
plete electromagnetic environment. This
category is also the hardest to control,
they report, since it obviously involves
interservice systems as well as the enor-
mous considerations of commercial
electronic systems.
While DOD reportedly took a some-
what narrower view of the RFI prob-
lem in earlier periods, observers say
it soon became apparent that a reposi-
tory was needed for analysis to de-
termine that Army, Navy and Air Force
systems would work together and that
civil and Federal Aviation Agency
(FAA)-type data also had to be made
available. Development of highly sensi-
tive systems such as SATCOM, which
could be affected by some commercial
as well as military radiations, is cited as
giving impetus to the increased attention
paid to the broad system-to-environment
approach.
• Two files — ECAC's data base,
reports the center's technical director.
J. Paul Georgi, is made up of an en-
vironmental file and a spectrum signa-
ture file. The former includes data on
location of equipments, surrounding
terrain, on-off and duty cycles, opera-
tion modes, elevation, azimuth, and fre-
quencies. It also includes propagation
path data between elements.
The spectrum signature file acutally
is composed of two categories — a aomi-
nal characteristics file and measured
spectrum signatures. The nominal char-
acteristics file is data extracted from
contractor's manuals or technical orders
concerning side-bands, pulse width and
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
17
repetition rate, sensitivity, gain, and
polarization. The major disadvantage
of this data is that generally it is sup-
plied only at the fundamental frequency
and does not contain data on harmonics
and spurious emission susceptibilities.
To date, ECAC has extracted data on
some 1,714 military and FAA systems,
including 539 transmitters, 653 re-
ceivers, and 990 antennas (some sys-
tems have common components).
To complement this file, the center
has also taken detailed spectrum meas-
urements on 134 military systems thus
far. There are about nine levels of spec-
trum measurement; the choice depend-
ing partly upon the detail required and
partly upon the ability to build upon
previous measurements. ECAC meas-
urement efforts are in large part aimed
at reducing the future expense of these
investigations through development of
synthesis procedures for analyzing vir-
tually any type of new equipment and
its environment. Much of the measured
data taken to date has been used to de-
termine accuracy of synthesis proce-
dures.
• Capabilities — The ECAC data
base has grown large enough so that
the center can now supply environ-
mental profiles of the entire United
States (not including Alaska), or Zone
of the Interior (ZI), for all fixed-base
military equipments which operate
above 100 mc. The 100-mc level was
the directed separation point in an ef-
fort to first isolate radars from com-
munications equipments. Completion of
the non-military, fixed, above- 100-mc
profile is expected by September of this
year. Collection of some mobile en-
vironmental data (such as aircraft,
ships, police nets and taxi fleets) has
begun, with the initial data collection
expected to be completed by August.
The schedule for logging equipment
under 100 mc is now being developed,
according to ECAC.
The biggest non-military source of
ECAC data is currently the FAA, and
the speed with which that agency gets
data to ECAC has a substantial effect
on the center's capabilities. NASA also
provides a large input. Other agencies
from whom data is collected include
the Weather Bureau, Federal Commu-
nications Commission, Coast Guard,
and International Radio Advisory Com-
mission.
In order to store, process and ana-
lyze the large volume of data required
for RFI analysis, and also speed the
output, ECAC last spring put a high-
speed Univac 1107 digital computer
into operation. The computer operates
on two channels, allowing print-out
while a program is being run.
Use of high-speed data processing
is a key to the center's usefulness, ECAC
director Col. Charles C. Woolwine told
M/R. "The goal is not just to do a job
18
for the services, but to do it fast." The
center currently is known to be able
to supply spectrum signature and en-
vironmental run-offs in one day, al-
though it requires up to several days
for some of the more complex requests
involving design requirements or fre-
quency assignments for new systems.
• Stable of models — Building upon
the data base, several mathematical
models have been developed as the
major tool for rapid computer-based
prediction of interference that would
occur at any specific site and the effect
of the interference on the operation of
any receiving system in that same en-
vironment.
The models also are evolutionary,
building upon each other to yield a sys-
tem modeling capability. Basic models,
which describe a class of equipment,
have been completed for search radar,
communications, IFF, beacon, and
tracking radar. Complementing these are
some 20 element models which, in effect,
represent special circuitry, such as Mov-
ing Target Indicator and Fast-Time
Constant components, which when
added to the basic equipments would
depict a specific piece of equipment.
Equipment models then combine both
of the first two.
In addition, the center has developed
five propagation-path models, systems
models which describe interference pat-
terns of two or more equipments, and
optimization models which provide
fine-tuning to a system to further im-
prove its compatibility.
Also, ECAC has developed new
specialized models, such as the so-
called "cull model," which, based on
worst-case conditions, eliminates (using
major operating parameters) all those
obvious equipments which could not
contribute to a specific RFI problem.
As an example of the effectiveness of
this, ECAC reports that in a detailed
analysis of the Montgomery, Ala., Air
Defense Sector (MOADS) for the mili-
tary, the cull model eliminated all but
13 out of 13,000 radars in the sector
which could be contributing to the
problem. The MOADS project was one
of the first checks on ECAC's ability
to model an area and predict an en-
vironment; subsequent checks using air-
craft reportedly validated the ECAC
figures.
Another specialized model is the
Frequency Assignment Model, which
in its current form can compute inter-
ference between 25 equipments each
capable of 188 different tuning posi-
tions and, in so doing, establish a fre-
quency index and priorities. The FAM
is expected to be expanded, and is now
being applied to classified projects.
Other advantages of modeling are
expected to come through ability to
check out proposed standardizations of
electronic equipments, and ability to
predict equipment interactions before
the equipments are even built. Growth
of the data base also is expected to
allow prediction of parameter sensi-
tivity to pick out weak links earlier in
design. In addition, ECAC is expected
to get into studies of emissions from
equipments that aren't meant to radiate.
• Some projects — Whereas ECAC
does suffer somewhat from lack of ex-
posure, certain of its project activities
can be mentioned. In addition to the
MOADS work, and a similar analysis
being carried on dealing with the mili-
tary's L-band radar problem in the San
Diego area, the center is known to be
contributing to development of ferret-
type airborne and spaceborne sensors
designed for listening to communica-
tions and other emissions over any cor-
ner of the Earth.
ECAC's role here is two-fold: one,
it can tell a sensor designer what his
system should see and report if it flies
over a known RF environment in thei
U.S., thereby aiding test and check-out;
it can also help to profile certain areas
in order to allow detection of new sig-
nals. ECAC's ability to provide data
in this second role is very apt to in-
crease as electromagnetic intelligence
gathering improves and is channeled
into the center, and also as the major
effort to record environments spreads
from the U.S. into other NATO coun-
tries.
Another example of ECAC's input
is found in the design of the huge
SPADATS radar now being assembled
at Eglin AFB, Fla. (M/R, Feb. 24, p.
44). ECAC analysis showed that the:
fourth harmonic of the steering fre-
quency for the electronically scanned
phased-array radar would interfere with
the frequency guard band for a Navy
satellite. The ECAC input was used to
alter the frequency; however, the de-
vice will not be turned on until later
this year to verify the fix.
ECAC, set up in early 1961, works
mainly on frequency management and
R&D problems of DOD and the serv-
ices. Though a tri-service organization,
ECAC's development and present man-
agement is an Air Force responsibility,
currently handled by the System Com-
mand's Electronic Systems Div. Over-
all policy guidance, and project assign-
ment, must come through the two;
ECAC designees in DDR&E. (Dr.
James M. Bridges) and the JCS-J-6
office (Rear Adm. T. A. Torgenson).
The contractor has access to ECAC
data through the service procurement
officer and then the service deputy at
ECAC. Technical support for ECAC
thus far has come from the Illinois In-
stitute of Technology Research Insti-
tute under a series of non-profit con-
tracts totaling $8 million to date. J
Eventually, the center hopes to have all
military and civil service support. ■
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
Missiles and Rockets / MARCH 1964
Current status of U. S. missile and space programs
Missiles
PROJECT
CONTRACTORS
DESCRIPTION
STATUS
*A-1 1 MISSILE
(Air Force)
Hughes, missile and fire control
No details released; possibly advanced
version of FALCON
Experimental Test at Edwards AFB; existence
revealed by Pres. Johnson, Feb. 29; a
"dozen" A-l 1 aircraft are flying
*AIFA (Navy)
(RUR-4)
Navy, prime,- frame, Avco; propulsion.
Naval Propellent Plant
ASW; surface-to-underwater; weight — 500
lbs.; solid motor; HE depth charge; free-
flight rocket; range 900 yds.
Operational; deployed on destroyers and
cruisers
*ASROC (Navy)
(RUR-5)
Minneapolis-Honeywell, prime; Sangamo
Electric, sonar,- torpedo, GE; Librascope-
General Precision, fire control
ASW surface-to-underwater; solid; nuclear
or conventional warhead, range between
1800 yds. and 8 miles; weight: 1000 lbs.;
unguided
Operational on DE, DD, DLG, & heavy
cruisers; one "live" weapon fired in Pacific
nuclear tests; industry competition for ex-
tended range version expected this year.
ASTOR (Navy)
Westinghouse, prime
Mark 45 ASW underwater to underwater
wire-guided torpedo; nuclear or conven-
tional; range, about 11 n. m.
In production; to be deployed on hunter-
killer submarines
* ATLAS (Air
Force)
STL, systems engineering & technical
direction; GD/Astronautics, frame; GE/
Burroughs/Arma, guidance; Rocketdyne,
propulsion; GE/Avco, re-entry vehicle
ICBM; 5500-to-9000 mile range; liquid;
nuclear; ATLAS "E" and "F" series inertial
guidance; ATLAS "D" radio inertial
13 squadrons operational at 11 bases;
total no. of missiles: 126; phaseout of
ATLAS D's to begin in FY '65; ATLAS
Standard Launch Vehicle being developed
for AF space programs; 5-engine model
proposed
+ BOM ARC A
(Air Force)
Boeing, prime; IBM/ Westinghouse, guid-
ance; Aerojet/Marquardt, propulsion
Ramjet surface-to-air interceptor; liquid
booster; 200 n. m. range; Mach 2.5; nu-
clear; ceiling, over 68,000
Five bases operational in northeastern U.S.
to be phased out by the end of 1 965;
production completed; costs $20 million per
year to operate system
BOMARC B
(Air Force)
Boeing, prime; Gen. Precision Aerospace/
Westinghouse, IBM guidance; Thiokol/
Marquardt, propulsion
Ramjet, surface-to-air; solid booster; Mach
2,7; more than 400 n. m. range; nuclear
First base operational May, 1961; two more
planned; production completed
★ BULLPUP
(Navy-Air Force)
(AGM-12C)
Martin and Maxson Electronics Co.,
guidance and control and airframe; AMF,
liquid engine; Naval Propellant Plant,
propulsion (motor loading)
Air-to-surface; 3-6 mile range; radio-link
command guidance (visual reference);
BULLPUP A: conventional 250-lb. warhead;
BULLPUP B: 1,000-lb warhead and a more
powerful, pre-packaged liquid motor
BULLPUP A deployed with Atlantic and
Pacific Fleets; operational with Air Force
units; training version (ATM-1 2) being pro-
cured by both services
CORPORAL
(Army)
Firestone, prime; Gitfillan Bros., Inc., guid-
ance; Ryan, propulsion
Surface-to-surface; 75-n. m. range; liquid;
nuclear; pre-set and command guidance
Deployed in Europe. SERGEANT replacing
CORPORAL
DAVYCROCK-
ETT (Army)
(M-388)
In-house project directed by Army Weap-
ons Command at Rock Island, III.
Surface to surface; solid; bazooka-
launched; sub-kiioton nuclear warhead; two
launchers; vehicle-mounted or carried by
two men
Operational in Europe; $1 3 million pro-
vided in FY '64 budget; 3 per ROAD bat-
talion; seen as defensive rather than offen-
sive weapon to prevent overrun of Europe
ENTAC (Army)
Nord Aviation, prime
Antitank; 6600-ft. range; 37 lbs.; solid;
shaped charge HE warhead; wire-guided;
man-portable
Operational; Army buying from French in
quantify to replace SS-10
*AADS-70
(Army)
Hughes, Raytheon, RCA — feasibility and
technical tradeoff studies
Field army ballistic missile defense system,
mobile
Technical tradeoff studies being evaluated;
component development expected to start
this year; development cost tops HAWK/
HERCULES total
FALCON
(Air Force)
Hughes, prime; Hughes, guidance; Thiokol,
propulsion; Lockheed Propulsion, AIM-47
propulsion
Air-to-air; 5-n. mi. range; supersonic;
solid; conventional; AIM-4A, and 4E, active
radar homing guidance; AIM-4B, 4-C, 4-D,
and 4-F, IR homing; AIM-26 model has
nuclear warhead and hybrid IR radar
homing
Operational; buy-out of 4E, 4F and 26
in FY '62; AIM-47 under minimum effort
development
•k Indicates changes since January, 1964, Astrolog
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964 21
PROJECT
CONTRACTORS
DESCRIPTION
STATUS
★ FLEET AIR
DEFENSE
MISSILE (Navy)
No contracts announced
Surface-to-air
Will replace standardized missile and use
technology from TYPHON programs; fleet
defensive weapons for 1 970's
GENIE
(Air Force)
Douglas, prime; Aerojet-General, propul-
sion
Air-to-air; unguided; 6-mile range; nuclear;
solid rocket; supersonic; proximity fuzing
Operational on F-101B & F-106; improved
version cancelled
HAWK (Army)
Raytheon, prime; Raytheon, guidance;
Aerojet-General, propulsion
Surface-to-air; 22-mile range; 100-45,000
ft. ceiling; launch wt., 1 275 lbs.,- solid;
conventional; provides defense against
medium and low-flying aircraft and cruise-
type missiles
Operational; deployed in Europe, Panama,
Okinawa, U.S. (13 battalions); bought by
Sweden and Israel; advanced HAWK
being funded at $25.9 million for R&D
as antimissile weapon. NATO producing
HONEST JOHN
(Army)
(M-31, M-50)
Douglas/Emerson Electric, prime,- Hercules,
propulsion
Surface-to-surface; unguided,- M-3T, 12-
mile range; M-50, 20-mile range; nuclear;
5900 lbs.; M-50 being deployed
Operational; deployed in Europe; to be
replaced by LANCE
HOUND DOG
(Air Force)
North American, prime; Autonetics, guid-
ance; Pratt and Whilney, propulsion
Air breathing air-to-surface standoff mis-
sile; about 600 n.-mi. range; Mach 2+;
turbojet nuclear B version in production;
ceiling in excess of 50,000 ft.
Operational; to be launched from B-52G
intercontinental bombers; stockpile expected
to exceed 400
★ LACROSSE
(Army)
Martin, prime; Martin/Federal Div. ITT,
guidance; Thiokol, propulsion
Surface-to-surface; mobile; command guid-
ance; 20-mile range; solid; nuclear
Last unit deactivated November, 1 963
LANCE
(Army)
Ling-Temco-Vought, prime; Systron-Donner,
AUTOMET guidance
A highly mobile general-purpose missile;
range 3-30 miles; Automet guidance; one
missile per launcher; nuclear and conven-
tional warhead; pre-packaged sforable
propellants
Large-scale development; eventually will
replace HONEST JOHN and LACROSSE;
division support weapon; to use multi-
system test equipment
LITTLE JOHN
(Army)
Emerson Electric, prime; Hercules Powder,
propulsion
Surface-to-surface unguided; 1 0-mile
range; solid; nuclear; supplements medium
and heavy artillery in airborne divisions
and air-transportable commands
Two battalions activated in '61; each
equipped with four launchers; air and heli-
copter transportable; may be replaced by
LANCE
★LOW ALTITUDE
SUPERSONIC
VEHICLE
(Air Force)
Ling-Temco-Vought, nuclear vehicle com-
ponents; AEC/Marquardt, nuclear and
chemical technology; Lockheed, studies of
chemical version
Surface-to-surface; low-altitude; supersonic;
nuclear or chemical ramjet; designed to
conduct long aerial patrols at speeds up to
2000 mph
Nuclear propulsion system being developed
under project PLUTO; feasibility proven by
TORY reactor tests. Tory ll-C tests to begin
in early 1964
M72 (Army)
Hesse-Eastern Div., Flightex Fabrics, prime
Light antitank rocket; carrier tube launcher;
4.5 lbs.,- range 500 yd.; earlier called LAW
Operational
MACE
(Air Force)
Martin, prime; Goodyear/AC Spark Plug,
guidance; Thiokol Allison, propulsion
Air-breathing surface-to-surface; more than
650-mile range; turbojet and solid; nuclear;
B model: 1 200-mile range; inertial guid-
ance
Five MACE-A and one MACE-B squadron
deployed in Europe; two MACE-B squadrons
on Okinawa in hard sites
MATADOR
(Air Force)
Martin, prime; Air Force, guidance; Thio-
kol/Allison, propulsion
Air-breathing surface-to-surface; 500-mile
range; speed, about 650 mph; ceiling
above 35,000 ft.
Being turned over to West Germans; also
deployed in Korea and on Taiwan
★ MAULER
(Army)
GD/Pomona, prime; Hughes, guidance;
Lockheed, propulsion; deHavilland, IR ac-
quisition; Raytheon, radar; Burroughs, com-
puter; FMC, carrier vehicle
Surface-to-air; IR acquisition; solid; weight,
120 lbs.; highly mobile antiaircraft and
antimissile missile; tracked vehicle; 9 per
launcher rack
Development; suffering serious guidance
problems. Army concentrating on initial
model; postponing more advanced models
★ MOBILE
MEDIUM-
RANGE
BALLISTIC
MISSILE (Air
Force)
Development Phase: Hughes, integration,
assembly and checkout; Ford Aeronutronic
re-entry system; Thiokol, propulsion; Good-
year Aerospace Corp., transporter-laun-
cher-erector; Martin-Marietta, command
and control; General Precision, guidance
Two-stage, solid propellant, stellar-inertial
guidance; entire system contained in one
mobile vehicle; range: 300-1500 miles
Continued development of guidance, con-
trol systems; lack of deployment objective
or valid military requirement has led Con-
gress to drastically reduce program
★minuteman
(Air Force)
STL, systems engineering and technical di-
rection; Boeing, major contractor,- Auto-
netics, guidance; Thiokol, propulsion first
stage; Aerojet, propulsion second stage;
Hercules third stage; Avco, re-entry vehicle
2nd-generation ICBM; solid ; deployed in
hardened and dispersed silos; 32-sec. re-
action time; nuclear; 3 stages; range: over
5000 miles; guidance, all-inerlial; target
selected in seconds; advanced MINUTE-
MAN with greater range-payload and new
re-entry vehicle under development
Development; over 300 now operational;
1,000 missiles through FY '65; advanced
version can be fired by airborne command
posts; expected operational 1965;
MINUTEMAN II to be colocated with MMI;
also some of the ll's will replace the earlier
models
NIKE-HER-
CULES (Army)
Western Electric, prime; Western Electric,
guidance; Hercules and Thiokol, propulsion;
Douglas, airframe
Surface-to-air; 75-mile range; ceiling, in
excess of 1 50,000 ft.,- solid; command
guidance; Mach 3 + ; nuclear or conven-
tional; antiaircraft, tactical missiles; weight,
1 0,000 lbs.
Over 80 batteries deployed in U.S. being
turned over to National Guard; over 1 0
N-H batteries deployed overseas; being
equipped with HIPAR, a high power
acquisition radar, and anti-tactical-bal-
listic-missile capabilities
★ NIKE-ZEUS
(Army)
Western Electric, prime; Bell Telephone,
guidance; Thiokol/Lockheed, propulsion;
Douglas, airframe
Antimissile missile; 3-stage; 200-mile range;
solid; nuclear; command guidance; weight,
22,800 lbs.; length, 48 ft.; diameter, 36
in.; fin span, 1 0 ft.
Missile to become part of NIKE-X missile
"mix"; development, except as part of X,
to end in FY '65; funded for $89 million in
FY '64, $40 million in FY '65; ten successful
intercepts. White sands tests completed
★ NIKE-X (Army)
Western Electric, prime; Bell Telephone,
guidance; Thiokol, ZEUS propulsion; Doug-
las, ZEUS airframe; Martin-Marietta, SPRINT
missile prime; Hercules Powder Co., and
Lockheed Propulsion Co., SPRINT propulsion
Most advanced portion of NIKE-ZEUS con-
cept; uses a mix of ZEUS/SPRINT missiles
and multi-function array radar (MAR)
Engineering development; funded at $334
million in FY '65 on accelerated develop-
ment schedule, but deployment still deferred;
tests to be conducted late this year could
provide basis for deployment decision; de-
ployment cost: $1 2-20 billion
22
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
PROJECT
CONTRACTORS
DESCRIPTION
STATUS
★ PERSHING
(Army)
Martin, prime; Bendix, guidance; Thiokol,
propulsion
Surface-to-surface; two-stage solid; inertial
guidance; approx. 400 n. mile range; nu-
clear; transported on FMC XM474 tracked
vehicle; to replace REDSTONE
Flight test program completed; troop firings
from Ft. Wingate (N.M.) to White Sands
being conducted; number of launches per
two battalions
PMDPMfY
rnutniA
(Navy)
Hughes Aircraft Co.; Rocketdyne, propulsion
Air-to-air missile for use with the TFX fighter
aircraft
Development
-^POLARIS
(Navy)
Lockheed, prime; GE/MIT/Hughes, Minne-
apolis-Honeywell, Raytheon, guidance and
fire control; Aerojet-General, Hercules,
propulsion; Lockheed, re-entry vehicle;
Norlronics, checkout; Autonetics/Sperry,
SINS; Westinghouse, launching equipment;
Vitro, systems engineering coordination and
Underwater and surface-to-surface; solid;
1200-n,-m. range A-l aboard first 5 sub-
marines; nuclear; A-2 (1500 n.-m.) aboard
submarines 6-18; A-3 (2500 n.-m.) aboard
19th through 41st; first five subs to get
A-3 during FY '65; total authorized
POLARIS submarine program: 41
1 6 subs ready for sea, 1 1 operational each
with 16 missiles; A-2 operational; A-3 in
1964; 32 A-3 flight tests have been con-
ducted; 20 fully successful; deployed in
Atlantic and Mediterranean; Pacific serv-
icing facilities being built; British to buy A-3
missiles from U.S. First A-3 submarine firings
in FY '65 budget
QUAIL
I Air POrCe)
McDonnell, prime; Guidance Technology,
Inc., guidance; GE, propulsion; Thompson
Ramo Wooldridge, ECM equipment
ECM-carrying decoy; about 200 m. range;
turbojet powered advanced version with
400 mile range has been flight tested
Deployed at SAC bases; carried by B-52,-
procurement completed FY '61
★ REDEYE (Army)
GD/Pomona, prime; Hughes, IR seeker; At-
lantic Research, propulsion
Surface-to-air; 4-foof, 22-lb. bazooka-
type; IR homing guidance; solid; conven-
tional; length, 44 in.; diameter, 2.75 in.
Initial procurement in FY '64; growth versions
planned
Ktui i uric
(Army)
Chrysler, prime; Sperry Farragut, guidance;
Rocketdyne, propulsion
Surface-to-surface; liquid; 200-mile range;
inertial guidance; nuclear
Deployed in Europe; being replaced by
PERSHING
REGUIUS 1
(SSM-N-8)
Ling-Temco-Vought, prime; Sperry, guid-
ance; Allison, propulsion
Surface-to-surface; turbojet and solid; 500-
n.-mi. range; speed, about 600 mph; ceil-
ing, approx. 40,000 ft.; nuclear
Deployed aboard 2 cruisers; phaseout of 5
REGULUS subs started last year; missiles
retrofitted with airborne guidance
SERGEANT
(Army)
Sperry Utah, prime; Sperry, guidance; Thio-
kol, propulsion
Surface-to-surface; solid; over 75 n. mi.
range; nuclear; inertial guidance; uses drag
L-,,1,., 1 ft ftftft IL_
brakes; I u,uuu lbs.
Production; major procurement to be com-
pleted during FY '63; replacing CORPORAL;
West Germany buying and has activated
one battalion
★ STAN-
dap ni7Pn
MISSILE (Navy)
No contracts announced
Surface-to-air
To be standard replacement for both
TFPPIFP JL TAPTAP
1 £ f\ KICK C* IrtK 1 Mr
★ SHILLELAGH
(Army)
Ford Aeronutronic, prime; Picatinny Arse-
nal/Amoco Chemicals Corp., propulsion;
Aeronutronic, guidance
Surface-to-surface; lightweight; vehicle-
mounted for use against field fortifications,
armor and close-in support of troops
Initial procurement in FY '65; to use multi-
system test equipment; engineering de-
velopment stage began in FY 64; to be
installed on Gen. Sheridan assault vehicle
★ SHRIKE
(Navy)
(AGM-45A)
NOTS-China Lake, prime; Texas Instru-
ments, guidance and control; Rocketdyne
(McGregor), propulsion
Air-to-surface; anti-radar; guidance, passive
radar homing; solid motor; formerly ARM
Operational; armament for Navy and Air
Force Tactical aircraft
★ SIDEWINDER
(Navy-
Air Force)
(AIM-90)
NOTS, technical direction; Philco, guidance;
Naval Ammunition Depot, McAllister, motor
loading; Rocketdyne (McGregor) propel-
lant
Air-to-air; IR guidance; more than 2 m.
range; conventional
1A deployed with Navy and Air Force; 1 -C
version being procured as replacement for
1 -A; NATO-built version now in production
★ SPARROW III
(Navy)
f A1AA-7F!
Raytheon, prime; Raytheon, airframe, con-
trol, guidance; Aerojet-General, & NAA
(McGregor) propulsion McDonnell & Benrus
Watch Co., launcher
Air-to-air 5-8 mile range; Mach 2.5-3;
ceiling, over 50,000 ft.; semi-active, CW
homing, guidance; solid; conventional
Earlier models operational with carrier air-
craft; SPARROW III B-6B prime armament
for Phantom II (F-4B) & other high-per-
formance interceptors
SPRINT (Army)
Martin-Orlando, prime; Hercules Powder
and Lockheed Propulsion Co., propulsion;
Bell Telephone Laboratories, guidance
High-acceleration missile for low-altitude
interception of ballistic missiles; to be part
of the missile mix in a NIKE-X battery
Development
★SUBROC
(Navy)
Naval Ordnance Laboratory, technical direc-
tion; Goodyear, prime; Gen. Precision/
Aerospace, guid once; Thiokol, propulsion;
Librascope/General Precision, fire control
Underwater- air-underwater antisubmarine
missile-depth bomb; 25-30 mile range;
solid; nuclear
Production; scheduled for installation in
Thresher class subs; will be operational this
SS-10 (Army)
Nord Aviation, prime; GE, U.S. licensee
Surface-to-surface; primarily antitank;
1 600-yards range; 33 lbs solid; wire
guided; conventional
Operational with U.S., French and other
in A i\j ana w esiern unns; Dame -Teste a in
North Africa; U.S. replacing with ENTAC
SS-11 (Army)
Nord Aviation, prime
Surface-to-surface; antitank; also helicop-
ter-to-surface; 3800-yard range; 63 lbs;
wire guided; conventional
Operational, to be used with airborne units
and Army helicopters
TALOS (Navy)
Vitro, systems engineering; Bendix, prime;
Bendix, McDonnell, Allegany Ballistics Lab.,
propulsion; Sperry, guidance; GE, launching
gear
Ship-to-air; 65-mile range; solid and ram-
jet; Mach 2.5; nuclear; radar beam riding/
semi-active homing guidance
Operational aboard cruisers Galveston,
Oklahoma City and three heavy cruisers;
Long Beach, nuclear-powered cruiser, has
advanced TALOS
★ TARTAR
(Navy)
(RIM-24B)
Vitro, systems coordination engineering;
Applied Physics Lab, design and develop-
ment; GD/Pomona, assembly and test;
Raytheon, guidance; Aerojet-General, pro-
pulsion (motor load ing); Sperry Farragut
Fuze (target detection devise)
Ship-to-air; 10-mile range; Mach 2; beam-
riding guidance; solid dual-thrust motor;
conventional
Operational; installed aboard 15 guided
missile destroyers and cruisers equipped
with TALOS; "get well" program progress-
ing satisfactorily
★ TERRIER
(Navy)
Vitro, systems engineering; GD/Pomona,
prime; GD/Pomona, guidance section;
Sperry, radar; ABL, propulsion; Northern
Ordnance, launching gear
Ship-to-oir; 10-mile range; Mach 2.5;
27 feet long; sclid, conventional
Operational aboard two attack carriers,
6 cruisers, and 1 2 missile frigates; "get
well" program progressing satisfactorily
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
23
PROJECT
CONTRACTORS
DESCRIPTION
STATUS
TITAN 1
(Air Force)
STL, systems engineering & technical
direction; Martin, prime; Bell/Sperry,
guidance; Aerojet-General, propulsion;
Avco, re-entry vehicle
ICBM; 5000-mile range, LOX/RP-1 fueled;
90 ft. long; 2 stages
Operational; 54 missiles at 5 bases
★ TITAN II
(Air Force)
STL, system engineering and technical
direction; Martin, prime; AC Spark Plug,
guidance; Aerojet-General, propulsion; GE,
re-entry vehicle
ICBM; over 5000-mile range; N2O4 &
Aerozine-50 storable fuels; 115 ft. long;
2 stages; greatest payload & range of any
U.S. ICBM; basic core vehicle for TITAN III
All 54 missiles operational: One squadron
(18 missiles) operational at Davis-Monthan
AFB; one (1 8 missiles) at McConnell AFB and
one (1 8 missiles) at Little Rock AFB
TOW (Army)
Hughes, prime
Tube-launched, optically tracked, wire
guided, HE warhead
Follow-on to ENTAC
-frTYPHON
(Navy)
Bendix, GD/Pomona, missile and missile
electronics; Westinghouse, weapons direc-
tion system and radar; McDonnell/AI-
legany Ballistics Laboratory, propulsion;
Northern Ordnance, launching gear
Medium and long range seagoing' anti-
aircraft and antimissile missiles with offen-
sive capability against surface ships and
shore targets
Program cancelled; tests of radar on the
Norton Sound will be continued
ZUNI (Navy)
Naval Ordnance Test Station, prime;
Hunter-Douglas, propulsion
5-inch, air-to-surface; solid; unguided; 5
n.-mi. range; conventional
Operational; designed for use on jet
fighter and attack aircraft
Satellites and Spacecraft
PROJECT
CONTRACTORS
DESCRIPTION
STATUS
★ ADVANCED
TECHNOLOGY
SATELLITE
(NASA)
Hughes, prime
Five-satellite program to test communica-
tion and meteorological equipment at
medium and synchronous orbit; 600 lbs.
weight; launch vehicle: ATLAS-AGENA
New program in the FY '65 budget; flights,
scheduled for 1 966-68
• ■
★ ANNA
(NASA)
Allied Physics Lab, prime; AF Cambridge
Research Laboratories/Edgerton, Germes-
hausen & Grier flash tube experiment;
Army Engineers/ITT, SECOR (developed by
Cubic Corp.)
Geodetic satellite; 600-mi. orbit; 36-in.
aluminum sphere (with solar cell belt, 48
in.); weighs 355 lbs.; boosted by DELTA;
SECOR: 9x11x14 ins., Wt. 40 lbs.; can
be carried piggyback on variety of
boosters
Development; first launch failed May 10;
second launch successful in November.
Program now under NASA management.
NASA to launch one satellite per year
beginning in 1964. SECOR successfully
orbited in January by DOD
★ APOLLO
(NASA)
North American, Command & Mission
Modules, systems integration; Grumman
Lunar Excursion Module (LEM); MIT, guid-
ance development; Collins Radio, tele-
communications; Minneapolis- Honeywell,
stabilization & control; AiResearch, environ-
mental control; Northrop Ventura, parachute
recovery; Lockheed Propulsion Co., escape
tower rocket; Marquardt, reaction controls;
IBM, realtime computer complex; Westing-
house, power conversion equipment
Three-man spacecraft for Earth-orbital,
lunar-orbital and lunar-landing missions.
Boosters: SATURN 1 and SATURN IB for
Earth orbits; SATURN V for lunar rendez-
vous; 3-modu!ar spacecraft: command
module, 5 tons; service module, 23 tons;
lunar excursion module, 1 2.75 tons; total
weight: 85,000 lbs.
Unmanned Earth oribtal shots scheduled
1964-65; lunar orbits 1968; lunar landing
by 1970; first manned orbital flight fourth
quarter 1 966
AEROSPACE
PLANE
(AF-NASA)
No contracts announced
Manned, hypersonic spacecraft capable of
Earth-to-orbit-and-return; turbofan, Mach
0-3; ramjet, Mach 3-8 or 10 (oxygen col-
lected and liquefied during this cycle); Mach
8-10 orbital speeds, LH2-LOX rocket
Joint NASA-AF research program approved.
NASA funding $4 million in FY "64
★ ASSET
(Air Force)
McDonnell Aircraft Corp., prime; Minne-
apolis-Honeywell, guidance
Aerothermodynamic/elastic Structural Sys-
tems Environmental Tests for various mate-
rials combinations during re-entry; two
versions planned, 1 100 lbs. (4) and 1200
lbs. (2). Length: 68.7 ins.; span: 58.9 in.
Development; program to be expanded to
study different shapes, materials, etc. One
AMR shot successful although vehicle not
recovered; second shot planned for March
★ BIOS
(NASA)
GE, prime
1,000-lb. recoverable capsules with pri-
mates aboard; capable of orbital flights
up to 30 days. Launch Vehicle THRUST-
AUGMENTED DELTA
Six flight models to be built. First flight in
December, 1965. Others to follow at three-
month intervals; first experiments selected
in February
★ MILITARY
COMMUNICA-
TIONS
SATELLITE
(AF-DCA-Army)
(Program 369)
Philco-TRW-STL have completed studies
Multiple-launch, random, active repeater
ComSat; four series of 6-8 satellites in
6,000 naut. mile polar orbits placed in
planes 45° apart; weight, about 1 00
lbs.; ATLAS-AGENA booster
Status unclear; program definition com-
pleted; decision on development delayed
while DOD determines suitability of Comsat
Corp. system; synchronous system shelved
★ COMSAT
CORP.
SATELLITE
PROGRAM
Proposals submitted by: Hughes, Philco,
TRW with ITT, and AT & T and RCA as joint
contractors
Experimental synchronous satellite to be
launched in 1 965
6-month contracts to be let for design and
engineering on system; initial operational
capability expected in 1966
DISCOVERER
(Air Force)
Lockheed, prime; GE, re-entry vehicle
THOR-AGENA and ATLAS-AGENA launch-
ings of stabilized satellites; main purpose
is to test techniques and components for
military space systems
Program life extended; all data on launch-
ings classified as part of new DOD infor-
mation policy; testing of AGENA D as-
signed to DISCOVERER program
24
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
PROJECT
CONTRACTORS
DESCRIPTION
STATUS
★ ECHO (NASA)
Langley Research Center, prime
ECHO 1: 135 ft. inflatable sphere in 700-
to 805-mile orbit; passive communication
satellite. THOR for ballistic tests; THOR-
AGENA for orbital
ECHO 1 in orbit since Aug. 12, I960; tvc
ballistic shots in 1 962 unsuccessful. ECHO I
launched from Vandenberg Jan. 27; U.S.-
U.S.S.R. conducting series of cooperative
experiments
★GEMINI (NASA)
McDonnell, prime; Rocketdyne, spacecraft
propulsion; General Electric, fuel cell; IBM,
guidance system integration and computer;
Minneapolis-Honeywell, guidance; West-
inghouse, rendezvous radar; AiResearch,
environment
Bigger and heavier MERCURY capsule; to
carry two men for periods up to two weeks,
TITAN II to be used as booster. ATLAS-
launched AGENA will be used for rendez-
vous missions. 1 5 spacecraft will be pro-
duced
Development; will be used to determine
feasibility of rendezvous for lunar mission;
first unmanned flight, April, 1964. Manned
and rendesvous flighis, 1964-65; AF par-
ticipating in program
INTERPLANE-
TARY
MONITORING
PLATFORM
(NASA)
Goddard Space Flight Center, prime;
Martin Co. developing nuclear power unit
1 25-lb. satellite launched into deep-space
orbit with an apogee of 172,000 miles.
It will measure radiation and solar flares in
advance of Project APOLLO hazard.
Launched by DELTA booster from AMR
Program calls for eight satellites. Launches
will begin early 1964. Later flights will use
a nuclear power unit as replacement for
solar cells
★ ISIS (Canada-
US)
Canada Defense Research Board, Satellite;
NASA, Launch Vehicle
Three-satellite program, follow-on to
ALOUETTE, to continue ionospheric studies
Design of ISIS A to begin this year with
launch in 1967; B & C to be launched in
1968, 1969
★ LUNAR
ORBITER
PHOTO
CRAFT (NASA)
Boeing, prime; RCA, power and com-
munications; Eastman Kodak, cameras.
800-lb. spacecraft launched by ATLAS-
AGENA will orbit Moon taking pictures of
lunar surface; radioactive and geodetic
measurements will also be taken
Ten flights scheduled beginning in 1 966
LUNAR
LOGISTICS
VEHICLE
(NASA)
None
Spacecraft to carry support payloads to
the Moon. Two designs under study, LEM
Truck and logistics spacecraft with 25,000
to 30,000-lb. payload
Program decision expected 1964. No fund-
ing expected until FY '66; program would
cost about $1 billion
★MANNED
ORBITING
LAB
(AF)
Study contracts awarded to Douglas, GE,
and Martin on the ORBITING SPACE
STATION (OSS)
Two-man spacecraft to establish military
usefulness of man in space; booster, TITAN
Ml; GEMINI X capsule atop 1 0 ft.-dia, 20 ft.-
long canister lab; total weight about 25,000
lbs.; orbit below 350 mi.; flights of 30 days
in shirtsleeve environment planned
Pre-program definition. Unmanned GEMINI
launch early 1966, manned late; unmanned
canister launch late 1967, manned first half
1968. Rendezvous capability possible later
★ ORBITING
RESEARCH
STATION
Extended APOLLO spacecraft. Manned
Orbiting Research Laboratory and a Large
Orbiting Research Laboratory under study
Manned space station for testing com-
ponents and techniques in the space environ-
ment
Decision not expected for several years
★ MARINER
(NASA)
JPL, prime
550-lb. unmanned spacecraft for early in-
terplanetary missions to vicinity of Mars
and Venus; boosted by ATLAS-AGENA B;
1000-lb. MARINER B also under develop-
ment
Twelve shots planned. First scheduled
Venus fly-by August, 1 962, unsuccessful after
booster failure; second passed within 21,-
594 mi. of Venus Dec. 14; two Mars fly- by
missions planned in late 1964 and one in
1966
MDS (NASA)
Fairchild Stratos, prime
3400-lb. meteoroid defection satellite
employing two 50 x 1 5 ft. extendable
detector wings; Earth orbit, 300 to 800
miles; booster SATURN 1
Development; will measure size, energy and
frequency of meteoroids to evaluate
hazards of impact with manned spacecraft;
first launch scheduled for third quarter 1 964.
Two will be orbited
MERCURY
(NASA)
McDonnell, capsule
First U.S. manned satellite; 4000 lbs. +
(capsule including escape rocket); boosters:
ATLAS and REDSTONE
First manned orbital flight Feb. 20, 1962,
by Lt. Col. John Glenn, USMC. 2nd, Cmdr.
Scott Carpenter, May, 1962; six-orbit flight
by Walter Schirra, Oct. 3, 1962; modified
MERCURY made 22-orbit flight with
L. Gordon Cooper on May 15. Program
now completed
★ MIDAS,
PROGRAM
239A
(Air Force)
Lockheed, prime; Aerojet, IR detector
system
Early-warning satellite; detect ICBM launch-
ings by IR; two flights conducted in 1 963
detected solid and liquid missiles
Development; No decision on deployment
reportedly competing with over the horizon
radar
★ NIMBUS
(NASA)
Goddard Space Flight Center, prime; GE,
integration and testing; RCA, videcon
cameras
—
2nd-generation weather satellite; Earth-
stabilized polar orbiting; 750 lbs.; TV
cameras and IR scanners in payload; THOR-
AGENA B booster
First launching scheduled for 1st Qtr 1964;
second, six months later; two R&D satel-
lites to be funded in FY '65; uses APT
system
★ OAO (NASA)
Grumman, prime; Westinghouse, ground
station components; GE, stabilization and
control; Kollsman, star trackers; IBM, data
processor and storage; Hughes and
Avco, communications equipment
\
3500-lb. orbiting astronomical satellite
to study ultraviolet spectrum from approxi-
mately 1 200A-4000A; four major experi-
ments selected; one piggyback; booster,
ATLAS-AGENA D
Three flights beginning in late 1965; three
more spacecraft to be contracted for this
year
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964 25
PROJECT
CONTRACTORS
DESCRIPTION
STATUS
OGO (NASA)
Space Technology Laboratories, prime
1 000-lb. satellites with instruments for
geophysical measurements; polar (POGO)
and eccentric (EGO) shots planned; can
carry 50 experiments; ATLAS- A GEN A B,
THOR-AGENA D, CENTAUR boosters
First flight scheduled in 1964; 19 ex-
periments planned for first shot; five other
flights planned
★ OSO (NASA)
Ball Brothers, prime
OSO 1, 458-lb. orbiting solar observatory;
OSO II, 535 lbs.; DELTA and ATLAS-
AGENA boosters, S-16 early version; S-17
and S-57 advanced versiors
First flight March 7, 1962, highly successful;
first flight for S-17 planned for first quarter
1 964; five more flights planned
★ PIONEER
(NASA)
STL
136-ib. spin-stabilized solar probe; aug-
mented DELATA launch vehicle; cylindrical;
covered with 1 0,000 solar cells; 4 outrigger
booms for stabilization; 5 experiments,
60-to-90-million- mi . communication ca pa *
bility
Seven launches in program; early 1965
launch schedule set; orbits range from .8 to
1.2 au for 6-mo. lifetime
★ RANGER
(NASA)
JPL, prime; Aeronurronic, capsule; Hercules,
retrorocket; Northrop, support contractor;
RCA, TV system
300-lb. instrument capsule with seismom-
eter rough landed on Moon; before impact,
TV camera takes pictures of lunar surface;
ATLAS-AGENA B booster
RANGER VI launch Jan. 30; TV system
failed; five-man panel reviewing program;
VII postponed indefinitely
★ RELAY
(NASA)
STL, project coordination and systems plan-
ning; RCA, prime
172-lb., spin-stabilized, wide-band, 700-
4000-mile orbit active repeater experi-
mental communications satellite. DELTA
booster
Britain, France, Brazil and Germany build-
ing ground stations; first launch, Dec. 1 3,
1962; RELAY II launched Jan. 21, 1964
★ SATELLITE
INSPECTOR
(PROGRAM
706)
(Air Force)
RCA, prime; Hughes, detection equipment
Satellite inspection system consisting of a
spacecraft capable of co-orbitol inspection
of non-cooperative satellites
Conceptual preliminary design studies under
way; early GEMINI flights expected to pro-
vide important inputs; $2 million in FY '65
SAMOS
(Air Force)
Lockheed, prime; photo intelligence equip-
ment, Eastman Kodak; capsules, GE; para-
chute and guidance recovery equipment,
Avco & Northrop Ventura
Reconnaissance satellite; formerly SENTRY;
R&D model weighs 4100 lbs. with E-5 cap-
sule [3000 with E-6); ATLAS-AGENA
booster; 100-300-mile circular polar orbit
Operational; advanced SAMOS under de-
velopment; FERRET version used for elec-
tronic intelligence and communications
eavesdropping
SERT
(NASA)
RCA, prime
Spinning satellite carrying two electric-
propulsion engines for environmental tests
Two and possibly three flights planned
First, third quarter, 1964
SURVEYOR
(NASA)
Hughes, prime; Martin, SNAP device
2100-lb. spacecraft for soft-landing 100-
300 lb. instruments on Moon; ATLAS-
CENTAUR booster; SNAP nuclear generator
optional
First Moon flights early 1965; seven soft-
landing vehicles planned
★SYNCOM
(NASA)
Hughes, prime
24-hr. orbit instantaneous narrow band,
active repeater communications satellite.
DELTA booster; 28 inches in dia. and will
weigh about 55 lbs.; capable of accommo-
dating one full duplex radio telephone
channel
First launch failed, Feb. 14, 1963; satellite
believed to be in orbit but contact lost.
SYNCOM II launched July 26, 1963, com-
pletely successful. 500-lb. advanced SYN-
COM cancelled
★ SMS
(Synchronous
Meteorological
Satellite)
(NASA)
Republic, Astro-Electronics of RCA, Hughes,
study contracts
24-hour weather satellite, Earth-stabilized;
TV cameras with variable focus; may use
SNAP-50 for power; booster may be
ATLAS-AGENA or CENTAUR
Studies to continue; development funds not
included in FY '65 budget
TELSTAR
f AT&T-NA^Al
BTL, management for AT&T
170-lb., active repeater, experimental in-
dustry communication satellite; DELTA
booster
Development; first launch July 1 0, 1 962,
1 963, also successful
TIROS (NASA-
Weo. Bu.)
RCA, prime
285-lb. meteorological satellite; TV pictures
of cloud cover; IR sensors to gather heat
balance data; one TIROS to be tested
for effectiveness in highly elliptical orbit
(3000-mi. apogee)
R&D; eight satellites launched; all success-
ful. Next launch summer, 1964. Seven
more added to program (4 R&D NASA, 3
operational, V/ecther Bureau)
★ TRANSIT
(Navy)
Applied Physics Laboratory, prime; Martin,
SNAP device; Westin^ louse, shipboard
satellite signal receivers
Navigational satellite; R&D model over 250
lbs.; operational. 50-100 lbs.; operational
system: 4 satellites in random, near-circular
600-mi. orbits; SNAP nuclear generator;
SCOUT booster
Operational system in process of being
established for use by POLARIS subs;
two nuclear-powered (Snap 9 A) satellites
launched in 1 963
1 "V.- 1 ? «
26
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
PROJECT
CONTRACTORS
DESCRIPTION
STATUS
*VELA HOTEL
(ARPA)
STL, prime; Los Alamos Scientific Lab/
Aerospace, payload
20-sided, 485-lb. satellite for detection of
nuclear explosions in space; 50,000-n.-mi.
orbit; booster, ATLAS-AGENA; launched in
pairs
First pair successfully launched in October;
1963; remaining four pairs being modified
to avoid duplicating data
★ VOYAGER
(NASA)
Study contracts, Avco Corp. & GE
Unmanned MARINER follow-on spacecraft
to orbit Mars and Venus and to eject a
capsule to the surface
Development funds not included in FY '65
budget. Launches in 1 967-70's period.
Spacecraft of 6000 lbs. to be launched by
three-stage SATURN IB or SATURN V
*X-15 (NASA-
AF-Navy)
North American, prime; Thiokol, propulsion;
Sperry Gyroscope, inertial flight data sys-
tem; Minneapolis-Honeywell, adaptive flight
control electronics
Manned rocket plane; capable of 4000-
mph plus flight at edge of space; single
rocket engine develops 57,000 lbs. thrust
Powered flights in progress; unofficial rec-
ords set: altitude 354,200 ft. and speed
(4104 mph); hypersonic propulsion research
program should run through 1 968; over 1 00
flights have been made; ramjet (X-15A2)
program approval expected soon
Space Vehicles
* AGENA D
{Air Force)
Lockheed, prime; Minneapolis-Honeywell,
guidance; Bell, propulsion
1700-lb. upper stage; all-inertial guid-
ance; re-start capability
Used in DISCOVERER, SAMOS and other
military programs as well as a variety of
NASA programs; ATLAS, THOR boosters
★ BLUE SCOUT
(Air Force)
Aeronutronic, prime; Ling-Temco-Vought,
Inc., frame; Minneapolis-Honeywell, guid-
ance; Aeroiet/Hercules, Thiokol, propulsion
4-stage vehicle; payload cap., 345 lbs.
(100-n.m.) orbit, 80 lbs. probe (1610 mi.);
range, over 6000 mi. vert, distance
Operational; based on NASA's SCOUT;
space probe and small (150-Ib.) satellite
launch vehicle; also AF's Hyper-Environ-
mental Test System
★ CENTAUR
(NASA)
Lewis, Program Management; GD/Astro-
nautics, prime; Pratt & Whitney, propul-
sion; Minneapolis-Honeywell, guidance
High-energy upper stage using a pair of
RL-10 LOX/liquid hydrogen engines;
30,000 lbs. total thrust, ATLAS D booster,
capable of orbiting 8500 lbs.; 2300 lbs.
to escape; 1300 lbs. on planetary flights
Development; first test flight failed; 2nd
launch November 27, 1963, highly success-
ful
★ DELTA (NASA)
Douglas, prime; Bell Telephone Labs,
guidance; Rocketdyne/Aerojet/ABL, pro-
pulsion
Successor to THOR-ABLE; upper stage
guidance; 3-stage vehicle; 800-lb. payload
capability in 100-n.-mi!e orbit; THRUST-
AUGMENTED DELTA payload capability:
1500+ lbs. in 100 n.m. orbit; THOR
missile comprises first stage
Launch vehicle for TIROS-ECHO; being
used for other satellites and one deep
space probe; 26 previously on order aug-
mented by AF order for 21 more for NASA;
THRUST-AUGMENTED DELTA with 3 solid
motor strap-ons also being used
LITTLE JOE II
(NASA)
General Dynamics/ Convair, prime
Solid-propelled vehicle with thrust of
800,000 lbs.; launch vehicle for APOLLO
suborbital flights
First launch Aug. 28, 1963, successful; six
vehicles ordered thus far
N OVA
(NASA)
^Aortin, study
Capability of NOVA under study; no firm
concept but should offer significant im-
provement over C-5 (20-30 million lbs.
1 sf-stage thrust or nuclear upper stage)
tiona| target date post-1970 time period
★ ORION (Air
Force)
General Atomic
Space booster propelled by series of
atomic explosions to lift over 1000 tons
into orbit
Studies; no military requirement; NASA
reportedly interested in concept
ROVER (NASA)
(AEC)
Los Alamos Scientific Labs, ROVER Prime;
Aerojet, NERVA prime; Westinghouse,
propulsion
First nuclear rocket: tests of KIWI, proto-
type of NERVA engine, under way
Kiwi tests to be completed this year.
Development of Phoebus reactor initiated.
No flight test program funded at present
★ SATURN 1
(NASA)
Systems engineering, assembly and guid-
ance, Marshall Center; S-1 stage, Chrysler
Corp.; S-IV, Douglas
2-stage vehicle for early boilerplate tests of
APOLLO. 1st stage: 8 Rocketdyne H-1 en-
gines; 2nd stage: 6 Pratt & Whitney RL1 0-
A3 engines; 22,000 lbs. into 345-mi. orbit
Four flight tests of 1 st stage successful-
all flights with inert upper stage; first
flight with live upper stages successfully
launched Jan. 27 putting 37,700 lbs. in low
earth orbit; SA-6 delivered to Cape Feb. 1 9
★ SATURN l-B
(NASA)
Systems engineering, assembly and guid-
ance, Marshall Center; S-1 stage, Chrysler;
S-IVB stage, Douglas
S-1: 8 H-1 engines; S-IVB: 1 J-2 engine;
payload capability, 32,000 lbs. in 345-
mi. orbit
Development; first flight 1 965; boost
APOLLO spacecraft biolerplate models,
including lunar landing vehicle; advanced
version able to orbit 30 tons under con-
sideration
SATURN V
(Advanced
Saturn) (NASA)
Systems engineering, assembly and guid-
ance, Marshall Center; S-IC, Boeing; S- II,
North American; S-IVB, Douglas; F-l,
North American; J-2, North American
S-IC: 5 F-l engines; S-ll: 5 J-2 engines;
S-IVB: J-2 engine; 1 20-ton payload in 345-
mile orbit; 43 tons to escape velocity; 30
tons for planetary missions
R&D; first flight scheduled for 1966; prime
booster for APOLLO missions; may also be
used to boost orbiting space station
SCOUT
(NASA)
L-T-V Astronautics, prime; Minneapolis-Hon-
eywell, guidance; Aerojet-General/ Hercu-
les/Thiokol/ABL, propulsion
Solid four-stage satellite launcher; 300-lb.
payload in 345-n.-mi. orbit
Operational payload being increased to
300 lbs.; NASA has ordered 23 more
boosters
★TITAN III
(Air Force)
(Program
624A1)
Martin, systems integration; United Tech-
nology, large solid boosters; Martin, TITAN
II vehicle; Aerojet, liquid engines; Martin,
standardized upper stage; AC Spark Plug,
guidance
Quick-reaction vehicle for military space
missions; will be used to boost MOL/
GEMINI B; 1st stage, two 1 20-in. solid
motors; 2nd stage, TITAN II (storable
propellants); 3rd stage, standardized
vehicle to be developed; modified TITAN
II guidance
Development; first flight late '64 (T-IIIA);
Jan. '65 (T-IIIC); \7 development flights
planned: 5 TITAN li core vehicles (A ver-
sion), 12 full TITAN Ill's (C version); opera-
tional in 1965; 1 20-in. solid fired success-
fully Jul) 20, 1963
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
27
Within your reach:
the first FULL SIZE solid state analog computer
This is the kind of analog computer you'd expect to find
in a computation center, not on somebody's desk.
Capable of solving sophisticated problems, but requiring
no special sophistication to operate, the new Systron-
Donner 40/80 computer features:
• Choice of two basic 40 or 80 amplifier models.
• Truly modular packaging permits complete flexibility in selec-
tion of desired computing modules, potentiometers, and controls.
• All controls for problem setup, checking and operation at op-
erator's fingertips.
• Full power, full range, ±100 volt operational amplifiers, com-
pletely transistorized.
• 0.01°/o amplifier computing accuracy.
• Completely "fool-proof" at the problem board. Computer can-
not be damaged by erroneous patching or shorts to ground.
Not only are the controls of this fine new computer within
your reach, but so is the price. The 40/80's compact and
simplified design has done away with numerous items,
with resultant savings passed along to you. (Price range:
$30,000 to $55,000.)
Interested in learning more about the 40/80? Just circle the
number below or write to Systron-Donner Corporation,
888 Galindo Street, Concord, California.
SYSTRON
DONNER
CORPORATION
It Swings: Two hinged wings of the new Systron-Donner 40/80 analog computer hold all controls and potentiometers; the operator can
turn the wings to any convenient angle to observe and operate.
Technical Countdown
MATERIALS
Ultra-Pure Titanium Available
Titanium in the form of wire, rod or foil — with less than
0.01% total solid and gaseous impurities — is being marketed
by MRC Mfg. Corp., Orangeburg, N.Y. The high purity
is achieved by re-processing the highest grade of iodide
titanium through electron beam zone refining. The ultra-
pure element is expected to find uses in thin-film capacitors
and other special electronic devices.
Fuel Cell Converts to Oxygen Detector
A fuel cell developed by Westinghouse Research Labs
turns out to be one of the fastest and most sensitive
oxygen detectors known, by eliminating the oxygen feed.
The hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell then functions as a detector
with a response so quick it can continuously pinpoint the
changes in oxygen content of air during human breathing.
The unit can also measure oxygen contamination in ultra-
pure gases down to one part per million. The "fuel cell"
detector is a zirconium-calcium oxide tube about S in. long
and Vs in. across. The oxide changes from an insulator
to a conductor at high temperatures. Oxygen ions moving
through the material transfer from one electrode to another
creating a small electric charge. Measurement of this volt-
age gives a direct reading of the amount of oxygen present.
Process Makes Aluminum Abrasion Resistant
• A new method that makes the surface of aluminum
more abrasion resistant than case-hardened steel in now
in commercial use at General Magnaplate. The process
also seals the aluminum surface against corrosion with
Teflon, and improves the dielectric properties. One-day
seminars are being offered by General Magnaplate on
design properties and applications may be obtained on
letterhead from Mr. Charles Covino, President. General
Magnaplate Corp., Belleville, N.J.
New Atomic Energy Levels Discovered
New atomic energy levels in 12 substances including
all the rare gases have been discovered by National Bureau
of Standards scientists using two recently developed re-
search techniques. The methods use previously unavailable
sources of photons and electrons in the intermediate energy
range from about 10 to 1,000 electron volts. The photon
studies use the very-short-wavelength ultraviolet light ex-
tracted from the Bureau's 180-million-electron-volt syn-
chrotron. The electron studies are made with a special
NBS-designed spectrometer.
Vacuum Journal Published
The first issue of the Journal of the American Vacuum
Society will be published in September. The publication
will support vacuum research in electronics, thin films,
metallurgy, space sciences, physics, processing and testing
of materials and scientific instruments. The Journal will
be a bi-monthly, and information may be obtained from
the American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45th St., New
York, N.Y. 10017.
Polymer Vacuum Data Revised
A recent investigation into the thermal stability of coordi-
nation polymers in vacuum show that their decomposition
temperatures are directly related to the atomic numbers of
the coordinated metals. This finding by National Bureau of
Standards experts working with George Washington Univer-
sity may lead to predicting the thermal behavior of coordi-
nated systems when only a minimum of experimental data
is available. The study covered the metal complexes of 8-
hydroxyquinoline produced by reacting bis(8-hydroxy-5-
quinolyl) methane with first row transition metals such as
manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc. The work was
conducted in a 10"" mm Hg vacuum and the results contra-
dicted previous data gathered in air.
ELECTRONICS
Laser Range May Increase by 200%
A modulation technique developed by engineers at
Sylvania Electronic Systems may increase the range of laser
space communications systems by 200%. Linearly polar-
ized light is alternately changed to circularly polarized
light after passage through a Pockels cell to which an al-
ternating modulation voltage has been applied. At the re-
ceiver, according to Sylvania engineers, right and left
circularly polarized light beams are converted to orthog-
onal linearly polarized light upon passage through a quar-
terwave plate. Continuing through a Wollaston prism and
separate photocell detectors, the outputs are fed into a
difference amplifier and then demodulated. System per-
formance is "substantially greater" than with intensity
modulated systems because of improvements in the signal-
to-noise ratio.
SINS For British From NAA
The Autonetics Div. of North American Aviation will
produce the Ship's Inertial Navigation Systems (SINS1
for the United Kingdom's Polaris subs under a series of
contracts from the Navy's BuWeps. Autonetics will pro-
duce 11 marine inertial navigation systems. The total pro-
curement will run to about $8 million. SINS is a combina-
tion of precision gyros, accelerometers and a computer
that measures and remembers a ship's movements in all
directions — providing continuous information on position,
velocity and true North.
PROPULSION
Students Design, Build Rocket Engine
Using a stationary rocket model, designed several years
ago by Rohm & Haas Corp. at Huntsville, Ala., as a model,
the staff and students of the Illinois Institute of Technology
have designed and built a liquid rocket engine. The IIT
unit differs from the Rohm and Haas model in that it can
fire continuously and yield test information on thrust, fuel
burning rates and the effects of nozzle design and other
criteria. The project was partially supported by the Na-
tional Science Foundation. The operating engine will be
used as an undergraduate teaching aid.
Circle No. 5 on Subscriber Service Card
31
Stairway to the Moon
There are no surer steps to the moon than the
accumulation of scientific and technologicai knowl-
edge that is being brought together and organized
for this important venture in space.
Bellcomm is building upon every known reference,
from the earliest works of science to the most recent
studies of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, for whom it plans systems that will
enable man to travel to the moon and back.
Such work offers attractive opportunities for men
who are well qualified in such fields as physics,
chemistry, psychology, mathematics, flight mechanics,
computing and programming, propulsion, aerodynam-
ics and aeronautical engineering.
If you would like to help fashion a giant stairway
to the moon, Bellcomm will welcome your resume.
Address it to Mr. W. W. Braunwarth, Personnel Direc-
tor, Bellcomm, Inc., Room 1201G, 1100 17th Street,
N. W., Washington, D. C. 20036. Bellcomm is an
equal opportunity employer
S\ BELLCOMM, INC.
) A Bell Telephone System Company
space electronics
Promising Array Developed,
Successfully Tested, then Dropped
DEVELOPMENT of a practical,
low-cost, multiple-beam cylindrical
scanning array by Radiation Systems,
Inc., would seem to be the kind of ad-
vance that would be a readily salable
item.
This has not proved to be the case.
Conceived by the small Alexandria,
Va., firm and supported in part by the
Air Force, it was developed through the
prototype stage in several hardware
forms, tested successfully and dropped.
The Navy, Army, NASA, the Fed-
eral Aviation Agency and the Communi-
cations Satellite Corp. have all ex-
pressed high interest — but no support.
i The Naval Research Laboratories
1 thought it a fine idea, then decided to
develop a system for its own purposes
i as an in-house project under the direc-
; tion of Dr. Arthur Marsten.
NRL is building a 16-element array
for a classified application. "The RSI
idea is ingenious," Dr. Marsten told
M/R. "It is the only device of its kind
capable of 360-degree azimuth scan-
ning." The system, he pointed out, em-
ploys a Butler matrix and is actually
very complex. NRL is particularly in-
terested in testing the array for radar
use in the microwave region, he dis-
closed.
Julius Kaiser of the Antenna System
Branch at Goddard Space Flight Center
told M/R that he expected NASA might
be very interested in the RSI arrays in
the near future. Personally, he dis-
closed, he is interested in the approach
for providing hemispheric coverage in
an interferometric tracking application.
The array, he pointed out, is capable of
providing uniform omnidirectional cov-
erage in one plane at high frequencies
— something not achievable with other
existing antennas.
Besides its ability to provide 360-
degree azimuth coverage, the array can
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
by Charles D. LaFond
scan with its multiple beams individu-
ally or simultaneously, and has a poten-
tial for use in communications, radar
and electronic warfare (ECM, ECCM).
Arrays of 4, 16 and 32 elements
have been built by RSI to show proof of
principle. One typical application for
such a system might be for satellite-
to-satellite communications. For such
an application, operating at 3 gc, a 40-
in. diameter array employing 64 ele-
ments could be used, said one RSI
spokesman. It would provide a 6-degree
beamwidth and a 30-db gain figure.
• Developed for Air Force — RSI
originated the concept of a cylindrical
scanning array using multiple-beam
techniques early in 1961. Then, to assist
in developing a working prototype, the
firm attempted to obtain military R&D
funding.
The services expressed considerable
interest, but it was not until May. 1962,
that the Air Force's Cambridge Re-
search Laboratories finally was able to
provide limited funding. A two-phase
contract for about $50,000 was awarded
to RSI for hardware development.
BOTH SIDES of matrix board shown in diagram of beam-forming matrix.
The first called for a four-element
multiple-beam array and for a similar
16-element array, operating at about
1 gc. The second phase was for much
more sophisticated arrays: one, a 32-
element multiple-beam array providing
eight horizontal beams stacked four
high and a capability of steering 360
degrees in azimuth, ±50 degrees in
elevation; the other, a 16-element array
having very broadband characteristics
(operational over the 1 to 2-gc octave).
All four antennas were to be elec-
tronically steerable.
All were developed by RSI, with the
addition of about $30,000 of company
funds, and test-operated successfully
within 18 months.
• Advantages — Seven major attri-
butes inherent in the RSI cylindrical
array concept are stressed by the devel-
opers :
— non-mechanical scan capability.
— multiple-beam signal processing.
— full azimuth coverage.
34
— passive network.
— beam characteristics independent
of frequency.
— constant beam gain over azimuth
covered.
— reliable, rugged construction.
While existing planar arrays and
mechanically scanned aperture anten-
nas offer some of these characteristics,
neither provides all.
The RSI multiple-beam cylindrical
array concept makes possible the for-
mation of simultaneous multiple beams
from a cylindrical array through the
use of lossless passive transmission-line
networks. Previously such an approach
was believed impossible or at least im-
practical. The specific designs now
available, developers claim, are readily
applicable over a wide range of fre-
quencies from about 2 mc to 5 gc.
With the existence of such an array,
present restraints imposed by the lim-
ited angular coverage inherent in
planar arrays are eliminated. The sys-
tem will provide 360-degree coverage
with high gain and is capable of oper-
ating in a variety of modes, including
scanning, at very high rates.
Working models have been devel-
oped by RSI and have undergone testing
successfully. Patterns obtained during
test operation reportedly point to the
usefulness of the arrays in such diverse
applications as advanced radar systems,
direction-finding equipment and mul-
tiple satellite information systems for
communications, surveillance or recon-
naissance.
The array has been proposed, for
example, to the Aeronautical Systems
Div. at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio,
as a component of an aerospace system
requiring the transfer and processing of
signals derived from multiple satellite
sources and the transmission of these
signals back to Earth. RSI is convinced
that use of the inertialess scanning array
in this application would achieve a very
substantial simplification of an other-
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
EFFECTS OF TOLERANCES ON COUPLING UNBALANCE
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS RSI DESIGN
CONVENTIONAL DESIGN
Strip Width (s) s= 0.062
s= 0.014
Material Thickness (b) b= 0.1 88
b= 0.264
Strip Width 0.027 db change/mil
0.1 db change/mil
Material Thickness 0.14 db change/mil
(center layer)
0.40 db change/mil
wise extremely difficult problem.
• 16-element array — One task un-
der its AFCRL contract was for RSI to
I develop a 16-element cylindrical array,
capable of 360-degree azimuth coverage
| with high resolution.
When used as a scanning array, the
beam can be swept through 360 degrees
using techniques available for scanning
i a linear array. When used for multiple
beam output, the 16 elements are ex-
cited by 16 isolated inputs.
Each input is associated with a beam
i employed in a specific direction and all
beams are dispersed symmetrically
throughout the 360-degree azimuth
angle.
In either mode of operation, the res-
olution achieved, according to RSI engi-
neers, is comparable to that achieved by
a planar aperture of the same height
and having a length equivalent to the
cylinder array diameter.
RSI established an equivalence be-
tween the linear array and its circular
array by means of a specialized RF
matrix having 16 isolated input ports
for exciting the antenna elements. Each
element is excited with equal amplitude,
but the phase excitation varies from
port to port, resulting in a series of
omnidirectional modes, each having
different phase progressions.
To support this approach, RSI as-
serts that the mathematical form of
these modes (in their pure sense) is
identical to that of a single element of
a 1 6-element linear array. The only sig-
nificant distinction, the firm claims, is
the difference between the arguments.
That is, in the linear array, the argu-
ment is a function of wavelength spac-
ing and azimuth angle, whereas the
argument in the cylindrical array is a
5 function only of azimuth angle.
Thus, they stress, this identity of
e form permits the mode-forming matrix
inputs to be treated similarly to the
: inputs of a linear array.
It was this equating of array proc-
esses that permits application of linear
° • array techniques to cylindrical arrays,
° and the basic task of the AFCRL con-
e ' tract was to experimentally prove the
approach with working systems.
• 32-eIement multiple-beam array
— Under the second phase of the
AFCRL contract, RSI engineers devel-
oped a 32-element multiple-beam array.
This array provided beams at eight azi-
. muth stations with four vertical beams
at each of these azimuth stations. The
„ end product was an antenna system
[ which provided instantaneous coverage
e over a space sector of 360 degrees in
azimuth by ±50 degrees in elevation,
j Each beam utilized the effective cross
v section aperture of the total structure,
v This development now makes possible
the use of antenna systems that can pro-
4 missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
vide high-gain coverage over large an-
gular areas in space. The RSI sources
also note that it would be possible to
individually scan these multiple beams
at very high rates.
• Complex matrix — The 16-port
hybrid matrix is used with the 16-
element array both for beam-forming
and mode-forming. A significant feature
of this elaborate stripline assembly, de-
velopers say, is that the electrical per-
formance is much less sensitive to me-
chanical tolerances than is the case in
conventional strip transmission line
configurations. A comparison between
the sensitivity of an RSI-designed 3-db
coupler and a coupler of conventional
design is striking, as shown in the
accompanying table.
The RSI design is less sensitive to
mechanical deviations by a factor of
about three. This lower sensitivity to
changes in line width or material thick-
ness, the firm declares, can lead either
to more relaxed tolerances with an at-
tendant reduction in production costs or
to improved system performance at
more stringent mechanical tolerances.
• Applications — The advantages
peculiar to the RSI arrays open up
many avenues for application.
For example, the absence of rotating
parts and their relative small size and
weight would permit the arrays' use in
satellite communications. The ability
to transmit and receive multiple signals
simultaneously would enhance satellite-
relay operation or ground control cen-
ter communications.
For reconnaissance and direction-
finding uses, the systems' wide band-
width, high gain and simultaneous sec-
tor coverage provide unity probability
of intercept on all signals, according to
RSI engineers.
Also, they point out that the virtual
void in the center of the circular array
permits unusual packaging possibilities.
The space could be employed effec-
tively to house receivers and other signal
processing subsystems.
Finally, the design concept permits
inertialess scanning for search, track,
or track-while-scan radar systems. ■
PRODUCED UNDER AFCRL contract by RSI, this 32-element array provides beams
at eight azimuth stations with four vertical beams at each. It provides 360-degree azimuth
and ± 50-degree elevation coverage.
space propulsion
SRI Composition Formulations
Control Combustion Instability in Solids
Work shows that oxidizer deflagration is key to propellant stability;
ozone fluoride research promises elimination of erratic liquid properties
by Willard E. Wilks
Menlo Park, Calif. — Stanford
Research Institute's Propulsion Sciences
Division reports results that may make
a significant contribution toward sup-
pressing combustion instability in solid
rocket motors.
The division, headed by Dr. Thor
L. Smith, currently is seeking a patent
covering solid propellant compositions
formulated to eliminate unstable com-
bustion under prescribed operational
and design constraints. The approach is
based upon the application of basic
chemical concepts to combustion in the
presence of a flow field, and hence it
may be applicable to liquid propellant
rocket engines.
In addition, the division's recent
work in preparation and evaluation of
ozone fluoride as an agent to render
liquid oxygen hypergolic with liquid
hydrogen suggests the compound may
aid in suppressing instability in large
liquid engines as well as permit multiple
start-stop capabilities and increased
range safety.
Lionel Dickinson, assistant division
director, who formerly was head of
rocket engine development at the Ca-
nadian Armament Research and Devel-
opment Establishment, told Missiles
and Rockets that SRI feels it has "a
fairly definitive technique for checking
the presence of incipient instability in
any solid propellant/ motor combina-
tion."
• Search for stability — SRI ran
major excursions on ballistic properties
and compositional nature of selected
propellants to sift out major factors,
after Dickinson noted that the erosive
and unstable burning characteristics
were related to the steady-state ballistic
properties.
As a result, "we have been able to
modify the combustion characteristics
of certain propellants so that they will
not respond unstably to a pressure per-
turbation in the motor. In some in-
stances, we have been able to formulate
a propellant that will not go unstable,"
he said.
"It is the chemical nature of the pro-
pellant. It was there all the time. We
just had to dig down to get it — study
propellants from the standpoint of en-
ergy level and ballistic properties and
then select the right one. It is a matter
of skill in controlling the micro- and
macro-ballistic properties of the propel-
lant by modifying the composition."
In recent weeks, firing of a 5-in. x
40-in. solid motor at SRI confirmed that
control of oxidizer deflagration is all-
important in enabling propellant insta-
bility to be controlled or eliminated,
according to Dickinson.
There is a practical limit to the
maximum pressure at which motors
using certain conventional solid pro-
pellants can operate stably. Dickinson
has developed a method for determining
this limit by firing relatively small
motors.
"If a propellant is selected without
knowing the stability limits, the result-
ing motor may burn stably many times.
But this behavior is statistical," Dickin-
son said, "for it is related to the occur-
rence of unanticipated events such as
igniter basket breakup, or by a minor
flaw opening up, or a structural failure.
"With a small modification of cham-
ber design or a slight drop in quality
control, you might suddenly wind up
with an unstable motor."
The division is so encouraged with
the model it has developed for control-
ling combustion instability in solids that
it plans to consider some aspects of
similar types of instability in liquids. It
is felt that the approach might well
make some contribution toward elimin-
ating similar instability in liquid engines.
Instablity occurs because of interaction
of the fluid flow processes with the
chemical combustion processes, and
control of one or the other may elimi-
nate the problem.
• Ozone fluoride potential — In its
investigation of ozone fluoride, a com-
pound formed by cold electric discharge
at 90° K from a mixture of fluoride and
oxygen, the division has found that
03F, poses less severe handling prob-
lems than had been feared. As a result,
its application to large-scale engines is
foreseen in the near future.
Experience in SRI labs indicates the
hazards are not as great as was originally
anticipated. There is no great explosion
hazard, and intelligent operational pro-
cedures should overcome the com-
pound's thermal instability. Adequate
pre-cooling of the chamber should pre-
clude its inadvertent decomposition.
Because of the low concentration of
03F2 in the LOX— only 0.05% to
achieve saturation — it is felt that the use
of ozone fluoride may prove to be very
attractive.
The addition of ozone fluoride to
LOX will minimize the range safety
problem. The hypergolic nature of
O.Fo-saturated LOX promotes rapid
36
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
burning with the fuel, thus precluding
extensive premixing and subsequent det-
onation of propellants in event of a
vehicle malfunction.
Belief that use of the compound also
may be an aid in suppressing combus-
tion instability in large liquid engines is
based on the fact that it modifies the
combustion process, promoting the over-
all chemical reaction.
Ozone fluoride is reasonably stable
at temperatures below 1 10° K and is in
itself an extremely energetic oxidizing
agent, so much so that a very dilute
solution renders liquid oxygen hyper-
golic with certain fuels.
Because of this unique characteris-
tic, SRI is conducting for NASA a de-
tailed study of its physical and chemical
properties together with an experimen-
tal investigation of the hypergolic igni-
tion processes occurring between liquid
hydrogen and LOX so treated.
Preliminary data show that small ig-
nition delays are obtained for this sys-
tem at 90° K. A small quartz combus-
tion chamber has been designed by the
SRI division to permit photographic as
well as instrumental studies of the igni-
tion processes. The chamber can be
cooled or evacuated to simulated vari-
ous space environments.
A missile company is proposing a
study of large-scale use of ozone fluor-
ide, and at least one chemical company
has been seeking information on method
of production.
• Extensive solids work — The SRI
division's effort is somewhat greater
in solids than in liquids. Solid propellant
investigations include, in addition to
that on combustion instability, research
into special propellant formulations
which bear on: the stop-start problem;
improved curing agents; microwave at-
tenuation; mechanical properties of pro-
pellants; and improved propellant
binders.
In the stop-start work, the division
has a program underway to modify
propellants to achieve compositions that
will extinguish better under pressure
drop. It is looking into control of com-
bustion at low pressures, seeking to de-
velop propellants that will extinguish
under a low rate of depressurization.
It also is investigating propellants that
extinguish with a transient pressure in-
crease rather than rapid depressuriza-
tion.
The Division has been successful
in obtaining the desired characteristics
in propellants that have been tested in
small-scale motors. It is now preparing
for a scale-up test. Propellants contain-
ing alkali metal halides have been
studied in this program.
The division recently fired a 5-lb.
grain stop-start motor with a variable
area plug nozzle and achieved sharp
termination of thrust with a drop from
chamber to ambient pressure. Propel-
lant ballistics had been modified to
achieve a motor in which burning de-
cays rapidly with pressure drop. A
scale-up test is being prepared.
Efforts are also being directed to-
ward development of low-temperature
curing agents to minimize the strains
induced during curing of large solid
grains. This work has led to methods
for effecting low-temperature cure on
some of the newer binder systems. Good
mechanical properties and improved
storage stability are sought. Propellants
based on carboxy-terminated polybuta-
diene polymers are used in the investi-
gations.
• Communications problems —
Microwave attenuation work involves
study of the influence of rocket exhaust
plasma on transmission of microwaves
used for communications and naviga-
tional purposes of space probes.
Effort is directed toward design of
a motor to minimize microwave atten-
uation, as well as to specifically deter-
mine which propellant ingredients,
particularly minor additives, control at-
tenuation. This will enable the best pro-
pellant/motor combination to be se-
lected in order to minimize the problem.
Studies of propellant mechanical
properties include investigation of the
change in volume that occurs under
various test conditions. The volume in-
crease is the result of microscopic ad-
hesion failure between the rubbery pro-
pellant binder and the oxidizer particles.
This de-wetting process, involving ad-
hesion failure at the binder-oxidizer in-
terface, creating vacuoles in the grain,
is believed to control to a high degree
the stress-strain characteristics in solids.
When a solid grain is even moderately
deformed, de-wetting begins.
One way to study the de-wetting
process is to determine the volume
changes that occur when a propellant
is subjected to a given stress- or strain-
time history. For this, SRI researchers
have developed a special air dilatometer.
A sample is enclosed in a chamber, and
when the specimen's volume increases,
the slight pressure increase that occurs
in the surrounding air is measured.
From the data, the volume increase of
the specimen can be calculated.
Some work is under way on the be-
havior of elastomers and plastics under
simulated space conditions. This in-
volves polymers for special applications
such as propellant binders, adhesives,
fiber-glass laminates, and flexible foams.
Included in the polymer work are fun-
damental studies on polymerization; this
work could lead to improved propellant
binders with superior aging character-
istics.
• Division's work scope — About
90% of the division's work, involving
more than a dozen projects, is govern-
ment-funded. Employing about 60 per-
sons, the division has a budget of about
$1 million annually.
Projects include: Phenomenological
aspects of combustion instability (Air
Force/ ARPA); relations between
chemical structure and ability to be
detonated of high-energy compounds
(ARPA/ Office of Naval Research);
several projects dealing with synthesis
of high-energy oxidizers and fuels
(ARPA) ; preparation and evaluation
of ozone fluoride (NASA); solid pro-
pellant mechanical properties, including
de- wetting process (Air Force); investi-
gation of the viscoelastic properties of
solids, including studies of the dynamic
shear properties and bulk compresibility
(ARPA/BuWeps); and fundamental
studies relating to inorganic oxidizers
(ARPA/ Air Force).
Projects not tied to propulsion in-
clude work directed toward determina-
tion of the factors that affect the
strength of elastomers (Air Force),
study of the mechanical properties of
plastics under simulated space environ-
ment conditions (NASA), and work on
non-flammable high-temperature-resist-
ant hydraulic fluids and lubricants
(Navy). ■
LARSON
ACCELERATION
TRANSDUCERS
0.1% ACCURACY
FORCE BALANCE
EXCEPTIONAL SHOCK &
VIBRATION RESISTANCE
Larson Aero Development
P. O. Box 135
Concord, California
(415) 228-7870
Circle No. 6 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
37
space propulsion
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SYSTEMS
Circle No. 7 on StfSScrtber Service Card
Hybrids Work Geared
To Lunar Survey Role
by Warren Burkett
THE MANNED Spacecraft Center
plans to finance a $300,000 hybrid
rocket development program soon. The
nine-month program will be aimed at
producing hybrid rockets of throttle-
able thrust up to 1,000 lbs.
The development program will fol-
low $100,000 in theoretical studies con-
ducted for MSC by Lockheed Propul-
sion Co. "Now we want to produce
some hardware," says J. G. Thibodaux,
chief of the MSC Propulsion and En-
ergy Systems Div.
Thibodaux sees the MSC program
as filling a gap to be left when the gov-
ernment's Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA) restricts funding of
hybrid rocket programs. The Army may
continue funding research in hybrids
for special purposes.
The request for proposal has been
written in the MSC program and needs
only final approval by headquarters for
issuance.
Design goal of the program will be
to produce a rocket capable of allow-
ing a reconnaissance package to hover
over the lunar surface for a close-up
aerial survey of possible landing sites.
This particular mission was chosen to
present "a realistic design problem" for
the development program, said Thibo-
daux.
Thibodaux hopes for an advance in
the hybrid-rocket state of the art to im-
prove reliability and increase knowledge
of burning characteristics of the solid-
fuel charge. In these areas, he said, the
hybrid rocket now stands at about the
same place liquid rockets did 10 years
ago.
Hybrid rockets offer manned space-
flight two potential advantages. Thibo-
daux outlines these as 1) simplified
variability of thrust and plumbing in
the liquid system, and 2) re-start capa-
bility plus the higher volumetric load-
ing characteristics of solid fuel rockets.
• Burning questions — The major
problem to be solved in the development
program involves knowledge of the
actual burning characteristics of the
solid fuel, Thibodaux says. At present
there is considerable uncertainty in de-
signing hybrid rockets that maximize
38
the combined burning of both fuel and
oxidizer.
This becomes a matter of making
sure that both fuel and oxidizer come
out even. In the case of liquid fuels, this
can be done automatically through sen-
sors that measure the consumption
rates and vary the mixture ratio within
known limits. For solids, the original
ratio of fuel to oxidizer in the formula
also controls this consumption rate au-
tomatically. However, throttling at-
tempts with solid rockets have not1
proven very successful, said Thibodaux.
Major problems in throttling solids
are created by the high-temperature,
corrosive environment in which the
solid-rocket throttling mechanism must
work within close tolerances.
Hybrids pose an entirely different
set of burning problems. Fuel burns
fastest close to the point of oxidizer
injection, usually at the end of the core
farthest from the nozzle. Maintaining a
flow of material out the nozzle requires
high-pressure operation throughout the
system, and the oxidizer pressure must
remain higher than the pressure in the
combustion chamber.
Lockheed studies indicate that the
weight penalty, burning and reliability
problem may be solved by special
shapes of the F -charge design.
• Late start — Although hybrids
have been known since the late 1940's,
principally through the work of Dr.
William Avery at the Applied Physics
Laboratory at Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity, they have not been given the study
accorded liquids and solids.
Dr. Avery, General Electric and
the old Grand Central Rocket Co. (now
Lockheed Propulsion Co.) achieved re-
spectable thrusts by using plastic and
other hydrocarbon fuels. For instance,
rockets of 20,000 lbs. thrust were
achieved in the old Hermes program
with discs of polyethylene for fuel and
hydrogen peroxide decomposed by a
catalyst.
With metal additives, thrusts with
specific impulses of 235 to 245 seconds
appear feasible. Plumbing will be
simplified by at least one half, Thibo-
daux said, when only one fluid is used
to control the burning rate.
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
The Industry Week'
New Activities
North American Aviation, Inc.'s Autonetics
Div., Anaheim, Calif., has established a new sub-
division, Research, Engineering and Reliability.
C. F. O'Donnell is vice president of the division
and E. H. Schaefer is executive director. . . .
United Control Corp., Redmond, Wash., has es-
tablished an Industrial Products Div., aimed at
consolidating the firm's expanding activities in
nondefense areas. Walter Page was named gen-
eral manager. ... A new company, Pyrogenics,
Inc., has been formed by Johns-Manville Corp.,
New York City, and Space Age Materials Corp.,
Woodside, N.Y. The new firm will incorporate
SAMC's pyrolytic graphite manufacturing facili-
ties and personnel to produce high-temperature
insulations for the missile/ space industry. J-M
will invest in the new company and act as na-
tional sales representatives. . . . Beckman Instru-
ments, Inc., Fullerton, Calif., has centralized its
analog and hybrid computer programs in Beck-
man Computer Operations. The organization will
be located in Richmond, Calif., and headed by Dr.
Maxwell C. Gilliland. . . . Dow Corning Corp.,
Midland, Mich., has formed a group of missile/
space applications laboratories "to speed ad-
vanced research, evaluation and development work
on new or improved materials for the nation's
space program." The new facilities include an
ablation laboratory and a space simulation lab-
oratory.
Mergers and Acquisitions
Perkin-Elmer Corp., Norwalk, Conn., has pur-
chased Coleman Instruments, Inc., Maywood, 111.,
producer of medical instruments. Coleman will
be operated as a P-E subsidiary under present
management. . . . Thompson Ramo Wooldridge,
Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, has offered to buy 250,000
shares of its common stock at $56 a share. The
offer luill expire Mar. 17.
In The Courts
JFC Electronics Corp., Brooklyn, N.Y., and
Oxford, N.C., has filed a patent infringement suit
against Roanwell Corp., New York City. JFD
charges that Roanwell is marketing a coaxial
trimmer capacitor patented by JFD.
International
Power Equipment Div. of Lear Siegler, Inc.,
Cleveland, Ohio, has acquired 75% interest in
Aircraft Appliances and Equipment, Ltd., To-
ronto, Canada. AAE deals with electronic, elec-
tric and hydraulic assemblies, power generating
equipment and test instruments. . . . Nesco In-
struments Div. of Datapulse, Inc., Inglewood,
Calif., has named P. J. Kipp & Zonen, Bergisch
Gladbach, West Germany, as exclusive dealer for
its line of strip chart recorders in West Germany.
New Facilities
Westinghouse Defense and Space Center has
established a Product Support Equipment Dept.
at its new plant in suburban Baltimore, Md. The
department will design and manufacture test
equipment to assure reliability of electronic sys-
tems produced by the Center. . . . Construc-
tion has been started at NASA's Merritt Island
Launch Area on tall "explosive safe" buildings to
be used in the Surveyor, Mariner and Voyager
programs. One building icill be used for Steriliza-
tion and assembly; the other will house equipment
for fueling spacecraft before delivery to launch
pads. Completion date has been set for late sum-
mer. . . . Construction of a $6-million NASA test
facility for Centaur/ Surveyor space vehicles has
been begun by Nielsen Construction Co., in San
Diego, Calif. General Dynamics Corp.'s Astro-
nautics Div. will supervise construction and equip
and operate the facility for NASA's Lewis Re-
search Center. The facility will be used to re-
hearse the space vehicles before lunar missions.
. . . Allmetal Screw Products Co., Inc., Garden
City, N.Y., has opened a regional sales office and
warehouse in Needham Heights, Mass. Gene Con-
ner has been named regional manager. . . . Gen-
eral Precision, Inc.'s Librascope Metrology Lab-
oratory has moved to a 15,000-sq.-ft. building in
Van Nuys, Calif. . . . Aztec Enterprises, Inc., Al-
buquerque, N.M., has been appointed exclusive
representative for Raymond Engineering Lab-
oratory, Inc., Middletown, Conn., research, de-
velopment and manufacturing firm for the mis-
sile/space industry. Aztec has opened a branch
office in Phoenix, Ariz. . . . Razdow Laboratories,
Inc., Newark, N.J., has delivered Mark II rate
measurement systems to Bendix Corp.'s Foun-
dries Div. in Teterboro, N.J., and SAGEM, Paris,
France.
Company Representatives
Pyle-National Co., Chicago, has opened a sales
engineering office in Dallas to handle its line of
environmental electrical connectors in that area.
. . . Michigan Wire Cloth Div. of Michigan-Dy-
namics, Inc., Detroit, has named Murdock-Cave
& Co., Chicago, as manufacturers representative
for Indiana, Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. . . .
H&H Machine Co., Inc., has appointed Paul Sel-
inger & Co., sales representative for its line of
small metal tubular parts and coil forms in the
Chicago area. . . . National Semiconductor Corp..
Danbury, Conn., has appointed Black & Strong,
Inc., Los Angeles, as sales representative for
southern California. NSC manufactures silicon
transistors and integrated circuits devices. . . .
Raytheon Co., Lexington, Mass., has named Perl-
muth Electronics, Phoenix, Ariz., industrial dis-
tributor for the company's electronic products in
Arizona. . . . Packard Bell Computer, Santa Ana,
Calif., has named WKM Associates, Inc., to han-
dle its products in a major eastern area. WKM
has offices in Cleveland, Ohio, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
Detroit, Mich., and Dayton, Ohio.
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
39
contracts and procurements
AWARDS
AIR FORCE
$9,900,000 — Martin Marietta Corp., Denver, for
additional work on Titan 11 ICBM's.
$8,691,400 — Radio Corp- of America, New York
City, for purchase of formerly leased elec-
tronic data processing equipment at West
Palm Beach, Fla.
$4,600,000— Douglas Aircraft Co., Santa Monica,
Calif., for space launch services.
$3,800,000 — Ford Motor Co., Palo Alto, Calif.,
for additional work on a satellite contract
network.
$3,000,000 — Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, Mich.,
for purchase of formerly leased electronic
data processing equipment.
$1,800,000 — Sylvania Electric Products, Inc.,
Mountain View, Calif., for a classified elec-
tronics effort.
$1,600,000 — American Bosch Arma Corp., Garden
City, N.Y., for further Alias missile inertial
guidance system research and development.
$1,000,000 — General Electric Co., Syracuse, N.Y.,
for designing equipment for an advanced radio
guidance system.
$726,711 — Sperry Gyroscope Co., Great Neck,
N.Y., for performance of program-definition
studies for a standardized space guidance sys-
tem (SSGS).
$700,000 — International Business Machines Corp.,
New York City, for performance of program-
definition studies for a standardized space
guidance system (SSGS).
$487,000 — Radio Engineering Laboratories of tbe
Dynamics Corp. of America, Long Island City,
N.Y., for purchase of monitors for the Euro-
pean Mediterranean tropospheric communica-
tions system, and England-to-Turkey radio
relay system.
$425,000— Texaco, Inc., New York City, for re-
search in conventional and unconventional fuel
cells.
$380,000— TRW Space Technology Laboratories,
Inc., Redondo Beach, Calif., for performance
of program-definition studies for a standard-
ized space guidance system (SSGS).
$368,293 — United Technology Center, Sunnyvale,
Calif., for an exploratory development program
of an advanced throttling concept.
$300.000 — North American Aviation, El Segundo.
Calif., for performance of program-definition
studies for a standardized space guidance sys-
tem (SSGS).
$282,976 — Union Carbide Corp., New York City,
for research and development of metal hy-
drides.
$223,000 — Philco Corp., Aeronutronic Div., New-
port Beach, Calif., for development of rocket
nozzles.
$84,279— Sperry Rand Corp., Great Neck, N.Y.,
for development of a high-power, continuous
wave, electroluminescent radiation source for
avionic system applications.
Republic Aviation Corp., Farmingdale, N.Y., for
a study of the influence of diets on the bac-
terial flora of chimpanzees (undisclosed
amount).
ARMY
$121,300,000— Morrison-Knudsen Co., Utah Con-
struction & Mining Co., Perini Corp., and
C. H. Leavcll & Co. (joint venture), for con-
struction of Minuteman missile launch facili-
ties in North Dakota.
$5,600,000 — Radio Corp. of America, Camden,
N.J., for purchase of formerly leased auto-
matic data processing equipment.
$1,475,000 — General Dynamics/Pomona, Calif.,
for continued research and development of the
Redeye missile system.
$ 1 ,300,000 — Kaiser Aerospace and Electronics
Corp., San Leandro, Calif., for Pershing mis-
sile first-stage and second-stage motor nozzle
production.
$1,000,000 — Aircraft Armaments, Inc., Cockeys-
ville, Md., for engineering services on the
Nike-Hercules antimissile missile.
$ 1 ,000,000 — General Dynamics/Pomona, Calif. ,
feasibility validation of the Mauler weapon
system.
$258,000— Martin Co., Orlando Div., Fla., for
modification of BIRDIE systems.
$40,976 — Advanced Communications, Inc., Chats-
worth, Calif., for missile-borne distance meas-
uring equipment.
$37,406— Western Electric Co., Whippany, N.Y.,
for rebuilding Nike-Hercules gyroscopes.
NAVY
$1,500,000 — Computer Measurements Co., San
Fernando, Calif., for the design and production
of electronic counters.
$1,005,000 — Burroughs Corp., Detroit, for com-
munications equipment.
$205,000— Raytheon Co., Bedford, Mass., for
procurement of facilities involving Sparrow III
program.
$179,803— Techni Data Laboratories, Lomita.
Calif., for telemetry ground station equipment.
$125,000— Callery Chemical Co., Callery, Pa., for
research and development in high-energy fuels
and oxidizers for rocket propellants.
$64,350 — Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., Semi-
conductor Div., Woburn, Mass., for production
of germanium mesa switching transistors.
NASA
$16,500,000— Chrysler Corp., Highland Park,
Mich., for added services supporting Saturn
rockets and space centers (three contracts).
$12,200,000 — Douglas Aircraft Co., Santa Monica,
for launch services and research vehicles re-
lating to the Delta booster with work to be
done at the Atlantic Missile Range.
$3,100,000— Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., Dallas, for
administrative and management services ai
Cape Kennedy's MILA complex and Huntsville,
Ala., areas.
$1,100,000— Hughes Aircraft Co., Malibu, Calif.,
for follow-on program of ion rocket engine
development.
$939,000 — General Dynamics/Electronics, San
Diego, for 39 telemetering equipments.
$800,000— Ball Brothers Research Co., Boulder.
Colo., for construction of the last five of the
eight planned Orbiting Solar Observatories.
$144,000 — Mosser Construction Co., for addition
to central control facility for rocket systems
research project C-3562 with work to be done
at Lewis Research Center, Cleveland.
$63,685 — Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Missiles and
Space Co., Sunnyvale, Calif., for a study to ex-
tend the theory of minimum-effort control of
low-thrust vehicles.
$52,700 — Aerojet-General Corp., Nucleonics Div.,
El Monte, Calif., for design and construction
of an underwater carrier capable of nuclear re-
actor transportation at Plum Brook Station.
Sandusky, Ohio.
$48,839— Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Inc..
Cleveland, for incremental funding for Project
Sunflower.
$43,276 — Philco Corp., Western Development Lab-
oratories, Palo Alto, Calif., for operational and
functional analysis of space flight guidance fa-
cility.
$39,503 — Collins Radio Co., Dallas, for communi-
cations ground systems service.
INDUSTRY
$1,500,000— Ameircan Machine & Foundry Co.,
New York City, from Martin Marietta, for up-
dating 50 Titan I launcher systems originally
installed in 1962 by the firm for the Air Force.
$250,000 — American Potash and Chemical Co.,
Henderson, Nev., from Lockheed Propulsion
Co., for chemical ingredients to support Lock-
heed's 156-in. solid rocket motor program.
$100,000 — American Synthetic Rubber Corp.,
Louisville, Ky., from Lockheed Propulsion Co.,
for chemicals to support Lockheed's 156-in.
solid rocket motor program.
$75,000 — Ormond, Inc., Santa Fe Springs, Calif.,
from Lockheed Propulsion Co., for a thrust
stand force measuring system to support Lock-
heed's 156-in. solid rocket motor program.
$60,000 — Interchemical Corp., New York City,
from Lockheed Propulsion Co., for chemicals
to support Lockheed's 156-in. solid-rocket-
motor program.
$25,000— Studebaker-Packard Corp., C.T.L. Div.,
Santa Ana, Calif., from Lockheed Propulsion
Co., for a nozzle assembly.
$25,000 — Capital Westward, Inc., Beaumont,
Calif., from Lockheed Propulsion Co., for
modification of the test bay at Lockheed's
Potrero facility.
International Telephone and Telegraph Corp., In-
dustrial Products Div., San F'ernando, Calif.,
from General Dynamics Corp., for a static in-
verter for the Satellite for Aerospace Research
(undisclosed amount).
Goodyear Aerospace Corp., Aviation Products
Div., Akron, Ohio, from Hercules Powder Co.,
for fabrication of liners for the second stage of
the A3 submarine-fired Polaris (undisclosed
amount) .
FOREIGN
$3,500,000 — Raytheon Co., Space and lnformatien
Systems Div., Santa Barbara, Calif., for pro-
duction of electronic systems for the United
Kingdom.
$2,000,000 — North American Aviation, Inc., Au-
tonetics Div., Anaheim, Calif., for production
of inertial navigation systems for Polaris sub-
marines for the United Kingdom.
REQUESTS FOR BIDS
GENERAL PROCUREMENTS
U.S. Army Missile Command
Procurement and Production
Special Contracts Div.
Contract Negotiation Branch
Redstone Arsenal, Ala.
Selected source research procurement for the
development of high-speed photodiode detectors
with Electro-Nuclear Laboratories, 2433 Leghorn
St., Mountain View, Calif. It is suggested that
small business firms and others interested in
subcontracting opportunities make direct contact
with the above firm.
Headquarters
Space Systems Div.
AF Unit Post Office
Los Angeles 45, Calif.
Contract for research and development to pro-
vide a military space systems analysis study to be
negotiated with Planning Research Corp., Los
Angeles, Calif. PR 64-SSD-316. Note: For in-
formation only; RFP not available.
U.S. Army Missile Command
Procurement and Production
Special Contracts Div.
Contracts Negotiation Branch
Redstone Arsenal, Ala.
Selected source procurement for high-energy
propellant research with Thiokol Chemical Corp.,
Elkton, Md. It is suggested that small business
firms and others interested in subcontracting op-
portunities make direct contact with the above
firm.
Lewis Research Center
21000 Brookpark Road
Cleveland, Ohio
Exhaust duct for nuclear rocket test stand to
be installed at the nuclear rocket development sta-
tion near Mercury, Nev. System to consist of
48-in. diameter stainless steel "L" shaped duct
with associated water-cooled pipe support truss
instrumentation testing and installation in ac-
cordance with specs and applicable drawings.
Only those firms that show evidence of their
qualifications in complicated stainless steel fabri-
cation and associated instrumentation will be
given bid packages. The procurement officer may
order a facility survey of any requestor of bid
package. RFP SNPC-23. Bid opening 4-10-64. If
further information is desired, contact W. P.
McCue or R. D. Clingman of Space Nuclear
Propulsion Office Cleveland.
40
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
— products and processes
New Product of the Week:
Vacuum Chamber
An ultrahigh vacuum chamber
equipped with up to 13 integral feed-
through ports is being marketed by
Vacuum Industries, Inc.
The Model 1218 was designed for
outgassing studies, component evalua-
tion, or materials and lubricants testing
in a simulated space environment. It
has a straight-through vacuum pump-
ing system utilizing a 6-in. diffusion
pump with low impedance liquid nitro-
gen cold trap. The unit's 12 x 18-in.
vaccum chamber can provide a simu-
lated space environment to 3 x 10^ torr
in less than an hour without baking.
Pressures to 10"10 torr can be obtained
by substituting metal gaskets for elas-
tomer seals.
Circle No. 151 on Subscriber Service Card
Plasma-Arc Generator
Creare, Inc., has developed the
Model PAG-2 plasma-arc generator for
use in materials, physics and chemical
research applications.
The device has a flexible design
that allows a number of duct config-
urations; the injection of gases, liquids
and powders into the plasma; and in-
sertion of various types of probes.
Typical performance of the device using
helium in a duct 1 cm. in diameter
and 6.35 cm. long is: voltage drop —
approximately 175v dc at 30 amperes,
lOOv dc at 300 amperes: helium flow —
approximately 0 to 1 gm/sec; gas
temperatures to 20,000° K at flow
centerline.
Circle No. 152 on Subscriber Service Card
Time Code Generator
Digital Products Div. of Hyperion
Industries, Inc., is marketing the Model
HI-187-G airborne time code generator.
The unit has a power consumption
of 9.8 watts at 24 to 31v dc; 105 to
125v ac, 400 cps, input is available.
Overall timing accuracy is 0.005%
«||||
J
J
I
within a temperature range of —55° to
85° C, 100° C operation on special
order. Output is a pulse-height, pulse-
width one kc modulated signal at
a bit rate of 25 pps. Format is binary
coded decimal in hours, minutes and
seconds.
Circle No. 153 on Subscriber Service Cord
Vacuum Fuse
Thermal Controls, Inc., has intro-
duced a line of high-voltage vacuum
fuses that prevent momentary or sus-
tained arcing when a fusible element
ruptures.
The units are designed to glow when
operating at normal load. Location of
equipment failure can be localized by
noting a fuse that is not glowing. The
units meet MIL specifications for shock
(100 g's) and vibration (5 to 2,000
cps at 40 g's). The fuses are rated at
l,500v dc at 70,000 ft., and are avail-
able for normal current loads of 25
to 250 ma.
Circle No. 154 on Subscriber Service Card
Silicon Insulator
A heat-stable, high-strength silicone
rubber that can be shrink-fitted to con-
tours of connectors, cables and wire
bundles has been developed by Dow
Corning.
Called Silastic, the ablative material
has application as an insulator or a
cable protective during rocket launches.
Available in molded parts or tube form,
the material shrinks to one-half its sup-
plied diameter when heated briefly at
temperatures above 300° F. Standard
tubing sizes, after shrinking, range from
Vs-in. in diameter to IVi-in. in di-
ameter. Other sizes and custom -molded
shapes are available on specie! order.
Circle No. 155 on Subscriber Service Cord
Signal Source
The Model 2150 signal source, pro-
viding a cw or square-wave modulated
source of RF power from 2.0 to 4.1
gc, is available from Scientific-Atlanta.
Inc.
The device can serve as an antenna
pattern range transmitter, a basic oscil-
lator, a parametric amplifier pump oscil-
lator or a general purpose laboratory
supply. Oscillator output is coupled
through a 3-db pad to a variable 20-
db attenuator for control of the RF
signal level.
Circle No. 156 on Subscriber Service Cord
Transducing Cell
Statham Instruments, Inc., has avail-
able a universal transducing cell capable
of making measurements of several
different physical parameters.
The device has an accuracy of
±0.15% and may be used as a load
cell of ±1 -ounce range or as a dis-
placement gage of ±0.0015-in. range.
Attachments are available to reduce the
load range to 0.1 oz. or to extend it
to !, 10, 100 or more pounds.
Circle No. 157 on Subscriber Service Card
Transistorized Oscilloscope
American Electronic Laboratories.
Inc., is marketing the Model 725 tran-
sistorized oscilloscope. The device meets
MIL-E-16400 and MIL-T-4807A speci-
fications.
Vertical channel bandwidth is dc to
5 mc, direct coupled; 2 cps to 6 mc,
capacity coupled. Risetime is 70 nano-
sec; input impedance is one megohm
shunted by 47 pf. Horizontal amplifier
bandwidth is dc to 500 kc. Sensitivity
is Lv per division, variable to 5v per
division. Input impedance is 100 K
ohms shunted by 20 pf.
Circle No. 158 on Subscriber Service Cord
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
41
missiles and rockets
DOD Military System
A Report on the DDR&E
DDR&E, the Directorate of Defense Research and Engineering,
is one of the most important offices in the Department of Defense.
It has a complement of 145 men, supervising some 30,000 others
and directly affecting over 125,000 industry personnel. DDR&E annu-
ally contracts for $7 billion dollars in space and military systems re-
search, development, test and engineering services from its suppliers.
The March 30 issue of missiles and rockets win
present an in-depth report on DDR&E covering:
DDR&E Operation ■ Relationships with Industry and the Services ■ Current
& Advanced Programs ■ In-House R&D Capabilities ■ Future Expenditures ■
Key Personnel
Issue Date: March 30, 1964
sue, March 30,
The DOD Military Systems
Issue will be must reading for over 45,000
program and project managers, engi-
neers, and scientists in industry and the
military. Advertise in this issue to gain
maximum exposure for your products,
capabilities, or services.
Buy proven performance
In MISSILES AND ROCKETS — 275 page
advertising gain in 1963 over 1962; 3700
new paid subscribers gained during 1963;
total paid circulation of over 45,000.
Advertising Closes:
March 16, 1964
REFRACTORY METALS
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GENERAL ® ELECTRIC
Calibration System
Electro Scientific Industries, Inc., is marketing the Model
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Limit of accuracy is 0.0025% of setting or 25 mv. Self-
calibration features operated from the front panel allow
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Circle No. 159 on Subscriber Service Card
20-Channel Recorder
Techni-Rite Electronics, Inc., has developed a 20-chan-
nel inkless event recorder, the Model TR-320.
The device monitors up to 20 separate "on-off" events
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Rise time exceeds 7 ms with a resolution of less than 3
ms. Other features include: up to 16 chart speeds; built-in
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new literature
MAGNETIC TAPE GLOSSARY— Memorex Corp. has
published a "Glossary of Terms Used in Magnetic Tape
Recording," aimed at defining and explaining the more
fundamental terms of magnetic recording applications. The
12-page monograph, first in a series, lists 177 items.
Circle No. 161 on Subscriber Service Cord
CONNECTOR TECHNIQUES PRIMER— "Intercon-
nection and Connector Techniques," an 88-page primer on
the characteristics and uses of connectors and contacts has
been published by The Deutsch Co., Electronic Components
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selection criteria, nomenclature and terminology; wire and
cable specifications and assembly and production techniques.
Circle No. 162 on Subscriber Service Card
TELEMETRY FILTER MONOGRAPH— Kenyon
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a "pre-design" specification technique, designed to permit
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— electrically, mechanically and economically — by use of
standard specifications derived from fundamental system
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Circle No. 163 on Subscriber Service Card
EPOXY RESIN BULLETIN— Epoxylite Corp. has pub-
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and 27 kits covering a variety of repairs.
Circle No. 164 on Subscriber Service Card
RESISTANCE SOLDERING BOOKLET— American
Electrical Heater Co. has available a 16-page booklet, "Prin-
ciples of Resistance Soldering." The publication explains
and illustrates resistance soldering systems, equipment, ad-
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Circle No. 165 on Subscriber Service Cord
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
names in the news
James V. Lecocq: Appointed assistant
director of public relations for the Allison
Div. of General Motors Corp., Indian-
apolis, Ind.
John E. Duesing: Appointed general
manager of the Van Nuys, Calif., division
of The Foxboro Co.
Edward J. Doyle: Appointed Federal
Systems Div. marketing manager for ad-
vanced programs-space at International
Business Machines Corp., Rockville, Md.
Clyde C. Hall: Retired public infor-
mation officer for the National Science
Foundation, to operate as a communica-
tions consultant in the Washington, D.C.
area.
William D. Wilson: Named manager,
office of public information at Radiation.
Inc., Melbourne, Fla.
Robert L. Wells: Elected vice president-
M/R BUSINESS OFFICES
Washington, D.C. 20005— 1001 Vermont Ave-
venue, NW; STerling 3-5400
A. C. Boughton, National Sales Manager
Kenneth C. Blanchard, Director of Re-
search and Marketing
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YUkon 6-3900
Paul B. Kinney, Eastern Advertising Man-
ager
Paul N. Anderson
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Edwin J. Denker, Jr., Western Advertising
Manager
Ronald L. Rose
Detroit, Michigan 48237—21990 Greenfield
Road, Oak Park, Mich.; 547-8880
Michael Rouff
Chicago, Illinois 60601—1 East Wacker Dr.,
Room 1522; 321-1444
Charles E. Durham, Jr.,
Miami, Florida 33022-P.O. Box 890, Holly-
wood, Fla.; Wilson 7-6072
R. P. Caldiero
London, W.I., England— 44 Conduit Street;
REgent 4714
American Magazine Group
Geneva, Switzerland— 10 Rue Grenus; Ge-
neva 321044
Paris, France— 11 Rue Condorcet; TRU 15-39
Classified
RESUMES
Edited, IBM typed, printed $7.50/1
page/ 100 copies. Catering to Scientists-
Engineers-Executives.
Mail ALERT
816 W. 5th Street, L.A. 17. MA 91877.
engineering at Westinghouse Electric
Corp., Pittsburgh.
Malcolm A. Maclntyre: Elected a vice
president of Martin Marietta Corp. and
vice chairman of the Bunker-Ramo Corp.,
Canoga Park, Calif.
Roger B. Neighborgall: Appointed as-
sistant vice president of General Instru-
ment Corp.'s Defense and Engineering
Products Group, Washington, D.C. J. R.
Pascuzzo: Appointed group vice president
for Defense and Engineering Products.
Robert L. Trent: Named vice president
for research and development of National
Semiconductor Corp., Danbury, Conn.
Walter E. Trantham, Jr.: Appointed di-
rector of the Southeast region of ITT's
Defense and Space Group Field Market-
ing, Washington, D.C.
Philip R. Gustlin: Appointed assistant
secretary of Electronic Specialty Co., Los
Angeles. William M. Rozell appointed
product sales manager.
Philip Ryan: Resigning from the presi-
dency of Cutler-Hammer, Inc., Milwaukee,
effective Dec. 31. Edmund B. Fitzgerald
elected to succeed Mr. Ryan.
Donald C. Nicksay: Appointed gen-
eral sales manager of the Piezoelectric
Div. of Clevite Corp., Bedford, Ohio.
Gilbert W. Robinson: Named manager
of the Hartford, Conn., Materials Testing
Laboratories Div. of Magnaflux Corp.
Edward Leyman: Appointed director
of the Information Systems Div. of Herner
and Co., Washington, D.C.
Robert Andrews: Appointed manager-
customer relations for the Bomac Div.
of Varian Associates, Beverly, Mass.
Otto M. Schiff: Joined the staff of
Electro-Optical Instruments, Inc., Mon-
rovia, Calif., as director of manufacturing.
Hubert R. Smith: Joined the staff of
Electro-Optical Systems, Inc., Pasadena,
Calif., as a senior engineer and sales rep-
resentative in the Washington, D.C. office.
Laurence M. Doyle: Appointed con-
tracts administration manager at Sparton
Corp.'s Sparton Electronics division, Jack-
son, Mich.
Beauford R. Franklin: Appointed base
manager of United Technology Center's
operations at Cape Kennedy, Fla.
Victor D. Ellison: Appointed chief en-
gineer for instruments at the Montrose,
Pa., division of the Bendix Corp.
William V. Levy: Appointed public re-
lations manager of Goodyear Aerospace
Corp., Akron, Ohio.
Advertisers' Index
AMERICAN TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH
CO., BELLCOMM, INC 32
Agency — N. W. Ayer & Son, Inc
ASTROSYSTEMS INC 9
Agenc\ — The Edward W Robotham
Co.
BASIC CARBON CORP 4
Agency — Scheel Adv. Agency Inc
GENERAL ELECTRIC CO., LAMP
METALS & COMPONENTS DEPT. ... 44
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine b
Osborn, Inc.
HONEYWELL 2
Agency — Aitkin-Kynett Co. Inc
LARSON AERO DEVELOPMENT 37
Agency — Sturges & Assoc.
NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION, INC. .. 48
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine &
Osborn, Inc.
NORTHROP CORP 10, 11
Agency — Doyle, Dane, Bernbach, Inc.
PELMEC, DIV. OF QUANTIC INDUS-
TRIES, INC 5
Agency — Hal Lawrence Inc
RUST-OLEUM CORP 38
Agency — O'Grady- Andersen-Gray,
Inc.
SPACE & INFORMATION SYSTEMS
DIVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN
AVIATION, INC 4
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine &
Osborn, Inc.
SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABS., A SUB.
OF THOMPSON RAMO WOOLDRIDGE
INC 6
Agency — Fuller & Smith & Ross Inc
SYSTRON-DONNER CORP 28
Agency — Bonfield Assoc., Inc.
WESTERN GEAR CORP., PRECISION
PRODUCTS DIV 47
Agency — MacManus, John & Adams,
Inc.
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
45
editorial . . .
A Step
Forward
ONE OF THE MAJOR PROBLEMS which has
confronted Congress, the Dept. of Defense and
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
has been duplication of missions, projects and facili-
ties in the national space program.
A number of steps have been taken to overcome
such duplication.
These steps have included the establishment of
the Gemini Program Planning Board, set up by Sec-
retary of Defense McNamara and NASA Adminis-
trator Webb to avoid duplication in the field of
manned space flight; centralization of national range
management in the hands of the Air Force; and es-
tablishment of a joint DOD-NASA fleet of ocean
tracking ships.
In view of the great expense of space operations,
this trend toward centralization has been not only
desirable but inevitable. In a number of cases, Con-
gress has acted to force consolidation by refusing to
approve budgets for separate programs or facilities.
On occasion, DOD and NASA have moved in this
direction of their own accord.
All three bodies deserve public commendation for
their efforts. The space program, particularly this
year, is under considerable pressure to prove its
worth. Every reasonable effort made to cut down on
wasteful duplication is to be applauded.
For this reason, we were pleased to see that
NASA and the Air Force finally are taking affirmative
action to solve the extremely vexsome problem of
duplication in the space medicine field (M/R, March
2, p. 10). This has been a touchy issue from the very
initiation of the Apollo program.
The Air Force, both experienced and eager, al-
ready had a large effort underway in bioastronautics,
a base which was capable of rapid and easy expan-
sion. The burgeoning space agency, on the other
hand, held the only manned mission assignment.
The annual budget exercise on Capitol Hill be-
came a traumatic experience for the administrators
of NASA's space medicine program. Although they
had the charter, the Air Force had the facilities and
the know-how. As a matter of fact, this was not lim-
ited to the Air Force. To varying degrees, the other
services also possessed a space medicine capability.
At first, NASA denied any intention of mounting
a sizable in-house bioastronautics effort. But as the
missions beyond Mercury were added, space agency
officials felt it necessary to expand NASA's technical
and managerial capabilities in space medicine.
This was undertaken in a far-from-cooperative
atmosphere which saw little communication between
the two camps. NASA would issue an RFP only to be
informed by a contractor that the Air Force already
had the same work under contract — or even com-
pleted. Duplication abounded.
Faced with this situation, Congress continued
to hack away at NASA's space medicine budget. Last
year, for example, $5.7 million was cut from a
$16.7-million request. The House Space Committee,
in particular, admonished NASA to work out written
agreements with DOD by which facilities and work
would be shared. Rep. Emilio Q. Daddario (D-
Conn.) was one who made this a special area of
interest.
His efforts, and those of other members of Con-
gress, now are bearing fruit. Agreement has been
reached between NASA and the Air Force to jointly
review and assign all space medicine work.
First meetings to this end were held last August
at the Air Force Aerospace Medical Division head-
quarters in San Antonio, Tex., with subsequent meet-
ings at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston.
Obviously, all the problems have not yet been
worked out, but much has been accomplished. By
the end of this month, the first steps in coordinating
the bioastronautics effort for Fiscal 1965 will have
been taken. Facilities plans will be reviewed shortly.
NASA has already helped fund an animal laboratory
at Holloman AFB instead of establishing its own lab.
According to Dr. George M. Knauf, NASA's act-
ing director of space medicine, all requests for pro-
posals will be jointly written, program reviews will be
jointly conducted and, in some cases, programs may
be jointly monitored.
As one result of the coordination agreement,
NASA will concern itself largely with those space
medicine programs concerned with two-week mis-
sions, while the Air Force will undertake those con-
nected with the 30-day mission.
NASA will, however, retain its interest in long-
term manned space station bioastronautics studies.
Even here, it will utilize DOD's capability in the gen-
eral area of applied human research.
CONTRACTORS PROPOSING to either agency
now will have the benefit of knowing their pro-
posal will be read by the other. This year's effort also
will be aided by a computerized review of all the
work in the field. This is being carried out by Docu-
mentation, Inc., directed by Dr. Eugene Konecci,
NASA head of biotechnology and human research.
A NASA liaison office has been established at
Aerospace Medical Division headquarters, manned
by Lt. Col. Grady Wise, an Air Force medical officer.
Joint meetings to date have resulted in the can-
cellation of 55 projects — 47 in the Air Force and
eight in NASA.
Authors of the program were Dr. Knauf and Maj.
Gen. T. C. Bedwell and Col. John Talbot of the
Air Force.
The working groups who brought all this aboul
were headed by Col. John Pickering, deputy director
of research and engineering at the Aerospace Medi-
cal Division, and Richard Johnston, director of the
crew systems division at Manned Spacecraft Center.
This agreement has brought to an end the waste-
ful strife between the two major agencies in the field.
Efforts also have been coordinated with others work-
ing in biomedicine, including the Army, Navy, Fed-
eral Aviation Agency and the Dept. of Health, Educa-
tion and Welfare.
All who had a part in this are to be highly com-
plimented, including such members of Congress as
Rep. Daddario. It is a major contribution.
William J. Coughlin
46
missiles and rockets, March 9, 1964
HOISTS-Western supplies these heavy duty hoists for (1) Nike Zeus (2) Atlas and (3) Minuteman missiles.
HORIZONTAL
OAMPER ASS'Y.
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SHOCK ISOLATION -Vertical and Horizontal damper assemblies of Western's Shock Isolation System for the Titan II.
SPRING CAN ASSEMBLIES- Built by Western as a precision component in the Minuteman missile silo system.
...and now they're calling us the "missile muscle men
Surprised? This heavy equipment for missile ground handling
and positioning is far removed from the lightweight airborne
gear drives you probably know us for. You'll want to keep track
of how our capabilities keep growing.
For example: Hoists forthe Atlas, Minuteman and Nike Zeus.
Damper assemblies for the Titan IPs in-silo shock isolation
system. Spring can assemblies forthe Minuteman's silo system.
These are just samples of Western's capabilities in ground
handling, missile positioning and shock isolation equipment.
Don't they suggest that you call on our "missile muscle men"
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CORPORATION, Precision Products Division, P.O. Box 192,
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wesTeRn
Circle No. 9 on Subscriber Service Card
GEAR CORPORATION
THE SKEPTICAL MEN AND THE MICROELECTRONIC COMPUTER Perfection is a microcosm. Its
pathways today are often the branches of intricate electronic circuits— so small that few can conceive of them. But
there are some who probe these pathways with growing confidence: the creative electronics scientists of aerospace.
To these men, every proven component is suspect; every accepted method, debatable. Beyond today's state-of-
the-art they perceive tomorrow's breakthrough . . . beyond today's "finished product," tomorrow's quantum jump.
Perhaps they begin with an existing circuit board. Shrink it. Test it. Join it to others in tiny integrated layers. Result:
a computer with more reliability, more memory capacity, yet far smaller and lighter than its forerunners. This is
precisely the achievement of the men of NAA/Autonetics — creators of the new microelectronic computer for the
improved Minuteman, and pioneers in the application of microelectronic systems.
Throughout the industry, men like these are exploring the mazes of perfection. In the courts of their minds, even
perfection itself is always on trial, and acquittal is never final. For these are the skeptical men.
North American Aviation is at work in the fields of the future through these divisions: Science Center,
Atomics International, Autonetics, Columbus, Los Angeles, Rocketdyne, Space & Information Systems.
MARCH 16, 1964
E WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
enter Segment of First 156-in. Solid at Lockheed
\an-on-Moon Schedule Slips into '70's. . .
ouse Cuts in NASA Budget Are Minor . . .
lock II Apollo Guidance Has Go -Ahead .
w£-i£-l
■ . --10H
woisnoH
Because we did the pioneering work in this
advanced area, our engineers have the tech-
nical know-how and the skill to give you what
you want. For example, one customer wanted
four megacycle radar recorders with a 40 db
signal-to-noise ratio and an absolute time base
jitter of less than 50 nsec. He got them. And
absolute time base jitterwas less than 20 nsec.
Another customer needed similar performance
in a one cubic foot airborne package. It had
to weigh less than 50 pounds. And it had to
record two megacycle hours. He got what he
wanted. And reliability is 0.996 for four-hour
missions. Still another customer asked for
several 5.5 megacycle recorders with a 40 db
signal-to-noise ratio and a 25 nsec time base
stability. He got them — each in a cabinet the '
size of a single rack. At Ampex, you can get
what you want. Need a 10 megacycle recorder?
200 to 1 time base expansion or compression?
10 nsec time base stability? Just come to]
Ampex. For more information write to Ampex
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Circle No. 1 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Volume 14, Number 11
March 16, 1964
Editor
William ]. Coughlin
Managing Editor
Reed Bundy
Senior Editors
Charles D. LaFond Electronics
William Beller Engineering
Associate Editors
Lawrence J. Curran Assistant Managing Editor
Heather M. David Space Medicine
Michael Getler Electronics
Russell Hawkes Industry
John F. Judge Advanced Materials
Robert L. Parker Copy Editor
Rex Pay Electronics
Hal Taylor NASA
James Trainor Military
Contributing Editors
David A. Anderton, Warren Burkett,
Robert Lindsey, Robert Twiss
Friedrich Schonbach Art Director
Donald Strickland Assistant Art Director
Eleanor Cobey Editorial Assistant
Suzanne Montgomery Editorial Assistant
BUREAUS
LOS ANGELES 9301 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills
Willard E. Wilks Bureau Chief
NEW YORK 20 East 46th Street
Michael Getler
CAPE KENNEDY 507 Orange Ave.
Chris Butler Merritt Is., Fla.
PARIS II Rue Condorcet
Jean-Marie Riche
GENEVA 10 Rue Grenus
Frank G. McGuire
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Dr. Peter Castruccio Alexander Satin
Conrad H. Hoeppner Vice Adm. H. Sanders (ret.)
Richard F. Gompertz
James W. Claar
Publisher
A. C. Boughton National Sales Manager
Paul B. Kinney Eastern Advertising Manager
Edwin J. Denker, Jr Western Advertising Manager
Kenneth C. Blanchard . Marketing & Research Director
John N. Carlin Director of Circulation
Paddy Nelson Circulation Promotion
R. Virgil Parker Production Manager
Barbara Wiener Advertising Services Manager
Published each Monday with the exception of the
last Monday in December by American Aviation
Publications, Inc., 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington, D.C., 20005. Cable Address: AMERAV.
Printed at Judd & Detweiler, Inc., Washington, D.C.
Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.
Copyright 1964, American Aviation Publications, Inc.
Subscription rates: U.S. and Possessions, Canada, and
Pan American Postal Union Nations: 1 year, $5.00, 2
years $8.00, 3 years $10.00. All other foreign: 1 year
$15.00, 2 years $25.00, 3 years $35.00. Air freight to
Europe: 1 year $20.00, 2 years $30.00, 3 years $40.00.
Single copy prices: regular issues 50 cents each;
special issues $1.00 each. Subscriptions are solicited
only from persons with identifiable commercial or
professional interests in the missile/space industry.
Subscription orders and changes of address should be
referred to Circulation Fulfillment Mgr., Missiles and
Rockets, 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20005. Allow 4 weeks for change to become
effective and enclose recent address label if possible.
President Wayne W. Parrish
Senior Vice President Louis C. James
Vice President Fred S. Hur.ter
THE COVER
Lockheed Propulsion Co. workers guide
center segment of first 156-in. solid motor
into casting and curing pit. Motor will be
fired late this spring as part of Air Force's
large solid rocket development program.
Maraging steel case will be 75 ft. long,
with end closures and nozzles. See p. 32.
MARCH 16 HEADLINES
Electronics Center Gets Final Congressional Nod
LMSC Contract Extends Work Begun in RIFT Project
Saturn V Slippage Dashes 1970 Lunar Landing Hopes
Ambitious Missile Launching Program Set by DOD
Minor NASA Budget Cuts Made by House Committee
8
8
10
11
12
NASA To Orbit Two Scientific Satellites 13
Tiros System Contracts Expected in Summer
Technological War Plan Readied by AFSC
RANGE SUPPORT
Bendix System Would Pinpoint Missile Impact Points
BIONICS
Space-General Probes Method To 'Grow' Computers
ADVANCED MATERIALS®
Bell Labs Studying Crystal Formation from Vapor
SPACE EXPLORATION
Space Agency Outlines Semi-permanent Lunar Base
SPACE ELECTRONICS j
New Apollo Guidance System May Become Standard
SPACE PROPULSION
First 156-in. Solid Motor Prepared for Spring Firing
DEPARTMENTS
14
15
18
22
23
26
28
32
Letters
The Countdown
The Missile/Space
Week®
Technical Countdown
The Industry Week
5
7
8
17
39
Contracts/Procurements 40
Products & Processes 42
Names in the News 44
When & Where 45
Editorial . 46
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
47,050 copies this issue
t U.S. Reg. Pdg.
WEAPON SYSTEMS
» 7 « »
10 II 12 13 Ik
I
So many side tracks—
Keep headed right!
There can be many time-wasting
sidings on the line to the best
WEAPON SYSTEMS. Working with
the Air Force to keep on the right
technological track is one of the vital
national-defense missions of
Aerospace Corporation. Specifically:
We plan Aerospace is projecting
missile programs to fit our nation's
needs through and beyond 1975. One
aspect is to plan how best to allocate
future resources for maximum
ballistic missile system effectiveness.
Aerospace's mathematicians, scien-
tists, preliminary design engineers,
and systems and operations analysts
work on both advanced systems and
improvements to existing systems.
They describe weapon systems in
terms of cost, performance, vulner-
ability, and size. They analyze the
trade-offs and options involved.
We guide After a system concept
is determined and an industry team is
selected by the Air Force, Aerospace
co-ordinates, interprets, and guides
the efforts of the contractors. Techni-
cal meetings are held where ideas are
exchanged and system trade-offs dis-
cussed. Aerospace sifts and evaluates
contractor progress toward the new
and improved ballistic missile sys-
tems required.
B p probe Aerospace scientists
are actively engaged in appraising
system vulnerability to environment
and countermeasures. They must call
upon their knowledge of the latest
advances in nuclear effects, propel-
lant chemistry, solid-state devices,
high-temperature gas dynamics, and
electromagnetic wave propagation.
Engineers and scientists who are
challenged by the complexities of
advanced thinking will find a stimu-
lating environment at Aerospace
Corporation. For information on cur-
rent job opportunities, please write to
Mr. R. E. Durant, Room 105, Box
249, San Bernardino, California. An
equal-opportunity employer.
Take as many as you can of the 39 cars of your
train from X to Y. Each time you back out of a
siding you lose one car. Can you lose only the
minimum of 19? (From Mazes and Labyrinths, a
Book of Puzzles, by Walter Shepherd ; Dover Publi-
cations. Inc., New York 14. N. Y.)
AEROSPACE CORPORATION
Organized in the public interest and dedicated to providing objective leadership in the advancement and application of
space science and technology for the United States Government
letters
Ranger Management
To the Editor:
Your Feb. 10 editorial ("A $150-MiI-
lion Failure") was neither the "shotgun
condemnation" nor the "impassioned out-
burst" that Messrs. Schmidt and Winslow
contend in their letters to the editor (Feb.
24). Rather, it is their heated replies, com-
plete with the conspicuously unspecific
castigations of industry performance on
Mercury, Titan and the Nuclear Submarine
Program, that merit the appellations they
so graciously offer.
The somewhat more measured response
of Mr. Thompson (Letters, March 2) only
further displays the acute defensiveness
that characterizes these efforts to rebut
your charges. A careful reading of each
letter only lends support to your basic
thesis that the attainment of our defense
and space goals requires a sanguinary and
firm-minded grasp of reality and necessity
that is fundamentally foreign to the intel-
lectual precision of an academic environ-
ment.
There is a well-defined place in our de-
fense and space activities for the academi-
cally related laboratories. It lies in the area
of scientific investigation — not in the areas
of system engineering and program man-
agement.
Certainly, industry and the nation are
much in the debt of the nonprofit labo-
ratories for their science contributions.
Nevertheless, as you rightly noted, it is
only in a "hard-driving industrial atmos-
phere" that these contributions can be en-
gineered to meet the stringent requirements
of military and space application.
Ranger VI was but the most recent and
conspicuous example of the consequences
that attend the unwarranted extension of
the scientific community into industrial
realms. Time, in its immutable course, will
present us with other examples.
Already Congressional and industry
spokesmen have begun to question the per-
formance of the MIT Instrumentation Lab-
oratory as guidance managers for Apollo.
The heated contentions of Mr. Schmidt not-
withstanding, the past record of MIT does
not offer any very great assurances that
system engineering is any better understood
there than at IPL.
On the Polaris program the inputs of
the Instrumentation Laboratory were so
esoteric that the Navy ultimately found
itself saddled with an 1,800-lb. transit case
which required an additional 400 lbs. of
lead-acid batteries and an enlisted attend-
ant merely to transport a guidance plat-
form from Charleston, S.C., to Holy Loch,
Scotland. This is truly a neat operational
requirement for a third-generation guid-
ance unit performing at hardly more than
half IRBM range.
By way of contrast, the first-generation,
industry-developed Atlas ICBM guidance
unit and its transit case weigh less than
half the Polaris figure. In addition, they
require no batteries or other support sys-
tems in either storage or transit and can
travel without attendants over any required
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
distance. Perhaps this lends a little per-
spective to the current concern for Apollo.
You are to be commended for your
excellent editorials. They consistently dis-
play a keen judgment and a clear voice
that should be more widely heard.
Frederick J. Howard
Freeport, N.Y.
Dockless Warehouses
To the Editor:
The other day I came across a report
that contained the usual number of dull or
behind-schedule items. In the midst of all
this normality was an item written to jus-
tify the expenditure of funds to provide
a loading dock at one of our off-site ware-
houses. In this day of detailed justification
for everything, this one stands out like a
bright ray of sunshine.
I have enjoyed it so much that I am
hanging a copy on my office wall. I am
enclosing it for your readers' enjoyment.
Subject: Warehouse Dock Space
In reply to your request for some ob-
servations on why a Warehouse must have
a dock, I can only say that it is something
like asking "why does an elephant need a
trunk?" — because it is in the nature of the
beast to be able to operate as an elephant
at all, that's why.
A Warehouse is a building used for
temporary storage. Material of many sizes
and shapes is routed into a Warehouse as
a way station, a hold area, in the journey
from Supplier to ultimate user. Therefore,
material is continuously being unloaded
from some source into the building, and
material is continuously being unloaded
out to someone who needs it. A Warehouse
is an organism that ingests and excretes
material ceaselessly if it is alive.
Now unless this material is being
brought to and taken away from the build-
ing in baskets atop the heads of Gurkha
bearers, it is usually unloaded out of and
loaded back into wheeled vehicles whose
floors are generally 41-45 in. above the
ground. A dock 43 in. above yard level
thus becomes the basic material-handling
tool of a Warehouse.
Absence of such a dock creates an inef-
ficient, time-wasting, high-cost, even phys-
ically dangerous operation if the level of
activity is anything at all above that of a
country store. You need more fork-lifts,
more people, more space, more Supervi-
sion, more patience, resourcefulness and in-
genuity (and these are at a premium every-
where, practically extinct); you have more
people hurt, more material smashed — you
have more of everything you don't want.
A Warehouse is a necessary evil at
best, always a potential bottleneck and con-
fusion-factory. It should not be deprived
of its trunk — else how can it catch peanuts
on Sunday at the zoo?
W. P. Carroll
North American Aviation, Inc.
Downey, Calif.
' »*** t i t ) • I « a » 4
Get on the main line
in your career
SOLUTION TO THE MAZE
Change from lines 1 to 3 (middle of
column), from 3 to 10, from 10 to 8
(middle), from 8 to 7 (top), from 7
(top) to 7 (bottom), from 7 to 8
(bottom), from 8 to 11, from 11 to 10
(bottom), from 10 to 12, from 12 to 13
and 14 (bottom), from 14 to 12
(middle), from 12 to 14 (top), and
from 14 to 15.
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
Making certain that our ballistic
missile forces give strength to our
national defense in the years to come
is part of the current effort of the
Advanced Planning Division, located
in San Bernardino, California.
DO YOU HAVE SOME OF
THESE QUALIFICATIONS?
A degree in engineering, the physical
sciences, or mathematics / several
years' experience as a missile system
preliminary design engineer / several
years' experience in systems or opera-
tions analysis; in estimating costs of
new weapon systems or subsystems; in
systems performance analysis / experi-
ence in synthesizing, optimizing, and/or
analyzing ballistic missile defense sys-
tems or subsystems / experience in
predesign or systems analysis of any
currently programmed ballistic missile
system or subsystem.
IF YOU DO
You will find challenging assignments
at Aerospace Corporation. For infor-
mation on current career opportunities,
please write to Mr. R. E. Durant, Room
105, Box 249, San Bernardino, Calif.
An equal-opportunity employer.
AEROSPACE
CORPORATION
5
ma*
What are you really paying for when you
buy any microwave tube or component?
This VA-842 was sold with a 1,000 hour
warranty.
Varian scientists, engineers, and techni-
cians have been building extra perform-
ance in klystrons, BWO's, TWT's and into
every other product we make for a good
many years.
29,400 hours+
Twenty-nine thousand four hundred hours
PLUS, is what the Varian customer bought.
When this old warrior finally retired, it had
logged nearly four years of continuous
service. That's the story. It doesn't make
for much of a replacement business, but
it sure produces happy customers.
This 29,400 hour tube will be on display at
VARIAN CENTER
2nd FLOOR I. E. E. E. SHOW'64
MARCH 23-26
C VARIAN
Photo courtesy 0=3'nj^\^Gontutental Zledwutici DIVISION
ASSOCIATES I MICROWAVE TUBE GROUP: PALO ALTO TUBE DIVISION • BOMAC
TUBE DIVISION DIVISION • S-F-D LABORATORIES, INC. • SEMICON OF CALIFORNIA, INC.
Palo Alto 10. Calif. VARIAN ASSOCIATES OF CANADA, LTD. • SEMICON ASSOCIATES, INC.
EUROPEAN SALES HEADQUARTERS: VARIAN A.G.. ZUG. SWITZERLAND
Circle No. 9 on Subscriber Service Cord
The Countdown
WASHINGTON
MMRBM May Yet Be Saved
Some Congressional leaders say there still is hope for
the badly-battered Mobile Medium Range Ballistic Missile
program — if Dept. of Defense proves a mission and if suita-
ble international agreements are reached for its deployment.
They say reprogramming action could be taken later in the
year if the project is justified.
Hawk, Hercules Units to Remain in Florida
Twelve Nike-Hercules and Hawk firing sites in Florida
will remain there as a permanent part of the Continental
Air Defense Forces. The units were transferred to the Miami
and Key West areas during the 1962 Cuban crisis.
DOD Says No Shelters, No Nike-X
Secretary of Defense McNamara has reaffirmed that he
will not recommend deployment of the Nike-X system with-
out initiation of a full-scale fallout shelter program. "An
anti-ballistic missile system cannot stand alone without a
fallout shelter program," he declares. Congressional action
on shelters, therefore, could affect Nike-X funding.
IMP Discovers New Radiation Zone
Sensors aboard the Interplanetary Monitoring Probe
(IMP), now orbiting Earth after its Nov. 26 launch from
Cape Kennedy, have detected an extensive region of high-
energy radiation beyond the previously known reaches of
the Earth's radiation belts. The hitherto-unknown energy zone
appears to fan out beyond the Van Allen belts on either
side of the Earth and trail off in a kind of "wake" in the
direction away from the Sun.
MSC Scrubs Review of Small Contracts
Officials at Manned Spacecraft Center have decided to
dispense with legal review of all contracts under $100,000.
Reason: an attempt to speed up the center's contracting.
Spread of the new management procedure to other NASA
field installations is expected.
ARPA Stretches Out Vela Hotel Program
The Vela Hotel satellites, produced by TRW Space Tech-
nology Laboratories, have been so successful that the Ad-
vanced Research Projects Agency has stretched out the
launch schedule considerably. This will permit time for de-
veloping added sophistication in the next pair.
Congress Questions Comsat Delay
Congress starts probing this week into lack of action
on the military communications satellite program. Hearings
are planned by the House Government Operations Commit-
tee. They want to know the cause of the delay in view of
Dept. of Defense testimony last April which stressed the
urgent need for the military comsat.
NASA Takes New Look at Reusable Boosters
NASA is looking with greater interest at reusable booster
concepts. The space agency is encouraging industry to do
likewise. Tightening of space program funds is a major
reason, according to some observers. Hypersonic ramjets
are receiving serious consideration.
NASA Studies Mission Outside Capsule
Before design of the extravehicular environmental con-
trol system can proceed, NASA must decide what missions
Gemini astronauts are to perform outside the capsule. Two
approaches are under study for the system — a fully self-
contained system and an on-board system to support the
astronaut through an umbilical.
INDUSTRY
Aerojet Develops Advanced Booster Engine
Air Force is funding development of a revolutionary
liquid rocket engine concept by Aerojet-General Corp. The
engine family uses storable propellants and is based on ad-
vances in liquid-engine hardware technology. A higher
chamber pressure is the key to the powerplant's performance
and the system is amenable to high-energy propellants.
Whether this is a similar engine recently described by Dept.
of Defense as having performance greater than NASA's
cryogenic M-l engine is not yet known.
LSI Wins Marshall Test Area Contract
Lear-Siegler Inc. has been awarded an estimated $4-
million contract for installation of new technical systems
and modification of present systems at Marshall Space Flight
Center's east test area. Both stages of Saturn IB will be
tested and vibration tests of Saturn V will be conducted.
Walt Williams Sought by Aerospace Corp.
Aerospace Corp. has offered Walter Williams, deputy as-
sociate administrator for NASA manned space flight opera-
tions, the post of vice president of its manned systems di-
vision. Williams reportedly is favorably disposed toward
the offer — but the U.S. astronaut team and other space
agency officials are trying to persuade him to remain with
Projects Gemini and A polio.
INTERNATIONAL
Hawker Siddeley Signs Pact with Matra
The guided weapons and rocket division of Britain's
Hawker Siddeley Group, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics, has
signed an agreement with France's Engins Matra for co-
operation on all aspects of research, development and pro-
duction in the electronics, missiles and space research fields.
Swedish Firms To Study ESRO Satellite
Preliminary studies for the first European Space Research
Organization (ESRO) satellite will be carried out by three
Swedish firms — SAAB, ASEA and LME. Launch is sched-
uled for September, 1967. from Pacific Missile Range aboard
a Scout booster.
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
7
The Missile/ Space Week
ERC Gets Final Approval
The Senate Aeronautics and
Space Sciences Committee voted not
to bar NASA's plans for an Electron-
ics Research Center to be located in
Boston.
The 10-to-4 vote cleared the way
for the center, which earlier was ap-
proved by an 18 to 13 vote in the
House Science and Astronautics
Committee.
The Advanced Research and
Technology Subcommittee of the
House group cut out FY 1965 con-
struction funds for the center, but
this was expected to be overruled by
the full committee in the light of its
earlier approval. Vote in the subcom-
mittee was 5 to 3, with Chairman
Kenneth Hechler (D-W.Va.) voting
against the reduction.
Advanced Rockets Pact Let
NASA has selected Lockheed Mis-
siles and Space Co., Sunnyvale,
Calif., to develop advanced tech-
nology for large nuclear and chemi-
cal rockets.
The contract — worth $1.5 million
for seven months — will continue and
keep up to date certain research be-
gun as a part of the RIFT vehicle
project.
Principal areas of activity will
be insulation development, cryogenic-
testing, structural development, ap-
plication of RIFT technology to
Saturn stages and documentation of
pertinent technology for future use.
USSR Offers Aid to Astronauts
The Soviet Union has submitted
to the United Nations legal commit-
tee on the peaceful uses of outer
space a treaty draft that would pro-
vide aid to astronauts in distress
and to the launchers of downed
spacecraft.
It differs from a recent U.S. pro-
posal on that subject in that it would
authorize the country that launched
a downed spacecraft to conduct un-
assisted searches for it on the high
seas.
It also imposes two conditions on
the return of a strayed spacecraft :
it must have been launched "for the
purposes of peaceful exploration and
use of outer space;" and the launch-
ing must have been previously an-
nounced.
The Russian draft is similar to
that of the U.S., however, in that it
suggests employing "every means at
the disposal" of a state in assisting
astronauts in distress.
Shots of the Week
A land-launched Polaris A3 failed
to reach its Atlantic Missile Range
target from Cape Kennedy Mar. 11
when the second stage veered off
course shortly after separation. The
Navy reported that most test objec-
tives were met, however.
• The Air Force on Mar. 11
launched from Point Arguello, Calif.,
a secret satellite aboard an Atlas-
Agena vehicle.
Bullpup B Engines Shipped
The first production engines for
the Bullpup-B air-to-surface missile
are being received by the Navy this
week only six months after Thiokol
Chemical Corp.'s Reaction Motors
Div. received the production order.
The LR62 storable-fueled units
are loaded at RMD's Denville, N.J.,
production plant and shipped in a
ready-to-fire condition. The firm will
complete shifting the LR62 produc-
tion lines from Denville to Rockaway,
N.J., early this spring.
NASA, DOD Going to Fair
NASA and the Dept. of Defense
will provide a million-dollar display
of rockets and spacecraft at the New
York World's Fair, opening next
month.
Headliner for the exhibit in the
fair's Space Park will be a full-scale
"boattail" section of the Saturn V,
standing 85 ft. high. A Titan II-
Gemini combination will be on view
in a launch configuration.
Also on display will be full-scale
models of the Lunar Excursion
Module and Gemini capsule, and the
actual Mercury capsule used by Scott
Carpenter.
Titan III Booster at Edwards
The first 40-ton segments of
United Technology Center's 120-in.
solid booster are being unloaded at
Edwards AFB this week.
The flight-weight Titan III boost-
ers will go through firings in the
Mohave Desert complex this spring
in the second phase of the static test
program scheduled for the strap-on
million-lb.-thrust boosters. The seg-
ments are being shipped from Coyote,
Calif., in air conditioned steel con-
tainers aboard 48-wheel truck-trailer
rigs. Transport time is three days.
Later this year the first of the
segments will be shipped via rail to
Cape Kennedy, Fla.
Another Atlas Explodes
The third Atlas in less than a
year — and second in the last month
(M/R, Feb. 24, P. 11)— exploded in
a silo at Walker AFB, N.M., Mar. 9.
In both the recent instances, the
Atlas F missiles had been under-
going training exercises at the time
of blast. Neither had a warhead at-
tached.
Both blasts happened while the
missiles were being hoisted by an
elevator. Reports that the malfunc-
tions were related to LOX "topping
off" instrumentation or procedure
have not been confirmed or denied
by the Air Force.
Cook Wins AF Contract
Cook Electric Co.'s Tech-Center
Div., Morton Grove, 111., has been
awarded a $600,000 Air Force con-
tract for development of an air-
launched recoverable rocket system.
To be used for transporting scientific
payloads to high altitudes, it will em-
ploy a modified Genie missile as the
probe vehicle.
Second phase of the program calls
for development of systems to sep-
arate the payload from the carrier,
stabilize the payload for proper func-
tioning, control its descent and pro-
vide for air-snatch recovery. The
modified Genies will be capable of
either supersonic or subsonic launch.
The program is a follow-on to the
Jason sounding rockets, used in high-
altitude probes to measure space
radiation and nuclear radiation
levels. Deliveries already have begun
under the Cook contract.
Genie was selected for two rea-
sons: 1) it is an operational system;
2) it is an air-launched vehicle and
as such provides advantages oven
ground-launched high-altitude
probes.
Nike Move Blocked
A proposal to shift more than 20
Nike-Hercules batteries from various
Strategic Air Command bases td
8
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
hardened sites reportedly was re-
fused by the House Armed Services
Committee.
The action, reportedly to have cost
$45 million, was part of a $101-mil-
lion cut suffered by the Army in the
now $1.6 billion Military construc-
tion Authorization Bill reported out
by the committee. Total cuts were
$248.8 million.
Floor action is expected sometime
this week.
Final action was taken last week
Dn the Military Authorization Bill
(M/R, Mar. 2, p. 16) for procure-
ment and research, development, test
md evaluation, with conferees from
the House and Senate Armed Serv-
ices Committee agreeing on a total
Dill of $16.98 billion.
Senate action cutting the Mobile
Medium Range Ballistic Missile
(MMRBM) back from $110 million
to $40 million to be applied only to
;he Stellar Inertial Guidance system
was accepted by the House.
Conferees agreed to halve the
?125 million difference between the
two houses. Final bill is $208 million
ess than DOD requested, and $1.3
billion less than last year.
Wilson Snubs Polaris
Britain's Labor Party leader
Harold Wilson has reaffirmed that
bis party would cancel that country's
Polaris agreement with the U.S. if
she Laborites win the general elec-
;ion this year.
In a television interview, Wilson
said, "We have made it clear from
1961 onwards that Britain will cease
;his pretense of being a nuclear
power."
The statement is interpreted as a
irmer rejection of the Dec, 1962,
Nassau agreement, which substi-
;uted the Polaris for the cancelled
Skybolt in Britain's defense future,
;han any previous remark on the
part of a Labor spokesman.
CORRECTION
The Univac Division of
Sperry Rand Corp. was errone-
ously listed in the Mar. 2 issue,
p. 17, as a member both of the
Sperry Gyroscope-Kollsman
Corp. and the TRW Space
Technology Laboratories-Gen-
eral Precision, Inc. teams of
program definition phase con-
tractors for the Standardized
Space Guidance System. Univac
is teamed only with the latter
group.
pressure indicator provides readout,
excitation and signal conditioning
for bonded strain gage transducers
A Taber TELEDYNE® Series 236 Indicator is ideal for remote indication of
pressures picked up by Taber TELEDYNE® Transducers in field locations up
to Vi mile away . . . and, with modifications, over even greater distances.
Compact and integrated, the Series 236 contains all of the necessary electronics
for accurate utilization of bonded strain gage transducers. It is equipped with a
100 division scale and may be calibrated to any pressure range. Calibration of the
entire indicator-transducer system is checked by depressing a momentary contact
switch to unbalance the strain gage bridge to 80% of full scale.
The meter movement (dial and front cover) is hinged to a cast aluminum case
for safe, easy access to the Electrical Zero and Span screwdriver adjustments.
The 236 Indicator can be furnished with an additional receptacle to supply
0 to 5 volts DC for actuating a standard recorder or process amplifier without
additional power supplies, amplifiers, or other instrumentation.
For details on Taber Indicators, Transducers and Amplifiers, write:
AEROSPACE ELECTRONICS DIVISION
Taber Instrument Corporation
Section 217, 107 Goundry Street, North Tonawanda, N. Y.
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
Circle No. 7 on Subscriber Service Card
9
Budget cutting blamed .
Saturn V Slippage Is Certain
Analysis of detailed program schedule indicates first manned
flight in late '68; lunar landing this decade looks impossible
Huntsville, Ala. — Early slippage
in the Saturn V booster program proba-
bly will put off its first launch until
mid- 1967 and its first manned flight
until late 1968.
This will put the U.S. goal of land-
ing a man on the Moon by the end of
this decade almost out of the question.
The original schedule called for first
launch of Saturn V in the second quar-
ter of 1966.
The latest schedule calls for ship-
ment of the first 7. 5-milIion-lb. -thrust
S-IC first stage to Cape Kennedy in
July, 1966. However, the first S-II sec-
ond stage will not reach the Cape until
the last quarter of the year. Since six
months is required to mate and check
out the vehicle, it is now certain that the
first launch will not be made until mid-
1967.
The target for a manned flight is
also slipping.
Despite hopes in some official NASA
by Hal Taylor
quarters that the first manned mission
could be flown on the third flight of the
big rocket, officials at NASA's Marshall
Space Flight Center, which directs the
Saturn program, believe that shooting
for a manned flight on the fifth is far
more realistic.
It's believed that the Saturn V will
not be able to lift the Apollo spacecraft
weight of 90,000 lbs. until the fifth
flight because of heavy testing equip-
ment on the earlier flights.
• Overly ambitious schedule — The
most optimistic schedule calls for a
Saturn launch every three months. Ex-
perience in past flight programs makes
this look dubious. For example, in the
Saturn I project, five flights were made
over a period of 27 months, or one
every five months. In the Mercury flight
series, Earth-orbital launches were
made about once every seven months.
SATURN V first-stage fuel tank moves into hydrostatic testing.
10
Based on that history, five Saturn V
flights will probably require a minimum
of two years to complete, putting thei
first manned mission into late 1968 or
possibly even 1969.
Prime reason for slippage in Saturn
V apparently is Congressional cuts in1
funding. Officials at Marshall said that
no major technical problem has delayed-
the project, but there have been a lot of
minor wrinkles which had to be ironed
out.
Part of the slippage is also attribut-
able to the combustion instability that
occurred in the first stage's 1.5-million-
lb. -thrust Saturn F-l engine.
There also have been delays in de-
livery of the first-stage components, but
this has been blamed on the under-
capacity of available tools at the Mich-
oud launch vehicle facility.
The Boeing Co. is prime contractor
for the first stage, which is being built
at Michoud. Marshall is developing
three test models and the first twos
flight stages.
The S-IC first stage is 33 ft. in di-
ameter and 138 ft. high. The S-II sec-
ond stage — being developed by North
American Aviation, Inc. — is 33 ft. in
diameter and 82 ft. high. The S-IVB
third stage — with Douglas Aircraft
Co. as prime contractor — is 22 ft. in
diameter and 59 ft. high.
• Plan VII details — Officials here
recently completed Plan VII, outlining:
the test and Cape Kennedy delivery
schedule for the first stage of the Saturn]
V. Some slippage already is creeping in.;
Engineers had expected to hold the:
first static-firing of the booster late this;
year. The static-test vehicle will not be
delivered, however, until Nov. 15. This
will put off the first static test until)
February, 1965.
The F-l engines for the vehicle —
named the S-IC-T — are to be delivered)
starting in August, 1964. Two engines;
also will be delivered in September, Oc-J
tober and November.
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964j
The first static test will be run with
mly one engine. Then the two outboard
:ngines will be added. By March 1,
1965, engineers hope to make the first
ml five-engine static firing. Testing of
he static vehicle will last about one
rear.
Assembly of the first flight stage will
>egin in June, 1964, and last about 13Vi
nonths. Structural components are
cheduled to be delivered to Marshall
rom Michoud in April and May of
his year. Propulsion components will
>e delivered in June or July and in-
trumentation in February-March, 1965.
In-plant checkout and modification
vill begin at Marshall in August, 1965,
ind will take about five months. Ac-
eptance firing in the test stand will
legin in January, 1965, and last three
nonths. Refurbishment and checkout
vill then be undertaken prior to ship-
nent of the booster to Cape Kennedy in
uly, 1966.
• Responsibilities outlined — Under
Man VII, Marshall is responsible for
milding the static-test vehicle, the struc-
ural test model, a test fuel tank and the
Est two booster flight stages.
Boeing is responsible for two test
ehicles — S-IC-D, a dynamic test model,
nd S-IC-F, which will be used to
heck out facilities at Cape Kennedy.
Boeing will also build eight flight
tages at Michoud. Fabrication of the
irst one, SIC-3, will begin in February,
THE DEFENSE DEPT. plans to
xpend 10% of each type of missile in
le U.S. strategic retaliatory arsenal in
perational tests over the next 18
lonths. This extremely high firing rate
[ also programmed over the span of
le five-year program package presented
) Congress with the FY '65 budget.
At presently planned force levels,
lis would mean that approximately 1 00
tinuteman, 20 Polaris A2 and 45 Po-
iris A3 as well as lesser numbers of
itan missiles would be fired each year
ver the next five years to ensure the
iliability and dependability of U.S.
rategic forces.
This accelerated launch schedule, al-
lough programmed for the entire five
;ars, is not expected to be necessary,
s experience and statistical data is ac-
rmulated, Defense officials expect that
le percentage of the force expended
ich year would drop closer to 5%.
This annual program will be con-
lcted from Vandenberg AFB (Min-
eman) and Cape Kennedy (Polaris).
• Minuteman program — Opera-
snal firings of the Minuteman will in-
)lve removing the operational missile
1965. It is slated for delivery to Cape
Kennedy in March, 1967. Delivery of
the other seven are scheduled to fol-
low at three-month intervals through
July, 1968.
Marshall engineers are currently en-
gaged in a sharp weight-shaving pro-
gram to keep the first stage below its
specification weight of 293,670 lbs. Its
current projected weight is 292,043 lbs.,
primarily because of various changes
that trimmed 5,000 lbs. from the ve-
hicle.
The lighter vehicle was achieved by
redesigning the LOX tunnel bellows,
which cut 275 lbs.; revision of the LOX
tunnel ring, 100 lbs.: tapering the skin
for the intertank, 132 lbs.; reduced
weight of the fuel tank "Y" rings by
1,500 lbs.; reduced weight of the ma-
chine pockets in the LOX tank "Y"
ring, 1,680 lbs.; tapering fuel tank
panels, 120 lbs.; and tapering the LOX
tank skin panels, 388 lbs.
While a definite fix on the Saturn
V's weight will not be available until
a flight vehicle is built, officials here
declare that it will meet its specified
payload capability of 90,000 lbs.
• S-II weight critical — One Saturn
V official told Missiles and Rockets
that there is always a struggle between
weight and performance. "I'm positive
we will meet our payload capability un-
less we run into orbital problems," the
official said.
from its silo and emplacing it in a silo
at Vandenberg. Following this artificial
operation, the test would be conducted
as a complete operational readiness test
with Air Force launch-control personnel
responsible for the launch.
Although a considerable number of
Minuteman I firings have been con-
ducted, DOD has not included a large
percentage of these in the statistical sam-
ple for reliability calculations. The rea-
son for excluding these firings is that
either the missile has changed or the
conditions were not representative of a
"no-notice" operational launch.
Consequently, further flight testing
of the Minuteman IB (a distinction to
differentiate these missiles from the
lesser capability Malmstrom AFB mis-
siles), is planned over the next year.
DOD has. in fact, considered the possi-
bility of over-flying parts of the U.S. to
add as much realism as possible to the
operational test. So far this possibility
has been rejected.
Over the next 12 months, more than
40 Minuteman IB missiles will be fired.
Following this, large-scale operational
testing of Minuteman II will begin.
He said that the S-II stage is the
critical item because it is a cluster of
five liquid hydrogen J-2 engines using
a million pounds of propellant.
He said there have been increases
in weight of the hydrogen tank, but
these are being offset by other weight
reductions.
He admitted that Marshall has pre-
pared a list of critical items for which
it wants NASA headquarters to approve
backup systems.
He declined to reveal what specific
systems were involved until NASA
headquarters had passed on them. He
said this would take several more weeks.
M. V. Urlaub, first-stage program
manager at Marshall, cited the S-IC
project as a true joint venture between
government and industry.
"It is a parallel program and one
can't go on without the other. If we
miss a milestone, this will force Boe-
ing to miss one," Urlaub said.
As an example, he cited the S-IC-T
static-test vehicle which is being as-
sembled at Marshall. The whole project,
he continued, depends on a satisfactory
test program. After the test program is
completed at Marshall, the stage will
be shipped to the Mississippi Test Fa-
cility to checkout and test stands there
before the arrival of the first Boeing-
built stages. Thus, any delay in the test
program at Marshall probably will de-
lay the MTO and Boeing programs. ■
mmm®
• Polaris program — Operational
testing of Polaris is somewhat simpli-
fied by the fact that a sufficient number
of A2 missiles have been fired to pro-
vide a representative statistical sample.
Thus there is little question that the A2
can meet its reliability goals. Further
operational testing, therefore, will con-
centrate on crew readiness and equip-
ment suitability.
The A3 missile, however, does not
enjoy this same degree of confidence.
Expected to become operational in Au-
gust, the A3 will begin its operational
readiness tests approximately eight
months later.
So far, according to Defense offi-
cials, the A3 has been following the
reliability pattern set by the A2 and,
except for development problems with
the second stage automatic shutoff
mechanism, is proving to be a depend-
able system even in development.
However, DOD plans call for oper-
ational firings from submerged subma-
rines off the coast of Cape Kennedy.
These missiles would be fired as the sub-
marines came off -station. ■
Stringent Missile Reliability Test Set
issiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
11
Clears House committee . . .
NASA Budget Little Damaged So Far
by Heather M. David
THE HOUSE Science and Astro-
nautics Committee left the NASA FY
1965 budget in relatively good shape,
cutting only about $100 million, to leave
more than $5.2 billion.
The large orbiting observatories took
the brunt of the trimming in the re-
search and development category.
All committee members interviewed
said they did not feel that the $5.2-bil-
lion level would in any way injure the
effort to land a man on the Moon within
the decade. Administrator James E.
Webb has told Congress repeatedly that
both the supplemental and the full au-
thorization will have to be appropriated
if the goal is to be met.
Manned spaceflight programs, which
last year took a heavy beating, with
several hundred million cut, this year
escaped serious injury with only a $3.9-
million reduction in advanced missions.
Apollo and Gemini got unanimous ap-
proval of the full committee and sub-
committee.
The cut in advanced missions
brought that fund back to the 1964
level of $22.1 million, on the basis that
NASA had not made a substantial case
for increasing this over the amount it
had budgeted for the previous year.
• OSO— Rep. Joseph E. Karth (D-
Minn.), chairman of the Space Sci-
ences and Applications Subcommittee,
told Missiles and Rockets orbiting
observatories were questioned "because
it appears that they have become am-
bitious compared to previous years."
However, he added, the committee's
actions amount to deferrals based on
the belief that some activities may ulti-
mately prove to be unnecessary, and in
some cases on a belief that requests
were premature.
The subcommittee pointed out that
NASA's launch schedule for the first
Orbiting Solar Observatory has already
slipped by a year, and that the projected
gap between later launches had grown
from six months to nine months. Even
this, it said, was "overly ambitious,"
and one launch per year would be more
realistic. In addition, the subcommittee
felt that a better-than-nine-month life-
time could be expected.
In view of the stretched-out sched-
ule and some admitted overlap with the
Advanced Orbiting Solar Observatory,
the committee recommended that NASA
defer its plans for the last three space-
craft of the eight in the program re-
quest. Thus, it cut $2.5 million from
OSO funds.
• OGO — The same reasoning was
applied to the Orbiting Geophysical
Observatory, which NASA has sched-
uled for two launches per year. The
subcommittee felt that one would make
more sense. It cut $6.5 million from
OGO funds, claiming it would be
"unrealistic to provide funds for activi-
ties which would take place from six
to eight years from the present date."
• OAO — The Orbiting Astronom-
ical Observatory, which NASA had
planned to launch at the rate of one a
year starting in calendar year 1965, got
similar treatment. Seven million dollars
of $8.5 million sought for the last two
(of five) spacecraft was "deferred" be-
cause some evaluation of the program
might be needed after one finally was
launched.
The subcommittee said the first
launch already has slipped two years,
and that, while recognizing the interest
of the scientific community, "there ap-
pears to be no over-riding urgency in
pursuing these investigations."
• Surveyor — According to the sub-
committee, NASA has already started
fabrication of seven Surveyors and plans
to contract for two more, all of which
will weigh 2,100 lbs. However, the
Space Sciences Subcommittee ques-
tioned the wisdom of having the two
additional flights of "this severely lim-
ited spacecraft."
Also, nine launches in less than two
years struck the group as being too
optimistic, especially considering the use
of an "unproven launch vehicle, the
Centaur." Since the FLOXed Atlas-
Centaur is to be phased into the pro-
gram midway, the group felt that the
last two probably would overlap into
this era, when the spacecraft would be
redesigned at the 2,500-lb. weight. Thus,
$12.3 million was cut for the 2,100-lb.
spacecrafts #8 and #9.
• Lunar Orbiter — The subcommit-
tee cut a $5-million fund for an added
block of five Lunar Orbiters, which has
not received NASA program approval.
The five authorized spacecraft are them-
selves two-and-one-half years away, the
subcommittee pointed out, and the need
for the second block was questioned im
view of both Ranger and Surveyor-
Lander objectives.
• Applications — All communica-i
tions, meteorological and other appli-
cations programs were approved as ie-\
quested, except for a $1.2-million fund
proposed for "various economic consid-
erations." The group directed that
NASA "undertake research only in those
areas clearly within its jurisdiction."
• Launch vehicles — While no fund-
ing cuts were made in the launch vehi-i
cle category, Karth's subcommittee
voiced concern over the fact that funds!
have been overestimated by as much asi
30-50%, then often not spent because-
of program delays.
• Advanced Research — The Ad-(
vanced Research and Technology Sub-'
committee headed by Rep. Ken Hechler
(D-W.Va.) was expected to add cuts of
about $20 million, or roughtly 6% of
the amount handled.
• Facilities — Biggest bite in con-|
struction requests was taken by the]
Manned Spaceflight Subcommittee,!
which levied a 10% reduction across,
the board. Chairman Olin Teague (D-i
Tex.) said that NASA should be able toi
accomplish its work at about the same
rate as the industrial firms constructing,
similar facilities.
This amounted to $22.5 million. A
small slice of $147,000 was taken bji\
the Space Sciences and Applications re*
quest, to be applied mostly in prelimi-r
nary design work.
The Manned Spaceflight Subcom-
mittee also levied an across-the-board
cut of 5% in administrative operations,
amounting to $15,228,500, on the basis
that it did not feel that NASA had
fully justified all its requests for equip-
ment, supplies and "other services." i
Total Manned Spaceflight cut is thus >
$41.6 million; Space Sciences and Ap*
plications lost $34.5 million; and $20
million is expected to be paved fron) |
Advanced Research and Technology, j i
• Supplemental — The $141 million i
requested by NASA for supplemental; i
FY '64 funds remains in limbo in the \
Independent Offices Subcommittee oj j
the House Appropriations Committee} j
presumably not be acted upon until the (
FY '65 bill is considered (M/R, MarcW
2, p. 16). I
12
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964]
This week . . .
"TOPSl" SATELLITE will obtain precise data on electron
density distribution at the top of the ionosphere.
NASA Satellites
To Make Detailed
Ionosphere Study
NASA THIS WEEK is expected to
launch two unmanned scientific satel-
lites to make detailed studies of the
Earth's ionosphere.
A 120-lb. Beacon Explorer (for-
merly S-66) , boosted by a Delta vehicle,
is scheduled to be launched no earlier
than Mar. 17.
The satellite will broadcast data on
the ionosphere to more than 33 coun-
tries and will also serve as the test bed
for the first laser satellite experiment
ever attempted.
A 97-lb. satellite, formerly S-48,
and now nicknamed "Topsi" (Topside
Sounder, Ionosphere) is slated for
launch during the week of Mar. 16
to explore irregularities in the iono-
sphere and provide a better understand-
ing of its F-2 region.
• Beacon signals not coded — The
Beacon Explorer makes the extensive in-
ternational scientific effort possible be-
cause it transmits uncoded radio signals.
Most satellites send information by
coded telemetry to a limited number of
very specialized stations.
The uncoded radio signals are trans-
mitted by the Beacon Explorer at wave-
lengths that cause changes in the charac-
teristics of the signals as they pass
through the ionosphere. By studying
:he nature of the radio signals as they
ire received on the ground, scientists
:hroughout the world can participate in
studying the ionosphere.
The Beacon Explorer, in its 120-mi.
:ircular orbit, will also carry an electron
jrobe experiment to measure electron
iensities and temperatures in the im-
nediate vicinity of its orbit. Informa-
ion obtained from this experiment will
)e sent by coded telemetry to ground
stations of the NASA Space Track-
ng and Data Acquisition Network
; ST AD AN).
In addition to the major ionosphere
:xperiments, the Beacon Explorer will
also serve as a test for a laser device
located near Wallops Island, Va.
The NASA station will direct a beam
of light toward glass reflectors mounted
on the satellite as it passes over the
eastern United States near the island.
The laser beam, when it strikes the re-
flectors, will be returned to the source
and precise measurements of the satel-
lite's position in space can be calculated.
If the test is successful, it will not
only provide the most precise orbital
measurements to date, but will also
furnish a new tool for the science of
geodesy.
Ionosphere satellites fall into three
general types, depending upon their as-
signed tasks. The first type, called direct
measurements explorer, is designed to
measure in detail the characteristics of
both positively charged particles (ions)
and negatively charged particles (elec-
trons) in the ionosphere.
The second type of ionosphere satel-
lite, called topside sounders, transmits
radio signals of varying wavelengths,
which are reflected from the top side
of the ionosphere with the echo being re-
ceived back at the satellite.
• "Topsi" details — "Topsi," an ex-
ample of the second type, was designed
and built by the Airborne Instruments
Laboratory of Cutler-Hammer, Inc. An
ion mass spectrometer experiment was
contributed by scientists at University
College, London.
The 97-lb. satellite is conical, shaped
something like a bottom-heavy duckpin.
The main section is 26 in. in diameter
and 32!/2 in. high. Mounted at the top
is a ball-shaped ion mass spectrometer
4 in. in diameter. This mass spectrom-
eter is at the end of a 10-in. tapered
boom, giving the satellite an overall
length of 46Vi in. Power is provided
by nickel-cadmium storage batteries,
which are supplied by 2,400 solar cells
mounted around the side of the satellite.
The name "Topsi" was coined by
the National Bureau of Standards. The
Bureau's Central Radio Propagation
Laboratory. Boulder, Colo., designed the
experiments the topside sounder will
carry.
Topsi's ion mass spectrometer was
"borrowed" from the British-designed
UK-1, or Ariel, international iono-
spheric satellite.
The Airborne Instruments Lab-built
satellite will complement and capitalize
on data that have been supplied by the
civilian Canadian Defense Research
Board's Alouette topside sounder. Alou-
ette was launched by NASA Sept. 29,
1962, and is generally considered one
of the most successful scientific satel-
lites ever orbited. It is still transmit-
ting.
The Beacon Explorer, in effect, rep-
resents a third type of ionosphere satel-
lite. Its radio transmissions are made at
wavelengths that penetrate through the
ionosphere to the ground. Thus, it will
transmit "raw" cross-section data on the
structure on both the top and bottom
sides (without altitude discrimination)
of the ionosphere directly to the network
of ground stations.
• Beacon shape — The Beacon Ex-
plorer is an octagonal-shaped satellite
with four solar panels extending from
its sides like the blades of a windmill.
The shell is 18 in. in diameter and 12
in. high. It is made of honeycomb
nylon and glass fiber. Protruding from
its top and bottom are the short antenna-
like poles used for the electron probe
experiment.
The solar panels are covered with
solar cells to convert energy from the
Sun into electricity to charge nickel-
cadmium batteries that provide the
power to operate the satellite. These
panels are 10 in. wide and 5Vi ft.
long. ■
nissiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
13
With some changes . . .
Weather Bureau Prepares
To Buy Tiros-type Craft
CONTRACTING is expected to be-
gin this summer on the new Tiros Op-
erational System (TOS) funded by the
Weather Bureau.
Dave Johnson, who will succeed
Dr. S. Fred Singer as director of the
National Weather Satellite Center next
month, says the initial contract may call
for four spacecraft. Funds will be trans-
ferred to NASA during the second
quarter to facilitate negotiations, he told
Missiles and Rockets.
Although NASA will be the con-
tracting agency and provide technical
management, Weather Bureau officials
will sit in on all proceedings and will
approve the final choice.
• Modifications — The new Tiros-
type spacecraft will be much like the
Tiros I, which will be launched next by
NASA, and is expected to cost about
the same as those in the current series.
However, these differences are being
considered:
— Cameras — The two agencies are
looking at the possibility of combining
the highly successful Automatic Picture
Transmission (APT) system with the
Advanced Vidicon Camera System
(AVCS). This could be done two ways:
1 ) by putting a recorder on the APT
system, or 2) taking the AVCS and
adding a recorder with variable readout
speed — actually developing an advanced
APT. Both these approaches are being
worked on — the latter being more fav-
orable since the resolution would be
much greater. Each satellite would be
equipped with two camera systems.
— Infrared — Although the cartwheel
configuration presents problems in IR
sensing, several simple IR systems are
being studied which could provide gross
information. One would give resolution
of only 200-300 miles, compared to
Tiros's present 30-50 mile system, but
data would still be valuable, Weather
Bureau officials said.
— Orbit — NASA is studying the
possibility of using a Thrust-Augmented
Delta, which would enable it to launch
the Tiros satellite to 700-mile, near-
polar circular orbit. According to mete-
orological satellite chief Dr. Morris Tep-
per, this would allow one of two cam-
eras, which will be placed on the sides
of the "wheel" and canted at an angle
of 26°, to get an overlapping track as it
moves over the Earth. Thus, if one
camera fails, and in almost every case
one of the two Tiros cameras has failed
early in its lifetime, the other still gets
the complete picture.
The basic cartwheel configuration
will be tested by NASA in its R&D
series, four of which probably will be
launched before the TOS system goes
into effect. According to Tepper, a
wheel-configured "J" is expected to be
launched into a low inclined eccentric
orbit, about 300 miles perigee and 3,000
miles apogee, with TV and IR sensors.
The next, "K," will go into very eccen-
tric inclined orbit, at 22,000 miles
apogee. This will enable the camera to
watch one portion of the Earth for about
two or three hours. NASA's "L" may
also be wheel-configured, in polar orbit,
although this order may change.
Without the souped-up Delta, alti-
tude will be about 400 miles in the
polar, circular orbit.
• Cameras fired — Two systems for
triggering the cameras so that in their
10 rpm cartwheel rotation they fire
only when pointed at the Earth are be-
ing discussed, Tepper said. One will be
self-computing, probably with an IR
horizon sensor which would trigger the
camera, the other spin-synchronized
with a possible override from the ground
if the picture started going askew.
As the cartwheel satellite now is
designed, it has a coil to maintain the
horizontal rotational axis. Small propul-
sion jets are now programmed to in-
crease or decrease the spin rate. How-
ever, Tepper said, it may be possible to
utilize a similar coil, horizontally
wrapped, to maintain spin rate at 10
±Vi rpm.
A big effort will also be made to
increase subsystem cross-scrapping,
Tepper said. Although it will not be
possible throughout the system, he said,
a push is on to achieve integrated re-
dundancy in which switches can be
made at a much lower level than has
been done. This may add some weight,
he said, but not a significant amount.
In fact, if the plan for the Thrust-
Augmented Delta is approved, a larger
and heavier Tiros could be accommo-
dated. However, the limiting factor is
the amount of power attainable by the
solar cell paddles. Tepper also disclosed
that some thought is being given to
making conically shaped surfaces to
increase this potential, although this is
far in the future.
• Process gradual — The evolution
into the new operational system will be
a gradual one, Dave Johnson said. Of
the three remaining Weather Bureau
Tiroses purchased under the original
agreement, two probably will be cart-
wheel and will begin to blend in the
improved sensors.
The new system probably will be
initiated in 1965, Johnson said. As many
as four satellites could be launched a
year, if present lifetime averages hold
out, since two will be in orbit at once.
Launches will be made from Atlantic
Missile Range.
A number of advanced sensor sys-
tems are still being studied at the Satel-
lite Laboratory, Johnson reported. In-
frared still ranks as one of the great
promises of the future, he said, and
grows more useful in meteorological
studies. The laboratory also is investi-
gating a medium-resolution IR radiom-
eter which could give data on cloudtop
attitude, and from which vertical tem-
perature profiles could be inferred.
Sensor work is also going toward
C02 detection, and spherics measure-
ment.
Some of these sensors may be of-
fered for testing on Nimbus, Johnson
said, although the Weather Bureau still
does not feel that the Nimbus satellited
as it now exists is economical for oper-
ational use.
• Operational system — Johnson es-l
timated that a reasonable annual oper-;
ating cost would be from $35 to $40)
million. For this, he said, the Bureau)
would expect to get both infrared and}
photographs, with complete coverage!
four times a day. Long life would be<
essential, he said.
While the synchronous satellite has
"some very attractive advantages," he
said, it would not give polar coverage,;
vertical profiles of temperature, or cer-
tain other information, because of itsi
great altitude. ■
14
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
Publication before mid-year . . .
AFSC Preparing Tech War Plan
Document will include findings of Project Forecast report,
become primary guide for allocating Command's resources
A TECHNOLOGICAL War Plan-
expected to become the primary basis for
allocating resources and establishing
priorities within the Air Force Systems
Command — is in the final stages of
preparation at AFSC Headquarters, An-
drews AFB, Md.
The document, which was being
shaped during much of 1963, has al-
ready undergone one major revision to
incorporate the findings of the still-
classified Project Forecast report.
Termed "basic" to AFSC's planning
concept, the Technological War Plan
(TWP) will be the source of guidance
for plotting future courses of action,
justifying resources and providing long-
term cohesiveness and continuity of ef-
fort. The plan is expected to be pub-
lished before the middle of the year.
• A new pattern — Traditionally,
individual components have been de-
veloped as improvements in separate
technologies and then welded together
into a weapons system as the need
arises. However, this does not neces-
sarily ensure that components critically
needed for a weapons system will be
available when they are needed.
Through analyses of the capabilities
of current forces, the potential threat,
. the anticipated environment and new
technological advances, the Tech War
Plan would seek to guide the develop-
ment efforts of AFSC into militarily
productive areas.
This "planned innovation," in addi-
tion to providing a sound analytical
basis for development planning, is in-
tended to permit savings in both de-
velopment time and cost.
Basically, the TWP will present a
matrix of system objectives and tech-
nical efforts required to achieve those
objectives. Within the matrix, the rel-
ative importance of the technical effort
will be called out by color codes. For
example, to meet strategic objectives,
technical effort in flexible structures
might be termed "critical" while efforts
in composite materials would be merely
"supporting" these objectives.
Areas of technology which have not
yet been related to specific missions but
which promise important benefits in the
future would be called out within the
matrix as having "high potential." Ex-
amples of two such areas might be work
on nuclear gyros and on self-repairing
circuits.
Closely related to the mission ob-
jectives/technical effort matrices would
be cost estimates of the resources re-
quired to achieve these objectives.
• AFSC annual report — In issuing
its annual report for 1963, AFSC listed
its major contributions to the defense
posture over the past 12 months:
— Delivery of two wings of Minute-
man and five flights of a third wing to
the Strategic Air Command, as well as
six squadrons of Titan II;
— First flight test of a communica-
tion system to penetrate the plasma
sheath surrounding vehicles during re-
entry;
— Development of an air-to-air in-
frared communication system that is
difficult to jam, intercept or detect;
— Completion of Hound Dog and
Falcon test programs;
— Bringing the third Ballistic Mis-
sile Early Warning System (BMEWS)
site at Fylingdales Moor, England, to
operational status with formal turnover
to North American Air Defense Com-
mand planned for 1964.
One of the major problems facing
Systems Command, however, is the lack
of modern technical facilities.
"Although some new projects were
approved," AFSC Commander Gen.
Bernard A. Schriever points out in his
preface to the annual report, "1963 was
a disappointing year in our program to
expand and modernize the Air Force
technological facilities base.
"Additional new laboratory, simula-
tion and instrumentation facilities will
be required, however, if the Command
is to adequately carry out assigned test
and evaluation responsibilities."
• Management progress — Major
improvements were made over the past
year in procurement through the reduc-
tion of the number of letter contracts
outstanding and a drastic reduction of
the number of cost-plus-fixed-fee con-
tracts. Letter contracts were reduced by
more than 50% — from approximately
250 with a value of about $1.8 billion
to less than 100 with a value of $750
million. Incentive contracts and fixed
price awards rose during the year from
3 1% to 52% , with an estimated savings
to the government of $150 million.
Responding to the Defense Depart-
ment's cost-reduction program, AFSC
reported that $398 million in savings
was realized in 1963. In addition, as
part of the Command's Project Purse
Strings, an additional $122 million was
reported as cost reductions. This is not
reportable under DOD's program.
• Technical achievements — One of
the most significant advancements in
technical progress made in 1963 was
development of a new, high-tempera-
ture, high-flexural, easily machinable,
oxidation-resistant graphite. Presumably
a product of Materials Central at
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio,
the material has an extremely low rate
of oxidation at temperatures up to
3,500°F.
Additives, rather than the graphite
itself, oxidize to form a protective layer
that prevents further oxidation as criti-
cal temperatures are reached. The ma-
terial is also self-sealing, re-forming to
seal off any punctures in the coating
caused by flying objects.
A low-frequency communications
site — employing a 1,200-ft. transmitting
antenna — was also installed and suc-
cessfully tested at Hawes, Calif. Using
a special modulation technique, the
tests verified system design and provided
the basis for acquisition of a complete
low-frequency system. ■
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
15
Another Sangamo first in Magnetic Tape Flexibility
NOW THE SANGAMO 4700 HANDLES
BOTH I "AND Vz TAPE SIMULTANEOUSLY
Record or Reproduce either width without
mechanical or electrical changes.
Make continuous loop dubs from original tapes on one
recorder. Operating at your choice of 8 electrically-
selected tape speeds, Sangamo 4700 now has an op-
tional feature which allows you to handle two different
tape widths at the same time. One width operates in
reel-to-reel mode . . . the other width operates as a
continuous loop.
Flexibility is unparalleled. Without time-consuming
mechanical or electrical changes— without even chang-
ing heads or guides— the 4700 will handle Vz" or 1"
tape, either on reels or in a loop.
Circle No. 5 on Subs
The Sangamo 4700 is unique in analog tape instru-
mentation. Its light mass capstan drive and unmatched
servo speed control provide unsurpassed data accuracy
in FM (DC to 20 KC) and Direct (300 to 300,000 cps)
ranges.
Be sure to investigate the 4700 for general recording
applications and the 480 time delay magnetic tape
recorder/reproducer for auto- and cross-correlation
applications. See the 4700 and 480 at the IEEE Show,
Booth 3107.
\vm%
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
SANGAMO ELECTRIC COMPANY
SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS
Service Card
Technical Countdown
ELECTRONICS
Sun Pumps AO Laser at Room Temperature
Neodymium-doped glass has been used (at 30°C), with
the Sun as a pumping source, to achieve continuous laser
action. Accomplished by American Optical Co. in its re-
search facility at Southbridge, Mass.. this is believed to
be the first solar-radiation-pumped laser operation at room
temperature. Working under an Air Force research pro-
gram, researchers used a 2-ft.-diameter parabolic mirror
and glass lenses to collect and concentrate solar energy
onto a 2.8-mm. diameter spot. The 30 x 1 -mm. -diameter
laser, placed at the focal point, produced an output of
10 microwatts, the company claimed.
Albedo-Proof Sun Seeker Developed
A 2-lb. satellite sun-position indicator, developed by
Bulova Watch Co. for Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.,
will operate on 0.2 watt and function for over one year
in space, designers claim. The new device will be boom-
extended to provide nearly complete spherical coverage. De-
signed for high radiation resistance, the unit is a multi-
faced instrument provided with pinhole apertures on each
facet for admitting solar radiation to photo-conductor cells
within the structure. The design, said Bulova, solves the
albedo problem (confusing solar radiations reflected from
other bodies in the solar system).
IMCC Display TV To GPL
Philco Corp., prime contractor on the development of
the Integrated Mission Control Center at Houston (M/R,
July 8, 1963, p. 32) has selected the GPL Div. of General
Precision, Inc., to supply 73 of its new precision 820 TV
cameras for prime displays at the IMCC. Delivery is slated
to start this year. The cameras have 675 lines of vertical
resolution and 800 lines horizontal resolution.
Shipboard Satellite Display to be Tested
The Navy will test a computer-driven satellite display
system later this year to see what role such equipment can
play in shipboard operations. Data processing in the ex-
perimental Satellite Position Prediction and Display equip-
ment (SPAD) is handled by a TRW 130 computer, which
stores orbital data on 100 selected satellites. Orbits of any
10 of these can be generated on a map display with a wide
range of time scales. Also, areas free from surveillance
by spy satellites can be located rapidly. The satellites dis-
played are selected by country of origin and function:
surveillance, communications, navigation, weather, scien-
tific and unknown. Developed by the Naval Research Lab-
oratories for the Bureau of Ships, the system has been
designed as a versatile research tool rather than as produc-
tion equipment, the Navy said.
Marshall Steps Up Atmospheric Studies
To study atmospheric jet streams (which can seriously
affect rocket flights), Marshall Space Flight Center physi-
cists recently launched 161 rawinsondes (meteorological
balloons) during a 10-day period. Data were recorded, offi-
cials said, on four different high-altitude weather fronts.
Part of an intensive measurement program in which over
1,000 balloons have been deployed to date from 31 measur-
ing stations in the southeastern United States, the effort has
obtained data up to 12 miles. Ultimately an atmospheric
model will be developed for studying conditions for pre-
launch monitoring and acoustical conditions related to
static tests of large boosters.
ASTRONAUTICS
Space Studies Brought Down to Earth
Fundamentals of geology and geophysics have now been
added to the NASA astronauts' training to prepare them
for eventual lunar-surface exploration. The U.S. Geologi-
cal Survey division of the Interior Dept. is assisting NASA
in the program at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Hous-
ton. Fifty-eight hours of classroom instruction, plus field
trips, will be included in the course, said DOI.
Auroral Echoes Received on S-Band
Four scientists at the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory
report in the January issue of the Journal of Geophysical
Research on what they believe to be the first S-band re-
ception of definitely established auroral echoes. The scien-
tists say that strong auroral echoes were received on the
CAL S-band research radar during the evening of Sept. 24,
1963. Strongest echo reported was 18 db above noise, which
corresponds to a radar cross section of 10~2 m2. Peak power
level used during the observation was 20 megawatts and
the pulse length was 7 microsecs. According to CAL, the
short pulse, together with a half-power beamwidth of 0.4
degree, enabled a determination of spatial dimensions of
the echoing regions to be made.
MATERIALS
Dyna-Soar Materials To Be Published
The results of one of the most intensive high-tempera-
ture materials development programs in history will be
published by the Department of Defense as fallout from
the defunct Dyna-Soar program. The report, which will
cost DOD about $50,000.00, will cover both materials de-
velopment and fabrication techniques involved in creat-
ing a manned, maneuverable re-entry vehicle.
Moly Bar Stock Line Extended
Climax Molybdenum Co. is extending its low-carbon
arc-cast molybdenum metal product line to include bar
stock from Vs-in. to 4Vs-m. diameter while increasing duc-
tility and impact resistance in these mill sizes. The guar-
anteed elongation values issued by the firm are a minimum
elongation of 30% in 4d as compared to 20% for standard
moly bars meeting the same hardness specifications and
minimum tensile and yield strengths.
SPACE MEDICINE
Pure Oxygen Tests Delayed
The 30-day 100% oxygen exposure portion of a space
cabin experiment at the School of Aerospace Medicine was
temporarily delayed when a malfunction in a small electric
blower motor occurred. The four subjects, who had already
started the 100% oxygen breathing after a week of tests,
remained in the cabin while repairs were made. The test
is now scheduled to run throughout the month of March.
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
17
range support
Submerged Transponders
Would Fix Missile Impact Points
Ship-Tended Acoustic Relay system to consist of 5 to
7 transponders in I 0-mile circle; to meet AF requirement
by Rex Pay
North Hollywood, Calif. —
Acoustic bench marks on the ocean
floor would give an accurate means of
locating missile impact in the Ship-
Tended Acoustic Relay (STAR) system
proposed by Bendix-Pacific div. to meet
the requirements of the Air Force Mis-
sile Test Center, Patrick AFB, Fla.
Following an oceanographic survey,
five to seven transponders would be laid
on the sea bed, around the periphery of
a lO-mi.-dia. circle. As a missile enters
the target circle, the noise generated as
its kinetic energy is dissipated would
be detected and relayed to a surface
ship by means of sonar FM telemetry.
These signals would be recorded with
missile-range timing signals.
Besides relaying the sound of the
missile plunge, the transponders would
respond to interrogation pulses from
the attending ship, giving it a means of
accurately fixing its position.
This allows the time for trans-
mission from the transponder to the
ship to be subtracted from the total
reading.
Chief errors to be expected in the
system are uncertainty of the propaga-
tion velocity of sound and curvature of
the ray path, the latter being very small.
• Free of buoys — Three trans-
ponders would be sufficient to measure
the position of a simple noise source.
Seven provide not only redundancy but
also the capability of handling the mul-
tiple signals that can be expected if a
missile breaks up into several parts.
One advantage of the system is that
is does not rely on moored surface or
subsurface buoys for position fixing.
Surface buoys in the open ocean may
LEFT: Missile impact array unit, including hydrophones,
transponder and associated cables. BELOW: STAR trans-
ponder with cover removed.
18
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
STAR BATTERY pack provides over one
year of deep ocean penetration.
have a life as short as two weeks. Lack
of knowledge about subsurface currents
makes subsurface buoys something of an
unknown quantity.
The circuits used are not contained
within a pressure vessel but are sub-
jected to the full pressure found at
these depths.
Absence of a pressure vessel re-
duces weight and handling costs, and
eliminates problems of cable sealing.
• Test results — Feasibility of the
STAR system was demonstrated in
Phase I tests in February, 1963, (M/R,
Dec. 16, p. 25), at depths of 15,000 ft.
A transponder net was operated success-
fully for slightly less than two months,
under contract with AFMTC, Air Force
Systems Command.
In the tests, carried out 90 miles
northeast of the Bahamas, both navi-
gation transponders and Sofar trans-
ponders were used. The Sofar trans-
ponders detected the explosion of gas
bombs in the long-range Sofar channel
at 4,000-ft. depth and relayed the sound
by frequency-modulated sonar telemetry
to an attendant vessel.
Frequency-modulated telemetry
transmission from depths in excess of
15,000 ft. was provided in the 9-kc re-
i gion over ranges greater than 15 miles
I with signal-to-noise ratios of greater
I than 20 db. A capability of 300 hours
I transmission at full power was demon-
strated.
• With buoys — Unlike the proposed
j) missile impact location system currently
under consideration as Phase II of the
STAR program, the Phase I system
made use of submerged buoys.
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
Anchorage at a depth of 15,000 ft.
was provided by a case containing lead-
acid batteries. A sonar projector and
electronics package was tethered about
100 ft. above this. In the three navi-
gation-transducer systems, a hydrophone
for reception of command signals from
the attendant ship was tethered about
300 ft. above the electronics package,
the whole stretch of interconnecting
cable being supported by an oil-filled
buoy located about 50 ft. above the
hydrophone.
In the Sofar transducer system, the
hydrophone was located in the Sofar
layer at a depth of about 4,000 ft. —
some 11,000 ft. above the battery pack.
The extra amount of cable called for
support by a very large air-filled buoy
located at a depth of about 1,000 ft.
In the proposed Phase II STAR
system, the receiving hydrophone, elec-
tronics package, and sonar projector
would be mounted on the battery pack.
The electronic package associated
with each transponder in the Phase I
net was capable of responding to four
Sonar commands: on, off, navigate, and
recover. Reception of a navigate com-
mand from the ship resulted in the re-
transmission of a 50-msec pulse that
enabled the ship to determine its posi-
tion. The recover command caused an
explosive bolt to sever the anchor cable,
permitting the electronics package to
return to the ocean surface.
Commands were transmitted as a
simultaneous three-tone code of one-
second duration.
Transponder circuits were made to
operate at hydrostatic balance by means
of compensating bladders, the circuits
being immersed in an inert silicone oil.
• Design details — The command re-
ceiver and associated logic were de-
signed with the aim of precluding the
possibility of false alarm. Design analy-
sis showed that the time before a false
alarm response might be expected well
exceeded one year. The command re-
ceiver incorporated a three-stage power
amplifier. Aim of the design was low
idling current, high output, and reli-
ability.
The case of each cell in the trans-
ducer battery pack was designed to be
sufficiently flexible at the sea-floor
temperature of 4°C to compensate for
compression of battery electrolyte. Indi-
vidual cells were located in a tank filled
with a transformer-grade oil and com-
pensating bladders, to give hydrostatic
balance.
Each transponder had its own spe-
cific carrier frequency and the attending
ship carried a multichannel receiver.
The receiving hydrophone was a line
array of 21 segmented barium titanate
rings. Beam-forming rejected noise that
did not arrive at expected depression
angles.
Following detection and filtering, the
received FM signals were recorded. By
use of different frequency bands, each
of five transponder signals, a 1-kc
Atlantic Missile Range time code, a
10-kc relative time code and a voice
channel could be recorded on the two-
track magnetic tape recorder on the
ship.
During the Phase I tests, ocean cur-
rents far in excess of predictions were
encountered. Use of accurately sur-
veyed transponders on the sea bed could
provide a useful tool for studying such
currents, and for measuring variations
in sound transmission at a specific loca-
tion over a period of time.
Such transponders could also provide
private navigational signposts on the
ocean floor for nuclear submarines. ■
Hot
Nose Cone
Test
TRA1LBLAZER II
nose cone prepared
to undergo simu-
lated 7,000-mph
flight in Cornell
Aeronautical Lab's
Wave Superheater
Hypersonic Tun-
nel. Cone experi-
enced up to 4,500°
F temperature in
test for MIT.
Firm Studying Method
To 'Grow' Computers
bionics
RESEARCH at Space-General Corp.
could lead to a technique of "growing"
a computer in much the same manner
the human nervous system is thought
to develop.
If current research pans out, says
Applied Research Laboratory director
Robert M. Stewart, a technique can be
developed in which a computer will
be manufactured without human hands
touching any of its individual com-
ponents.
A computer capable of handling
pattern recognition and other tasks in
a manner analogous to that of the hu-
man brain might measure less than 30
cu. in., Stewart told a recent meeting
of the Institute of Electrical and Elec-
tronics Engineers. It could have these
advantages:
— Extremely high packing density.
— It would operate with very low
heat loads, equivalent to the brain (per-
haps 20 watts for 10 billion compon-
ents). It would have no individual leads
from each component to the monitor,
and corrections would be made by ap-
plying massive shocks rather than de-
tailed corrections.
— Capability of training the ma-
chine by showing it samples directly.
In addition, there would be no
power hookups in the normal sense.
The computer would be kept in a 55%
solution of nitric acid, from which it
would derive power. However, it might
have to be kept at temperature, Space-
General said.
As Stewart sees it, the manufac-
turing process for such a computer
would be one in which the system would
be put together in one day, but perhaps
the rest of the year would be engaged
in "training" the computer for a spe-
cific task.
Thus, once the unit left the factory,
no further memory work or develop-
ment of logic would be necessary. The
system would be fully trained to accom-
plish whatever tasks the customer spec-
ified.
22
• Missile/ space uses — A number
of potential uses are envisioned by
Space-General. Such a unit could be
particularly adaptable for pattern recog-
nition (radar, sonar, etc.), missile
guidance and control, spacecraft navi-
gation sysetms, and the operation of in-
dustrial assembly lines. It would not be
particularly good at retaining large lists
of numbers or items, Stewart said.
Space-General estimates that within
two or three years it will have an experi-
mental prototype of perhaps a billion
components, and could manufacture in
perhaps five years, with one year for
delivery.
The entire finished computer would
look like nothing more than a box full
of wet "sand" of various sizes — pellets
of iron, glass and gold or other metals
— in a bath of nitric acid. Input and
output wires would be used for monitor-
ing signals and conducting stimuli.
The concept of creating this com-
puter is based on two rather simple
phenomena. It has long been known
that iron wire immersed in nitric acid
will react with electrical characteristics
in much the same manner as animal
nerve impulses. In addition, if salts of
an appropriate metal are added, dend-
rites can be formed by electrodeposition
which look much like those of animal
nerve cells. These structures change in
shape and distribution in response to
either external or internally generated
fields.
Stewart likens the development of
these neuron-like structures to the
learning of a child. If a child is hurt
or punished when doing something, he
associates the pain with whatever he
was doing at that time. If the same
thing happens often, he learns to avoid
doing that thing. The pain could have
been applied in any area — the associ-
ation is with his actions immediately
preceding it.
In the same manner, Stewart the-
orizes, if an electric shock is given as
"punishment" to the computer mass
of iron, glass and gold pellets, it tends
to produce structural changes in a very
specific manner. This is evidenced by
the fact that an iron wire that has
been excited has a surface resistance
of less than 1% its resting value.
Therefore growth is much higher in
this area than elsewhere.
• How to train — Thus, a com-
puter which was to make pattern-rec-
ognition decisions would be given
stacks of photographs — friend and foe —
in a direct manner. Each time a pattern
was shown, the machine would make
a response. If it were unacceptable,
a shock would be applied immediately.
"Graduation day" would come
when the "memory" was deemed suf-
ficiently developed, and the computer
responded with the desired signal each
time it saw a foe.
The electric shock unit would be dis-
connected, and the computer would be
shipped to the customer.
Space-General now is looking into
the possibility of developing a chemical
retina which would allow the machine
to absorb photographic and other visual
material directly. A lens would be built
into the box, and the picture held up
to it. The group hopes to have this
experiment ready within six months to
a year.
• Drawbacks — There are of course
disadvantages to the system. The ni-
tric acid bath tends to become polluted
with nitrous acid and must be changed,
although a continuous changer could
be built. However, for short-term
units, like missile minds, the acid bath
could be temporarily purified right in
the unit without changing it. In addi-
tion, if the system is to be used for
long term operation, it must "sleep"
for a few hours in another fluid.
Stewart makes no predictions as to
the accuracy of his unit in making
judgments if the "fos" does not look
exactly like the photograph. This will
have to be resolved in detailed tests, he
indicated.
The concept upon which the system
is based — that dendrites in the brain
may be the seat of memory, is by no
means proven. In fact, there is a great
deal of doubt in some quarters that
electrical interactions are really the
basic functional connection between
nerve cells. Thus, this research could
shed a great deal of light on the physio-
logical processes of learning mecha-
nisms and memory.
Stewart's group also is looking at a
number of other materials which could
be used in the construction of the "com-
puter." Requisite is that they hold up
in hot nitric acid, and be good conduc-
tors.
The work has been partially sup-
ported by the Bionics and Computer
Branch at Wright-Patterson AFB. ■
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
advanced materials
Crystal Formation from Vapor Probed
A SERIES of studies into the form,
structure and growth of silicon whiskers
at Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., is
the basis for a new concept of crystal
growth from vapor.
Bell researchers R. S. Wagner and
W. C. Ellis described their process in the
March 1 issue of Applied Physics
Letters. Designated the Vapor-Liquid-
Solid (VLS) Mechanism, the concept
can be applied to most crystalline sub-
stances to grow diverse forms — varying
from whiskers to epitaxial layers. The
crystals are near-perfect in structure
and can be grown at temperatures lower
than those involved in current vapor-
phase crystal growth processes.
• Alloy production — In the VLS
mechanism, an impurity is used to form
a liquid alloy droplet of relatively low
freezing temperature. The droplet is a
preferred site for deposition from the
vapor, say the Bell experts, which causes
the liquid to become supersaturated
with the base material — in this case sili-
con.
The whisker in the experiment grows
by precipitation of silicon from the
droplet. Because the whisker grows from
the liquid, a screw dislocation is un-
necessary. Wagner and Ellis drew three
facts from the studies and subsequent
work in which silicon whiskers were
grown by the disproportionation of
Sil., or by the hydrogen reduction of
SiCl4.
The first is that silicon whiskers do
not contain an axial screw dislocation.
The second is that an impurity is es-
sential for whisker growth.
The third postulate is that a small
globule is present at the tip of the
whisker during growth.
From the first fact and related evi-
dence, the Bell researchers say it is
clear that growth from the vapor did not
occur by the Frank screw dislocation
mechanism.
The VLS mechanism emerged from
the last two statements and much addi-
tional evidence. In their description of
the VLS mechanism, Wagner and Ellis
cited the growth of seeded whiskers of
silicon using gold as an impurity.
A small particle of gold is placed on
a [111] surface of a silicon wafer and
heated to 950° C, forming a small drop-
1,000-ANGSTROM whisker (left) and 0.2
mm needle (right) show wide cross-sec-
tional dimensions available with the
Vapor-Liquid-Solid method. Crystal growth
was interrupted for these photographs.
VAPOR
GROWTH TEST used gold as impurity,
but similar results were obtained with
platinum, silver, palladium, copper and
nickel by substrate placement or co-
deposition.
let of Au-Si alloy. A mixture of hydro-
gen and SiCl4 is introduced. The liquid
alloy acts as a preferred sink for ar-
riving silicon atoms, say the Bell
workers, or, more likely, as a catalyst
for the chemical process involved.
• Riding effect — The silicon enters
the liquid and freezes out, with a very
small concentration of gold in solid
solution, at the interface between solid
silicon and the liquid alloy.
Continuation of this process dis-
places the droplet from the substrate
crystal and rides atop the growing
whisker. The growth direction < 1 1 1 >
(diagonal) and the side faces of the
whisker are usually [211] but sometimes
[211] and [110].
The whisker grows in length by this
mechanism until the gold is consumed
or until growth conditions are changed.
VLS growth of silicon whiskers can
occur over a wide range of cross-sec-
tional dimensions, say Wagner and Ellis.
The selection of a proper impurity
for VLS growth depends on a number
of factors such as the formation of a
liquid alloy at the deposition tempera-
ture, vapor-liquid-solid interfacial ener-
gies, distribution coefficient and inert-
ness to the reaction products.
The Bell researchers use the term
"impurity" in a broad sense. For ex-
ample, in the VLS growth of compound
crystals, such as GaAs, an excess of one
of the component materials can act as a
liquid-forming impurity. In some cases,
a combination of two or more impuri-
ties can be used.
Wagner and Ellis credit the VLS
mechanism with explaining many ob-
servations on the effect of impurities in
crystal growth from vapor. Crystals of
a-AL03 and SiC — which have been
shown to have rounded terminations —
may have grown by the VLS mechanism.
The proposed mechanism has wide-
spead applications to the growth of both
filamentary and macroscopic crystals
and of epitaxial layers. Controlled
growth can be obtained, say the Bell
experts, through the appropriate use of
impurities in patterns or films on sub-
strate surfaces and on single crystal
seeds of many substances. P-N junctions
and heterojunctions can be made and
dislocation-free crystals can be grown.
Bell Telephone's William G. Pfann,
a contributor to the development, says
the technique has great technological
potential for semiconductor, laser, pie-
zoelectric and magnetic devices. ■
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
23
Size is no object. Small titanium bottles, made by D-K Manufactur-
ing Company, Chicago, from Wyman-Gordon Co. forgings, hold
150 cu. in. of oxygen at 3,000 psi and weigh only 3.65 pounds. On the
other end of an almost unlimited scale of size is the titanium tank
made from sheet metal by Beech Aircraft. It measures 8 x 24 ft.,
holds 7,000 gallons of liquid hydrogen, yet weighs only 473 pounds.
TITAN III oxidizer and fuel tanks. Ti-6Al-4Vis
used for upper-stage nitrogen tetroxide tank (46 x I
174 in.) and the unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine i
tank (63 x 154 in.). Shown above is one of the tita-
nium roll forged cylinder sections and stiff eneri
rings produced by Ladish Co. for Martin Companyl
for use in tank construction. Final machining andllj,
welding are done after heat treatment, eliminatingL
distortions and production difficulties inherent inp
many heat-treatable metals.
or tankage ... big or little, hot or cold
Compatible with space-age fuels . . .
readily available in a range of alloys. . .
fabricated from sheet or forgings . . .
In short, there are good, metallurgical reasons why
titanium tanks and vessels — more than 5,000 of them
— are aboard just about everything that flies today.
They come in all sizes, handle all types of fuels and
gases, save vital pounds, add stiffness and strength to
structures. Here are a few of the reasons why:
High strength-to-weight. Titanium weighs 44% less
than steel yet is stronger. It has a high yield strength,
good ductility, notch toughness all the way down to
minus 423F. It offers high buckling resistance at less
weight than other metals.
Compatible with fuels and gases. Titanium shows out-
standing resistance to liquid and solid fuels and oxidiz-
ers in use today or planned for the future. Its
impermeability to hydrogen and resistance to sea-
water and atmospheric corrosion mean thorough relia-
bility and indefinite storage life.
Alloy availability. A variety of titanium alloys are avail-
able for tankage construction — two of them in Tita-
nium Metals Corporation of America's ELI (extra
low interstitials) compositions, developed specifically
for liquid hydrogen service. Only TMCA can supply
all titanium alloy grades in any commercial product or
size required.
Meets fabricability requirements. Titanium is at home
in the two important approaches to tank construction :
the use of machined roll forgings and the application
of thin-gage sheet. Titanium is fabricated on conven-
tional equipment. Add these facts together, and you'll
find that titanium is your single, most efficient material
of construction for tankage, regardless of size.
For more information . . . write for new Data Sheet on
titanium tankage. Write Technical Service Depart-
ment, Titanium Metals Corporation of America.
\ ::-v,®
TIMET)
v \ / / tsi n i u m
TITANIUM METALS CORPORATION OF AMERICA
233 Broadway, New York 7, N.Y.
SAIES OFFICES: NEW YORK • CLEVELAND • CHICAGO • DALLAS • LOS ANGELES
iMINI Titanium pressure vessels. Vessels used throughout
mini spacecraft are made from titanium to minimize dead-
ight which must be lifted off the ground. Shown here are tita-
im hemispheres hydroformed by California Hydroforming
mpany, Inc., El Monte, California. APOLLO liquid hydrogen
ttles. Pressure vessels are produced from titanium alloy grade
5Al-2.5Sn ELI to provide exceptional toughness to cryogenic
iperatures. A typical bottle weighs only 12.9 pounds, has a
11 thickness of 0.031 in.; at the weld girth, 0.044 in.
MINUTEMAN titanium second stage. Cylindrical sections possess
great stiffness at minimum weight. Minuteman cases consist of roll
forged cylindrical sections welded together. Titanium welds are as strong
or stronger than parent metal, are less sensitive than steel to weld porosity
and need no pre- or post-heating. Titanium water bottle costs less than
fiberglass, weighs 17 pounds less than steel or fiberglass and is used on
Boeing 727 as the most efficient way to save weight. Shown also in photo
is titanium tubing for cabin heat system.
Circle No. 8 on Subscriber Service Cord
space exploration
NASA Tells Congress Early Plans
For Semi-Permanent Base on Moon
Gray outlines projected unmanned landing of LESA, which
would be joined by LEM; agency also releases Boeing study
THE FIRST OUTLINE of what
may turn out to be a multibillion-dollar
program for establishing a semi-perma-
nent U.S. base on the Moon was broadly
sketched by a NASA official during cur-
rent hearings before the House Space
Committee.
The space agency at the same time
released an extensive NASA-sponsored
study looking into the question of estab-
lishing a base on the Moon after the
Apollo manned lunar-landing mission is
accomplished.
The study, made by the Boeing Co.,
draws up the general concept of a com-
plete lunar-base system consisting of
prefabricated modules launched by Sa-
turn V rockets.
The present Apollo launch vehicles
by William Beller
will be able to carry about 7,000 lbs. of
payload to the Moon, with a resulting
payload volume of about 2,000 cu. ft.
"This would provide a shelter with oc-
cupancy capability for two men for
about 14 days on the lunar surface,"
E.Z. Gray, NASA's director of advanced
manned missions, told the Congres-
sional committee.
He suggested that the least expen-
sive system that could be devised for
supporting two men on the Moon, plus
giving them the tools for exploring the
lunar surface, would include a "two-
man roving vehicle." This would be
landed as an alternate payload by a
Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) truck.
It would be designed to cover about 200
to 300 miles on the lunar surface in the
14-day stay-time of the astronauts.
• Settling in — Looking beyond the
two-week, economy-plan stay on the
Moon, Gray described a Lunar Explora-
tion System for Apollo (LESA), weigh-
ing about 25,000 lbs. per module (M/R,
Feb. 10, p. 18). Launched by a Saturn
V without an Apollo spacecraft, LESA
would be delivered unmanned directly
to the lunar surface. It would be fol-
lowed by a manned Apollo launch. Pos-
sibly using a homing radar, the LEM
vehicle would land near LESA.
The basic LESA module, with a vol-
ume of about 3,000 cu. ft., would be
able to provide satisfactory shelter and
life support for three men to stay 90
days on the lunar surface.
The Boeing study, on which the
LESA concept is based, assumes that
crews each made up of three men are
delivered to the lunar base. Each crew
will spend no more than six months on
the lunar surface.
Several models of lunar bases are
now suggested by Boeing: in the first,
a crew of three men would spend three
months on the lunar surface. Their mis-
sion would require a surface vehicle
able to cover 1,500 miles. Each crew-
man would use his spacesuit 120 hours.
A second model calls for a crew of
six to spend six months on the Moon.
Vehicle mileage would be 3,000 miles,
spacesuit usage, 320 hours. Similarly, a
crew of 12 is suggested for stays over
one year. The vehicle would be required
to go 4,500 miles, spacesuits, 750 hours.
For a stay of more than two years, Boe-
ing recommends a crew size of 18, a
BOEING STUDY includes chawing of this semifie.xibte lunar surface vehicle.
26
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
LUNAR-BASE module for three men dwelling three months.
vehicle able to traverse 7,500 miles, and
spacesuits able to hold up for 1,250
hours.
Typical lunar missions for the astro-
nauts would be lunar surface reconnais-
sance; geological and geophysical recon-
naissance and survey; geophysical re-
search on mare formation, crater shape
and thermal anomalies; and economic
geology.
The report studied laboratory mis-
sions in less detail, but did emphasize
possible scientific and technological
equipment requirements for astrophysi-
cal research and chemical synthesis
pilot-plant operation.
• Expansion — A lunar base may be
established by direct buildup to a spec-
ified capability, according to the Boe-
ing study, or may grow in size over a
period of years. The evolutionary ap-
proach is recommended because it is
'most compatible with the Saturn V
launch capability expected in the 1970
time period."
Surprisingly, Boeing finds that lunar
exploration may proceed on a gradually
expanding evolutionary scale, from a
small initial to an eventual major base
installation, "without penalty on a gross
cost-effectiveness basis."
The lunar base may be expanded
simply by adding more of the basic
shelter modules and suitably equipping
them. The proposed Boeing module has
an interior volume of 2,813 cu. ft., said
to be a generous allowance for a six-
man crew. Each of the men is allowed
469 cu. ft. inside
the protective shel-
ter, which is a space
of approximately
7.5 x 9 x 7 ft. high.
Stores and equip-
ment take up about
half of this volume.
The shelter is
described as a rigid
structure consisting
of two concentric
pressure vessels,
providing redun-
dancy for pressure
integrity and addi-
tional radiation
protection for the
living space. Alu-
minum would be
used for the struc-
ture and meteoroid
shielding.
However, Boe-
ing held out the
possibility of "sig-
nificant weight sav-
ings" by using mag-
lithium, Lockalloy
or beryllium alloys
in place of the alu-
minum. Neverthe-
less, said the study,
"considerable effort is required to ex-
tend the art in working with these ma-
terials to a point at which their utiliza-
tion is possible."
• Atmosphere — Instead of using a
pure-oxygen atmosphere in the lunar
base, Boeing is recommending an oxy-
gen-nitrogen atmosphere at 6.0 psia for
normal operations. Physiological con-
siderations, particularly decompression
sickness, figured in this decision.
All bases will require an initial sup-
ply of oxygen, part of which could be
used for emergency purposes if oxygen
recovery is made part of the life support
system. Oxygen could be recovered
from the astronauts' metabolic C02, but
this alone would be insufficient to serve
the needs of a base.
Boeing suggests that fuel-cell by-
product water is very promising as an
oxygen source and, together with oxy-
gen recovered from the metabolic proc-
ess, can eliminate or greatly reduce the
need for oxygen resupply. Fecal water
recovery is said to be necessary only on
the large bases.
• Energy — The study confirmed
other findings that nuclear power is the
best energy source for all but the small-
est lunar bases. In particular, "The
SNAP-8 100-kilowatt, two-alternator
system appears to be a very practical,
reliable power module for application to
large central nuclear powerplants on ad-
vanced bases."
Boeing points out, however, that
other power systems should be looked
into for the 90-day base application.
"The fuel-cell/ solar-cell system appears
to be the most practical concept; how-
ever, intensive studies should be made
to evaluate and compare radioisotope
concepts in the 1.5- to 3.0-kilowatt
range."
• Communications — Lunar com-
munications are not expected to cause
any problems except for point-to-point
communications beyond the line of sight
on the lunar surface. Because the lunar
horizon is so much closer to an observer
due to the relatively small lunar radius,
and because the Moon has no appreci-
able ionosphere, LF (approximately 50
kc) surface-to-surface communications
may be feasible for transmitting voice
or telegraphy beyond the line of sight.
This concept may also provide "an aid
to exploration and a means of naviga-
tion on the lunar surface with modest
transmitter power and a simply erected
horizontal dipole antenna."
• Land vehicles — For a lunar-sur-
face exploration vehicle, Boeing states,
"the rolling mode (is) the most feasible
means for accomplishing a variety of
mobility tasks." A detailed analysis was
said to show that large wheel diameters
with large deflections and multi-axle
vehicles with flexible chassis have su-
perior mobility.
The Boeing study also brought out
a theory of maintenance far different
from the one usually employed on
Earth-bound systems. For a lunar base,
emphasis is placed almost entirely on
equipment reliability rather than on any
maintainability, including preventive
maintenance. If a unit fails, then the
stress will be on replacing it at the
module or major component level.
• Biggest problems — There are two
major problem areas, says Boeing. The
first is knowing the meteoroid hazard.
At this time, the meteoroid environment
on the lunar surface, including the con-
tribution of secondary particles, is com-
pletely unknown. Thus, the problem of
determining the shielding needed for
meteoroid protection is indeterminate.
The second problem is that of "de-
fining spacesuit performance." Clearly,
the entire concept of lunar exploration
depends on how well the astronauts can
function in their suits. The Boeing study
assumes the spacesuit goals of the
Apollo project are met, an achievement
admittedly based on technical advances
not yet in hand.
The Boeing study observes that tool-
ing-up for lunar base modules should
begin about four years before U.S. as-
tronauts land on the Moon. This means
that by 1966 all preliminary studies
should be completed and the R&D
phase begun if the Kennedy schedule
for a lunar landing is to be met. ■
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
27
space electronics
New Apollo Guidance System
Could Become Standard for Future
Block II G&N system will add computer redundancy while cutting
weight; MIT developing design; a report on Block I work at AC Spark
by Charles D. LaFond
Milwaukee — The recent decision
to embark on design and development
of a Block II Apollo guidance and navi-
gation system for use in both the Com-
mand and Lunar Excursion Modules
may be far-reaching. This new, light-
weight, advanced G&N system could
evolve as NASA's "Standardized Space
Guidance System" for future manned
spacecraft.
As presently conceived, Block II
hardware will significantly increase
computer redundancy and still provide
a total Apollo G&N weight decrease of
250 lbs.
The decision, not yet announced by
NASA, was made by the Manned Space-
craft Center at Houston roughly four
weeks ago. It resulted from the need to
reduce payload weight and to standard-
ize A polio subsystems as much as possi-
ble. The new guidance system, now un-
der development at MIT, will be similar
in basic design to the Block I system
now approaching the testing phase.
It will, however, more closely repre-
sent the current state of the art for such
a complex inertial guidance system in
size, weight and redundancy.
The original Block I system included
a Command Module (CM) guidance
package weighing about 500 lbs. and a
Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) guid-
ance system weighing about 350 lbs.
Subsystems employed in LEM will be
essentially the same as those in the CM
but require fewer black boxes.
In the Block II system, G&N for
the Command Module will weigh 400
lbs., for the LEM system only 208 lbs.
First complete Block II system
should be ready by late 1965, say*
NASA officials, and may even be em-
ployed operationally in some early
Apollo flights.
• Block I status — The present
G&N system is being developed under
the direction of the Instrumentation
Laboratory of MIT, Apollo associate
prime contractor. (For hardware de-
tails, see M/R, Oct. 7, p. 54.)
AC Spark Plug Div. of General
Motors is responsible for overall system
assembly and integration and a major
part of the system engineering and en-
vironmental testing. Also, AC Spark
builds the Inertial Measurement Unit
(IMU), Navigation Base (a common
mount for the stable platform and op-
tics), Coupling Data Units, the Power
and Servo Assembly, and associated
panel controls and test and checkout
equipment.
Raytheon Co. is developing the digi-
LEFT: Laboratory engineers at General
Motors AC Spark Plug Div., Milwaukee,
check first Apollo Interial Measurement
Unit, Power and Servo Assembly, associ-
ated electronics and ground support equip-
ment. This is first unit to be manufactured
on production tooling. RIGHT: An AC
Spark Metrology Laboratory technician
checks parallelism between Inertial Meas-
urement Unit and optical system mounting
pads of Apollo Navigation Base. Latter is
one of largest single pieces of beryllium
ever machined in U.S. FAR RIGHT: This\
guidance and navigation panel is part of
display and controls for Apollo Command
Module. Lower left panel contains read-
outs for the five Coupling Data Units.
28
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
tal flight computer, which employs a
24,000-word (15 bits per word) fixed-
data memory and a 1,000-word scratch-
pad memory. The firm also is building
the associated keyboard, display and
support equipment.
Kollsman Instrument Corp. is build-
ing the G&N optical subsystems : a mov-
able telescope, sextant, and a photom-
eter attachment for horizon sensing.
As the program now stands, AC
Spark Plug has two complete IMU's in
test, the computer development is be-
hind schedule (none delivered yet to
AC Spark), and the first optical subsys-
tems were delivered earlier this month
to AC Spark's Milwaukee facility. A
government-furnished two-axis test fix-
ture for the optics was installed, stabi-
lized and calibrated there in February,
and the optics are now undergoing test
and calibration.
Initially, five complete systems will
be built. First, two will be tested by AC
Spark, and one will be retained as an
engineering model. The first complete
G&N system is still expected to be deliv-
ered to North American Aviation, Inc.,
Apollo prime contractor, in April. A
second will be sent to Houston in May.
The remaining three systems will be
readied thereafter — one every two
weeks. (Eleven more will then be built
under the present contract.)
After spacecraft integration this
summer, NAA will perform acoustical
and vibration testing, while NASA's
MSC will conduct thermal and vacuum
ests.
A fourth system will be delivered to
MIT for engineering evaluation and the
ifth will be retained by AC Spark for
:omplete subsystem environmental test-
ng-
• Block II modifications — All elec-
tronics in the Block II G&N flight hard-
ware will be repackaged to minimize
size and weight.
The present IMU weighs 60 lbs. The
new stable platform will be 20 lbs.
lighter.
The present five CDU's (Coupling
Data Units) are essentially data con-
verters interconnecting the IMU, com-
puter and optics. Currently employing
mechanical readout (three gimbal angles
and two optical angles), the redesigned
CDU's will be all-electronic.
Wherever practicable, microelec-
tronic circuits will be employed in the
new computer, CDU's and Power and
Servo Assembly.
In the Block I concept, one 80-lb.
computer will be used in the Command
Module (originally, it was planned to
make use of spare modules and in-flight
maintenance and repair, but this is no
longer true). A second computer, with
different programming, will be used in
LEM. For Block II, two 42-lb. comput-
ers will be used in the CM — one operat-
ing and one in active standby. The latter
will be energized and updated periodic-
ally by one of the pilots.
The present optics are all manually
operated. In the new system, an auto-
startracker is being considered and is
being developed.
• LEM contractors — The same
G&N contractors for the CM now have
small LEM G&N study contracts from
NASA. For the sake of continuity (and
practicality), these contractors eventu-
ally are expected to win awards for
Block II (and LEM) G&N develop-
ment.
The LEM backup (abort) G&N will
take the form of a simplified strap-down
inertial guidance system. Such a subsys-
tem probably will be a part of the flight
stabilization and control (S&C) system
— as is the case with the Honeywell
S&C system in the Command Module.
(In February, Grumman Aircraft
Engineering Corp., LEM prime contrac-
tor, through a letter of inquiry had
asked for comment from a number of
G&N system manufacturers concerning
the backup system. Results of this "sur-
vey" have not yet been released, but the
decision to employ strap-down IG has
been made and an RFP will go out to
industry from Grumman soon.)
• Configuration control — To assure
G&N design control and reliability in
both Block I and II, rigid configuration
control has been maintained by MIT
and NASA. The result so far is a moun-
tain of paper work, but proponents
claim the payoff will come in the form
of rapid solutions to field failures.
Maintenance of this control is
accomplished through two working
groups: the Change Control Board
(CCB) and the Design Review Board
(DRB). CCB is made up of MIT and
NASA personnel; DRB is similarly
made up, but includes personnel from
the G&N contractors team.
The latter contributes the first re-
view of any requested design change.
This is an engineering review and is con-
cerned chiefly with the overall design
requirements and reliability. The CCB
reviews changes for effectivity, cost and
need.
A key element in the control mech-
anism is complete identification of all
parts used in the G&N system. The
CCB must be informed of any parts or
process change from contractors or
vendors. ■
nissiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
space propulsion
IGNITER MOTOR for 156-in. solid is tested in this 90-ft. bore simulator.
First 156-in. Solid Motor Readied
By Lockheed for Late Spring Firing
Air Force-funded feasibility demonstration program could lay
groundwork for super ICBM's; second test shot set for fall
Redlands, Calif. — The first 156-
in. solid rocket motor is being prepared
for a late spring firing by Lockheed
Propulsion Co. here. A second firing
under a $6-million Air Force feasibility
demonstration contract is scheduled for
early fall.
Although work has been under a
Space Systems Division contract, others,
including Ballistic Systems Division, Air
Force Systems Command, and the Of-
fice of the Director of Defense Research
and Engineering have expressed con-
siderable interest in the program and in
the 156-in. application study in which
LPC has participated with Lockheed
32
by Willard E. Wilks
Aircraft Corp.'s Missiles & Space Co.
Air Force has considered new super
ICBM's using a 156-in. booster that
would fit in certain existing silos, and
National Aeronautics and Space Admin-
istration has conducted some investiga-
tion into the possibility of using 156-in.
strap-ons for Saturn V. The possibility
of a flight of a single-segment motor
using Polaris autopilots and guidance
existing at Vandenberg Air Force Base
also has been investigated.
Ballistic Systems Division represent-
atives recently were briefed at LPC for
background on 156-in. transportatioi
problems.
• Thrust figures — Thrust level i
the first firing of the single-segmer
motor will be slightly under one millio
pounds, approaching that of the five
segment, 120-in. motor in order to tei
a nozzle similar to a type that could b
used on Titan III-C with some modifici
tion and development.
The nozzle, with an ablative thro;
and jet tab thrust vector control, is go^
ernment furnished equipment provide
by Thompson Rarao Wooldridge.
For the first firing, the propellai
load will be reduced, resulting in a co
missiles and rockets, March 16, 19c!
i
respondingly larger cylindrical port size.
Propellant is the same type as that used
in the 120-in. motors produced by
United Technology Center. Loading
was completed last week.
In the second firing, using the same
case, about two-thirds of a million
|pounds of propellant will be used to
produce a 20% higher thrust level of
jmore than a million pounds.
This represents the difference be-
tween the Titan III-C five-segment 120-
in. motor and the single-segment 156-
jin. rocket. Nozzle will be virtually the
kame type but designed for the larger
'thrust level. Burn, times will be about
two minutes.
The second firing will be a complete
(light weight design except for the TVC
power supply.
Neither firing will demonstrate the
full capability of the 156-in. motor. The
:ontracts now in being at LPC and at
Thiokol Chemical Corp. call for a
motor designed around a specification
that suits the low-q and low-g limita-
ions imposed by typical NASA mis-
ions, in which the 156-in. would boost
iquid upper stages. This resulted from
he Department of Defense-NASA
igreement in 1962. Coincidentally, the
} and g limitations also are peculiar to
Titan III-C.
• Flexible program — Utilizing the
ame hardware but adjusting the burn-
ng rate, thrust levels of two to three
imes more could be demonstrated, LPC
'resident Robert Hurt says. "The pro-
gram is flexible. It permits, with essen-
ially the same hardware, development
\f the types of boosters that can be
ised for NASA space missions, Air
force space missions or missile appli-
ations. We might be able to ac-
omplish 10 missions with only slight
iooster differences, and with terrific
ost savings as a result."
The LPC motor is nearly all state-
if-the-art technology. New items in-
clude jet tabs in a large engine and use
I 18% nickel maraging steel plate for
iie case.
The spring demonstration will be a
ontinuance of full-scale tests on the
it tabs, and only two pairs operating
'li two quadrants at the aft end of the
bzzle will be used. These, however,
fill include four tabs of slightly dif-
| brent design and material. Refractory
"laterials evaluated for the tabs have
"een narrowed to five. The first firing
4ill trim this still more.
In the fall firing, LPC expects to
°}arrow the choice down to one tab de-
gn, and the full jet tab system using
oijmr pairs will be demonstrated in a
56-in. motor for the first time.
The tabs are hydraulically actuated,
hich LPC believes may be the most
lafconomical approach. The actuators are
5-the-shelf hardware provided by
issiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
Radiometric, Correlation & Communications Engineers
I HONE!
I DATAf
\ betW*
to provide reliable, rapid information about space vehicle performance along
the 10,000 mile length of the Atlantic Missile Range is the prime responsibility
of Data Support Engineers with Pan Am's Guided Missiles Range Division.
Their mission is to plan new instrumentation systems and develop system
specifications in such information areas as: frequency control and analysis,
command systems, television systems, interference analysis, timing and firing
systems, recovery aids, and communications and underwater sound systems.
A look at 3 of over 30 current projects will indicate the scope of the operation:
□ development of a new range instrumentation control system utilizing 3-kc
K-carrier circuits which will reduce the response time and increase the data
handling capacity of switching circuits between Cape Kennedy and down-
range stations.
□ improvement of precise digital timing generators and terminal shaping
equipment so that correlation uncertainty across the Range will be less than
100 /isecs.
□ installation of a new submarine cable between Cape Kennedy and Antigua
to increase voice and telemetry data transmission capability.
Radiometric, Correlation, and Communications Engineers with EE or Physics
Degree and applicable experience will find unusual diversity in the data support
projects undertaken at the Atlantic Missile Range.
Address inquiries in confidence to Manager, Professional Employment, Dept. 56C-3
GUIDED MISSILES
RANGE DIVISION
PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS, INC.
P. O. BOX 4465, PATRICK AIR FORCE BASE, FLORIDA
An Equal Opportunity Employer
Circle No. 10 on Subscriber Service Card
33
missiles and rockets
WHO*
informs t\
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missile/space scientists, engineers,
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MISSILE/SPACE DAILY
is the corporate, sales and market-
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Its coverage of both industry and
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. , ... : ...
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MILITARY
ARMED FORCES MANAGEMENT
is published monthly for over
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*Editorial Staff of American Aviation Publications
Wayne W. Parrish • William Coughlin • Eric Bramley
• Fred S. Hunter • C. W. Borklund • Reed Bundy •
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WORLD SPACE DIRECTORY
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American Aviation Publications, Inc.
1001 Vermont Avenue, N. W., Washington, D.C. 20005
a bright new
name in space
COLLEGE HILL
INDUSTRIES, INC.
formerly
^h£4Q£(XORP0R AT I ON
INDUSTRIAL DIVISION
Manufacturers of...
Recorder - Reproducers
& Pressure Switches
CHI has taken over com-
pletely, the former
Speidel Industrial Divi-
sion... plant, equipment,
personnel and products.
This means the same
people will continue to
make the famous Inertia
Compensated Recorder -
Reproducers and Pres-
sure Switches you have
known as Speidel. On this
foundation, we are build-
ing CHI, a new and grow-
ing company with new
products to be
announced soon.
So watch for this name
— College Hill Indus-
tries, Inc. — it will play a
star role in outer space
achievements.
WARWICK
INDUSTRIAL
DRIVE,
WARWICK
RHODE
ISLAND
College Hill Industries, Inc.
Moog Servocontrols and Rucker Co.
Use of a pair of tabs per quadrant
increases efficiency because of a low in-
sertion depth/ width ratio. The multiple
tab system also makes it possible to use
the tabs for roll control. Reliability is
increased since in case of complete
failure of one tab, adjacent tabs can
contribute enough to maintain a total
control force of 70-80%.
• Maraging steel used — The forth-
coming tests will be the first of a large
motor case made of maraging steel.
Needing no large heat treat in case fab-
rication, the metal can be welded and
treated locally. Subcontractor to LPC
for the case is Excelco Developments
Inc., Silver Creek, N.Y., working with
U.S. Steel, Standard Steel Works, Burn-
ham, Pa., and Pittsburgh DesMoines
Steel Co.
The single-segment motor consists
of three sections. Center portion, which
holds more than a third of the propel-
lant, is made of two welded cylindrical
pieces and is 265 in. long; forward sec-
tion is 242 in., and aft piece is 220 in.
long. Segment joints are tapered pin,
clamp bar and O-ring. Overall motor
length, including nozzle, is 75 ft. The
entire motor will weigh 250 tons loaded
in the first firing, 350 tons in the sec-
ond.
The igniter motor itself is large —
22.2 in. dia. and 58.5 in. long. Its burn
time is only a little more than one sec-
ond. Four ports in the aft end spread
the flame out over the propellant. The
igniter is half again as large as the
Mercury escape motor.
LPC designed and developed the
igniter and igniter simulator. The simu-
lator, in two sections totaling about 90
ft. overall, simulates the two port sizes
in the scheduled firings. Volume of the
two sections together, about 5 ft. and 7
ft. in diameter, simulates the port size
of the first motor; that of the smaller
diameter section simulates that of the
second motor.
• Few program restrictions — lohn
W. Buffington, assistant program man-
ager, points out an advantage of the
project is that it was not tied to any
specific hardware program. "We can
demonstrate the feasibility of the large
solid at the same time and parallel to
the large amount of effort going into
application studies.
"When studies have been completed
and we know from a theoretical stand-
point what we would like to have in the
way of larger motors, we will already
have demonstrated feasibility. There
won't be anyone saying something is
too optimistic because we will have
tested and shown what can be done.
This will have been placed on the prac-
tical level and there should be no worry
about downgrading missions."
Other LPC suppliers on the pro-
gram include Northwest Industries, Cli-
max Molybdenum Co. of Michigan,
Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp., Bridge-
ville, Pa.. Wah Chang Corp., Albany,
Ore., Thermo-Electron Engineering
Corp., Waltham, Mass. — jet tab refrac-
tory material; BMW Manufacturing
Co., Torrance, Calif., — mandrel; Rohr
Corp., Riverside, Calif., — insulation of
segments, and LMSC, technical support
in jet tab studies. ■
ROHR CORP. specialist lays in pressure bags over buna rubber insulation in center
156-in. segment. Rubber is then bonded to case.
3(5 Circle No. 3 on Subscriber Service Card
by popu£a/o demand. . .
another
MOTOROLA
INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT
DESIGN
COURSE
In response to numerous requests asking if
the Motorola Integrated Circuits Course
held last summer will be offered again,
we are pleased to announce that a one-week course
will be given during the week of
May 11 - May 15 in Phoenix, Arizona
The new Motorola Integrated Circuit Design course
combines the results of years of research, theory, and
practice into a week of concentrated study that will en-
hance your integrated circuit design capability. It is
recommended for engineering management personnel
who are or will be responsible for directing their com-
pany's development of either linear or digital equipment
using integrated circuits.
Leading authorities will provide instruction covering
a broad scope of integrated circuits, ranging from inte-
grated circuit technology to circuit analysis. Emphasis
will be on monolithic circuits although the role of thin
films and multiple chip circuits will be included.
The Motorola Integrated Circuits Design Course in-
cludes • Basic device theory • Semiconductor processing
and wafer assembly, epitaxial growth, diffusion, pack-
aging • Passive elements for integrated circuits • Active
elements for integrated circuits • Fundamentals of mon-
olithic design • Thin-film technology • Characterization
of logic circuits • Current mode logic analysis • Consid-
erations of low-power logic circuits • DCTL circuit
analysis • DTL circuit analysis • T2L circuit analysis •
Comparison of various logic circuits • Fundamentals of
integrated amplifier design • Design of high-frequency-
tuned amplifiers • Band-pass amplifier design.
Fee for the one week course is $450.00 and includes
tuition, course materials, and weekday luncheons. For
complete details fill out and mail the attached coupon!
MOTOROLA
Semiconductor Products Inc.
DEPT. TIC 97MR3 • BOX 955 • PHOENIX. ARIZONA 85001
|A SUBSIDIARY OF MOTOROLA INC. 97MR3
On Friday, July 12, 1963, more than 160 top level
engineers representing major industrial and military
electronic equipment manufacturers in the United
States and Europe left their respective laboratories and
offices to converge on Phoenix, Arizona. This object :
to take part in an integrated circuits program designed
to telescope the educational lag in this new technology.
The course, sponsored by Motorola Semiconductor
Products Division, marked the first known instance of a
company in the highly competitive semiconductor in-
dustry extending a blanket invitation to leam how inte-
grated circuits are produced and how to design for this
technology.
Comments by those who attended speak favorably of
this program . . . comments such as "a unique textbook
that will be talked about for months to come . . . ",
"... probably could not have been done by any other
company in the field", "... by far the best compilation
of information concerning the technology".
Now, at the request of companies who were unable
to attend the first session, Motorola will present a
second phase — a condensation and updating of the
original course.
MOTOROLA INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN COURSE
Box 955 • Phoenix, Arizona 85001
Please register the following for the Motorola
Integrated Circuits Design Course :
NAME.
TITLE_
COMPANY-
STREET
.PHONE.
CITY_
STATE-
□ Check enclosed ($450.00 per person . . . Make
check payable to Motorola Inc.)
□ Please send me the complete brochure on this
course
MAIL TO: Registrar, IC Design Course TIC 97MR3
Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc.
Box 955 • Phoenix, Arizona 85001
Motorola reserves the right to limit enrollment.
Tactical 3-D Radar. AN/TPS-34 by Sperry— among the latest tactical air defense systems — is
being delivered to the U. S. Marine Corps, and has been selected by the British Ministry of Aviation
for use by the Royal Air Force. A three-dimension radar, it is light in weight and transportable by land,
sea and air. The TPS-34 employs two simple fan-beams (producing a V-beam) to obtain
total volume coverage — providing accurate range, bearing and altitude data — for all
targets. Its high tactical mobility, service ruggedness and all-weather reliability suit it
ideally to military requirements of rapid set-up and breakdown. Electronically advanced
— with modern ECCM systems — the TPS-34 is easily adaptable to a wide variety of division of
J J SPERRY RAND
missions. RADIATION DIVISION, Sperry Gyroscope Company, Great Neck, New York, corporation
Circle No. 6 on Subscriber Service Cord
The Industry Week
Mergers and Acquisitions
The J. A. Maurer Co., Long Island, N.Y., has
purchased Abrams Instrument Corp., Lansing,
Mich., from the Curtiss-Wright Corp., which had
Abrams as a subsidiary for about three years.
Abrams manufactures electronic instruments
for space and airborne applications. Maurer spe-
cializes in producing aerial cameras and 35-mm
motion picture cameras and equipment as well
as making electronic instruments and aerial navi-
gation equipment. . . . Electronic Specialty Co.,
Los Angeles, and R. H. Osbrink, Inc., have con-
solidated for an undisclosed number of shares of
ESC stock. Osbrink produces magnesium sand
castings; ESC makes electronic and electrome-
chanical devices. . . . Latronics Corp., Latrobe,
Pa., has purchased from BG Corp., Ridgefield,
N.J., BG's line of commercial and military
alumina terminals and bushings. These products
will be made by Latrobe's Ceramic Seals Div.
and will be offered as standard shelf items, sup-
plementing the Latronics line of custom metal-
ized ceramic seals. . . . Ampex Corp., Redwood
City, Calif., has formally acquired Mandrel Indus-
tries, Inc., a Houston, Tex., manufacturing and
geophysical service company, as a subsidiary.
Shareholders of both companies have agreed to
the proposed exchange of 10 shares of Mandrel
stock for nine of Ampex.
New Activities
Litton Industries, Inc., has formed a new divi-
sion with headquarters in Rochester, N.Y. The
Amecom Div. consists of the old Adler-Westrex
Communications, Emertron and McKiernan-Terry
Marine divisions. Amecom is intended to increase
Li's systems activities in communications, elec-
tronic countermeasures, oceanography and in-
formation and control.
Honeywell Seeks Name Change
Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co. on April
28 will ask stockholders' approval of a planned
name change to Honeywell, Inc. The firm feels
the old name implies a capability restriction that
no longer exists in the company. The shorter
name has been in common use for some time any-
way. The firm merely wants to make it official.
In The Courts
A majority of the unsecured creditors of
CompuDyne Corp., a Hatboro, Pa., electronics
firm, approved a plan for settlement of claims in
Philadelphia Federal district court. The firm had
filed for court protection last May under the Fed-
eral Bankruptcy Act. The plan provides for
settlement of Class 1 claims for 10% in cash and
the balance in a new issue of preferred stock.
Class 2 claims would be settled by issue of the
new stock.
New Facilities
Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., has an-
nounced plans for a 60,000-sq.-ft. expansion of
its facilities in Mountain View, Calif. Two new
wings will be added to the firm's existing build-
ing to accommodate research and development
work in electronic warfare, reconnaissance and
security systems. Completion is expected by late
1964. . . . Trans-World Airways, recently named
supplier for base services at NASA's Merritt Is-
land Launch Area, has opened an office in Cocoa
Beach, Fla. R. W. Wilson is in charge of the new
Base Operations Support Services Div. of TWA.
. . . Nanmac Corp., Indian Head, Md., manufac-
turers of ablating thermocouples, has moved its
main plant and offices to Needham Heights, Mass.
. . . The Institute for Scientific Information has
moved its headquarters to Uth & Chestnut Streets,
Philadelphia. The new facility more than doubles
the organization's previous space. . . . National
Semiconductor Corp. is transferring all activi-
ties of its Clark Semiconductor Div. to the firm's
new main plant and headquarters in Danbury,
Conn. Clark, manufacturer of silicon power tran-
sistors for telemetry and other communications
applications, was formerly located in Clark, N.J.
. . . Ling -Temco-V ought, Inc.'s Ling Electronics
Div. has equipped a neiv vibration laboratory in
Canoga Park, Calif., for Rocketdyne Div. of
North American Aviation, Inc. The facility is
being used to subject components of space rockets
to the vibration stresses that will be experienced
during take-off and space flight. The equipment
includes a shaker, an electronic amplifier and ex-
tensive instrumentation for controlling and moni-
toring vibration tests.
Company Representatives
Applied Engineering Products Co., Stamford,
Conn., has named two West Coast representatives
for its line of minature RF coaxial connectors.
McDonald Associates, Santa Monica, Calif., will
cover the Pacific southwest; Cascade Marketing
Co., Everett, Wash., will handle the Pacific north-
west. . . . Twin Industries Corp., Buffalo, N.Y.,
has appointed Airsupply Co., Beverly Hills, Calif.,
sales and engineering representative. Airsupply,
a division of Garrett Corp., will handle TIC's
line of missile structure components, ground sup-
port and other missile/ space equipment. . . .
Carter-Princeton, an electronics division of Car-
ter Products, Inc., in Princeton, N.J., has named
the Dave Miller Sales Co., Inc., Seattle, as sales
representative in the northwestern U.S. and part
of Canada. C-P designs and manufactures
thermoelectric devices. . . . Hitchiner Manufac-
turing Co., Inc., Milford, N.H., has appointed
Martin J. Scanlon Co., Detroit, Mich., sales rep-
resentative for Hitchiner and its subsidiary ,
Delta Microwave, Hackensack, N.J. Scanlon will
represent both firms' lines of investment castings
in Michigan.
Miscellaneous
The Boeing Co. annual report reflects a 1963
missile/space sales figure over twice as great as
that for military aircraft. Sales in the missile/
space category totaled $1,033,000,000. Military
aircraft accounted for $477,000,000; commercial
aircraft, $261,000,000.
nissiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
39
contracts and procurements
AWARDS
AIR FORCE
$42,200,000 — International Business Machines
Corp., Endicott, N.Y., for purchase of for-
merly leased electronic data processing equip-
ment.
$13,200,000 — Federal Electric Corp., Paramus.
N.J., for field engineering services related to
work at the Pacific Missile Range.
$12,400,000— Atco Corp., Stratford, Conn., for
production of Mark IIA re-entry vehicles for
ICBMs.
$4,000,000 — Kollsman Instrument Corp., Elm-
hurst, N.Y., for geodetic and surveying sys-
tems.
$3,400,000 — Control Data Corp., Minneapolis, for
purchase of formerly leased automatic data
processing equipment.
$1,500,000 — North American Aviation, Inc., Auto-
netics Div., Anaheim, Calif., for guidance and
control equipment related to Mimiteman
ICBMs.
$1,500,000— Sylvania Electric Products, Inc.,
Mountain View, Calif., for antenna groups
and electronic receiving sets.
$1,500,000— General Electric Co., Syracuse, N.Y.,
for Pacific Missile Range test operations.
$191,500 — Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., Dallas, for
a study of insulative heat shield attachment
systems.
$77,000— President and Fellows of Harvard Col-
lege, Cambridge, Mass., for solar research.
$44,627— Collins Radio Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa,
for pre-programmed ground antenna tracking
equipment.
$27,534 — Regents of the University of California,
Berkeley, Calif., for research and reports on
subconvulsive effects of UDMH propellant on
the nervous system.
ARMY
$70,607,900— Western Electric Co., New York
City, for continued research and development
of the Nike-X antiballistic missile.
$4,900,000— Sperry Rand Corp., Great Neck, N.Y.,
for work on classified electronic equipment.
$2,500,000— Melpar, Inc., Falls Church, Va., for
chemical agent warning and detection studies.
$1,730,800— Murray J. Sniff Construction Co.,
Compton, Calif., for construction of a booster
assembly building at Edwards AFB, Calif.
$1,300,000— Chicago Bridge and Iron Co., South
Pasadena, Calif., for the construction of a
space simulation facility for testing orbital
control rocket engines.
$91,936 — Pan American Airways, Inc., Tucson,
Ariz., for security and maintenance of a uni-
versal target missile tracking system.
$29,640— Western Electric Co., Whippany, N.J.,
for further research and development on the
Nike-X program.
NAVY
$12,100,000— General Dynamics Corp., Pomona,
Calif., division, for guidance control equip-
ment for Terrier and Tartar air defense mis-
siles.
$6,100,000— Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.,
Akron, Ohio, for production of Subroc mis-
siles.
$4,300,000 — North American Aviation, Inc., Co-
lumbus, Ohio, for further production of Spar-
row III rocket motors.
$ 1 ,500,000— Computer Measurements Co., San
Fernando, Calif., for the design and produc-
tion of electronic counters.
40
$470,000 — Varian Associates, Palo Alto, Calif.,
for microwave tubes.
$74,656— Hughes Aircraft Corp., Fullerton, Calif.,
for research in the basic mechanisms of tran-
sient radiation.
$64,414 — Dunlap and Associates, Inc., Darien.
Conn., for operations application study of
the critical manning problem for the 41-boat
Polaris fleet.
NASA
$16,400,000— Chrysler Corp., Space Div., Michoud,
La., for modifications and additional support
services related to Saturn I and IB production.
Work will be performed at Michoud, Marshall
Space Flight Center, Huntsville and Cape
Kennedy (three contracts).
$190,000 — General Dynamics/Electronics, Roches-
ter, N.Y., for space tracking equipment.
$97,227— Ithaco, Inc., Ithaca, N.Y., for a design
study and breadboard signal processor for
Nimbus spacecraft .
$94,913— Hewlett-Packard Co., Palo Alto, Calif.,
for counter and converter-time measurement
equipment.
$85,384— TRW-Space Technology Laboratories,
Inc., Redondo Beach, Calif., for a study of a
gravity gradient stabilized Nimbus spacecraft.
$60,336 — Hittman Associates, Inc., Baltimore,
Md., for a study of thermoelectric power con-
version.
$52,825 — General Dynamics Corp., General Atomic
Div., San Diego, for research on the determi-
nation of rare earth abundances in meteorites.
$51,570 — Control Data Corp., Minneapolis, Minn.,
for a Nimbus automatic programming system.
$51,300 — Radio Corp. of America, Electron Tube
Div., Lancaster, Pa., for a fundamental study
of radiation resistant silicon.
$50,000— California Computer Products, Inc.,
Anaheim, Calif., for a reliability assessment
study for the Nimbus command clock system.
$36,280 — Control Research Associates Co., Laurel,
Md., for system and component analysis for
the Aerobee rocket attitude control and de-
spin control system.
$25,699 — Tektronics, Inc., Annandale, Va., for
oscilloscopes and related accessories.
Harshaw Chemical Co., Cleveland, for the pro-
duction of a quantity of cadium sulfide solar
cells (undisclosed amount).
Computer Dynamics Corp., Silver Spring, Md.,
for provision of data processing services in
support of NASA's computer facility (undis-
closed amount).
DOD
$500,000 — Cubic Corp., San Diego, for follow-on
work related to a classified DOD program
covering angle and distance measuring equip-
ment to determine position and number of
airborne objects simultaneously.
DEFENSE COMMUNICATIONS
AGENCY
$3,400,000 — Western Union Telegraph Co., for
installing digital communications equipment
at Larsen AFB, Wash., and Hancock Field,
Syracuse, N.Y.
WEATHER BUREAU
General Precision, Inc., Link Dir., Binghamton,
N.Y., for design, development and production
of the Satellite Digital and Analog Display
System (SDAD) related to retrieval and analy-
sis of data gained from orbiting weather satel-
lites (undisclosed amount).
INDUSTRY
$ 1 ,000,000— Beckman Instruments, Inc., Fuller-
ton, Calif., from Grumman Aircraft Engr.
Co., for a data acquisition system to be used
in testing for the lunar excursion module.
$1,000,000— Fluor Corp., Los Angeles, from Gen-
eral Dynamics Corp., for work related to
Centaur launch facilities at Cape Kennedy.
$600,000— Consolidated Electrodynamics Corp.,
Pasadena, Calif., from Douglas Aircraft's Mis-
sile and Space Systems Div., for pre-detection
magnetic tape recorders and oscillographs for
use in the Saturn S-IVB booster program.
$230,000— Paul Chemical Co., Buena Park, Calif.,
from TRW Space Technology Laboratories,
for design, fabrication and installation of a
cryogenic nitrogen and oxygen storage, trans-
fer and vaporization faciUty for the San Juan
Capistrano rocket engine test facility.
REQUESTS FOR BIDS
GENERAL PROCUREMENTS
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Washington, D.C.
Study of the stresses and strains in birefring-
ent material in the elastic and plastic range.
NASA is negotiating a contract with Douglas
Missile and Space Systems Div., Douglas Air-
craft Co., Inc., Santa Monica, Calif. No RFP
available. For information only.
Purchasing Office
Marshall Space Flight Center
Huntsville, Ala.
Vibration testing of Saturn V instrument mount-
ing components including brackets, panels and
vibration isolation systems. Design and fabrica-
tion of test fixtures is required. Test specimen
will be Government-furnished and will weigh be-
tween 5 and 500 lbs. Maximum test specimen and
fixture weight is 1,000 lbs. Offerer's geographic
location will be an evaluation factor for award.
Period of performance is 12 months. RFP 1-4-
50-01107-01. Requests for the above RFP should
be forwarded to the above office, Attn : J . J.
Pirkle. Phone: 534-7922.
Contracting Officer
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Langley Station
Hampton, Virginia
NASA Langley Research Center is negotiating
a contract with Electro-Optical Systems, Inc.,
Pasadena, Calif., covering theoretical studies and
laboratory experimentation in an evaluation of
critical factors related to a flight experiment for
reflective surface samples. This notice is for in-
formation only. RFP L-4196 not available.
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Manned Spacecraft Center
General Research Branch
Facilities Section (ACB)
Houston, Tex.
Negotiations will be conducted with Texas;
Center for research in applied mathematics and
mechanics, 4403, Coventry Lane, Austin, Tex.
Study for optimum methods for determining and
predicting spare vehicle trajectories. Contract will
result from an unsolicited proposal from con- Re
tractor. RFP not available. PR No. 4500812. It \\-
is suggested that small business firms and others i
interested in subcontract opportunities make di-
rect contact with the above firm.
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964 mi
Nationad Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Contracts Div.
Washington, D.C.
Attn: F. C. Weirich
Phone: WO 2-0268
Study of differential bremstrahlung cross-
sections for unpolarized incident electrons and
positions. NASA is negotiating with Union Car-
bide Corp., 270 Park Ave., New York City;
based on an unsolicited proposal. For informa-
tion only.
Lewis Research Center
21000 Brookpark Road
Cleveland, Ohio
NASA Lewis Research Center is soliciting
proposals to perform the investigation of oxide
and hydroxide forms as they form in a sealed
nickel cadmium cell. RFP SPSD-1135. For further
information contact Tom Donohue, Area Code
216, 433-4000, Ext. 551.
Negotiations will be conducted with Radio
Corp. of America, David Sarnoff Research Center,
Princeton, N.J., for research on vapor filled
thermionic converters. P/R SPSD-1164. Note:
For information only; RFP not available.
Nike-X Project Office
Army Materiel Command
Redstone Arsenal, Ala.
The Nike-X Project Office, through the Army
Missile Support Command, proposes to supple-
ment a contract with Lockheed Propulsion Co.,
P.O. Box 111, Redlands, Calif., for an additional
R&D effort in continuation of the Sprint pro-
pellant back-up program. It is suggested that
small business firms and others interested in sub-
contracting opportunities make direct contact with
the above firm.
The Nike-X Project Office, through the New
York Procurement District, proposes to supple-
ment a contract with Western Electric Co., 222
Broadway, New York City, to provide additional
services in support of the Nike-X program. Com-
petition is precluded because of the continuing
nature of the services. It is suggested that small
business firms and others interested in subcon-
tracting opportunities make direct contact with
the above firm.
Contracting Officer
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Langley Station
Hampton, Virginia
Sole source supplier. Negotiations will be con-
ducted with the Avco Corp., Wilmington, Mass.,
for the fabrication of two nosecap assemblies to
be coated with Avco-developed ablation material.
RFP L-4303. For information only. No RFP avail-
able.
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Washington, D.C.
NASA is negotiating a contract with Moore-
Peterson Associates, Washington. D.C, for a
iurvey-study of the interconnection problem in
microelectronics. No RFP available. For infor-
nation only.
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Manned Spacecraft Center
General Research Procurement Office
Houston, Tex.
Attn: Darly W. Chilcutt
Area Code 713, WA 8-2811, Ext. 7351
Negotiations will be conducted with Dynamics
Research Corp., 38 Montvale Ave.. Stoneham,
Mass., for a digital shaft encoder and modifica-
:ion to existing contract NAS 9-12-63. RFP 64-
)96P. Note: For information only; no RFP avail-
able.
nissiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
Purchasing Office
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Huntsville, Ala.
Formulation of space environment criteria;
RFQ 1-4-75-01037-01. RFQ due date 3-20-64. It
is estimated that 12 months will be required to
complete this study.
Analysis of flight failure data to predict safety
factors of man-rated systems. RFQ 1-4-60-01010-
01. Period of performance shall be for 11 months
from date of any resultant contract; 10 months
for completion of work plus one month for prep-
aration and submission of summary report.
High resolution wind measuring system study.
RFQ 1-4-75-01041-01. RFQ due date 3-24-64. It
is estimated that the period of performance shall
be approximately 12 months; 11 months for com-
pletion of work, and one month for preparation,
submission and approval of final technical sum-
mary report.
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Manned Spacecraft Center
General Research Procurement Office
Houston, Tex.
Attn: Aubin O. Ferguson
Phone: Area Code 713, HU 3-5441
Design and fabrication of a 14-channel tape
transport with direct, FM and PDM record re-
produce modules. RFP MSC 64-1075P.
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Ames Research Center
Moffett Field. Calif.
Negotiations will be conducted with the Gen-
eral Electric Co., Philadelphia, for a study of
gravity gradient rods. RFP A-8065. Note: For
information only. No RFP available.
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Flight Research Center
P.O. Box 273
Edwards AFB, Calif.
Research and development contract is being
negotiated with Spacelabs, Inc., to establish de-
sign parameters for a biogrid with system to
measure surface biopontials of the human body.
Contract is resultant from an unsolicited pro-
posal. This synopsis is for information only and
no other proposals will be considered.
Picatinny Arsenal
Dover, N.J.
Adapter, connector, tee, coaxial in accordance
with Dwg. 8864789—850 each. Connector, plug,
R.F. coaxial, right angle, in accordance with
Dwg. 8863276—460 each. IFB 64-331B. Bid open-
ing 3-23-64. Bid sets and specs available at all
Procurement Districts.
Directorate, Procurement and Production
Middletown Air Materiel Area
Olmsted AFB, Pa.
S/N 1450-075-2117AA, frame, missile loading
and handling, IAW Air Force Dwg. 63F22229.
Application: AIM-4A/B/C/D-181 each. Prepro-
duction sample testing requirement of first unit.
Deliveries to Olmsted AFB, Pa. IFB 36-600-64-
379. Bid opening 3-27-64. Direct inquiries to
Wright Inn, MAPODA, r44-5521, Ext. 6209.
engineers • scientists
NEW CAREER
POSITIONS
at Fast Moving
Atlantic Research Corporation
The continued expansion at Atlantic Re-
search Corporation has created several
new career opportunities in the Washing-
ton, D.C. area, including the following:
DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
ENGINEER
To plan and direct challenging pro-
grams in area of solid propel I ant
development and evaluation. Requires
knowledge of theoretical performance
analysis combustion characteristics,
laboratory and pilot plant processing,
internal ballistics and static firing
evaluation. Applicant should offer
creativity, technical writing ability
and supervisory skill. M.S. or Ph.D.
in chemical engineering with 1 to 5
years applicable experience.
PROJECT ENGINEER
To assume overall production manage-
ment of Areas Sounding Rocket Sys-
tem. Responsibilities include: Produc-
tion customer liaison; production pro-
gram management and coordination;
resources management; production
planning, scheduling, and monitoring;
budgeting, cost control, and reporting;
and proposals and co; ting. Requires
B.S. or M.S. engineering with two
years minimum experience (emphasis
on production oriented training and/or
experience).
STAFF ENGINEER
(Technical Surveillance)
To assume responsibilities for technical
surveillance and trouble shooting of
rocket manufacturing operations in-
cluding inert (metal and plastic) com-
ponents, solid propel I ant grains and
motor assemblies on a major tactical
motor production program. Includes
field service, value engineering, tech-
nical product engineering responsi-
bilities. Requires B.S. chemical or
mechanical engineering, with minimum
of 5 years applicable experience.
PROPULSION DESIGN ENGINEER
Provide specialized design and/or
analytical support for proposed or
existing rocket motor development pro-
grams. Duties include rocket or vehicle
optimization studies, definition of pro-
pellant and hardware requirements,
grain design, internal ballistics, tran-
sient heat transfer analyses, elemen-
tary stress analyses, design of fila-
ment wound motor cases, advanced
nozzle design, and miscellaneous de-
sign and analytical studies. B.S. engi-
neering, physics, or mathematics; three
to five years diversified experience in
rocket development field. Requires
good mathematical background, and
familiarity with computer techniques.
Send resume to: Director,
Professional Personnel, Dept. 429
Atlantic Research
CORPORATION
Alexandria, Virginia
(A residential suburb
of Washington, D.C.)
An equal opportunity employer
Circle No. 2 on Subscriber Service Card 4]
products and processes
New Product of the Week:
Non-Fragmented Separation Device
A separation device that can func-
tion as a conventional threaded fastener
and then release members immediately
upon command without producing loose
parts, fragments or applying thrust to
the separating members is available
from Harvey Aluminum.
Controlled thrust can be applied if
required. Gaseous contamination is
eliminated since the system is corn-
Drift Detector
Technical Measurement Corp. is
marketing a solid-state lithium drift
detector with a 1-in. diameter.
The unit has a sensitive area of 500
sq. mm. and is available with depletion
depths of V2 , 1,2 and 3 mm. The 2-mm.
detector has a resolution exceeding 35
kev FWHM at room temperatures. Bet-
ter than 10 kev FWHM is guaranteed
at dry ice temperatures.
Circle No. 152 on Subscriber Service Card
Hydraulic Gear Pump
A line of hydraulic gear pumps and
motors in modular design is available
from Fluid Power Div. of Aurora Corp.
of Illinois.
The units will handle optional port
locations, have interchangeable mount-
ing flanges and are available with clock-
wise or counterclockwise rotation. The
aluminum pumps will operate at 2,000
psi and 2,000 rpm with maximum con-
tinuous operation at 2,500 rpm. Maxi-
mum intermittent operation speed is
2,700 rpm. The motors are rated at a
maximum continuous speed of 2,000
rpm, maximum continuous pressure of
2,000 psi, clockwise or counterclock-
wise.
Circle No. 153 on Subscriber Service Card
42
pletely sealed. Tensile capacity in the
%-in. size is 8,000 lbs. and each unit
is tested to 6,000 lbs. before shipment.
Applicable documents covering the
unit are military specifications MIL-E-
5272E, MIL-I-6866-A, MIL-I-6868B,
MIL-D-70327(2) and military stand-
ards MIL-STD-130B, MIL-STD-101B,
MIL-STD-300 series and MS-21260A.
Circle No. 151 on Subscriber Service Card
Electrometer
Applied Physics Corp. has devel-
oped a vibrating reed electrometer de-
signed specifically for space exploration.
The instrument can be used to meas-
ure solar winds and currents as small
as 5 x 1015 amperes. It has an output
drift of 0.1 mv per day, non-cumulative
at constant temperatures. Response is 1
sec, critically damped (98.6%); linear
range is 10 9 to 5 x 1016 amps with
one range change, utilizing a 5 x 10°
and a 1012 ohm resistor. Accuracy is
± 1 % full scale. The device has a power
requirement of 1 watt or less from an
18-v power supply; output is 0 to ±5v
on each range.
Circle No. 154 on Subscriber Service Card
Digital Tape Programmer
Lundy Electronics & Systems, Inc.,
has developed a universal digital tape
programmer capable of unattended pro-
gramming of several hundred thousand
unique events over a period of more
than 2 years.
The multi-channel device punches
the program in binary code on 0.002-in.
thick mylar tape and transfers it to a
ferrite core bit organized magnetic mem-
ory for sequential readout. Interroga-
tion rate is determined by the required
resolution of the programmer; type of
clock rate generator is determined by
the long-term accuracy required. A
0.00001% error is attainable using crys-
tals in a temperature-controlled environ-
ment. Atomic clocks permit accuracy of
one part in 1011.
Circle No. 155 on Subscriber Service Cord
Oscillator
Scionics Corp. is marketing the
Model 159 solid-state voltage controlled
oscillator, designed for spaceborne ap-
plications.
The device has an operational tem-
perature range of 0° to 185°F with fre-
quency shift less than 1% of DBW per
100°F. Input impedance for channels
1 to 18 is 500 k ohms, and channels A
to E is 250 k ohms. Distortion is less
than 1% harmonic at center frequency.
Input voltage is 0 to 5v dc or ±2.5v dc.
Output voltage is adjustable to l.Ov
RMS maximum.
Circle No. 156 on Subscriber Service Card
VLF Function Generator
A VLF function generator capable
of generating any wave shape, provided
it is a single-valued function and repeti-
tive, has been developed by Houston
Instrument Corp.
In the Model SG-88, the conven-
tional oscillator circuit is replaced by
a rotating transparent disc scanned by
a narrow light beam. Silk-screened on
each disc is an opaque pattern repre-
senting in polar coordinates the wave-
form to be produced. The light beam
passes through the transparent areas
and is deflected onto a photoelectric
transistor by a spherical mirror. Fre-
quency and intensity of the light signal
establishes the electronic signal to pro-
duce the desired output waveform.
Output frequency range is 0.005 to
50 cps. DC voltage levels at output ter-
minals can be set between ±25v from
ground level. The waveform (at 40
cps) and output voltage level can be
monitored by a built-in oscilloscope.
Circle No. 157 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
Octave C-Band Circulator
An octave bandwidth circulator cov-
ering the 4.0 to 8.0-gc range is being
marketed by Western Microwave Labo-
ratories, Inc.
The Model CC-48 has a 20-db mini-
mum isolation and an insertion loss of
0.4 db maximum. VSWR is 1.25:1 max-
imum. With TNC female connectors in
Y configuration, the device measures
214 in. in diameter and VA in. thick.
Circle No. 158 on Subscriber Service Card
Pile Oscillator
The Model 301 pile oscillator for
use in research reactors for conducting
frequency response analyses is being
marketed by Reactor Experiments, Inc.
The device can be designed for use
either vertical or horizontal access
positions and can operate over a range
of reactivity cycles from about 0.002
|to 120 cps. It has been operated with
ihafts up to 35 ft. long.
Circle No. 159 on Subscriber Service Card
Beam Power Tube
An all-glass twin tetrode transmitting
tube that operates up to 600 mc is avail-
able from Tung-Sol Electric, Inc.
The Type 6907 is designed for both
fixed station and mobile transmitting
ipplications. As an RF amplifier at 150
mc, the unit will handle 90 watts input
with 20 watts total plate dissipation. It
is rated for 6.3 or 12.6 heater volts and
ixhibits natural cooling with a plate
j/oltage of 300v at frequencies up to
4-70 mc. Bulb temperature is 250°C.
Circle No. 160 on Subscriber Service Card
Jridge Rectifier
A full-wave bridge rectifier for use
n high-frequency power supplies is be-
ng marketed by TRW Semiconductors.
The Model PS3383 is a 3-kv unit
ind will handle 50-kc sine wave input
it 175 ma average rectified current into
! capacitive load. At 100 kc, it will
landle 70 ma.
Circle No. 161 on Subscriber Service Card
K-Band TWT
An X-band, helix traveling wave
ube with periodic permanent magnet
ocusing has been introduced by Ray-
heon Co.
The Model QKW-1132 is a broad-
band tube in the 7,000 to 11,000-mc
ange. Peak power is 1 kw at a gain of
4 to 40 db. The device operates at duty
ycles up to 1% and features built-in
ooling fins.
Circle No. 162 on Subscriber Service Card
lissiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
AVAILABLE -NOW
New Edition
50% Revised
This fourth edition of the WORLD SPACE DIRECTORY lists over 16,000
key industry personnel in approximately 4,000 U. S. and foreign mis-
sile/space and defense-oriented companies, organizations and gov-
ernment agencies. Over 50% of the listings have been revised and
400 new companies added to reflect changes in the industry since the
last issue was published in October, 1963.
WORLD SPACE DIRECTORY will serve as your basic guide to locat-
ing companies and personnel; checking titles, addresses and tele-
phone numbers; and gathering reference data for production planning
in the multi-billion dollar missile/space and defense markets.
Order your copy of the easy-to-use WORLD SPACE DIRECTORY today.
WORLD SPACE DIRECTORY
1001 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20005
Please ship .
copies at $72.50 United States, Possessions & Canada;
S13.50 All Other Countries.
NAME
TITLE
COMPANY
PRODUCTS SERVICES
ADDRESS
CITY
STATE ZIP
43
A reversible gear-head motor. Operates on 26 V. DC.
2 amps Motor turns at 60 RPM. Has 15 in. lb. torque.
Intermittent duty. Tongue type take off shaft.
Mfg. Airborne Accessories Corp. Mod No. Rl 14M2-3
0 A Igth. 7 3/4" Like new JQ
Aany other Acrurjrors, Gear Head Motors,
Gear Trains, etc. in stoc'< - Send for
log below for complete list.
VtCKeRZ HVPPAOC'C
A 2 HP self-contoinedunit with a Co
stant torque at all speeds. Has variol
volume reversible pump which is controlled from the outside
and supplies o hydraulic motor. Input RPM 'S 1800 contin-
uous, 4000 intermittent Pressure is automatic up to 1250
PSI. Input S output take-offs are 1/2" dio., 1 1 spline,
female. Overall size: 8"x8"x7". Shipping
Weight 21 lbs N°. H-VT-1C- g/^l;
INPUT nnd TAKE-OFF PLATE Assemblies -To adapt the
transmission to pulley, belt, gear or chain drive. Has high
speed bearings, 1/2" keyway shoft.( shown on unit above)
No- H -VT -IDA - Input ...S 10.50
No. H-VT-ODA- Output... J9.S0
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Prices. Products include Hand & Power Tools, Sports &
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plus World's largest on the shelf stocks of Hydraulic ,
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12263 E. VERNON AVE., Dept. MR-3 4
I LOS ANGELES 58, CALIFORNIA
Circle No. 4 on Subscriber Service Card
M R BUSINESS OFFICES
Washington, D.C. 20005—1001 Vermont Ave-
nue, NW; STerling 3-5400
A. C. Boughton, National Sales Manager
Kenneth C. Blanchard, Director of Re-
search and Marketing
New York, N.Y. 10017-20 East 46 Street;
YUkon 6-3900
Paul B. Kinney, Eastern Advertising Man-
ager
Paul N. Anderson
Beverly Hills, California 90210-9301 Wilshire
Blvd.; CRestview 4-8791
Edwin J. Denker, Jr., Western Advertising
Manager
Ronald L. Rose
Detroit, Michigan 48237-21990 Greenfield
Road, Oak Park, Mich.; 547-8880
Michael Rouff
Chi cago, Illinois 60601 — 1 East Wacker Dr.,
Room 1522; 321-1444
Charles E. Durham, Jr.
Miami, Florida 33022— P.O. Box 890, Holly-
wood, Fla.; Wilson 7-6072
R. P. Caldiero
London, W.I., England— 44 Conduit Street;
REgent 4714
American Magazine Group
Geneva, Switzerland — 10 Rue Grenus; Ge-
neva 321044
Paris, France— 11 Rue Condorcet; TRU 15-39
names in the news-
LAFFIN WILSON
Robert W. Laffin: Elected vice presi-
dent of manufacturing for Simmonds Pre-
cision Products. Inc., Tarrytown, N.Y.
William D. Wilson: Appointed man-
ager of the office of public information
for Radiation. Inc., Melbourne, Fla.
Robert L. Wells: Elected vice president-
engineering for Westinghouse Electric
Corp., Pittsburgh.
James B. Hall: Appointed chief of the
ordnance systems applications engineering
group at the Anaheim, Calif., facility of
Northrop Corp.'s Nortronics Div.
Charles J. Merrill: Elected a vice presi-
dent of The Matrix Corp., Arlington, Va.
Alfred Strogoff: Named president of
the newly formed Amecom Div. of Litton
Industries, New Rochelle, N.Y.
Philip S. Devirian, Jr.: Named manager
of international engineering and produc-
tion for FMC Corp.'s Ordnance Div., San
Jose, Calif.
Merle J. Ackerman: Joined Houston
Instrument Corp.. Bellaire, Tex., as gen-
eral sales manager.
Leonard H. Eisner: Appointed inter-
national marketing manager of Computer
Control Co., Inc., Framingham, Mass.
Gen. Paul M. V. Stehlin: Former chief
of staff of the French Air Force, joined
Hughes Aircraft International Service Co.,
Paris, as vice president of advanced
planning.
Dr. Edward L. Ginzton: Elected chair-
man of the board and president of Varian
Associates, Palo Alto, Calif.
George Eisler: Appointed executive
vice president of Scientific Data Systems,
Inc., Santa Monica, Calif. Peter Fenchel
appointed vice president-finance.
R. J. Rutherford: Elected a vice presi-
dent of Vapor Corp., Chicago.
D. B. Morrissett: Joined the staff of
Computer Systems, Inc., Richmond, Va.,
as executive vice president and member
of the board of directors.
Frederick J. Bendetti: Named head,
environmental criteria section of the De-
STROGOFF
STEHLIN
sign Analysis Dept., Aeromechanics Sub-
division, San Bernardino, Calif., Opera-
tions of the Aerospace Corp. William S.
Vance named associate department head,
Design Analysis Dept.
Jack M. Beauchamp: Appointed assist-
ant to senior vice president at Aerojet-
General Corp., El Monte, Calif.
John Messerschmitt: Promoted to vice
president-general manager, Tube Div.,
Amperex Electronic Corp., Hicksville,
N.Y.
A. L. Wallace, Jr.: Named program
director of North American Aviation's
Space and Informations Systems Div.'s
Project Cloud Gap headquartered in Wash-
ington, D.C.
Brian Hooper: Joined LTV Ling Elec-
tronics Div. of Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc.,
Anaheim, Calif., as chief engineer-high
power electronics.
Dr. Charles A. Berry, M.D.: Appointed
chief of center medical programs for the
NASA Manned Spacecraft Center,
Houston.
Frank H. Bower: Joined Raytheon
Co.'s Semiconductor Div., Mountain View,
Calif., as manager of microelectronic
manufacturing.
William R. Backer: Appointed chief
engineer, research and design, at Norton
Co.'s Machine Tool Div., Worcester, Mass.
Dr. Aaron A. Levin: Named a project
manager for Diffraction Limited, Inc.,
Bedford, Mass.
John H. O'Neill: Appointed manager
of engineering for Semicon Associates,
Inc., Lexington, Ky.
James D. Harlin: Named sales man-
ager of Electronic Research Co., Overland
Park, Kan.
William D. Hambrook: Appointed man-
ager of purchasing at Standard Pressed
Steel Co., Jenkintown, Pa.
Thomas J. Connors: Named vice pres-
ident and general manager of Motorola
Semiconductor Products Inc., Phoenix,
Ariz.
44
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
when and where
MARCH
Society for Nondestructive Testing Spring
National Convention, Chapman-Park
Hotel, Los Angeles, Mar. 16-19.
Pricing and Negotiating Prime and Sub-
contracts in the Defense and Aerospace
Industries Seminar, sponsored by the
Contract Management Institute, Am-
bassador Hotel, Los Angeles, Mar. 16-
20.
NBS Symposium on Statistical Association
Methods for Mechanized Documenta-
tion, National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C., Mar. 17-19.
Third Hypervelocity Techniques Sympo-
sium, Denver, Colo., Mar. 17-18.
Second Semi-Annual Air Force RTD Pro-
curement Management Seminar, Del
Mar Hotel, Santa Monica, Calif., Mar.
18-20.
IEEE International Convention, Hilton
Hotel and Coliseum, New York City,
Mar. 23-26.
American Meteorological Society National
Conference on Physics and Dynamics
of Clouds, University of Chicago, Mar.
24-26.
Southwest Research Institute Aerospace
Bearing Conference, San Antonio, Tex.,
Mar. 25-27.
rechnical Symposium, sponsored by Poly-
technic Institute of Brooklyn, IRE,
AIEE, Army, Navy and Air Force,
New York City, Mar. 23-Apr. 2.
American Society for Test and Materials,
Pyrolytic Graphite Symposium, Palm
Springs, Calif., Mar. 30-31.
APRIL
Society of Plastics Engineers, Engineering
with Thermoplastics, Sheraton Hotel,
Akron, Ohio, Apr. 1.
Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Annual
Scientific Briefing for Tomorrow, Wor-
cester, Mass., Apr. 1.
Optical Society of America Spring Meet-
ing, Sheraton-Park Hotel, Washington,
D.C., Apr. 1-3.
AIAA Annual Structures and Materials
Conference, Riviera Hotel, Palm
Springs, Calif., Apr. 1-3.
American Chemical Society National
Meeting, Philadelphia, Apr. 5-10.
22nd Annual Meeting, National Aerospace
Services Association, International Inn,
Washington, D.C., Apr. 6-7.
IEEE Rubber and Plastics Industry Con-
ference, Sheraton-Mayflower Hotel,
Akron, Ohio, Apr. 6-7.
Solar Energy Symposium, University of
Florida, Gainesville, Apr. 6-7.
Pricing and Negotiating Prime and Sub-
contracts in the Defense and Aerospace
Industries Seminar, sponsored by the
Contract Management Institute, Pal-
mer House, Chicago, Apr. 6-10.
IEEE International Conference on Non-
linear Magnetics, Shoreham Hotel,
Washington, D.C., Apr. 6-8.
ASME Design Engineering Conference
and Show, McCormick Place, Chicago,
Apr. 6-9.
ISA Measurement and Control Instrumen-
tation Div. Symposium, Floridian Ho-
tel, Tampa, Apr. 8-10.
48th Annual Meeting, Federation of Amer-
ican Societies for Experimental Biol-
ogy; Conrad Hilton Hotel, Chicago,
Apri. 12-18.
IEEE Symposium on Microelectronics,
Chase-Park Plaza Hotel, St. Louis, Apr.
13- 15.
Institute of Environmental Sciences, An-
nual Technical Meeting and Equipment
Exposition, Sheraton Hotel, Philadel-
phia, Apr. 13-15.
American Power Conference, sponsored
by IEEE and Illinois Institute of Tech
nology, Sherman Hotel, Chicago, Apr
14- 16.
IEEE and ASME International Confer
ence and Exhibit on Aerospace Elec
tro-Technology, Westward-Ho Hotel
Phoenix, Ariz., Apr. 19-25.
ASTME Annual Meeting, Convention and
Exposition, Detroit, Apr. 20-24.
Seminar on Nonlinear Partial Differential
Equations in Mathematical Physics,
sponsored by Air Force Office of Scien-
tific Research, Army Research Office,
and American Mathematical Society,
Hotel New Yorker, New York City,
Apr. 20-23.
AFIPS, IEEE and ACM Spring Joint Com-
puter Conference, Sheraton-Park Ho-
tel, Washington, D.C., Apr. 21-23.
IEEE Southwest Conference and Elec-
tronics Show, Dallas Memorial Audi-
torium, Dallas, Apr. 22-24.
American Geophysical Union, Annual Na-
tional Meeting, Washington, D.C., Apr.
22-25.
Fourth Rare-Earth Research Conference,
sponsored by AF Office of Scientific
Research, Phoenix, Ariz., Apr. 22-25.
National Aeronautics Meeting and Pro-
duction Forum, sponsored by SAE and
ASME, Commodore Hotel, New York
City, Apr. 27-30.
MAY
American Society for Microbiology, Shera-
ton Park and Shoreham Hotels, Wash-
ington, D.C., May 3-7.
10th National Aerospace Instrumentation
Symposium sponsored by ISA, Biltmore
Hotel, New York City, May 4-6.
AIAA Aerospace Propulsion Meeting,
Cleveland, May 4-6 (semi-classified).
10th Annual Meeting of the American As-
tronautical Society, Hilton Hotel, New
York City, May 4-7.
ASME Metals Engineering Conference,
Sheraton-Cadillac Hotel, Detroit,
Mich., May 4-8.
Fifth National Symposium on Human Fac-
tors in Electronics, sponsored by IEEE-
HFE, San Diego, Calif., May 5-6.
IEEE-EIA Electronic Components Confer-
ence, Marriott Twin Bridges Motor
Hotel, Washington, D.C., May 5-7.
Society for Experimental Stress Analysis
Spring Meeting, Hotel Utah and Motor
Lodge, Salt Lake City, May 6-8.
Acoustical Society of America Spring Meet-
ing, Hotel New Yorker, New York
City, May 6-9.
COSPAR Seventh Plenary Meeting, Flor-
ence, Italy, May 8-20.
Advertisers' Index
AEROJET-GENERAL CORP., A SUB. OF
THE GENERAL TIRE & RUBBER CO. 48
Agency — D'Arcy Adv. Co.
AEROSPACE CORP 4, 5
Agency — Gaynor & Ducas, Inc.
AMPEX CORP 2
Agency — Cunningham & Walsh Inc
ATLANTIC RESEARCH CORP 41
Agency — S. G. Stackig, Inc.
COLLEGE HILL INDUSTRIES, INC. ... 36
Agency — Thorndike, Schonfarber
& Thomas
HUGHES AIRCRAFT CO 47
Agency — Foote, Cone & Belding
MOTOROLA INC., SEMICONDUCTOR
PRODUCTS DIV 37
Agency — Lane & Bird Adv., Inc.
PALLEY'S 44
Agency — Burton & Booth
PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS,
INC., GUIDED MISSILES RANGE DIV. 33
Agency — Deutsch & Shea, Inc.
SANGAMO ELECTRIC CO 16
Agency — Winius-Brandon Co.
SPERRY GYROSCOPE CO., RADIATION
DIV., DIV. OF THE SPERRY RAND
CORP 38
Agency — Reach, McClinton
& Co., Inc.
TABER INSTRUMENT CORP 9
Agency — Harold Warner Adv., Inc.
TITANIUM METALS CORP. OF
AMERICA 24, 25
Agency — W. L. Towne Co., Inc.
VARIAN ASSOCIATES, TUBE DIV 6
Agency — Hoefer, Dieterich
& Brown, Inc.
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1964
45
editorial . . .
Hogwash
PRESIDENT EISENHOWER, who should have
known better, left this industry an undeserved
and evil legacy with his valedictory warning that the
nation should beware of the power of the "military-
industrial complex."
It is dragged out, dusted off and trumpeted loudly
whenever someone wishes to attack the industry and
the military, both of which have done and are doing
a conscientious job of keeping U.S. military strength
at a level second to none.
The latest to latch onto this old saw is Harper's
magazine, which in its March issue offers the first
of a three-part series by Julius Duscha, a political
reporter for the Washington Post. This article, illus-
trated on the cover with symbolic missiles, is entitled
"Arms and the Big Money Men: Congressmen, Con-
tractors, and the 'Defense' Pork Barrel."
The article is so biased and ill-informed that we
wonder why Harper's has undertaken to print the
series, which falls right into line with the recent
series of movies slandering our military effort. The
bias is evident in the very wording. There are refer-
ences to that fact that defense "eats up" more than
half of the Federal budget, to "phalanxes" of lobby-
ing Air Force officers, "lavish" conventions, and
"luxurious" military aircraft.
We will let Mr. Duscha himself enlighten you on
the terrible things that are going on:
"Defense budgets increase, the services promote
their favorite projects among contractors and their
friends on Capitol Hill, the politicians try to advance
their careers by announcing and sometimes influenc-
ing the awarding of defense contracts, the White
House continues to take an avid interest in seeing
that Democrats get the maximum political mileage
out of defense spending, the services butter up their
pals on Capitol Hill with bases in their states as well
as brandy — and big contracts as well as black cigars
— and officers move off active duty onto retirement
lists and into jobs with contractors that, during their
Pentagon days, they were supposed to hold at arms'
length."
No one has been more critical of questionable
industry practices than this magazine. We have, for
example, in the past taken sharp issue with some of
the very things Mr. Duscha mentions — "lavish" con-
ventions by the military associations ("On Booze,
Blondes and Bashes," M/R, Oct. 23, 1961, p. 50),
the continuation of unnecessary programs ("The
Meaning of Sky bolt," M/R, Jan. 7, 1962, p. 54),
employment by the industry of retired officers as
lobbyists ("Conflict of Interest," M/R, Feb. 18,
1963, p. 50) and political influence on defense spend-
ing ("Politics and Procurement," M/R, March 4,
1963, p. 58).
Probably Mr. Duscha would regard us as a
"mouthpiece" for the industry. Nevertheless, we be-
lieve the above list is evidence of our own firm be-
lief that questionable industry practices should be
publicly criticized.
We also believe, however, that such criticism
should be objective and that it should be on the basis
of fair and accurate reporting of facts. Mr. Duscha
46
in Harper s
is so little familiar with the industry he attacks that
he does not even get his facts right.
He refers to the Aeronutronics Division of Philco
Corp., Ford subsidiary, as Ford's Aeronautical Divi-
sion and to Douglas AirGraft Co. as Douglas Corp.
He tells us: "Not since the country's isolationist
days of the 1930's has Congress questioned the need
for ever-increasing defense expenditures — in time of
peace as well as war."
He quotes a Missouri Congressman (Republican
Thomas B. Curtis) as telling him: "The Armed Serv-
ices Committees are a patsy for the Pentagon." Mr.
Duscha adds that the Senate and House Appropria-
tions subcommittees are just as sympathetic toward
the military as are the Armed Services Committees.
He builds a fascinating case that all of this is due
to the fact that defense contracts mean votes back
home and that the services have their way on the
Hill because they ply Congressmen with cocktail
parties, steak dinners, brandy, cigars, chauffered cars
and free trips on military jets.
Mr. Duscha seems blithely unaware — or deliber-
ately neglects to mention — that the House cut some
$2 billion from the defense budget last year and the
Senate restored only $258 million of this and com-
promised on reducing that by $120 million in joint
committee.
Mr. Duscha could not mention this, of course,
because it kills his whole point. The fact is that the
defense budget-cut was the largest since 1958.
THIS DOES NOT SQUARE AT ALL with the dis-
torted picture Mr. Duscha is trying to peddle.
He also eliminates other significant facts.
He points out that the Senate crushed, 74 to 2,
an amendment by Sen. George McGovern (D-S.D.)
to cut the defense appropriation by 5%. He says the
Senate "then went on to pass the defense appropria-
tions bill, which amounts to half the Federal budget,
after spending a leisurely afternoon in desultory dis-
cussion of a few of its provisions. There was none
of the probing and sharp questioning that marked
the Senate's three-week debate later in the fall on
the foreign-aid program . . ."
But the author neglects to mention that com-
mittees had been at work on the bill for many
months and that an amendment proposed on the floor
by Sen. Leverett Saltonstall (R-Mass.) calling for a
general 1 % cut in defense procurement was defeated
by only one vote.
This inaccuracy and distortion continues through-
out the article. Mr. Duscha tells us in his text that
Mr. McNamara "has injected more genuine competi-
tive bidding in the awarding of defense contracts"
and we are then promised that next month's article
will cover "the disturbing trend away from competi-
tive bidding."
Harper's says these articles are "a carefully
documented effort" to contribute to the understand-
ing of the Eisenhower charge. We say that, judging
from the first, they are inaccurate, biased hogwash.
William J. Coughlin
missiles and rockets, March 16, 1 96'
Systems Analysts &
Preliminary Design Engineers
for Advanced Space Guidance
& Control Systems
Rapid expansion of space con-
tracts, projects and studies at the
HUGHES Aerospace Divisions in
Southern California has created
unusual opportunites for several
qualified Engineers, Physicists
and Mathematicians for Advanc-
ed Space Systems assignments.
Space-mission openings are avail-
able in the following areas:
m INTERPLANETARY GUID-
ANCE & NAVIGATION
■ TRANS-LUNAR GUIDANCE
& NAVIGATION
■ EARTH ORBIT NAVIGATION
■ RENDEZVOUS & RE-ENTRY
GUIDANCE
Current requirements include:
Guidance & Navigation
System Synthesis
To study and develop guidance
and navigation equations and
techniques; make feasibility and
error analyses; establish subsys-
tem and component require-
ments; conduct system prelimi-
nary design; plan inertial, optical
and electro-magnetic instrumen-
tation.
Control System Synthesis
To analyze control system require-
ments for various space vehicles;
establish subsystem and compo-
nent requirements; conduct sys-
tem preliminary design; study
measurement instrumentation
and torque-producing equipment.
Simulation
To plan digital simulation for
studies related to earth orbital,
trans-lunar, interplanetary and re-
entry trajectories; analog simula-
tion of rendezvous guidance and
control systems.
Applied Mathematics
Space mathematics applications
related to orbit determination, tra-
jectory analysis, optimization pro-
cedures, perturbation theory and
space mechanics.
If you hold an accredited Engi-
neering, Physics or Mathematics
degree, are a U. S. citizen and feel
that you are qualified by interest
and experience in one or more of
these areas, please airmail your
resume to:
MR. ROBERT A. MARTIN
Head of Employment
HUGHES Aerospace Divisions
11940 W. Jefferson Blvd.
Culver City 52, California
WE PROMISE YOU A REPLY WITHIN ONE WEEK.
An equal opportunity employer.
Creating a new world with electronics
HUGHES
HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY
AEROSPACE DIVISIONS
Von Karman Center
A major scientific and engineering complex
...with the combined abilities for research,
design, development, manufacture and test of
advanced products for government and industry.
VON KARMAN CENTER / Azusa, California
Power Conversion — the Snap-8 space nuclear electric power system, solar,
power systems, brushless alternators, nuclear power systems
Marine Technology — torpedoes and ad-
vanced underwater weapons, specialized
sonar, hydrodynamic research, underwater
communications
Astrionics — electro-optical -mechanical
systems for calibration, surveillance, and
warning
Materials — reinforced plastics, ablative
structures, refractory metals, ceramics,
high strength glass filament
Life Sciences — life support
systems, biological subsystems,
applied research
Chemicals— water treatment processes,
batteries, chemical instrumentation, spe-l
cialty chemicals, propellant research
PRODUCT DIVISIONS: STRUCTURAL MATERIALS • LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS • SNAP-8 • CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
PRODUCTION PROJECTS • OCEANIC PRODUCTS • ADVANCED RESEARCH • ASTRIONICS
hinting Radome for Haystack Antenna
>OD-ComSat Corp. Negotiations Snarled. . . 10 f^fmug»
MP Finds Further Radiation Region 22?>:
laystack Antenna Set for July Turn-on .... 26 AN AMERICAN AVIATION PUBLICATION
IF YOU HAVE ANY COMBUSTIBLE GAS
OR TOXIC VAPOR PROBLEM
-BIG OR LITTLE, NEW OR OLD-
SEE WHAT MSA CAN DO
We really mean the word any. There's hardly any
toxic or combustible gas problem that MSA has
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Some are solved by means of intermittent de-
tection of the hazard using MSA portable instru-
ments. We make over 60 types. They are widely
used to measure a vast number of toxic or explo-
sive substances.
Other problems call for MSA permanent in-
struments to stand continuous guard. They can
monitor common hazards like carbon monoxide,
or exotic missile fuels and oxidizers. Sample one
or a number of points. Pick out one gas in a
complex mixture. Even detect parts per billion.
You name the hazard. Chances are MSA has)
instrumentation to help control it.
As important to you as the wide selection of
MSA instruments is the skill and experience necj
essary to arrive at the right solution. That is a
capability that MSA has been perfecting for near-
ly forty years. We'd like to put it to work for yoi|
Please send your request to the Instrument Divi-
sion, Mine Safety Appliances/
Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15208.
OGh
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M-S-A Combustible Gas Analyzer
For use with any flammable gas
or vapor from O to 100% LEL.
Monitors from 1 to 16 locations.
M-S-A Explosilarm
Low-priced combustible
gas alarm for single point
monitoring.
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M-S-A Carbon Monoxide
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Detects hazardous CO
concentrations in air from
as many as eight areas.
M-S-A Thermatron
Analyzer
Monitors hydrogen in
inert atmospheres.
M-S-A Billion-Aire
Trace Gas Analyzer
Measures toxic gases
or vapor as low as
parts per billion.
M-S-A Universal Tester
Portable sampler measures over 80
toxic gases, vapors, mists, dusts.
M-S-A Lira' Infrared Analyzer
Compact, economical analyzer;
applications include CO, CO?,
chlorinated hydrocarbons
Circle No. 1 on Subscriber Service Co
missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Volume 14, Number 12
March 23, 1964
Editor
William ). Coughlin
Managing Editor
Reed Bundy
Senior Editors
Charles D. LaFond Electronics
William Beller Engineering
Associate Editors
(Lawrence J. Curran Assistant Managing Editor
Heather M. David Space Medicine
[Michael Getler Electronics
Russell Hawkes Industry
John F. Judge Advanced Materials
Robert L. Parker .Copy Editor
Rex Pay Electronics
Hal Taylor . . .NASA
James Trainor Military
Contributing Editors
David A. Anderton, Warren Burkett,
Robert Lindsey, Robert Twiss
Friedrich Schonbach ...Art Director
Donald Strickland Assistant Art Director
Eleanor Cobey Editorial Assistant
Suzanne Montgomery Editorial Assistant
BUREAUS
LOS ANGELES. . . .9301 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills
Willard E. Wilks Bureau Chief
NEW YORK 20 East 46th Street
Michael Getler
CAPE KENNEDY 507 Orange Ave.
Chris Butler Merritt Is., Fla.
PARIS 11 Rue Condorcet
Jean-Marie Riche
GENEVA '. 10 Rue Grenus
Frank G. McGuire
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Br. Peter Castruccio Alexander Satin
:onrad H. Hoeppner Vice Adm. H. Sanders (ret.)
Richard F. Gompertz
James W. Claar
Publisher
\. C. Boughton National Sales Manager
'aul B. Kinney .Eastern Advertising Manager
Edwin J. Denker, Jr Western Advertising Manager
Kenneth C. Blanchard. Marketing & Research Director
lohn N. Carlin Director of Circulation
'addy Nelson Circulation Promotion
R. Virgil Parker Production Manager
larbara Wiener Advertising Services Manager
'ublished each Monday with the exception of the
ast Monday in December by American Aviation
'ubhcations, Inc., 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Wash-
ngton, D.C., 20005. Cable Address: AMERAV.
•rinted at Judd & Detweiler, Inc., Washington, D C.
lecond class postage paid at Washington, D.C.
Copyright 1964, American Aviation Publications, Inc.
iubscription rates: U.S. and Possessions, Canada, and
^an American Postal Union Nations: 1 year, $5.00, 2
ears $8.00, 3 years $10.00. All other foreign: 1 year
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ingle copy prices: regular issues 50 cents each;
pecial issues $1.00 each. Subscriptions are solicited
'nly from persons with identifiable commercial or
'rofessional interests in the missile/space industry,
iubscription orders and changes of address should be
eferred to Circulation Fulfillment Mgr., Missiles and
lockets, 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Washington,
I.e. 20005. Allow 4 weeks for change to become
ffective and enclose recent address label if possible.
resident Wayne W. Parrish
enior Vice President Louis C. James
ice President Fred S. Hunter
fU.S.
nissiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
THE COVER
Painters at work on 150-ft.-dia., 134-ft-
high radome — believed to be largest
metal-space-frame radome of its kind —
housing AF/MIT Lincoln Labs/North
American Aviation Haystack antenna,
slated to be turned on in July. Radome
was supplied by H. I. Thompson Fiber
Glass Co. See p. 26.
MARCH 23 HEADLINES
Vulnerability Factor Snags DOD ComSat Talks 10
NASA Fights in Senate to Restore House Fund Cuts . . 11
Congress Puts Pressure on NASA Propulsion Work. . . 12
Contract Probe Causes Sharpening of AF Procurement 12
Proposals Requested for First Lunar Base Study 13
DOD Moves to Standardize Flow of Technical Data. ... 14
Demler Warns of Tightening Controls over R&D 14
UK-2 Satellite To Measure Noise, Ozone, Particles 15
SPACE PROPULSION
New Aerojet Cryogenics Labs Work on NERVA, M-l 18
SPACE EXPLORATION
Details of IMP Discovery of New Radiation Belt 22
SPACE ELECTRONICS f
Powerful Haystack Antenna Now Set for July Turn-on 26
SPACE SUPPORT
Gemini Flight Simulator Readied for Cape Training 31
MISSILE ORDNANCE
Technical Meeting Probes Unknowns of EBW Field 32
LUNAR RESEARCH
Bendix Simulates Lunar Magma in Laboratory Tests 36
DEPARTMENTS
Letters 5 Contracts/Procurements 40
The Countdown 7 Products & Processes 41
The Missile/Space lL
Week ® 8 Names in the News 44
Technical Countdown 17 when and where 45
The Industry Week . 39 Editorial 46
47,055 copies this issue
Rag. Pdg.
3
Is this
what most engineers mean
when they say
RELIABILITY?
^
An integrated inertial navigation system
that can guide a nuclear-powered submarine for
weeks in the ocean depths without surfacing.
That is reliability. The system is called the
Mark II SINS. It was designed, developed, and
produced by the Autonetics Division of North
American Aviation. Today it guides the Free
World's nuclear-powered, Polaris-carrying sub-
marines, accurately giving them their position
and velocity plus the direction of north at all
times. It is but one of many achievements
pioneered by the engineers and scientists at
Autonetics in the area of integrated systems
application with built-in cost effectiveness.
These achievements by Autonetics have now
set a new standard of reliability for the entire
electronics industry.
North American Aviation /Autonetics
letters
EM Compatibility
To the Editor:
After reading your Feb. 17 editorial
' ("That Boston Center"), it would appear
that there may be some trends in electron-
I ics which are not being given enough con-
sideration. One of these is now popularly
, being called electromagnetic compatibility
i and is regarded as the next big step in
this field.
The study of electromagnetic compati-
bility should be centered where as many
i disciplines as possible are available and
where broadly trained personnel can be
sent to centers where their training can be
used in basic systems design and not used
to patch up the mistakes of others. These
men cannot be specialists, but have to
! know the value of specialized information
I and where it is available.
It is true that each space center needs
top capabilities in electronics and can
probably develop these capabilities on its
own. But when it comes to electromagnetic
compatibility, a much broader umbrella is
needed. New England, at least, is con-
scious of this broadening responsibility.
Rexford Daniels
President
Interference Consultants, Inc.
Boston
Dr. Saenger's Vision
To the Editor:
The Feb. 24 issue of M/R noted the
untimely death of Dr. Eugen Saenger. You
printed "probably his last words to the
press," based on an interview last summer.
For the record, I interviewed Dr. Saen-
ger in Berlin last October. I was prepar-
ing a magazine article about the growing
European space effort. (Unfortunately, I
was drafted before I could complete it.)
Of all my sources, he was the most help-
ful. He discussed the situation at length
and frankly, including the controversial is-
sues that others had ducked.
He was optimistic about the future of
space research. He predicted that public
support for space research would grow,
even in Europe, where it is much less even
than in the United States. Dr. Saenger was
;also thinking far into the future. He was
jalready planning manned trips through-
out the solar system and common tourist
travel to the Moon.
Dr. Saenger, still far ahead of his time,
will be missed.
Michael B. Wall
Editor
The Army Flier
U.S. Army Aviation Center
Ft. Rucker, Ala.
Remote Moon Analysis
To the Editor:
In a recent issue of M/R was a brief
report on Dr. von Braun's visit to Texas
A&M, including mention that the visit may
(nissiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
have "turned up a boon" for the Moon
project in the form of the "discovery" of
a "device" that may permit remote neutron
activation analysis of lunar soil.
The device described as a "five-inch
atom smasher" is fully described by its
original inventors in the March, 1960, issue
of the Review of Scientific Instruments un-
der the title, "The Development of a Com-
pact Evacuated Neutron Source."
The possibility of remote neutron acti-
vation analysis of the lunar crust is fully
explored and documented in a report issued
by the University of California, Lawrence
Radiation Laboratory, entitled "Remote
Analysis of Surfaces by Neutron Gamma
Inelastic Scattering Technique," UCRL
Report 6327 by C. D. Schrader and R. J.
Stinner.
If Dr. von Braun is seriously thinking
of putting taxpayer dollars into such a
scheme, I would suggest he talk to those
who did the original work on both the de-
vice and the idea, for the writer has per-
sonal knowledge that such a package was
being designed as long ago as 1961, at
Livermore, Calif. Who knows, perhaps he
can save a few dollars and avoid a lot of
unneeded reinvention of wheels.
Herbert S. Dunkerley
Schenectady, N. Y.
Space/Defense Bluffing?
To the Editor:
It's becoming increasingly clear that
our space and defense efforts are being
looked upon by many people as a sort of
poker game, in which you try to collect
the biggest winnings, even if you have to
bluff it. The question arises, whom are we
bluffing? Let me illustrate:
Bluff No. 1: We are training capable people
of technical background in government-
sponsored carrier-building programs, to
head space and defense management
groups.
Truth: We are giving, at government ex-
pense, watered-down college courses to
longtime civil-service employees, who by
hook and crook have eliminated every
technically competent person from the
program.
Bluff No. 2: Industry is carefully super-
vised by highly trained specialists, who
appoint patriotic, highly trained people to
monitor product standards set by the
armed forces or space scientists.
Truth: Every person who tries to really
improve quality is summarily fired, black-
listed or forced to resign . . .
Bluff No. 3: We are reducing spending
without endangering quality of either de-
fense or space programs.
Truth: Saving $1 by hounding and threat-
ening engineers with layoffs and suspen-
sions, we write contracts with labor unions
that cost $2 to prevent them from delaying
essential work by strikes that are even
more costly.
I believe that our stature as a world
power is increasingly questioned . . . Our
bluffs are being called.
Henry Albert
Los Angeles
And is this
what most engineers
mean when they say
APPLIED
MICROELECTRONICS?
The lightweight N16 Autonavigator is
another major achievement in inertial navi-
gation by the Autonetics Division of North
American Aviation. Drawing on years of
experience and extensive research, Auto-
netics engineers have applied microelec-
tronics to navigation systems.
N16 is more than a single autonavigator.
Ifs a whole family based on proven con-
cepts, utilizingstandardized equipmentand
featuring modular construction for growth
potential. The basic N16 is designed speci-
fically for high performance tactical and
transport aircraft. The N16S adds capabili-
ties required in space. The N16M accommo-
dates the same common sub-systems to the
needs of ships and submarines.
This N16 series utilizes precision gyros
and velocity meters which are scaled-down
versions of inertial components now used in
major weapon systems. Use of microcir-
cuitry, integrated circuits and other recently-
proven techniques provides high accuracy
plus a reliability 10 to 30 times that of
conventional guidance systems.
The basic N16 total system weight is 40
pounds; volume, 1.0 cubic foot; and the
total power consumption is only 140 watts,
including the computer with its built-in
self-check and calibration features.
A low total life cost is assured by the high
reliability, simple operator requirements
and engineered ease of maintainability.
This is but one more example of how the
engineers and scientists at Autonetics are
forging ahead in the field of applied micro-
electronics and total systems integration.. .
another reason why Autonetics today is
continuing to set standards for the entire
electronics industry.
North American Aviation
Autonetics
5
H
HONEYWELL
INSTRUMENTATION
MILITARY
EDITION
Number 2 MI
Honeywell Designs
Custom Cryostats
POTTSTOWN, Pa. — Cryostats de-
signed by Honeywell's Special Systems
Division for the calibration of platinum
and germanium cryogenic temperature
sensors are now in service at NASA's
Huntsville, Ala., facilities in connection
with the Saturn space vehicle program.
The self-contained, integrated systems
include dewars, precision control equip-
ment, high-accuracy measuring circuits
and digital readout equipment. Also in
the relay rack-mounted systems are pro-
grammers for automatic operation and
NBS calibration reference standards.
Calibration is accomplished by in-
serting test and control sensors and the
primary standard into the appropriate
cryogen — liquid helium, nitrogen, hy-
drogen, etc. By controlling the tempera-
ture of the cryogen at various levels,
denned precisely by the primary stand-
ard, calibration data is developed and
printed out. Up to six sensors of the
same type can be calibrated at one time.
All Honeywell cryostats are custom-
designed. Inquiries should include such
information as calibration range, sensor
type, sensor size, number to be cali-
brated at one time, accuracy require-
ments, and typical calibration curves.
WRITE FOR FULL INFORMATION
New Portable Lab Recorder
Measures lOOyuv to lOOv
PHILADELPHIA— Honeywell's
Philadelphia Division recently intro-
duced an all new portable lab recorder
capable of measuring voltages from 100
microvolts full scale to 100 volts dc full
scale without auxiliary equipment.
This new instrument, the ElectroniK
1 9 strip chart recorder, combines a wide
measuring range with a variety of fea-
tures which its designers say makes it
one of the most versatile recorders avail-
able for laboratory or test applications.
In introducing the new instrument,
Honeywell Market Manager William
Forsyth emphasized that the ElectroniK
19 recorder has been designed specifi-
cally to meet the needs of the military
test market.
"For example," he explained, "the
wide selection range of the new instru-
ment makes it possible to measure with
one recorder signals which usually re-
quire several units or auxiliaries such as
preamplifiers or attenuators."
The ElectroniK 19 lab recorder has a
unique tilting platen that pulls up from
a vertical position and locks at either a
30° or 45° angle.
"There also is a tear-off bar for fast,
easy removal of selected records," For-
syth pointed out. "When you add the
completely removable chart transport
NEW ELECTRONIK 16 Strip Chart Potentiometer is subjected to temperature and
humidity extremes in a Honeywell evaluation laboratory environmental chamber. An
intensive evaluation program for the ElectroniK 16 line assures quality, overall relia-
bility and repeatable performance capability under a wide range of operating conditions.
ELECTRONIK 19 PORTABLE LAB RE-
CORDER has a range from 100 microvolts
to 100 volts full-scale, weighs less than 20
pounds, occupies less than one square foot.
and quick thumb-wheel selection of 10)
chart speeds from one inch in 10 min-
utes to an inch a second, you can ap-
preciate how we have engineered this
instrument for the user."
Forsyth also noted that the new re-
corder's potentiometric measuring cir-
cuit provides ±0.25 per cent full-scale
accuracy and up to 100 per cent of full-
scale zero displacement to expand the
effective range when the signal goes off
scale. Other standard features include
high-performance, null-balance servo
with frequency response down less than
1% full scale at 5 cps from 10% peak-
to-peak amplitude, along with wide:
measuring capacity from low-impedance
detectors to high-impedance bridges.
WRITE FOR FULL INFORMATION
Honeywell
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS GROUP
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 19144
HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL
Sales and service offices in principal cities of the
world. Manufacturing in United States, United King-
dom, Canada, Netherlands, Germany, France, Japan.
Circle No. 8 on Subscriber Service Card
J
The Countdown
WASHINGTON
RAM Launching Looms
NASA plans to launch this week a 210-lb. scientific
experiment to study the problem of radio blackout when
a spacecraft re-enters the Earth's atmosphere. Ballistic
launch of the experiment — Radio Attenuation Measurement
(RAM) — is set for March 26.
260-in. Half-length Eyed for Saturn
Possibility of using the half-length 260-in. solid motor
with the S-IVB stage of Saturn IB is under consideration
at the space agency. This would make it feasible to put
50,000 lbs. in near-Earth orbit, compared with 32,000 lbs.
in the presently planned booster. The projected combina-
tion might also offer advantages of simplicity.
Pentagon Prepares to Borrow Syncom
Dept. of Defense plans some operational communica-
tion experiments with NASA's Syncom satellite. DOD will
use the system to send live traffic between Manila and the
U.S., as well as for training ground crews. Some delayed
television transmission between Japan and either Hawaii
or California is also envisioned.
Japan-U.S. TV Premiere at Hand
First "live" TV transmission from Japan to the United
States will take place March 25. The eight-minute show
will be flashed between 7:32 and 7:40 a.m. EST via the
Relay II communications satellite.
Lunar Static Electricity Feared
One of the nightmares NASA scientists are having about
the Moon involves the possibility that if there is a deep
layer of surface dust, static electricity might turn a landing
object into a dust-catcher. Spacecraft seals might be per-
meated, astronauts blinded, and a lunar mission effectively
wrecked.
Mars Biological Probe in 1966 Out of Picture
Prospect of landing a biological probe on Mars during
the 1966 Mariner mission is now ruled out, NASA officials
say. A decision is imminent on whether a lander of the size
that could be accommodated on this mission would offer
iny real advantages over a highly instrumented flyby.
Army Pushes for Missile Simplification
U.S. Army Missile Command is reported getting promis-
ng results in its research into ways missiles can be con-
xolled by short, powerful bursts of pressurized gas. Army
scientists view the project as of major importance in efforts
:o place a premium on simplicity.
:ulbright Hones Space Budget Knife
Look for a move from the Senate floor to cut the NASA
pudget by about $500 million. Last year a similar amend-
ment offered by Sen. J. William Fullbright (D-Ark.) was
defeated by only a half-dozen votes. The Senator has al-
nissiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
ready been asking NASA officials what certain cuts would
do to the space program.
Astronaut Academy Proposal Weighed
The House Space Committee is considering a bill in-
troduced by Chairman Olin Teague (D-Tex.) of the manned
spaceflight subcommittee to create a single academy for
all U.S. astronauts. The institution, which would be run by
NASA, would cover any person intended to participate in
flight reaching "an altitude of more than 50 miles above
the surface of the Earth."
INDUSTRY
Autonetics Upgrades Polaris Sub Navigation
Inertial navigation systems for the first-five George
Washington-class Polaris submarines are being modified and
improved by North American Aviation's Autonetics Div.
Changes will permit the subs to launch all three classes of
Polaris missiles. Currently, they can launch only the A-l
version.
NASA, DOD Pooling Problem Records
NASA and the Dept. of Defense are about to embark
on another joint program which may have wide repercus-
sions in industry. Both agencies will set up a system to
record just what technical problems cropped up during de-
velopment of various space systems. Pooling of data will
be at the "black box" level and may go even lower at a
later date. The information will be available to engineers
working on other projects.
New Development in Transducers
A new low-modulus d-c semiconductor instrument has
been developed by Gulton Industries. The transducer simul-
taneously measures normal shear and strain, Gulton reports,
and has been used by solid-propellant makers to determine
case bond shear strains in inert loaded rocket motors which
have been subjected to axial and transverse accelerations
up to approximately 50 g's. The firm says results have shown
excellent correlation with theoretical analysis of simple
propellant grain designs.
Apollo Communications Bids Studied
NASA expects to select a contractor for the unified
S-band communications system for Project Apollo by May
15. Some 14 firms have submitted bids to Goddard Space
Flight Center, and almost all are team efforts involving
more than one company.
INTERNATIONAL
French Near Testing of New Booster
France is reported ready to test within a few weeks a
solid-propellant booster delivering 56,000 lbs. of thrust.
Also continuing is development of the Regent, a still-secret
successor to the Diamant, with a payload of one to two
tons in Earth orbit.
7
The Missile/ Space Week
Navy Seeks ASMS Proposals
The Navy has invited 11 firms to
submit proposals for the Advanced
Surface Missile System (ASMS),
which would in the 1970's replace the
current Talos, Terrier and Tartar
family of shipboard missiles.
The move is seen as a step toward
standardization of the Navy's ship-
board missiles and the development
of a system that will eventually over-
come the difficulties experienced in
the cancelled Typhon design.
The proposals will cover radar
gear and launchers, as well as the
missile itself.
Firms receiving the Navy invita-
tion were Boeing, General Electric,
Hughes, ITT, Philco, Raytheon,
Sperry Rand, Sylvania, RCA, West-
inghouse and North American.
Low Pressure Rocket Developed
A series of lightweight space pro-
pulsion components are emerging
from a development program con-
ducted by the Martin Co. into an
ultra low pressure rocket system
for the Air Force. The components
include a bellows-driven fuel accu-
mulator for zero-g restarts, low leak-
age valves and extremely thin alu-
minum storable propellant tanks. The
bellows respond to positive pressure
from stored helium in the restart
operation. The Air Force acceptance
tests were run at Martin-Denver's
Cold Flow Labs.
U.S. -Japan Studies Proposed
A small group of U.S. and Japa-
nese meteorologists have worked up
informal recommendations that may
lead to increased international coop-
eration in understanding and control-
ling hurricanes and typhoons.
Satellites and rockets are expected
to play a key part in the effort, which
is part of the recently established
Japan-U.S. Science Cooperation Pro-
gram. Although the recommenda-
tions that came out of the week-long
conference that ended Friday in Mi-
ami were not officially formulated,
they did deal with the problems of
interpreting hurricane data sent
from satellites, predicting the onsets
of hurricanes and typhoons and mod-
ifying the weather related to massive
cyclonic storms. The conference was
sponsored by the U.S. Weather Bu-
reau and the University of Miami.
"We're concerned particularly
with infrared radiation from hurri-
cane cloud systems and tropical per-
turbation systems," Robert H. Simp-
son, Asst. Director of Research, U.S.
Weather Bureau, told Missiles and
Rockets. But this is only one phase
of the problem. "We're concerned
about the data problems, use of air-
craft, weather modification and amel-
ioration of hurricanes."
Simpson also pointed up some of
the scientific roadblocks that a co-
operative effort might help clear
away: how do you interpret cloud
tops from satellite photographs or
derive the heights of clouds? How
do you put absolute numbers on in-
frared radiations and tell what they
mean in terms of the energetics of
clouds?
Greatest stress in the work be-
tween the two countries will be on
exchanging scientists for a better
understanding of each country's me-
teorological operations. The National
Science Foundation has been desig-
nated the executive agency for ad-
ministering the U.S. part of the pro-
gram and the Japanese Research
Council, for the Japanese part.
Antenna Shaft Heads for Green Bank, W. Va.
SHAFT WEIGHING nearly 200 tons leaves East Pittsburgh, Pa., plant of Westinghouse
Electric Corp. on its way to Green Bank, W. Va., for use at the National Radio As-
tronomy Observatory. Narrow end of shaft (foreground) will revolve in a steady bearing.
Far end will support yoke and 140-ft.-dia. reflecting dish. Associated Universities,
Inc., N. Y., operates the observatory under contract with the National Science Founda-
tion. Stone and Webster Engineering Corp., Boston, is in charge of the engineering
portion of the project.
Hughes Gets ComSat Award
The contract awarded Hughes
Aircraft Co. by the Communications
Satellite Corp. last week is expected
to top $8 million and will cover de-
velopment, fabrication, assembly,
test, maintenance and service for the
"Early Bird" proposed experimental
operational communications satellite
system.
The incentive-type contract has
been signed by Hughes, but not by
ComSat officers. It rests at the Fed-
eral Communications Commission of-
fices in Washington for a statutory
filing period prerequisite to the cor-
poration's binding signatures. Basis
for the new satellite (of which there
are initially to be three) is the Syn-
com II synchronous comsat developed
by Hughes.
Redstone Gets New Lab
The Army Missile Command's
Research and Development Directo-
rate is consolidating activities in a)
$4.4-million laboratory facility at
Redstone Arsenal, but the move has
not been dictated by new missile
programs.
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964'
I
A three-story building, which con-
tains 205,000 sq. ft. of floor space,
was dedicated March 12 and named
the Francis J. McMorrow Missile
Laboratories to honor a former AMC
commander.
Moving immediately into the fa-
jcility will be major portions of the
Structures and Mechanics, Ground
: Support Equipment, Electromagnetic
Sand Advanced Systems Laboratories.
Following within a few months will
be the Army Inertial Guidance and
Control Laboratory, which will oc-
cupy a $2-million addition to the
present structure.
Col. Daniel F. Shepherd, head
iof the Directorate, stressed that con-
struction of the new laboratories
building was the result of rapid
growth and the need for a centralized
j facility rather than new programs or
ia cutback in work by contractors.
He said the need for a central
laboratory facility appeared at the
time the Von Braun team moved
Sfrom the Army to NASA and took
ialong facilities worth about $100
million.
Bleymaier New MOL Chief
Brig. Gen. Joseph S. Bleymaier,
Titan III development deputy, has
been named to the new post of Dep-
uty Commander for Manned Systems
in the Space Systems Div. of Air
Force Systems Command.
The new position puts Bleymaier
in the dual role of directing the over-
all field-level program for all aspects
of the Manned Orbiting Laboratory
program and serving as the deputy
commander, SSD.
Williams Joins Aerospace
Aerospace Corp. has confirmed
the appointment of Dr. Walter C.
SVilliams, former deputy associate
administrator for NASA manned
spaceflight operations, as general
manager of the firm's Manned Sys-
tems Div. (M/K, Mar. 16, p. 7).
Williams, also elected a corporate
nee president, will begin work with
Aerospace Corp. next month. At
SASA, he held a key management
•ole in Projects Mercury, Gemini and
Apollo.
Space Simulator Claims Victim
An accident at California Insti-
;ute of Technology's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory resulted in what is be-
lieved to be the first fatality in the
U.S. space program.
JPL technician Ralph A. Lowe
pied from injuries suffered last week
frhen a dry nitrogen line exploded
n the space simulator he was in.
Shots of the Week
Unsuperstitious rocketeers con-
ducted four shots on Mar. 13, three
of them successful.
• From Cape Kennedy, the Air
Force fired a Minuteman and a Blue
Scout. The Minuteman carried an ad-
vanced nose cone test, and its firing
was termed a success. The Blue Scout
failed in an effort at a 23,000-mi.
probe to study the Earth's magnetic
field after its fourth stage failed to
ignite.
• NASA's X-15 rocket plane un-
derwent its 102nd flight on the 13th
with a microphone embedded in its
airframe to record the noise of air
turbulence over its surface. The test
was designed to help predict metal
fatigue in supersonic transports.
Flown from Edwards AFB, Calif.,
by NASA pilot John McKay, the
craft reached a speed of 2,850 mph
and an altitude of 71,000 ft.
The Air Force, also on the 13th,
successfully launched a Titan II mis-
sile from a silo at Vandenberg AFB,
Calif.
• On Mar. 18, the Soviet Union
launched Cosmos 26, an unmanned
satellite, carrying scientific instru-
ments. Indications are that the satel-
lite was functioning normally. Period
was reported as 91 min. ; inclination,
49 degrees ; apogee, 403 km ; perigee,
27 km.
• A Nike-Cajun was fired from
the Air Force's Fort Churchill, Man-
itoba, launch site Mar. 18 carrying
instruments to relay information on
the Northern Lights to Rice Uni-
versity scientists on the ground.
Budget Clears Committee
The last of the three House Sci-
ence and Astronautics subcommit-
tees completed its presentation on the
NASA Fiscal Year 1965 budget re-
quest to the full committee last week
with action pretty much following
that predicted (M/R, Mar. 16, p. 12) .
The Advanced Research and Tech-
nology subcommittee, chaired by Rep.
Ken Hechler (D-W.Va.) voted addi-
tional cuts of $29.9 million, which
were supported by the full committee
(see p. 11) .
However, a proposal to cut $12,-
061,000 from construction and ad-
ministration funds for the Boston
Electronics Center, which drew a
split vote in the subcommittee, was
overturned in the full committee. The
full committee also made additions of
$3 million for high-energy liquid pro-
pellant work and $1 million for ad-
vanced solid work.
What's the shortest distance
between these 2 points?
Los Angeles
Cape Kennedy
San Diego Houston
New Orleans Melbourne
National's direct line.
We call it our "Rocket Run." It's the only direct jet service between
the major space centers of the west and Melbourne (closest air-
port to Cape Kennedy.)
You jet between Los Angeles and Melbourne without changing planes.
National also serves the key space age cities along the east coast.
Is this any way to run an airline? You bet it is.
Jet National i
hissiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
Circle No. 2 on Subscriber Service Card
9
By end of April
DOD-ComSat Decision Sought
Military use of commercial satellites hinges on adequate
security; military-operated systems remain possibility
DEGREE OF vulnerability to en-
emy jamming is the major roadblock to
an agreement between the Dept. of De-
fense and the Communications Satellite
Corp. for military use of the commer-
cial system. This "absolutely key gov-
ernment requirement" could conceiv-
ably preclude any agreement.
Negotiations between the DOD and
Comsat Corp. have been going on since
November. They are expected to lead
to an agreement — or to the realization
that no agreement is possible — some-
time between April 15 and 30. "At that
time," Dr. Eugene Fubini, Deputy Di-
rector of Defense Research and Engi-
neering, told a Congressional subcom-
mittee, "we will either agree to agree,
or agree to disagree."
Meanwhile, DOD is continuing a
Philco/STL study of a military system
at a sustaining level of $400,000 per
month. Additional costs, such as in-
house and contractual systems engineer-
ing, run the monthly costs to $600,000.
If the negotiations with Comsat Corp.
fail, this team would be awarded a con-
tract to develop the military comsat
system at a cost of $50-60 million.
• DOD anti-jamming needs — In
setting the specifications for a military
system before the civilian corporation,
DOD made it clear that a sine qua non
for its participation in a civilian system
was the same assurance against elec-
tronic jamming as it would have if
DOD developed the system. Although
the Comsat Corp. has provided some
degree of anti-jamming capability, De-
fense officials do not feel that it is
sufficient.
Any satellite can be jammed, Fubini
pointed out to the Military Operations
subcommittee of the House Committee
on Government Operations, but the
idea is to force the enemy to pay the
highest possible — and perhaps a pro-
hibitive— price to jam the system. The
proposals of Comsat Corp. do not even
approach extracting such a price, he
asserted.
by James Trainor
"If DOD has its way" on this point,
Fubini stressed, "an agreement can be
signed tonight."
• Whither military system? — The
hearings were convened to determine
why DOD had gone into negotiations
with Comsat Corp. for use of its sys-
tem when, since 1958, there had been
a clear identifiable military requirement
for a communications satellite system.
In fact, when Dr. Fubini appeared be-
fore the same committee in July, 1963,
he had reasserted this requirement and
its urgency.
The shift, it appears, came in late
September after a source selection board
had briefed DDR&E on the results of
the program definition phase and made
its recommendation to select the Philco/
STL team over the General Electric/
Motorola entry. At about the same time,
Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNa-
mara asked DDR&E to review the re-
quirements for a military system and
determine if they were still valid.
As a result of this review, Secretary
McNamara, in a letter dated October
11, 1963, requested that Comsat Corp.
express any interest it might have in
providing communications services to
DOD and the means by which it be-
lieved it could do so. Dr. Fubini can-
didly admitted that he had not thought
the corporation would be interested and
was therefore surprised when it replied
expressing interest.
Factors that made DOD change
its mind about developing its own
system included the realization that
ownership of the spaceborne por-
tion of the system was not as essential
as ground station ownership — a factor
that had not been given sufficient weight
before — and the previously "incredi-
ble" idea that one system could meet
both the military requirements for a
few channels and civilian needs for
many channels. Finally, the government
policy of buying from the civilian sec-
tor wherever possible was a factor.
The military system would have in-
volved 60 medium-altitude satellites in
random orbits, with six to eight satel-
lites launched by a single booster. The:
upper frequency limit would have been
8,000 mc. and the lower, 7,000 mc.
The satellites would have been simple,
light basketball shapes with relatively
low power.
• Advantages of one system — If
agreement with Comsat is reached,
several important advantages will ac-
crue as the result of using a single
system. First and foremost would be:
the savings, which would amount to
the order of magnitude of annual oper-
ating costs. These, Fubini estimated at
$40 million dollars, while at the same
time he said that $25-30 million would
be a reasonable share for DOD par-
ticipation in a worldwide communica-
tions system.
Also listed were important capa-
bilities to be gained from use of the
Comsat Corp. system, which would
operate at the optimum frequency of i
4,000 mc. and would provide six times
the channel capacity. Antennas could i
also be made six times smaller.
"This is one case where everybody
gains," Fubini noted. One system of I
29 satellites would have the same capa- ■
bility as two systems of 24 satellites. .
By having multiple users, one system
can provide the same capability with
30% fewer satellites with two to four
times the power.
Finally, if both requirements can
be filled by one system, Fubini said, ,
the idea behind the Comsat Act would
have been proven beyond the wildest
dreams. This could have further conse-
quences that can't be foreseen.
Despite the advantages offered by
the Comsat system, DOD in waiting for
it would be losing 10-12 months — I
since the initial launch of a Comsat !
satellite is not planned until early 1966,
with an operational capability in mid-
1967. ■
10
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
In Senate testimony . . .
NASA Launches Fight to
Restore House Fund Cuts
Mueller leads string of officials warning that slashes will
set back both manned and unmanned program planning
by Heather M. David
A STIFF BATTLE is being waged
by NASA for restoration of funds cut
by the House Science and Astronautics
Committee from its Fiscal Year 1965
budget request.
Space agency witnesses told the
Senate Aeronautics and Space Sciences
Committee, now considering the bill,
that they must have almost all of the
$110 million cut from their programs.
The House bill would provide only
$5,193,810,500.
• Manned spaceflight — Dr. George
E. Mueller, associate administrator for
manned spaceflight, testified that NASA
had increased its advanced missions
fund by $3.9 million (all of which was
cut by the House) over last year's funds
in order to go into program definition
studies in selected areas "to permit a
more detailed specification of work that
needs to be performed." Last year's
work, he said, was of a broader nature.
Mueller attacked the 10% cut im-
posed by the House on all manned
spaceflight construction costs, claiming
that NASA has projected costs on ex-
perience and sound specifications. "We
believe that if the cut is sustained, we
will in fact not be able to procure the
facilities that we need and that the
House subcommittee agrees we need."
Addressing himself to the 5% cut
in a $304.6-million fund for administra-
tive operations, Mueller said NASA
would not be able to purchase as much
of the computer equipment as seemed
desirable from the standpoint of the
long-range economy of the government.
• Space Sciences — Associate Ad-
ministrator Dr. Homer Newell made a
strong plea for the large orbiting observ-
atories, all of which were cut in some
part by the House.
A $2.5-milIion cut in Orbiting Solar
Observatory (OSO) funds would, he
said, directly affect work on a space-
craft planned for continued work dur-
ing the International Quiet Sun Year
and during the subsequent buildup of
activity in the approaching maximum
flare period. The spacecraft is under
contract already, Newell said, and "we
would have to do some back-pedalling."
The three last Orbiting Geophysical
Observatories (OGO), which the House
committee suggested should be dropped
to save $6.5 million, might have been
victims of some misunderstanding in
the House, he said. While the House
suggested that NASA stretch out its
launch schedule from two to one launch
a year, Newell pointed out that NASA
was not planning to launch two identical
spacecraft each year as the House as-
sumed. One craft would be placed in
eccentric orbit to travel to the edge of
the magnetosphere; the other would be
in polar orbit in the near-Earth region.
Thus, if only one were launched a year,
each mission would be accomplished
only once every two years.
Newell also told the committee that
the Russians "launched more satellites
in this field than we did."
He said the problem with Orbiting
Astronomical Observatory (OAO) (cut
$7 million by the House) was that the
complexity of experiments required
long lead times in the experiments,
which are the pacing items. Funding
now would permit NASA to get under
way with the scientific community well
enough in advance to be "sure we are
ready," he said.
Surveyors 8 and 9, which the House
suggested be deleted at $12 million,
will leave NASA with less than the
minimum requirement of spacecraft to
accomplish the task of providing lunar
surface information in advance of
Apollo, the space sciences chief said.
"We cannot feel assured that every one
will work," he said.
While the House cut $1.2 million
from a fund to conduct economic
studies for the use of communications
satellites, on the basis that NASA
shouldn't be doing this kind of work,
Newell indicated that NASA still feels
it should conduct a few studies to be
aware of the problems.
A $147,000 cut in advanced design
funds can be lived with, Newell said.
• Advanced Research and Technol-
ogy— Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff
asked for restoration of all cuts to his
division.
A $1 -million cut in the M-l engine
will really hurt the program, he indi-
cated. "We are operating it at a mini-
mum level now," he said, "and we do
not like to see it cut any further."
Bisplinghoff indicated general ap-
proval of the House's actions in adding
$3 million for high-energy liquid re-
search, and $1 million for advanced
solid rocket work. (See p. 12.)
But he objected to the House's sug-
gestion that $1.5 million of the nuclear
rocket fund (also cut by $1 million)
be added to a portion set aside
for gaseous-core fission reactors. He
pointed out that $1 million already was
apportioned for this research, and said
he felt that $2.5 million would be a
proportionately heavy slice from a $58-
million total nuclear category.
A number of additional cuts in ad-
vanced research and technology (space
vehicle systems, $1.8 million; electronic
systems, $1.4 million; nuclear electric
systems, $1 million; space power, $500,-
000; and human factors, $700,000)
drew from Bisplinghoff the general
comment that these areas are already
operating at a lower level than last
year. He noted that OART'S budget is
about the same even though it has taken
on the large solid work and M-l.
• Tracking and data acquisition — A
$7-million cut in operations for the
three tracking networks was scored by
Tracking and Data Acquisition Direc-
tor Edmond C. Buckley. He said the
costs were based on several years of op-
erating, and he felt they were sound.
Buckley said that the $5 million
the House slashed from equipment and
computer operation was in the same
category — these items have been pro-
cured before and NASA knows the
price.
While the House refused a $1.67-
million fund for construction of a new
Apollo station on the basis that it could
be deferred for one year, Buckley said
that this station must be operational in
1966, and that it will take about two-
to two-and-a-half years to construct and
integrate it. H
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
n
In both houses . . .
Congress Prods NASA's
Propulsion Development
A MOVE to speed up NASA's effort
in advanced propulsion systems is gath-
ering force on both sides of Capitol
Hill.
Rep. Olin Teague D-Tex.), chair-
man of the NASA Legislative Oversight
Subcommittee of the House Space Com-
mittee, called a special session "to em-
phasize our interest in seeing that there
is progress in this area."
Concern over the present rate of
progress in propulsion systems has
marked all of the subcommittee's hear-
ings this year. This year, the full com-
mittee voted to add $3 million for work
on high-energy liquid fuels, and $1 mil-
lion for advanced solids, beyond the
amounts which NASA had requested.
Last year, NASA received a gra-
tuitous $2 million for high-energy pro-
pulsion work, about half of which was
spent on diborane research. The $4 mil-
lion extra this year marked the largest
amount added since the first year, when
$10 million more than requested was
given NASA for propulsion research.
Said one congressman: "We are in the
strange position of trying to force a
research and development agency to do
more research. They have too often
been taking R&D money for facilities."
Rep. James G. Fulton (R-Pa.) sug-
gested that NASA take over a diborane
plant owned by the Air Force at Mus-
kogee, Ala., reported to be worth $38
million. This is being kept on "hot stand-
by," but is not being used, he indicated.
He suggested that the extra $3 million
would enable NASA to make use of
this plant to produce large amounts of
fuel for testing at rocket plants.
"We must move beyond 1942 fuels,"
Fulton said.
• No limits — Dr. Theodore B.
Taylor, chief of the High-Energy Fluid
Dynamics Department at General Dy-
namics, told the open session that re-
searchers see "no limiting physical in-
fluence" to attaining specific impulses
12
up to 100,000 seconds, although com-
mittee members conceded that this was
far in the future.
Congressmen expressed concern
about the future of the Orion project
(for which General Dynamics is prime
contractor), which the Air Force seems
to be losing interest in funding. NASA
has thus far shown willingness to invest
only about $100,000 a year in Orion.
George H. McLafferty of United
Aircraft described developments in gase-
ous-core nuclear rockets, which he said
must be regarded as "somewhat specu-
lative" because of the problems that
must be overcome. However, he said,
"analyses indicate the possibility of
values of specific impulse between 1 ,500
and 3,000 sec, and values of thrust to
weight ratio considerably greater than
unity."
He urged support on solid-core
nuclear rockets and high-pressure chem-
ical rockets "to fulfill intermediate re-
quirements," and to development tech-
nology for the former.
A plea for NERVA was entered by
both Aerojet-General's William C.(
House and Westinghouse's Woodrow E.
Johnson. Both pointed to the progress
of the program, and House told the
committee that "we sincerely urge that
you encourage NASA to work with un-
divided attention to complete the fea-
sibility work and be prepared to assist
in relaxing the constraints with regard
to vehicle and facility programs so that
our space effort may capitalize on this
imminent breakthrough."
• Senate side — The Senate also has
been probing into NASA's propulsion
program, and some House members
said that there might be a move to get
a full-scale investigation in the Senate.
During hearings last week, Sen.
Richard B. Russell (D-Ga.), chairman
of the Senate Armed Services Commit-
tee and Defense Appropriations sub-
committee, sent a message saying that
he saw a "low pace" in the large solid
program, and indicating that NASA
should think now about starting the
next phase and funding for it as well.
Russell is credited with seeing that the
large solid program was continued hv
spite of DOD disinterest.
The Senate committee voiced fear
that SNAP 8 might end up in the same
situation as SNAP 1 OA, with no mission
assigned to it and thus losing its flight
program. NASA witnesses held that "we
don't think we should go to a flight pro-
gram until the mission comes into]
view." ■
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
Probe Leads to Sharper AF Procurement
THE AIR FORCE has made a
number of changes in procurement
procedures as a result of an investi-
gation by a House Armed Services
group.
The Special Investigations sub-
committee, chaired by Rep. Porter
Hardy, Jr. (D-Va.), released a re-
port detailing a case in which "the
chief of a relatively minor scientific
branch in the Air Force Cambridge
Laboratories, starting with a $44,000
contract with a small research firm
of his choice, expanded it into one
of more than a million dollars that
may reach $10 million before the
work is completed, and how he
avoided the regulations that impeded
him and invoked those he found
useful."
The contract Was awarded to
Tyco Corp., of Waltham, Mass.
These changes have been made,
according to a letter from Air Force
Secretary Eugene Zuckert:
— Evaluation procedures have
been revised to provide a better sys-
tem of checks and balances.
— Territorial limitations will here-
inafter be considered an exception to
normal policy and will be reviewed
by the division commander.
— Requests for quotations in the
future will include a clear definition
of the availability of Government-
furnished property.
— Regulations for control and
handling of unsolicited proposals
will be closely adhered to.
— Increased emphasis will be
placed on procedures authorizing the
assistance of scientifically qualified
individuals in the preparation of
timely facilities capability reports.
Bids by April 20 .
Proposals Requested for
First Study of Lunar Base Systems
NASA HAS REQUESTED pro-
posals on the first of about 10 study con-
tracts of lunar base systems which will
be awarded before the end of Fiscal
Year 1964.
The first contract calls for a feasibil-
ity and design study of possible pay-
loads for the Apollo Logistic Support
System (ALSS).
The system — utilizing the LEM
truck spacecraft — probably will be the
next major new development effort in
NASA's manned spaceflight program.
Some funding is expected to be available
in FY '65 for preliminary engineering.
Large hardware funding is likely in
FY '66.
Twenty-eight firms have been asked
to submit bids by April 20. A single
contractor will be selected for the study
- — which the space agency says will be
a sizable one — in mid-May.
At the same time, a NASA spokes-
man said the space agency is preparing
to award a number of other contracts
for studies of additional extended lunar
exploration and lunar-base concepts.
These will include the Stay Time
Extension Module (STEM), which
would permit astronauts to stay on the
lunar surface for periods up to two
weeks, and the Lunar Exploration Sys-
tem for Apollo (LESA), a flexible sys-
tem which could eventually grow into
a lunar base.
Other areas which will be investi-
gated in the studies include communica-
tion requirements, life support systems
and the scientific need for such systems.
• ALSS payloads— The ALSS sys-
tem would have an estimated develop-
ment cost of $500 million. It would use
the so-called LEM truck vehicle — the
Apollo spacecraft's Lunar Excursion
Module minus its ascent propulsion
stage.
In the ALSS concept, a Saturn V
launch vehicle would launch into an
Earth-Moon trajectory a manned Apollo
Command Module, a Service Module
and the modified LEM truck for un-
manned delivery of equipment from
lunar orbit to the lunar surface.
Payloads for lunar surface opera-
tions would be stowed on the LEM
truck. Following the ALSS landing,
astronauts would arrive in the same area
in an unmodified Apollo LEM to utilize
the ALSS payloads in an exploration
mission.
One payload to be studied is a lunar
surface vehicle or mobile laboratory
capable of supporting and transporting
two Apollo astronauts for approximately
14 days. If surface conditions match ex-
pectations, such a vehicle should have
a range of several hundred miles.
A second payload would include
both a stationary shelter and a smaller
vehicle of limited range.
Either the lunar surface vehicle or
the shelter-and-vehicle payload would
weigh about 7,000 lbs., including sci-
entific equipment. The payload would
be allowed to have a volume of about
2,000 cu. ft.
Preliminary design study is to in-
clude surface mobility concepts, en-
vironmental control systems, life sup-
port systems, lunar surface structures,
power supplies, thermal radiators,
human factors considerations, communi-
cation equipment and effects of the
lunar environment on equipment.
The nine-month study will be man-
aged by Marshall Space Flight Cen-
ter, Huntsville, Ala. ■
Fastidious Treatment for Atlas Booster
INTERIOR OF ATLAS launch vehicle is carefully cleaned by
hand at Astronautics division of General Dynamics, San Diego,
to ensure against contamination which might cause defective welds.
Big spoked wheel in background is specially designed welder
which fits inside tank to hold weld sections.
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
13
Vance names committee . . .
DOD Acts to Standardize Data Flow
A TOP-LEVEL Dept. of Defense
Council on Technical Data and Stand-
ardization Policy has been established to
coordinate and provide guidance for
standardization of the DOD technical
information program costing more than
$2 billion annually.
"It has become apparent that much
greater progress is essential in this area,"
Deputy Secretary of Defense Cyrus R.
Vance said in establishing the council,
"in order to assure: 1) that we develop
or acquire only that data which is
needed to support well-defined ... re-
quirements; 2) that we acquire such
data in the most economic, usable form
and 3) that we devise automated re-
trieval and dissemination techniques
which will make readily available to
DOD agencies ... all information ac-
quired at Government expense."
• Council membership — Co-chaired
by Assistant Secretaries of Defense
Eugene G. Fubini (Dept. Dir., Defense
Research and Engineering) and Thomas
D. Morris (Installations and Logistics),
the Council will draw its membership
from the assistant secretaries for re-
search and development and installa-
tions and logistics within the three serv-
ices.
Specifically, the responsibilities of
the Council are:
— To approve all projects on tech-
nical data and standardization as well
as to initiate or terminate projects;
—To review the progress and results
of work in these areas;
— To recommend manpower and fi-
nancial requirements and organizational
changes; and
— To formulate policies for the pro-
mulgation through DOD directives and
instructions and revisions to the Armed
Services Procurement Regulations.
Although numerous programs are
already under way within DOD to im-
prove procedures for acquistion of tech-
nical data — and many more are planned
— the annual cost of the program makes
it essential to focus special emphasis on
this area, Defense officials feel.
DOD practices in acquiring, using
and disseminating scientific reports, de-
velopment and test reports, drawings
standards, specifications, technical man-
uals and other technical information
will come under the purview of the
council.
lames W. Roach, assistant director
for engineering in DDR&E, has been
appointed vice chairman of the Council
and will devote his primary time to co-
ordinating the efforts at the OSD level.
In addition to DDR&E and I&L, Roach
will oversee the logistic services func-
tion of the Defense Supply Agency as
it pertains to administration of the De-
fense Standardization program, planning
for item-entry control and future im-
provements in cataloging defense ma-
teriel.
Monthly reports to Deputy Secre-
tary Vance on the Council's progress
are required. The first report is due
April 15.
• Defense-Commerce pact — In a
related development, DOD and the
Commerce Dept. announced a working
agreement under which the Office of
Technical Services in the Commerce
Dept. will process the 20,000-30,000 un-
classified reports produced each year by
DOD.
OTS, beginning May 1, will catalog
the reports, program them for retrieval
through DDC's automated system, and
distribute them to DDC-OTS users. The
joint venture is the initial step toward a
more unified Federal document distribu-
tion system. ■
At procurement seminar . . .
Demler Warns of Tight Controls on R&D
TODAY'S ENVIRONMENT in
government research and development
will not tolerate organizations that have
ill-defined objectives or vague aims for
exploratory development and advanced
development programs. Nor can organ-
izations expect to survive if they con-
tinually have gross overruns, ballooning
costs or overlapping management.
These points were strongly empha-
sized by Maj. Gen. Marvin C. Demler,
commander of the Air Force System
Command's Research and Technology
Division, in the keynote speech to a
three-day Research and Technology
Procurement Management Seminar in
Santa Monica, Calif.
Noting the increased interest of
Congress in government R&D expendi-
tures— evidenced by the creation of
three new committees to study R&D and
the proposal to create a Congressional
Office of Science and Technology
(COST) — Demler emphasized that
"these actions make it imperative that
we renew and continue to maintain an
atmosphere of cost awareness both in
the management of in-house research
programs and operations, as well as our
contractual research relationships."
To further illustrate his point, Dem-
ler noted President lohnson's commit-
ment that the government will get a
dollar's value for a dollar spent, as well
as the President's unprecedented move
of sending 7,500 letters to industry en-
listing their help.
• Constructive steps — Through the
improvement and modernization of re-
search procurement management, the
Air Force hopes to:
— Accelerate the productivity of
Laboratory personnel by providing more
responsive procurement support and in-
creasing the understanding of today's
total R&T procurement environment;
— Acquaint participants with the
major research procurement problem
areas and requirements for improvement
in the management of R&T projects and
programs; and
— Provide an understanding of how
creative thinking and managerial skills
and techniques can be applied most effi-
ciently to bring about the early acquisi-
tion and application of the technology
necessary.
• Flexibility is goal — In contracting
for exploratory and advanced develop-
ment projects, the goal will be maximum
flexibility — both in contractual form and
in method of contracting. Negotiation
will, therefore, be the preferred method
in these two categories.
Demler said incentives will be ap-
plied not only to cost but also to such
things as "continuity of effort, recogni-
tion, facilities" and any other identifi-
able assets. ■
14
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
Tops/' postponed . . .
UK-2 To^Measure
Galactic Noise,
Ozone, Particles
U.S.-built satellite carrying British
experiments is second in joint series
initiated by still-functioning Ariel I
UK-2 SATELLITE, shown without its electric power-producing
solar paddles, gets final check at Westinghouse.
NASA THIS WEEK will attempt
to launch the second of three satellites
in its joint space exploration program
with the United Kingdom.
The UK-2 satellite, built in the U.S.
but carrying British experiments, is
scheduled for launch with a Scout
booster no earlier than March 26.
At the same time, the space agency
announced that the March 1 8 launch of
another Scout booster payload, the
"Topsi" satellite, has been postponed
indefinitely because of persistent diffi-
culties with the launch vehicle's elec-
trical wiring.
The delay will not affect UK-2, the
space agency said, because its launch
vehicle has checked out satisfactorily.
The 150-lb. UK-2 will be launched
from Wallops Island, Va., into an orbit
with an apogee of about 930 statute
miles and a perigee of 170 miles.
Planned lifetime for the 23-in.-dia.
spacecraft is one year.
Three experiment packages on
board the satellite are designed to meas-
ure galactic radio noise in the fre-
quency range of 0.75 to 3.0 mega-
cycles, vertical distribution of ozone in
the atmosphere, and the number and
size of micrometeoroids in space.
The first experiment, built by the
Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory,
University of Cambridge, is designed
to provide data for radio astronomers.
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
The astronomer "sees" distant stars
and galaxies by picking up the signals
they emit with the antenna of his radio
telescope. Some of these signals from
interstellar space, however, cannot pen-
etrate the ionosphere — the blanket of
charged particles encircling the Earth
— and as a result the radio astronomer
has very little information on them.
The galactic noise experiment aboard
the satellite will help fill this informa-
tion gap.
The ozone-measurement experi-
ment, supplied by the British Air Min-
istry's Meteorological Office, is im-
portant because it is believed that ozone
distribution affects the Earth's heat bal-
ance and, therefore, its weather.
• Combined operation — The U.S.-
U.K. International Satellite Program is
being conducted jointly by the U.K.
Ministry for Science and NASA. The
British designed and constructed the
instrumentation for the UK-2 experi-
ments under technical management of
the U.K. Space Research Management
Unit.
The first international satellite,
Ariel, was successfully launched by
NASA with a Delta vehicle from Cape
Kennedy on April 26, 1962. Ariel,
which is still sending information from
space, carried six British experiments
designed to obtain information on cos-
mic rays, electron density, electron
temperature and concentrations, the ion
mass spectrum, solar X-rays and the
ultraviolet spectrum.
If UK-2 achieves orbit, it will be
known as Ariel II.
The third satellite in the series,
UK-3, will be built by the British. No
date has been set for its launch.
That satellite will carry five experi-
ments— including measurement of ver-
tical distribution of molecular oxygen
in the Earth's atmosphere, large-scale
noise in the galaxy, intensity of VIF
radiation, intensity and geographical
distribution of natural terrestrial noise
sources, and electron density and tem-
perature.
Westinghouse Electric Corp., under
the direction of Goddard Space Flight
Center, is responsible for system inte-
gration of all satellite system elements
and for final design, analysis and fab-
rication of the satellite structure itself.
Westinghouse furnished the power
supply subsystem and the telemetry en-
coder subsystem. It also designed and
constructed test stand and data-reduc-
tion systems, ground handling equip-
ment and special test equipment.
Overall direction of the project is
provided by the Office of Space Sciences
of NASA headquarters, representing
the United States, and by the British
National Committee on Space Re-
search, London. ■
15
Ball valves
for airborne and
support
applications
8 inch full ball valve. Hermetically sealed
for zero leakage. Secondary seal has low
leakage rate of 15 cc Freon per minute
at 900 psig. Handles nitrogen tetroxide.
12 inch segmented ball valve.
Leakage rate of 30 cc
gaseous nitrogen per minute
at 54 psig. Handles RP-1 .
17 inch segmented ball valve. Flows
40,000 gallons per minute of liquid oxy-
gen. Leakage rate is 328 cc gaseous
nitrogen per minute at 185 psig.
Garrett-AiResearch ball valves can be designed to handle all liquid missile fuels and oxidizers,
both cryogenic liquids and gaseous forms, from — 425°F to +400°F. Sizes are programmed from 2.5 to 50 inches
in diameter. • In applications calling for large diameter valves and/or low pressure, a segmented ball
is utilized; for small diameter and/or high pressure uses, a full ball is used. The seals are stationary.
Technical superiority, reliability and minimum seal wear are achieved by using simplified actuation devices.
A significant number of moving parts are eliminated and weight is reduced. • The ball valve line is the
newest addition to a complete line of AiResearch precision valves,
including both butterfly and poppet types.
• Please direct inquiries to AiResearch Phoenix division.
AIRESEARCH MANUFACTURING DIVISIONS
L □ S ANGELES 9, CALIFORNIA • PHDENIX, ARIZONA
SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS FOR: AIRCRAFT,
1ISSILE, SPACECRAFT, ELECTRONIC, NUCLEAR AND INDUSTRIAL APPLI CAT I O N S
Circle No. 3 on Subscriber Service Card
Technical Countdown
ELECTRONICS
Patrick Gets New Digital Trackers
The new Contraves Cinetheodolite, provided with a
digital azimuth and elevation readout and a semi-automatic
film reader, will permit a decrease in film-reading time from
50 seconds/frame (for conventional systems) to 0.8 second.
Supplied by the I.W. Fecker Division of American Optical
Co. to the Air Force for use on the Atlantic Missile Range,
the Model E employs a patented dual-circle-projection,
digital, optical encoder. The output is recorded on each film
frame. The result is a determination of tracking error.
Second Major LPS Contract Awarded
A $319,150 contract to build the electrical drive system
for NASA's new Launch Phase Simulator has been awarded
to Allis-Chalmers. Prime contractor for the $4-miIlion fa-
cility, to be operational at Goddard Space Flight Center late
in 1965, is the Northrop Corp. The new award, let directly
by NASA, calls for development of two 1 ,250-horsepower
vertical dc motors, a 2-kw motor generator set plus drive
system controls. When complete, the massive centrifuge (230
tons, 60-ft arm radius) will be driven at speeds up to 34
rpm and develop accelerations up to 23 g's. Carrying a 2-ton
payload, measuring up to 15 x 10 ft. in diameter, the system
will stimulate launch-phase acoustical and vibration effects
to test unmanned space vehicles (See M/R, Nov. 25, 1963,
p. 196).
Navy Fire Control May Go Digital
An experiment presently being conducted at Naval Ord-
nance Test Station, China Lake, Calif., may pave the way for
the introduction of digital fire control systems throughout
the Navy. Twenty-one military personnel, ranging in rank
from seaman striker to lieutenant (jg), and one civilian, are
completing a course at NOTS on 'Basic Fire Control Digital
Techniques,' the first of its kind ever conducted by the Navy.
Soon, they will operate an experimental digital fire control
facility at the station's Guidance Radar branch of the Test
Dept. and, according to Navy officials, on the basis of their
success with this assignment is hinged the fleet-wide appli-
cation of such equipment. The training curriculum, prepared
by the Navy Typhon Training Unit, Baltimore, Md., covers
transistor theory, number systems, Boolean algebra, basic
digital circuits, basic digital computer, fundamentals of pro-
gramming and peripheral equipment.
EOS Gets New Mariner Power-Cell Contract
Solar panels for the Mariner/Mais spacecraft will be
built by Electro-Optical Systems, Inc., Pasadena, Calif.,
under a $200,000 contract to Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Each of the 1 1 panels to be built will measure 3 x 6 ft. and
will contain some 7,050 silicon cells. The panels will be
folded into a vertical position for launch and released by
squibs after the spacecraft separates from the launch vehicle.
EOS produced the power control units for Mariner II and the
solar power systems for the Ranger Block III spacecraft.
Small Thermionic Converters Pass Life Tests
Five thermionic converters, built and tested by Thermo
Electron Engineering Corp. for Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
have successfully completed 3,000-hr. life tests. Average
power output reduction throughout the test period was about
10%, the Waltham, Mass., company said. Designed for use
in solar-activated space power supplies, the half-pound de-
vices will be employed in future NASA space missions. A
complete solar generator will employ from four to five con-
verters and is expected to produce from 100 to 200 watts.
Precedent-making Guarantee Offered
Westinghouse JEDEC-registered silicon power semicon-
ductors (including rectifiers, controlled rectifiers and tran-
sistors) hereafter are guaranteed for the "life of the original
equipment in which they are used," the manufacturers an-
nounced recently. Such devices previously were provided
with a one-year guarantee.
ASTRONAUTICS
Device Flips Lid, Could Explore Moon
Engineers at Space-General Corp., California, see high
promise in a new unmanned exploratory vehicle they call the
'Tumbling Explorer," which, developers claim, could nego-
tiate the sort of rugged terrain man can expect to find on the
Moon and planets. Dubbed TEX, it is the outcome of a novel
approach to locomotion centered in a device rather like a
clamshell in appearance — it moves by "flipping its lid." Its
basic structure is simply two panels housing a radio-con-
trolled drive mechanism which achieves motion by toppling
one panel over the other in successive cycles. TEX, the com-
pany claims, may be steered in any direction and could move
up to 36 feet per minute. An operational version could carry
a vidicon television camera in each panel and could be
dropped onto the lunar surface by an unmanned spacecraft.
It would measure 3 x 5 x 1 ft. Power would be drawn from
solar cells.
PROPULSION
Nerva Liquid H2 Cold Flow Tests A-OK
First cold flow test of the Aerojet-Westinghouse-built
NRX-A1 reactor assembly for the Nerva nuclear rocket
engine using liquid hydrogen under pressure was made suc-
cessfully at the Nuclear Rocket Development Station, Jack-
ass Flats, Nev., last week. The system operated "just as pro-
grammed," a spokesman said, and initial indications are that
there was virtually no occurrence of the troublesome vibra-
tion problem that has plagued development of the Kiwi re-
actors in the past. Design of the cold-flow NRX/Nerva
reactor experiment/ reactor is based on the modified Kiwi
B4-A (designated at B4-D) and, like the D model Kiwi, has
a strengthened core support structure and hot-end seal, de-
signed to eliminate the flow-induced vibrations experienced
during hot-power runs of the Kiwi B4-A in November, 1962.
During this week's test, cold gasses and liquid hydrogen at
—420° F were directed under pressure through the NRX-A1
core, and preliminary analysis and visual observation in-
dicated no vibration whatever. "Hot" versions of both the
NRX and B4-D reactors are now being assembled at NRDS
and are scheduled to go through a series of "hot" tests during
mid-summer. The B4-D may make its first hot run toward
the end of next month. The NRX-A1 will undergo further
cold-flow tests in coming weeks before it is disassembled for
visual observation.
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
17
space propulsion
Two New Labs To Sharpen
Aerojet's Solid, Liquid Capabilities
$6-million cryogenics facility already at work on NERVA,
M-l engine programs; can accommodate three liquid gases
Sacramento, Calif. — Aerojet-Gen-
eral Corp. is establishing new capabili-
ties in advanced liquid and solid rocket
development with two new laboratory
facilities in this area.
Now about 95% equipped and at
work on the NERVA and M-l engine
programs is a unique $6-million cryo-
genics laboratory at the liquid rocket
plant near Sacramento. Working with
three liquid gases, the lab is equipped
with unusual pressure and flow capa-
bilities to meet needs of the two proj-
ects.
The other new facility is a mate-
rials and fabrication R&D laboratory
at Aerojet's downtown Sacramento in-
stallation. Nearing full operational
status, the lab is oriented toward basic
work and entirely devoted to solid rocket
research requirements.
• Exploiting NERVA-M-1 "com-
monality"— The cryogenics lab mana-
ger, R. C. Kuhlman, told Missiles and
Rockets the facility is taking advan-
tage of hydrogen "commonality" in the
NERVA and M-l projects to produce
important cross-fertilization as well as
major savings in equipment and in R&D
time and money.
Detailed technology in design of
NERVA's liquid hydrogen turbopump
radial and axial bearings, lubricated and
cooled by the propellant, has been found
directly applicable to the 1.5-million-lb.
thrust M-l. "We simply extrapolated up
to the size of the bearings required,"
Kuhlman said. "We were able to de-
velop the larger size bearing in short
order due to our experience on the
smaller-scale NERVA."
Other NERVA developments ap-
plicable to M-l design include valve
components and rotating and static seals.
Heat transfer studies on the regenera-
tively cooled NERVA thrust chamber
also will apply to M-l development.
• Simulation saves money — The
cryogenics lab is designed to save money
in development by proving out indi-
vidual components and systems in simu-
lated environments before committing a
full scale engine to test firing.
"With an engine the size of the M-l,
the engineering and fabrication time in-
volved in making parts is prohibitive,"
Kuhlman said. "It is impossible to go
the route of building whole components.
We have to know first whether some-
thing is workable from a materials and
design standpoint. That is the value of
the lab."
On the M-l, the laboratory is test-
ing hydrogen-oxygen engine compo-
nents at 7.5 times the size previously
undertaken. M-l and NERVA compo-
nents will operate under the highest
flow rates and design pressures ever at-
tempted in this country in liquid engines.
The two engine programs currently
provide the lab's major work, with some
classified effort underway on high-cham-
ber-pressure rockets. Both engines are
in component development stage, with
NERVA farther along because of its
earlier start. Some M-l components
have moved out of the facility for hot
firing, and the lab is now working on
some prototype-size M-l components.
One of the main ideas involved in
design of the cryogenic facility was
cross-fertilization between development
programs. The installation originally was
planned for NERVA, but with the abil-
ity to expand in event the company re-
ceived the M-l work. Some of the
larger facilities being shared include a
3-ft.-dia. spin pit in which rotating
by Willard E. Wilks
components are tested to destruction,
a 6 x 8-ft. space simulation chamber,
and a 10,000-Ib. sine and random wave
vibration tester.
• Cryogenics lab facilities — The
lab has 11 test bays, including two liq-
uid oxygen and three liquid hydrogen
bays for M-l, and six liquid hydrogen
bays for the smaller NERVA. One of
the test bays used for M-l component
testing is large enough to test the entire
M-l thrust chamber assembly, which
is 17 ft. in diameter and 26 ft. high.
The bay is 30 x 50 ft. and is equipped
with a 10-ton crane with a hook height
of 30 ft. In all bays, a number of tests
can be put simultaneously in set-up, test
and tear-down stages.
The cryogenic installation is unique
in a number of other ways:
— All recording and signal condi-
tioning equipment is integrated into one
complex, eliminating equipment dupli-
cation. Each test bay can be patched
into the central patch board, permitting
an 11 -fold capability.
■ — Use of pre-programmed patch
boards and plug-in test carts for each
test setup allows unusual flexibility. One
test can be set up while another is un-
derway, cutting the time required for
designers to obtain data and permitting
a heavier work load.
— A key piece of operational phi-
losophy is that the design or develop-
ment engineer personally directs sub-
component testing and often conducts
testing himself. The lab has no test
engineers per se, providing instead the
consulting services of specialist engi-
neers in such fields as high-vacuum, vi-
bration, cryogenics and rotating ma-
chinery.
"This laboratory represents a great
18
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
CRYOGENICS laboratory nears completion at Aerojet-General's liquid plant near
Sacramento, Calif. NASA-financed facility is testing M-l, NERVA engine components.
increase in our capability of testing sub-
components with cryogenics under sim-
ulated operating conditions," Kuhlman
said. "We can get a good indication of
how bearing and seal designs work
without building the whole pump. A
valve will be taken right off the design
board and fabricated out of bar stock
or a casting for initial development
tests. When we finally design a valve,
we may investigate eight or nine dif-
ferent seal configurations and build a
seal tester rather than the whole valve."
Bearings can be tested without build-
ing an entire power transmission assem-
bly. To simulate accelerations the lab
uses a 500-hp steam turbine, boosted
by a flywheel and planetary gear up to
the equivalent of 5,000 hp.
© One-complex testing — The lab
incorporates most of the basic test ca-
pabilities it requires into one complex.
Materials, subcomponents and systems
can be tested with cryogenics under
vacuum conditions at altitudes corre-
sponding to 1 x 10'7 mm Hg. Three
test bays are equipped with materials
test cells. The lab handles irradiated
components after sending them out for
irradiation.
Space chamber design provides for
addition of solar simulation pattern test
equipment if needed. An integral part
of the chamber is a leak detector tuned
to hydrogen.
The facility has 10,000 sq. ft. of
floor space under-roof and about the
same amount devoted to adjoining open
test-pad area. The test-pad complex is
divided into five sub-complexes, with
the 1 1 test bays arranged with "T" sec-
tion protective walls separating them.
Each sub-complex is an independent
unit with separate run tanks, control
consoles, and instrumentation terminal
boxes. Basic instrumentation and pro-
pellant tankage are common systems.
A packed-earth revetment separates
the test complex from the liquid and
gaseous storage tanks, which include
13,200 gal. of liquid hydrogen, 13,200
gal. of liquid nitrogen, and 5,000 gal.
of liquid oxygen. Two closed circuit
TV systems provide remote observation.
• Materials and Fabrication lab —
The materials and fabrication R&D lab-
oratory, with which Aerojet is aiming
for a top position in the advanced solid
field, actually is two labs — applied R&D
and basic research. The lab is conduct-
ing work in metallography, physical
test, chemical analysis, synthesis, fabri-
cation development, failure analysis, and
basic research to develop new materials.
Covering an impressive 60,000 sq.
ft., the laboratory is unique, says man-
ager A. V. Levy, "in that applied R&D
and the basic research group are physi-
cally next door to each other, so that
the basic work will be oriented toward
the needs of company products rather
than being completely exploratory and
undirected in nature. We keep them
separated, but with a thin wall between
so that basic research won't be unneces-
sarily diluted by the everyday needs of
the company. Some companies have
found that everyday needs are so great
that the basic research people have no
time for the basics. The trick is to
separate the two, but not too far."
• New facility for basic research —
The new basic research facility, still
being created, is based on three disci-
plines,— physical chemistry, physics and
metallurgy. Research programs planned
include application of solid-state physics
methods to the problems of brittle
fracture in tungsten. Work in disloca-
tion mechanics and fracture geometry
will be directed toward exploiting the
intrinsic strength of tungsten.
Other basic research projects include
determination of ternary and quaternary
phase diagrams for refractory metal-
carbon systems, investigation of the ef-
fect of static stresses on damping and
dislocation-interstitial interactions in re-
fractory metals, and measurement of the
surface energy of tungsten.
• Applied R&D in process — Ap-
plied R&D programs include develop-
ment of advanced infiltrant-cooled tung-
sten nozzle materials, fabrication devel-
opment of columbium alloy nozzle exit
cones, investigation of chemical erosion
of graphite in nozzles, determination of
char strengths of ablative plastic nozzle
components, development of fusion
welding techniques in joining 18%
nickel maraging steel plate, investiga-
tion of optimum filament winding
patterns for glass reinforced cham-
bers, development of advanced castable
chamber internal insulation.
In its chemical erosion studies, Levy
reports the materials and fabrication
lab has found that erosion of graphite
subjected to high-temperature gas flow
is not a function of the temperature
breaking down the material, but rather
a matter of chemical reactions between
compounds in the gases and the carbon
atoms in graphite.
The materials analysis section of the
laboratory contains complete metallo-
graphic, materials analysis and materials
synthesis facilities. Complete facilities
are available for quantitative and quali-
tative analysis of all metallic and non-
metallic inert component material. The
section also contains blenders, mixers,
mills, screening and grading equipment
and associated laboratory bench-type
equipment for compounding metallur-
gical powders and elastomers.
Machinability research is underway
in the fabrication processes section,
which contains complete facilities for
joining and forming. Extensive forming
facilities include 50- and 200-ton hydro-
static hot and cold forming presses and
shear and conventional spinning ma-
chines capable of spinning thick-section
refractory metals. A fully instrumented
machinability lathe permits studies of
forces, tool designs,' cutting fluids and
speeds and feeds associated with exotic
materials.
Complete physical and mechanical
properties determination equipment in-
cludes tensile and compressive stress
equipment with maximum capabilities
of 120,000 lb. and facilities for creep,
torque, bending, flexural, and subscale
and full-scale impact testing from am-
bient temperature to 6,000°F, utilizing
conventional atmospheric and electron-
beam furnaces. m
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
21
space exploration
IMP Discovers New Radiation Belt
Presents no danger to space travelers; standing
shock wave is detected for the first time
DATA FROM EXPLORER XVIII
is showing the Earth swaddled in a layer
of energetic particles wrapped around
the magnetosphere. Unlike the Van Al-
len radiation belts, the newly authenti-
cated one is not expected to endanger
astronauts.
Alternately known as IMP I (Inters
planetary Monitoring Platform), the
satellite is ranging wide in near-
Earth space bringing in data that may
bear on the source of magnetic storms
and is giving a downward extension of
the energy of helium in interplanetary
space. Four more IMPs are scheduled to
be launched.
The revised picture of space around
Earth was drawn by eight experimenters
reporting on their preliminary findings
to 500 scientists at an IMP meeting held
by William Beller
recently at Goddard Space Flight Cen-
ter, Greenbelt, Md. The report was
based on the first 70 days of IMP, or 1 9
orbits. During this time, the satellite's
apogee lay almost entirely on the sunlit
side of Earth.
In January, the apogee moved far
out behind the Earth, thereby opening
up a virtually unexplored region of
near-Earth space. Here the tail of the
magnetosphere will be studied as well
as the "shadow" effect of the Earth on
the solar wind and interplanetary mag-
netic field.
• Earth in supersonic flow — Seem-
ing to duplicate the flow pattern of a
sphere in supersonic flow, the solar
wind forms a standing shock wave as it
streams around the Earth's magnetic
field. Although this phenomenon has
been predicted by many space scientists,
IMP has provided the first experimental
evidence that the shock wave exists.
The solar wind, sometimes called
solar plasma, flows continuously from
the Sun as a steady stream of very-low-
energy charged particles. Thought to
travel at speeds up to 300 mi. /sec, the
plasma has a density of about 10 par-
ticles/cu. cm. at the orbit of the Earth.
Some scientists believe that the solar
wind is simply the tenuous extension of
the Sun's atmosphere or corona into
interplanetary space. And they support
this view by noting that during periods
of high solar activity or flares, the speed
of the solar wind goes up.
One of the impressive effects of the
solar wind is that it apparently shapes
the boundaries of the Earth's magnetic
field or magnetosphere into an airfoil-
like shape. Its leading edge, which lies
on the Sun-Earth line, is about 40,000
miles out from the Earth toward the
Sun. The trailing edge fades away at
some yet unknown distance away from
the Earth. "The mapping of the back-
side of the magnetosphere, and deter-
mining its composition, is one of the
major scinetific objectives of the IMP
program."
• Regions around Earth — In
plasma measurements made by a Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology sensor,
the shock front was pegged a few Earth
radii in front of the magnetosphere's
leading edge. The M.I.T. device per-
mitted particles to enter a 6-in.-dia.
surface through a series of grids that
separates electrons and low-energy posi-
tive particles. In this way, the instru-
ment is able to determine the flux, speed
and direction of motion of the particles
analyzed.
On the basis of these data, M.I.T.
experimenter Herbert S. Bridge de-
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
"BASKETBALL" at end of large boom is IMP's rubidium-vapor magnetometer. "Micro-
phones" at ends of two smaller booms are fluxgate magnetometers.
22
scribes three distinct regions surround-
ing the Earth:
The inner region, corresponding to
the Earth's magnetic cavity, is charac-
terized by an absence of low-energy
plasma. It extends about ten Earth radii
in the direction of the Sun.
The second region, the "shock" re-
gion, contains hot turbulent plasma. The
outer boundary of this second region
marks the transition between "super-
sonic" and "subsonic" flow and is the
shock front.
The plasma in the third, or outer,
region, is observed to be relatively
mono-energetic and with a velocity di-
rected away from the Sun. The ob-
served particle density and velocities
indicate a "supersonic" flow relative to
the Earth.
• Shock front varies — Plotted on a
counting-rate-versus-distance curve, the
shock front appears as a clear "spike"
on the Sun-Earth line. The shock front
becomes increasingly blurred when ob-
servations are made at further distances
from the Sun-Earth line. In addition,
the thickness of the region of turbulence
or transition area increases. For exam-
ple, on a line at right angles to the
Sun-Earth line, the distance between the
shock front and magnetopause has in-
creased up to 8 to 10 Earth radii.
The extent of the transition area sug-
gests to Kinsey A. Anderson, Univer-
sity of California (Berkeley) experi-
menter, that the Moon may be peppered
with high-energy radiation particles dur-
ing a portion of each monthly lunar
orbit. Because of the sparseness of these
particles, it is not felt they will cause
any hazard to lunar astronauts.
The magnetopause by definition is
the outer boundary of the magneto-
sphere and, correspondingly, is also con-
sidered to be the boundary of the Van
Allen radiation belts. Anderson asks
whether the transition region may now
be called a part of the radiation belts.
Anderson observes that so far the
data from IMP show virtually no high-
energy particles on the Sun's side of the
shock front — when the satellite had
passed beyond the radiation belts and
into the solar wind of interplanetary
space.
He takes this as "an indication that
the high-energies (of the particles) do
not originate at the Sun, but are rather
'born' in the interaction between the
solar wind — formed largely of protons
and lower-energy electrons — and the
Earth's magnetic forces."
Anderson's theory, labeled "highly
speculative" by Frank B. McDonald,
IMP project scientist, Goddard Space
Flight Center, admits that the mecha-
nism for accelerating the electrons
within the transition region is still un-
known. Nevertheless, data from the ex-
periment "suggest" that about half of
FIELDS and radiations in the ecliptic plane of cis-Earth space. Note the 19 orbits of
IMP shown spiraling across the region of turbulence.
the high-energy electrons find their way
into the 'trapped' regions of the Van
Allen radiation belts and are later lost
into the Earth's atmosphere," Anderson
argues.
The scientist sees the other high-
energy electrons remaining outside as
"transient radiation, to be sluffed off the
sides of the radiation belts and to trail
out in the 'wake' that is carried in the
current of the solar wind."
Anderson confirmed the conclusions
of other IMP experimenters that the
amount of high-energy radiation in-
volved in the region beyond the Van
Allen belts do not hold any serious
hazard for space travelers. He cited the
instance of a solar storm last December
2, which "did not add high-energy par-
ticles to the solar wind."
The storm, though, did unload some
of the particles trapped in the radiation
belts, presumably as a result of the ac-
companying temporary changes in the
Earth's magnetic lines of force.
• Source of magnetic storms — Ex-
perimenters of the University of Chi-
cago discovered a flux of low-energy
protons emanating from the Sun in a
90-degree segment and rotating with
the Sun. In a paper delivered by John
A. Simpson, he said "the region has
reappeared for three successive solar
rotations and the stream of protons (ap-
proximately 1 Mev) falls within the
enhanced solar wind beam postulated to
account for the 27-day modulation of
galactic cosmic-ray intensity by the
Sun." Simpson said the rotating seg-
ment may be the explanation of recur-
ring magnetic storms on Earth.
The University of Chicago scientists
also measured in interplanetary space
a flux of helium nuclei covering the
energy range from 8-80 Mev/nucleon.
This is said to represent an order-pf-
magnitude downward extension of the
helium spectrum previously reported.
Simpson said it is likely that the
shape and persistence of the energy
spectrum indicates that the nuclei are of
galactic origin and are reaching the in-
ner solar system at this time because
the Sun is near its minimum in the solar
cycle.
IMP has already "paid its own way."
A Goddard scientist also suggested that
the satellite might soon draw the major
structure of the radiation and magnetic
fields in the Earth's near space. It may
also provide a key to the theory of solar
flares. ■
EXPLORER XVIII: INTERPLANETARY
MONITORING PLATFORM
Launch:
Nov. 26, 1963 at 9:30 PM (EST)
Atlantic Missile Range on Delta rocket
Apogee:
122,800 stat. mi.
Perigee:
120 stat. mi.
Inclination:
33.3°
Period:
3 days, 22# hrs.
Velocity:
24,300 mph at perigee,
780 mph at apogee
Weight:
138 lbs.
Main structure:
Octagon, 28 in. x 28 in.; 12 in. deep
Appendages:
Four solar paddles, 26 in. long x
18 in. wide
Four antennas, 16 in. long
Rubidium-vapor magnetometer, on 6 ft.
boom
Two Flux gate magnetometers on 7 ft.
booms
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
23
Command & Control Laboratory
Now in operation at Lockheed Missiles & Space Company is a model Command & Control
system for a world-wide satellite network. The real thing in every sense— except that the
inputs from its "tracking stations" are simulated on tape— it is striking at the crux of the
Command & Control problem: how to analyze, synthesize, and display a torrent of data
—in real time— so The Commander can instantly make the right decision. And it is giving
Lockheed's scientists and engineers the solid answers that are needed to cope with the
increasing complexity of Command & Control. Lockheed Missiles & Space Company,
Sunnyvale, Calif. A Group Division of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. LOCKIlGGCl
space electronics
Haystack Antenna May Go On in July
Dish assembly now completed; static load tests under way;
major gains expected; West Germans said to be interested
by Michael Getler
Tyngsboro, Mass. — With the last
of 96 aluminum honeycomb antenna
panels now in place, and final accept-
ance tests under way this month, the
Air Force/ MIT Lincoln Laboratories/
North American Aviation, Inc. team
putting together the massive 120-ft.
Haystack antenna system here now esti-
mates the experimental facility should
be "on the air" in July.
While the system will take part in
a wide range of radiometric, radar, and
communications research, some of its
earliest efforts will be aimed at further
exploitation of the AF-Lincoln Labs
Project West Ford experiment.
Haystack, hampered by cost over-
runs (total AF-Lincoln Labs cost now
is estimated at $13-14 million at com-
pletion) and delays of some 18 months
in getting on the air, nevertheless is
expected to become one of the most
significant advances in microwave ra-
dar. Scientists here claim the system
will be at least three orders of magnitude
more sensitive than Haystack's prede-
cessor at Lincoln Labs — the high-power
84-ft.-dish Millstone Hill radar, located
nearby — and possibly some 5 to 6
times more sensitive than other more
typical UHF radars.
"There isn't anybody who has
touched this program that's made
money," says one project officer, "yet
it's a giant step forward."
Cost of the Haystack project is being
borne by both Lincoln Labs and the Air
Force's Electronic Systems Command
(ESD). Lincoln Labs will operate the
antenna system and also serves as
technical monitor.
• Near-perfect X-band antenna —
The expected broad state-of-the-art ad-
vance signaled by Haystack operation is,
in fact, due not to a single breakthrough
but rather to an effort to push the
technology ahead by several factors in
each of the contributing technologies.
As a result, one top scientist here points
out, the piece parts actually are 5-10
times better than the aggregate, and yet
the aggregate will exceed by a significant
factor anything that is currently avail-
able.
For example, the 18-bit shaft en-
coder that operates with the Haystack
system is pointed out as a unit that is
pushing the state of the art. Developed
by Telecomputing Corp., it is reported
to narrow the degree of shaft position
uncertainty to about 2.4 seconds of
arc, or about .00066 deg.
Scientists here predict that at its
nominal design frequency of 10 Gc,
Haystack "will be the most perfect X-
band antenna of large size in the world."
Its precision for operations in the 10
Gc region is also expected to give the
antenna considerable capability for ra-
dio astronomy experiments to frequen-
cies to perhaps 35 Gc at certain eleva-
tion (45 deg).
The Haystack Cassegrainian-feed
antenna, being built by the Columbus,
(Ohio) Div. of NAA, has a 120-ft.-dia.
parabolic-axial load primary reflector
made up of 96 Vi -in. -thick aluminum
honeycomb panels. The maximum devi-
ation from the true contour of the dish
26
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
at any elevation angle is designed to be
within ± 0.075 in., one of the major
advancements in large dish design. This
means that loads imposed by gravity or
thermal effects, manufacturing errors,
measurement errors, or field erection
and checkout discrepancies can be cu-
mulatively kept to within the 0.075-in.
total uncertainty.
At 10 Gc. the 120-ft. Haystack
aperture will yield a half-power beam-
width of 0.05 deg, about 40 times as
narrow as the 2-deg beam of the Mill-
stone Hill UHF radar (the Millstone
Hill beamwidth is three times as narrow
in L-band operation as it is in UHF).
The maximum pointing error or angular
uncertainty at low tracking rates (1
deg. sec.) should not exceed ± 0.005
deg., according to Lincoln Labs, with a
slightly higher figure of ± 0.012 for
the higher tracking rates.
Theoretical gain of the system oper-
ating at about 8 Gc, according to sci-
entists here, will be 67-68 db. Con-
tributing factors, in addition to the ex-
treme sharpness of the beam, include
the use of the Cassegrainian optics, lack
of significant lengths of waveguide, re-
duction in rotating joints, ability to put
receiver components close to the dish,
and introduction of very-low-noise re-
ceivers.
Initially, Lincoln Labs says, cooled
parametric amplifiers used in the receiv-
ing system will yield an overall system
temperature of 70-80 °K. Within a few
months, the Labs expect to introduce
a closed-loop cryogenic maser amplifier
that will bring system temperature down
to about 30°K, some 5-6 times below
current typical UHF radars. Sky tem-
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
perature background will not be a prob-
lem at these temperatures.
At X-band, the Haystack dish-dia-
meter/wavelength ratio is leading the
field, scientists here report (see chart
on p. 28). Where figures in the 100-200
region were characteristics a few years
ago, Haystack is pushing into the 3.000
region.
• Millstone comparison — Haystack
will be able to skin track an unaug-
mented l-sq.-meter target out to ranges
of 16,000 miles, in comparison to 2,000
miles for the Millstone radar, still one
of the most precise in the world. Prob-
ably more important, however, is the
ability of Haystack to see a target with
three orders-of-magnitude less cross-
section at 2,000 miles.
In addition, whereas the Millstone
radar, under certain conditions, has
"just about been able to bounce radar
signals off Venus and receive echoes,"
the Haystack antenna is expected to ex-
pand the time and conditions during
which Venus can be viewed as well as
increase the S/N ratio. It also will pro-
vide the means for similar experiments
to be made with Mars and Mercury, and
possibly with Jupiter and Saturn.
Ability to perform in this manner is
also in large measure attributed to the
controlled environment in which Hay-
stack will operate. The entire antenna
system is housed in a huge 150-ft.-dia.,
134-ft.-high radome, believed to be the
largest metal-space-frame radome of its
kind. The 171-ton radome supplied by
the Plastics Div. of the H. I. Thompson
Fiber Glass Co., consists of hollowed
aluminum beams, up to 15 ft. long,
which support glass-fiber-reinforced
plastic membrane panels mounted on
FAR LEFT: Artist's
concept of Haystack
shows plug-in trans-
mitter box being
hoisted into position
behind dish. Cut-
away shows position
inside radome and
small secondary re-
flector facing 120-
ft. primary dish.
LEFT: Workmen
prepare to install fi-
nal panel in 120-ft.-
dia. primary dish.
In center is optical
probe used in align-
ment analysis. Struc-
tural members climb-
ing to top center
position hold second-
ary reflector.
the frame. The panels are Vi2 in. thick.
"The transmission loss on the ra-
dome," says Herbert G. Weiss, associate
head of Lincoln Labs' Radar Div., "is
expected to equal about 10% of the
aperture. However, this looks like a
good compromise to get the environ-
mental control and all-weather capa-
bility." Major perturbations for other
normally high-precision radars often
come from weather and from uneven
thermal loads imposed by solar heating.
Actually, Weiss points out, the size
of the radome which could be made
available was really the limiting factor
on the size of the Haystack antenna.
"The 120-ft. dish was the biggest thing
we could stuff into this radome."
• Computer analysis — Fabrication
of a dish to a maximum ± 0.075-in.
deviation specification has also brought
about what scientists here consider to
be "the most extensive structural stress
analysis using computers that has ever
been attempted."
With no real means to evaluate con-
tractor-predicted stress levels, both NAA
and Lincoln Labs launched independent
computer program development with
"amazingly close" answers resulting.
"Reasonable concurrence between two
independent groups allowed new analy-
sis," and scientists report that differ-
ences between computed and predicted
levels were on the order of .005-in.
uncertainty in a 60-ft. radius.
The antenna design, NAA reports,
was revised after computer analysis and
evaluation and optimized at least 40
times before construction of the full-
scale antenna at the Columbus facility
was attempted (a scale model was built
and also extensively tested). The an-
tenna was transported in sections cross-
country.
Thus far, relationship between com-
puted values and actual measured loads
also appears to be very close, according
to project officials. Measurement hard-
ware and technique is a limiting factor.
A unique optical alignment probe, made
by Keuffel & Esser Co., Hoboken, N.J.,
is aiding measurement during current
static load-testing. The device uses a
penta-prism arrangement to sight and
read out on 1,700 target points placed
around the dish.
In January, 1963, a UNIVAC 490
real-time computing system was de-
livered to ESD; it is now installed at
the Haystack Hill site. The computer,
with 12 input/ output channels, will
serve primarily for antenna pointing
rather than for data processing. Eight
celestial pointing programs for the an-
tenna have already been developed
covering West Ford, satellites, Sun,
stars, planets, Moon, fixed azimuth and
elevation, and fixed right ascension dec-
lination.
The secondary reflector of the Hay-
27
stack system is a remotely-controlled
solid-faced hyperbolic structure, 2 in.
thick and 112 in. in diameter. Accuracy
of this dish is reportedly within ±0.010
in.
The complete massive antenna is
capable of azimuth rotation of ±300
deg, and elevation rotation from —2
deg to +92 deg. Slew rate is 3.3 deg/
sec and slew acceleration is 1 deg/ sec'.
Tracking rates are sufficient to track
even relatively low-altitude satellites, as
well as the various celestial bodies of
interest.
The elevation bearing, which sup-
ports some 197,000 lbs., according to
NAA, consists of four 8-in. self-aligning
roller bearings. The azimuth bearing,
which supports some 376,000 lbs. of
rotating structure, is a steel 14-ft. com-
bined radial and thrust hydrostatic bear-
ing floated on a .005-in. oil film. Use of
the hydrostatic bearing, supplied by
Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corp., has al-
lowed major power reductions for rotat-
ing the antenna.
Within the Haystack mount, all
structure above the elevation axis (76
ft. up the mount) is aluminum and
everything below is steel, says AF proj-
ect officer Lt. John H. Shock. A Teflon
sleeve is used for thermal compensation
between the two metals at the axial joint.
• Plug-in transmitters — While a
great deal of actual frequency capabil-
ity will grow out of the antenna con-
formity tolerances, the major flexibility
for Haystack is credited to the unique
plug-in transmitter boxes being de-
veloped. These are 8x8x1 0-ft. boxes
able to hold about 2 tons of equipment
(cg's are identical in order not to deflect
the structure) which actually are hoisted
and then rail-guided into position just
behind the Haystack dish. This makes
it possible to interchange equipments in
different frequency regions without ex-
tensive modification (it reportedly takes
about Vi day to completely change over
a system), allows several transmitter-
receiver combinations to be used, and
cuts down significantly on lengthy trans-
mission lines and associated signal loss.
The first two boxes to go into the
antenna — one an X-band transmitter
and the other a radiometric system — are
now in final fabrication stages. The
radiometry package, designed by Lin-
coln Labs, will go in first and be used
initially for system test and subsequently
for radio astronomy. Scientists here say
they hope to "take the first electrical
patterns, in the 8-1 6 Gc region, to meas-
ure efficiency late in June or in July."
The X-band transmitter is about 2-3
months behind this schedule and is ex-
pected to be "up in the air possibly by
August," Lincoln Labs reports. The
transmitter program ran into consider-
able funding trouble, according to AF
officers. The system was under contract
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTEMPORARY HIGH-GAIN STEERABLE ANTENNAS
DIAMETER
RMS SURFACE
TOLERANCE *
WAVELENGTH WHERE
TOLERANCE = X/16
d/x
BE AMWIDTH
(deg)
feet
meters
BMEWS TRACKER
84
26
± 1.6cm
25cm
100
0.6
J0DRELL BANK
250
76
± 3.0
48
160
0,4
NATIONAL RADIO
ASTRONOMY OBS.
300
91
± 1.3 Vc-
20
450
0 15
PARKES, AUSTRALIA
210
63
± 0.7
10
630
0.10
LINCOLN LABORATORY
28
8.6
± 0.05
0.8
1070
0.06
P.N. LEBEDEV INST.
72
22
± 0.05
0.8
2750
0.025
HAYSTACK
120
37
± 0.07
I.I
3300
0.020
♦ESTIMATED WHERE EXACT DATA NOT AVAILABLE
**X/l6 CORRESPONDS TO 2.6db OF LOSS
to Energy Systems Inc. (formerly Radia-
tion at Stanford ) , but AF project sources
report that the contract has been termi-
nated and Lincoln Labs will bring the
components from the West Coast and
put the system together here.
The X-band transmitter will be a
CW system capable of being keyed for
pulse-type operation. One megawatt of
d-c input power can be plugged into the
box, delivered in stages up to 120 kv if
required.
A three-loop temperature stability
system is included to keep klystron tem-
perature constant. The transmitter was
originally designed as a four-klystron
system, but these have been replaced
with a single 100-kw-output Varian As-
sociates klystron tube. It is reported
that this tube already has been tested at
120 kw output, operating at about 48%
efficiency, by Varian.
A further advance, the development
of a 300-kw tube by Eitel-McCullough,
Inc., is awaited with interest here. "We
may take the next step within the next
year," scientists report.
The future may also see development
of a high-power X-band pulsed trans-
mitter box. "The art of high-power
pulsed X-band tubes needs develop-
ment," scientists here say, but they look
forward to having 1 mw peak, 100 kw
average power, tubes available soon.
• West Ford use — The X-band
transmitter will be used first to detail
"the fine grain characteristics" of the
orbiting belt of West Ford dipoles. Sci-
entists hope to: find out whether a
thinner belt is possible with more band-
width; study the multipath problem re-
duction with use of a smaller beam; and
note the effect of reduced power and
receiver requirements on one end with
the very large dish and high power now
on the other end.
This type of effort could lead to de-
velopment of highly mobile truck-
mounted antenna systems for use with
West Ford in conjunction with a very
powerful Haystack-type antenna. Cur-
rent West Ford experiments are carried
out with 60-ft. dishes located here and
in California, with the higher-powered
West Coast system said to be doing most
of the transmitting.
Its use in satellite tracking will en-
able study of the effect of added db on
the ground satellite environment. It will
also allow special-purpose satellite sur-
veillance for cross-section definition at
different frequencies or highly refined
trajectory data. For some satellite track-
ing, the Millstone radar would probably
be used for initial acquisition.
The system also is expected to be
used on occasion to observe Air Force
Missile Test Center and Wallops Island
launchings and orbit confirmation — and
also perhaps for some gathering of re-
entry data from Wallops.
West Germany is known to have
considerable interest in Haystack. Teams
of scientists from that country reportedly
have visited the Haystack site several
times in the last few months. They are
thought to be seeking a second-genera-
tion, all-purpose type of instrument able
to handle both advanced comsat mis-
sions and very high-angular tracking
assignments, possibly for close-in mis-
sile tracking. An initial comsat station
is already being built in Germany.
The Germans are said to be particu-
larly interested in the aluminum honey-
comb structuring used in portions of the
Haystack system and in the radome de-
sign. Most observers believe they will
choose to build their own system rather
than buy one already developed. ■
23
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
space support
Flight Simulator Readied
For Gemini Training at Cape Kennedy
by Chris Butler
Cape Kennedy — A versatile train-
ing device capable of simulating nearly
every facet of a Gemini mission is near-
ing the operational stage here.
Engineers and technicians of NASA
and McDonnell Aircraft Corp. have
been working since mid-December to
assemble the $4-million trainer, which
will be used in the final phases of pre-
paring astronauts for Gemini missions.
The unit, which has been installed
in the Mission Control Center, is al-
most identical to a trainer to be in-
stalled at the Manned Spacecraft Cen-
ter in Houston for use in general train-
ing of astronauts.
The flight simulator here will ac-
complish a dual mission by training as-
tronauts in a specific flight plan and by
verifying the operability of the flight
plan for each mission. The latter will
determine whether the plan includes
tasks that are impossible to accomplish
within an alloted time frame. Program
officials activating the trainer here
stressed that the facility is not being set
up to test astronauts or their readiness
for a flight.
Philosophy behind the mission simu-
lator program is almost identical to that
used in the Mercury program. Astro-
nauts will be subjected to exercises and
problems in such fields as escape emer-
gencies, launch, rendezvous, manual
retrofire and re-entry.
The training program also will in-
clude rehearsal of complete missions in
"fast time," wherein astronauts will
compress execution of a flight plan by
eliminating all delays between required
tasks. Some training missions may last
as long as 48 hours.
Heart of the training operation is
a full-scale capsule, which largely dupli-
cates the pressure vessel to be used on
orbital flights. It contains all the con-
trols and displays to be found in the
Gemini spacecraft, and will even have
piped-in sounds to simulate launch and
smoke to simulate an on-board fire.
• Digital computers used — Two
Mark I digital computers made by Link
tie the two-man crew station to the in-
structor console and at telemetry con-
PROJECT OFFICIALS check out interior of Gemini flight simulator being installed in
Mission Control Center at Cape Kennedy to train astronauts for missions and to verify
operability of flight plans. Hydraulic pistons move the simulator platform to give maxi-
mum tilt of 32 degrees during simulated flight. Trainer can be pressurized and simulate
everything but weightlessness.
sole, which are located a few feet from
the training vehicle. A switch from ana-
log to digital computers is one of the
most significant changes from the Mer-
cury training program.
Spokesmen said the change was
made because it reduces the extent of
hardware changes required in repro-
gramming for various missions. They
added it also is easier to find and hire
digital programmers.
In operation, the astronauts will en-
ter the spacecraft simulator and re-
cline on couches that are tilted eight
degrees above the horizontal. Hydraulic
pistons can add 32 more degrees tilt
to the trainer platform, bringing the
astronaut couches to the 40-degree
angle recommended by Manned Space-
craft Center researchers for extended
training missions.
The astronauts will be able to regu-
late cabin temperatures when training
without pressure suits and control tem-
peratures and pressures in the suits when
they are worn.
• TV monitors — Three television
cameras will operate at all times. One
will monitor the instrument panel area
to watch hand movements, check timing
and help lay out mission programs. The
other cameras will photograph the as-
tronauts' faces to check eye motions
and assure face plates are in place and
fastened before cabin pressures are
changed.
The television pictures will be dis-
played on the console where instruc-
tors will monitor all of the simulated
spacecraft and booster systems.
On the telemetry console, an in-
structor will be able to eliminate or
override a preprogrammed problem
from the computer. A total of 20 faults
can be programmed, but the telemetry
console can produce up to 100 prob-
lems for the men in the trainer.
In July, a housing will be added to
the spacecraft simulator to provide a
horizon, starfield, Earth patterns and
Agena displays for visual training. The
equipment will be mobile and will be
rolled into position to cover the train-
ing vehicle.
The Cape trainer will be connected
to the Integrated Mission Control Cen-
ter in Houston by high-speed data links.
This linkage will find additional use
later on actual Gemini orbital flights
when Cape Kennedy becomes Station
No. 1 on the world-wide range for
Gemini operations. ■
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
31
missile ordnance
Makers Seeking Answers to
Unknowns of Exploding Bridge Wire
Technical meeting shows differing opinions on merits of redundancy;
Polaris, Pershing, ASSET systems described; PETN vs. alternatives
Los Angeles — Descriptions of ex-
ploding bridge wire initiators for ord-
nance systems in Pershing, ASSET, and
Polaris given at the American Ord-
nance Association Joint Technical Meet-
ing illustrate that you don't need to
know how an EBW initiates detonation
in order to make systems work re-
liably.
There was plenty of evidence, how-
ever, of active investigation of the un-
knowns of EBW systems, with argu-
ment centering on whether detonation
is initiated by a shock or thermal wave.
In systems design, different atti-
tudes toward the use of redundancy
could be seen.
A. L. Hubbard of Lockheed Mis-
siles and Space Co. said that a non-
redundant system had been selected for
Polaris ignition, separation, and destruct
functions.
In general, he said, duplication of
components reduces the probability of
a "dud" firing, but increases the proba-
bility of premature firing. Redundancy
is most effective when the probability
of a dud is high compared to the proba-
bility of premature firing, with the trade-
off point reached when the two proba-
bilities are about equal.
• Non-redundancy simpler — Lock-
heed found that the most obvious ad-
vantage of a non-redundant EBW sys-
tem was simplification through the
elimination of many components.
In the Pershing missile, a redun-
dant system was selected for EBW initia-
tion of ignition, thrust termination, and
separation operations. H. R. Lowers,
U. S. Army Missile Command, Red-
stone Arsenal, Ala., and J. M. Ash-
by Rex Pay
ford, Martin-Marietta Corp., Orlando,
Fla., explained that a development pro-
gram to improve Pershing reliability
under tactical field conditions was ini-
tiated in July, 1961. In this, the Missile
Command called for a system that
provided complete electronic and ord-
nance redundancy for each function.
A similar approach was taken in
the development of the destruct system
for the ASSET vehicle, by McDonnell
Aircraft Corp., St. Louis, Mo., and
Aerojet-General Corp., Downey, Calif.
Two EBW detonators and two firing
units are used for redundancy, a single
liquid-explosive charge being placed in
the vehicle.
• PETN vs. other explosives —
Apart from questions of detonation
theory and redundancy, other discus-
sions centered on use of PETN versus
other explosives and the importance
of various parameters in bridge-wire de-
sign.
EBW systems with PETN explosive
loading were used very successfully in
the original Atomic Energy Commis-
sion devices. Adaption of EBW systems
of this sort to missile systems has raised
problems, however, chiefly because of
the complexity of the missile system and
the very high level of interfering RF
sources. The EBW characteristic of sub-
microsecond firing precision has been
of little importance in missiles.
In some programs, other explosive
loadings such as RDX and HMX are
preferred to PETN because of the better
temperature and vacuum stability and
their non-hygroscopic nature.
In experiments on EBW parameters,
H. S. Leopold and I. Kabik of the
U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White
Oak, Md., found that increasing circuit
inductance and resistance decreased
the probability of detonating PETN.
• What causes ignition? — For fixed
circuit parameters of capacitance, in-
ductance, extraneous resistance and
initial potential, they found that there
was an optimum wire diameter for a
fixed wire length, and an optimum wire
length for a fixed wire diameter.
These results lead them to think
that initiation is thermal in origin and
that a minimum volume of PETN must
be initiated for detonation to take place.
This minimum volume is greater than
that ignited by direct contact with a hot
wire.
The fact that wires that exploded
most vigorously in air were not the best
for detonating PETN bore out the idea
that the shock wave produced by the
exploding wire was not the basic
detonating mechanism. Calculations of
shock pressure corroborate this, they
said — it is two orders of magnitude
below that needed to detonate PETN 1
in explosive shock experiments.
Leopold and Kabik conclude that I
the experiments on wire length and!
diameter show that growth from burn- 1
ing to detonation is critical. Further ini-l
tiation occurs from the hot wire plasma I
and vapor as they expand to fill the ex-|
polsive interstices. Increased pressure!
from the wire vapor speeds the burning!
process and accelerates the liberation!
of chemical energy from PETN already!
ignited.
32
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
• Detecting duds — D. E. Daven-
port and M. A. Picciano of Gen-
eral Precision, Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif.,
pointed out that although knowledge of
the mechanisms of initiation from an
EBW is incomplete, empirical knowl-
edge about the importance of explosive
density and explosive contact with the
surface of the wire gives a good lead
toward methods of testing for potential
duds.
They assume that a serious dudding
problem results when enough current
flows through the bridgewire to melt or
decompose it or to alter a significant
amount of material adjacent to the
bridgewire. When the current does not
melt the bridge wire, the EBW seems
intact, but will not initiate an explo-
sion.
Davenport and Picciano suggest
that dudding will occur when the void
around the bridgewire is big enough to
degrade the expanding vapor and shock
waves from the EBW, before they come
into contact with the active explosive.
They suggest that a potential dud
can be detected by measuring the radial
heat transfer properties of the material
around the bridgewire. This can be done
j by measuring the temperature rise when
a small current passes through the wire.
If the wire has a significant tempera-
ture coefficient of resistance, the tem-
perature rise can be measured quite
i easily.
• ASSET destruct system — The
ASSET program aims to obtain tem-
perature and pressure data on hyper-
velocity lifting reentry vehicles to aid in
the evaluation of advanced materials
and systems.
Flight termination in ASSET is by
^ : a self -monitoring system, because of the
difficulty of attaining reliable RF com-
' mand transmission through the vehicle's
I plasma sheath.
Destruction may be initiated by
I I a self-destruct sensor, a low-voltage
( sensor, by booster command, or by pre-
mature separation.
When destruct is ordered, a liquid
explosive initiated by an EBW detona-
C.; tor cuts the wing-body structural at-
l tachments. This removes the aft portion
M of the left wing, causing a rolling bal-
| listic trajectory.
Because skin surfaces on the ASSET
are thermal radiating materials, they
11 cannot be fitted with access doors for
equipment installation or check. In-
!" stead, the main body cover is fitted to
' the vehicle before mating it to the
11 booster.
But a prime requirement for the
il destruct system is that the explosive
charge be put in as late as possible and
be removed quickly after the vehicle
' reaches the recovery area.
To get around this dilemma a shaped
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
charge of liquid explosive is used. The
container for this includes fill and vent
lines that are brought to the rear of the
ASSET vehicle, where they are accessi-
ble. Filling and draining are carried out
with a small hand-operated bulb-type
pump.
Aerex liquid explosive, a product of
Aerojet-General, is used. This is 95%
by volume nitromethane and 59c sensi-
tizer.
Because of the limited access to the
vehicle, the initiator and safe-arm mech-
anism is installed before ASSET is
moved to the pad. Safety was therefore
a prime factor in selecting components
for the system. An EBW detonator with
RDX was chosen, because of its de-
creased sensitivity and better thermal
stability than PETN.
The charge container for the Aerex
explosive is a tubular aluminum section
with a "shaped" region at each end,
where an EBW detonator is located.
A flush-soldered bridgewire with a
series spark gap is used. The spark gap
prevents energy levels having a poten-
tial below 700 volts from passing
through the bridge wire. Flush soldering
was found to be more reliable than other
configurations studied, such as raised
soldered, and flush or raised welded.
Three different densities of RDX are
used in the explosive train.
Output of the electronic firing unit
is 2 joules, in response to a trigger
signal of between 18 and 32 volts. Solid-
state components in welded modules,
potted in epoxy, are packed within a
hermetically-sealed metal case.
• Pershing modular EBW system —
In early versions of the Pershing mis-
sile, the high-voltage firing unit for
all ignition, termination, and separa-
tion functions was located in the guid-
ance and control section. High-voltage
energy was transmitted over long trans-
mission lines to ordnance items in vari-
ous parts of the missile.
Because the centralized system was
likely to be unreliable under field con-
ditions, modular firing units located
close to each ordnance function were
developed.
Fourteen ordnance functions are re-
quired: two each for first- and second-
stage ignition, two each for first-stage
and re-entry body separation, and two
for each of the three motor ports for
thrust termination.
To discriminate against voltages be-
low 650 v, a spark gap is built into
the ordnance electrical connector. A
0.5-microfarad capacitor was selected
as sufficient to provide consistent ex-
plosion of the 1 to 2 mil diameter gold-
alloy bridge wire. Output voltage of the
firing unit is 2,250 v, yielding an energy
of 1.27 joules.
The basic EBW initiator is used to
initiate pyrotechnique motor igniters
and to detonate splicebolts and motor
thrust port segments. It consists of an
electrical input connector and a 45-
milligram explosive charge of PETN
pressed to a density of 1 gm per sq.
cm.
A motor igniter converts the high-
order detonation from the EBW initia-
tor into a pyrotechnic output, by use
of a 135-milligram pressed boron potas-
sium nitrate pellet. This ignites a
pyrogen assembly that provides motor
ignition. In the interstage bolt detona-
tor, the output from the EBW initiator
sets off a transfer column of mild deto-
nating fuse that detonates a base charge
of 160 milligrams of PETN. This shears
a splice bolt, allowing stage separation.
The control portion of the firing
unit consists of a silicon controlled-
rectifier that discharges a trigger capaci-
tor through the primary of a pulse trans-
former to provide the high-voltage pulse
required by the switching electrode of
a gap tube. The SCR is biased so that
the application of two discrete signals
is required before triggering takes
place.
• Polaris EBW detonators — The
squibs and detonators developed by
Lockheed for Polaris are coaxial types
with a steel body encasing a ceramic
liner. Two Kovar pins inserted into a
center piece of ceramic form a spark
gap assembly. One of the end pins is
used as the electrical contact element
for the connector and the other end
forms one of the bridge-wire terminals.
The bridgewire is connected be-
tween the gap assembly and a nickel
cup brazed on the ceramic liner. All
parts of the unit are assembled by
brazing, except the bridge wire, which
is welded in place.
• Spark gaps vulnerable to EMP —
The vulnerability to electromagnetic ra-
diation of a spark gap in series with the
exploding bridge wire was stressed by
D. E. Seeger, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover.
N.J. Use of such a gap could render a
system more vulnerable to electromag-
netic radiation than a system with no
gap.
If an EBW device with a gap is
subjected to an electromagnetic field of
sufficient intensity to break down the
gap, the impedance match of the initia-
tor system will change drastically. It
will go from some high level to a lower
level characteristic of the bridgewire.
probably passing through a perfectly-
matched condition with the transmission
line and external leads that serve as an
antenna.
At this point, maximum transfer of
energy from the electromagnetic field to
the bridgewire is achieved. By compari-
son, the system with no gap already
has a large impedance mismatch. ■
33
Rings and Flanges • Forged Shafts • Car Wheels • Gear Blanks • Forging, j
Sales Offices: New York • Chicago • Schenectady • Boston • Philadelphia • Pittsburgh • Birmingham • Los Angeles • Sa/7 Francisco
In 1964, the first 156-in. diameter large solid rocket motor
will be static fired in California. Rings forged and machined
from a remarkable new material— 18% Nickel Ma raging Steel
— will hold together the segments of the motor casing.
Standard Steel, a leader in the development and exploration
of this tough, distortion-free alloy, produced the rings for
Lockheed Propulsion Company. Talk to Standard about what
maraging steels can do for your application.
First successful rolling of a 156-in. diameter ring of 78% Nickel Maraging Steel was recently completed at Standard Steel.
Standard has also supplied to industry conditioned ingots and blooms for a missile dome test project and preforms for a
rocket motor case evaluation program.
Division of Baldwin- Lima- Hamilton
Burnham, Pa.
Circle No. 4 on Subscriber Service Card
lunar research
Bendix Simulating Lunar
Magma in Laboratory Tests
Ann Arbor, Mich. — If magma ex-
panded or "upwelled" through the lunar
surface, then it might be possible to
simulate the process with common geo-
logical materials.
Such an approach is under way at
the Bendix Corp.'s Systems Div. Re-
search Labs with an eye toward laying
by John F. Judge
the groundwork for future correlations
between lunar surface materials and
those on the earth.
Scientists at Bendix have expanded
molten rock in a vacuum and found
that some of the experimental data fit
in with published lunar information.
Bendix is being extremely careful
in its experimental approach to the
lunar surface composition area since
there is little hard information avail-
able and the subject is highly specula-
tive.
The company-funded magma ex-
26
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
pansion work at Bendix is one facet
of the firm's interest in the lunar en-
vironment. Bendix is interested in post-
Apollo space business, and the investi-
gations into simulating the lunar surface
are one way of establishing a broad base
for future hardware concepts.
Samples of expanded rock are being
subjected to tests in five general areas
— thermal, albedo, light scattering, light
polarization and colormetric analysis.
The work in lava upwelling into vac-
uums is being conducted by Walter I.
Dobar, Manager, Quality Assurance
Dept., a graduate geologist, continuing
his studies in Astro-geology at Michigan
State University.
The equipment and instrumentation
used by Dobar in gathering data from
his specimens and other samples of
geological materials is unique in that
they are primarily aimed at weapons
systems evaluations. Thus the instru-
mentation at the lab is completely cali-
brated against primary and secondary
NBS standards.
Dobar feels that few, if any, previ-
ous investigators into lunar surface ma-
terials simulation had this capability at
their disposal. His results in the initial
series of measurements, especially ther-
mal and albedo, show remarkable agree-
ment with observed values published by
various lunar authorities.
Dobar is seeking a single geological
type with all of the observed properties
of the lunar surface — after the sample
has been allowed to upwell into a vac-
uum.
Should this prove possible, a strong
base for the future correlation of lunar
surface data will exist, and substantial
progress can be made with a minimum
of "hard" data from the currently pro-
grammed probes — manned and un-
manned.
• Test procedure — A 50-mm-by-
volume sample of flint glass or Wausau
sand is placed in a 100-mm crucible. The
silicon dioxide sample is then melted in
a muffle furnace at a temperature of
1,500°F. The sample is held in the
molten state at temperature for 15 min-
utes to permit a gaseous/ liquid equi-
librium state to develop — representative
of the dissolved gas pressure found in
natural magma.
The molten sample is quickly moved
to a bell-jar base plate built into the
side of a 4 x 8-ft. vacuum chamber
capable of reaching 10"s torr. The 6-in.
bell jar is placed over the sample and
the sample area is evacuated into the
larger vacuum system.
The molten sample cools and "up-
wells" during the rapid decompression
of the bell jar — simulating a typical
geological process of magma upwell-
ing on the surface of the Moon into a
hard vacuum.
• Interesting results — Visual and
high-speed color motion pictures show
that during the decompression-transfor-
mation period, the sample radiates a
high intensity orange to red light that
sparkles. The complete color phe-
nomena is in good agreement with that
observed by members of Lowell Ob-
servatory of "red spots" on the moon in
October and November, 1963.
In both sample areas, the result is
a frothy silica mass, 15 to 20 times the
volume of the original molten mass.
Dobar calls the samples "Simolivac" —
silica molten in vacuum. The outside
surface structure of the expanded Wau-
sau samples has a rough, porous texture
while the internal structure consists of
a large number of interconnected voids.
The webbing forming the interconnect-
ing walls was opaque and the micro-
structure showed small spines or whisk-
ers covering almost the entire web area.
The outward surface structure of the
flint glass froth has a relatively smooth
fibrous texture with a limited porous
microstructure. The internal structure
is very similar to that of the Wausau
sand result.
Bearing (unconfined compression)
strength was determined by John P.
Gnaedinger of Soil Testing Service, Inc.,
and showed that Wausau "Simolivac"
can support 4 tons per sq. ft.
The microstructure in the expanded
Wausau sand is very similar to that
found in certain varieties of non-geologi-
cal samples such as cellulose sponge
and lichen, which give reflection curves
with excellent correlation with the
Moon's surface.
Samples of vacuum-expanded flint
glass, Wausau sand and clear quartz
crystal were subjected to gamma radia-
tion for 94 hours by Dobar. This pre-
liminary experiment was conducted to
determine the effect, if any, of the radia-
tion on the photometric properties of
Si02 material.
The radiation damage — observed
visually and photometrically — was simi-
lar for all three samples. The discolora-
tion of the quartz crystal was not as
dark as in a piece of natural smokey
quartz. But the discoloration of all
three samples bears a remarkable re-
semblance to that of a thin section of
a tektite, says Dobar. ■
LEFT: Molten sample is placed in bell jar platform attached to a large vacuum chamber. BELOW: Left to right are clear expanded
quartz, used a control; irradiated expanded clear quartz; expanded natural smoky quartz and an expanded clear quartz. Orig-
inal samples of flint glass and smoky quartz are in foreground.
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
37
The Hawk has been hunting the RP-76 since June, 1960.
Northrop's RP-76 target drone provides the most
effective exercise for the Hawk missile short of com-
bat. It performs at high or low altitudes.
To a Hawk, the RP-76 looks, flies and maneuvers
like an enemy plane. Yet, unlike most realistic tar-
gets, it can be destroyed without prohibitive cost. It
has the lowest cost per mission of any missile target
system.
The RP-76 has flown over 2000 missions against
Nike, Hawk, Sparrow, and Sidewinder, with a reli-
ability rate of 87.5%. Northrop has provided com-
plete RP-76 target services — flight operations,
launching, control, tracking, scoring, repair and
maintenance — for U.S. and Nato forces in the
United States, the Pacific and the Far East.
The RP-76 is the world's most experienced target
for high-performance missiles. It is a natural prey
for the Hawk.
NORTHROP RP-76
—The Industry Week—
Mergers and Acquisitions
Eithel-McCullough, Inc., San Carlos, Calif.,
has purchased from Capitol Records, Inc., the
pulsed traveling wave tube portion of Capitol's
business. The TWT was developed by the EMI
Div. of Capitol and marketed by its subsidiary,
ElectraMegadyne, Inc. Included in the transaction
were all design laboratory and manufacturing
facilities of Capitol's pulsed TWT operation,
along with the lease of a 20,000-sq.-ft. plant in
Los Angeles. . . . Andersen Laboratories, Inc.,
West Hartford, Conn., has acquired from the
General Electric Co. a license relating to sonic
delay lines. The agreement licenses technical in-
formation pertaining to magnetostrictive, piezo-
electric and dispersive delay lines, and also trans-
fers to Andersen certain manufacturing tooling.
New Activities
Philco Corp.'s TechRep Div. is regrouping its
operations and staff functions in accordance with
a new business philosophy under which the divis-
ion will operate in the future. The new organiza-
tion will include four business activities — Tech-
Rep Operations, Documentation Operations,
Training and Training Aids Operations and Sys-
tems Support Operations. They will be supported
by five staff offices — marketing, controller, engi-
neering, operations planning and development,
and industrial relations. . . . Sunbeam Electronics,
Inc., a new subsidiary of the Sunbeam Corp., has
broken ground in Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., for a new
150,000-sq.-ft. manufacturing and research and
development facility. The new firm replaces the
Avionics Div. of the John Oster Manufacturing
Co., Racine, Wise. Sunbeam is planning to in-
crease its contribution to the market for precision
rotating products for missiles, spacecraft and air-
craft.
AIA Urges Shipping Cost Cuts
The Aerospace Industries Assoc. has begun
distribution of questionnaires to traffic managers
of major missile/space concerns in an effort to
pinpoint the industry's shipping problems and to
develop less expensive ways to ship raw materials,
parts and finished hardware. The survey is a re-
sult of a September meeting between AIA and
the Dept. of Defense. When the questionnaires are
completed, the answers will be analyzed for clues
on cost-reduction possibilities.
NASA Grants 28 Patent Waivers
NASA has granted to twelve companies, a
university, a research organization and two in-
dividuals 28 patent waivers to inventions arising
from NASA-contracted research. The action
brings to 74 the total number of waivers granted
by the space agency. NASA retains a royalty-
free license for any Government use of the inven-
tions, and may void the waivers after five years
if the recipients do not show further development
on the inventions to the point of practical appli-
cation or have not made them available for license
by others.
International
Hawker Siddeley Dynamics, Hatfield, Herts,
England, has signed an agreement with the
French rocket company, Engins Matra, for co-
operation on all aspects of research, development
and production in the electronics and missile/
space research fields. Previous collaboration has
been on the development of automatic test equip-
ment. Hawker Siddeley Dynamics is responsible
for the Blue Streak rocket, which will form the
basis of the European Launcher Development
Organization's (ELDO) program for a three-
stage satellite launching vehicle. . . . Optics Tech-
nology, Inc., Belmont, Calif., has announced
formal affiliation with the Belgian optical firm,
Societe Beige d'Optique et d'Instruments de Pre-
cision, Ghent, Belgium. Covered by the agreement
would be cooperation on such points as: joint
research and development, exchange of technical
information and personnel, cross-licensing of
patents and products, cross-licensing of market-
ing rights, and cross licensing of manufacturing
processes and techniques. . . . American Air Filter
Co., Louisville, Ky., is scheduled to open in the
near future its first glass fiber manufacturing
operation in Europe. AAF Nederland n.v. will be
operated as a wholly-owned subsidiary in Amster-
dam and will manufacture the company's line of
Roll-O-Matic filters.
New Facilites
Ling-Temco-Vought's Astronautics Div. is
installing a new propulsion test facility near its
Grand Prairie, Tex., plant. The new facility will
be used in the design, development and test of
propulsion and control systems in support of
company projects. The company does not plan to
enter the fields of propellant or rocket motor
manufacture Aaron Power Sources has opened
a new plant in Van Nuys, Calif., to specialize in
manufacturing of converters and inverters. It
will also produce dc-to-ac ( DSA series ) sine wave
units. . . . Bell-Metrics Corp., San Fernando,
Calif., manufacturer of precision welded bellows
for missile/space systems, has completed a new
13,000-sq.-ft. plant. A 1%-acre site in the San
Fernando Industrial Park affords room for future
expansion to 30,000 sq. ft. . . . Packard Bell Com-
puter Div. of Packard Bell Electronics has com-
pleted a move into a new headquarters building
in Santa Ana, Calif. More than WO engineering ,
manufacturing , marketing and administrative
personnel are now in the 75,000-sq.-ft., $l-million
facility, which consolidates serveral operations
formerly housed in separate locations. . . . Malaker
Laboratories, Inc., High Bridge, N.J., has opened
company offices in Washington, D.C. ML designs
and manufactures cryogenics equipment for com-
mercial and military applications.
contracts and procurements
AWARDS
AIR FORCE
$4,400,000— Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.,
Sunnyvale, Calif., for continued research and
development on an unnamed project with
space applications.
$2,600,000 — Aerojet-General Corp., Azusa, Calif.,
for follow-on production of radiometric equip-
ment.
$2,500,000— Douglas Aircraft Co., Missiles and
Space Systems Div., Tulsa, Okla., for space
booster modifications and related GSE.
$2,300,000 — North American Aviation, Inc., Auto-
netics Div., Downey, Calif., for Hound Dog
missile modifications, spares and related GSE.
$2,000,000— Sperry Rand Corp., Univac Div., New
York City, for integration of a data processing
system into the Limited Warfare Intelligence
Reduction Complex (LWIRC) at Rome, N.Y.
$650,000 — Packard Bell Electornics Corp., Space
and Systems Div., Los Angeles, for modifica-
tion and improvement to the Weather Informa-
tion Network Display (WIND) Systems at
Vandenberg AFB, Calif.
$250,000 — Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., Micro-
wave Div., Williamsport, Pa., for production
of magnetrons for military applications.
$196.879— American Machine and Foundry Co.,
Alexandria, Va., for development of manufac-
turing methods for deposition forming of aero-
space components.
$99,686 — Regents of the University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Mich., for solid-state microwave
research.
$86,406 — Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Inc., Elec-
tromechanical Div., Cleveland, for a feasibility
demonstration of a transpiration-cooled rocket
nozzle system.
$81,192 — Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park,
Calif., for research in response to burning pro-
pellant surfaces to erosive transients.
$57,936 — Utah Research and Development Co.,
Inc., Salt Lake City, for research on hyper-
velocity particle impact effects.
$55,745 — General Electric Co., Missiles and Space
Div., Philadelphia, for research on structural
response to intense electromagnetic radiation.
$46.390 — General Dynamics Corp., General Atom-
ics Div., San Diego, Calif., for non-linear
theory of plasma dynamics.
ARMY
$5,000,000 — Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., Greenville,
Tex., for work on classified electronics equip-
ment.
$2,000,000 — Union Carbide Corp., New York
City, for research in physical and chemical
principles affecting high temperature materials
for rocket nozzles.
$322.690 — Raytheon Co., Andover, Mass., for
Hawk missile system engineering services.
$295,945— Tri-Central Construction Co., Fresno,
Calif., for construction of a research and en-
gineering administrative space building at
Vandenberg AFB, Calif.
$182,600— General Electric Co., Defense Elec-
tronics Div., Syracuse, N.Y., for HIPAR radar
sets related to the Nike missile system pro-
gram.
$70,000 — North American Aviation, Inc., Colum-
bus Div., Ohio, for continuation of effort and
increased estimated cost of the Redhead Road-
runner target missile system.
$55,854 — Hayes International Corp., Birmingham,
Ala., for Pershing missile trainers.
$38,870— ITT Gilfillan, Inc., Los Angeles, for
cables for use in the Corporal missile.
$29,250— Western Electric Co., New York City,
for items related to the Nike-Hercules missile
system.
$27,198 — Poly Industries, Inc., Pacoima, Calif.,
for Little John missile metal motor parts.
$26,613 — Martin Marietta Corp., Orlando, Fla.,
for modification kits for Pershing missiles.
$25,918— Douglas Aircraft Co., Charlotte, N.C.,
for Nike missile system spare parts.
NAVY
$9,662,240— Varo, Inc., Garland, Tex., for pro-
duction of guided missile launchers.
$6,900,000 — Sperry Rand Corp., Univac Div., New
York City, for 19 data processing systems re-
lated to work at NOTS, China Lake, Calif.;
Naval Electronics Lab, San Diego, Calif., and
various PMR sites.
$5,900,000— ITT Federal Labs, Nutley, N.J., for
development and production of atmospheric
and underwater tracking systems.
$4,700,000— Lear Siegler, Inc., Grand Rapids,
Mich., for production of computer systems.
$2,300.000— University of Washington, Applied
Physics Laboratory, Seattle, for research and
development related to underwater weapons
and associated equipment.
$842,000— Western Electric Co., Winston-Salem,
N.C., for design change for Terrier /Tartar
weapons system direction equipment.
$680,000 — Hycon Manufacturing Co., Monrovia,
Calif., for repair, rework and alteration of all
models of Terrier /Tartar missile test sets and
related equipment.
$137,000— Martin Marietta Corp., Orlando, Fla.,
for production of miscellaneous parts related
to the NATO Bull pup missile production pro-
gram.
$116,740 — Zero Manufacturing Co., Silver Spring,
Md., for production of missile containers.
$96,436 — Vitro Corp. of America, Vitro Labora-
tories Div., Silver Spring, Md., for a study
contract for research and development in the
field of weapons systems installations for air-
launched and ship-launched weapons systems,
including a study of associated ground support
equipment for shipboard and land-based facili-
ties.
$72,316 — Sperry Rand Corp., Sperry Gyroscope
Co., Syosset, N.Y., for definition of the naviga-
tion and guidance requirements for advanced
weapons concepts being considered for the
Advanced Sea-based Deterrent System.
$49,000— Raytheon Co., Waltham, Mass., for
technical publications related to aerospace
ground equipment.
NASA
$789,970 — Pearce & Gresham Co., for construc-
tion of a Saturn V booster instrument testing
facility at the Marshall Space Flight Center.
$396,430 — Advanced Technology Laboratories,
Mountain View, Calif., for a Pioneer space-
craft micrometeoroid detector experiment.
$160,000 — Philco Corp., Tech Rep Div., Philadel-
phia, for monitors for spacecraft systems.
$92,300 — Operations Research, Inc., Silver Spring,
Md., for independent reliability studies of the
AOSO.
$45,000— Fairchild Stratos Corp., Bayshore, N.Y.,
for field engineering services for an APT
ground station (Tiros).
$38,000— Joseph Kaye & Co., Inc., Cambridge,
Mass., for construction of 24 special thermo-
couple reference systems for use in the test
and evaluation of space satellites undergoing
dynamic testing prior to launch.
ARPA
$1,200,000— General Motors Corp., Goleta, Calif.,
for continuation of study on space re-entry
vehicles.
DEFENSE COMMUNICATIONS
AGENCY
$3,400,000 — Western Union Telegraph Co., for
installing digital communications equipment at
Larsen AFB, Wash., and Hancock Field. Syra-
cuse, N.Y.
MISCELLANEOUS
$2,200,000 — Air Products & Chemicals, Inc., Allen-
town, Pa., from the Boeing Co., for Saturn
S-1C gaseous nitrogen system.
$1,600,000 — Trans-Sonics, Inc., Lexington, Mass.,
from the Boeing Co., for liquid leveling sys-
tem related to Saturn.
$1.300,000— Hughes Aircraft Co., Fullerton, Calif.,
from the French Navy, for manufacture of a
naval tactical data system display subsystem.
$1,000,000 — Beck man Instruments, Inc., Fullerton,
Calif., from Grumman Aircraft Engineering
Corp., for a data acquisiton system to be used
in development and test of the Lunar Excursion
Module (LEM) of NASA's Project Apollo
program.
$800,000 — Bendix Corp., Pioneer-Central Dir.,
Davenport, Iowa, from the Boeing Co., for
production of a LOX and fuel loading system
for ground monitoring and "topping off" pro-
cedures.
$221,000— Fred D. Wright Co., Nashville, Tenn.,
from the Boeing Co., for Saturn S-1C LOX
ducting system.
$113,000 — D.K. Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111.,
from the Boeing Co., for development of a
water deluge system.
Electro-Optical Systems, Pasadena, Calif., from
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, for fabrication of
11 solar panels for the Mariner-Mars space
vehicle (undisclosed amount).
REQUESTS FOR BIDS
GENERAL PROCUREMENTS
Procurement and Production Directorate
ATAC
Michigan Missile Plant
Warren, Mich.
Evaluate the swirl stratified charge combustion
system installed on the military model L-141
engine. No. EH-4-1R789-01-EH-AH. Proposals
will be solicited from the Southwest Research Insti-
tute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio 6, Tex.
Detailed specs suitable for solicitation of bids are
not available. Contractual action to be finalized
by 5-11-64. It is suggested that small business firms
and others interested in subcontracting opportuni-
ties make direct contact with Southwest Research
Institute.
The Army Tank Automotive Center has au-
thorized the Philadelphia Procurement District,
U.S. Army, to process an allocation for the pro-
curement of research and development services as
follows: develop and fabricate a breadboard model
of an active defense mechanism. No. M1-4-9R126-
01-EH-AD. Proposals will be solicited only from
Philco Corp., Communications and Electronics
Div., Blue Bell, Pa. Detailed specs suitable for
solicitation of bids are not available. Contractual
action to be finalized by 5-12-64. It is suggested
that small business firms and others interested in
subcontracting opportunities make direct contact
with Philco Corp.
Purchasing Office
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Huntsville, Ala.
Apollo logistics support systems payload.
Period of performance shall be 12 months from
date of any resultant contract — nine months for
completion of work plus three months for prepa-
ration and submission of technical summary report.
RFQ 1-4-21-01015-01 will be available on a first
come, first served basis. Attn: J.M. Stuart Phone:
536-0731.
Titan Procurement Division
Guidance Branch
Norton AFB, Calif.
This synopsis is being submitted for subcon-
tracting opportunities. Manufacturing drawings
and specs are not available through Air Force
channels. Procurement will be made for record-
ers, digital to analog, P/N GS-63938A, FSN
14300204591AE in support of the HGM-25A Titan
missile— 2 each. RFP 04-607-64-1078. Negotiations
for these items are being conducted with Western
Electric Co., Inc., Burlington Shops, Burlington,
N.C. Small business firms and others interested
in subcontracting opportunites should make direct
contact with Western Electric Co.
40
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
products and processes
New Product of the Week:
X-Ray Unit
An "instant X-ray" unit that pro-
vides radiographic inspection of small
components in 10 sec. without an X-ray
room or darkroom is being marketed by
Field Emission Corp.
The Model 803 weighs 100 lbs. and
includes a lead-lined chamber measur-
ing 10VixlOVixl2Vi in. for radiation
protection. The X-ray tube can be ro-
tated 90 degrees to extract the X-ray
beam for external use on larger objects
outside the chamber. Low-current en-
Coaxial Mixer Diodes
Microwave Associates, Inc., has de-
veloped a line of coaxial mixer diodes
for broadband microwave applications
in the 12 to 18-gc frequency range.
The MA-490 series of silicon point-
contact diodes were primarily designed
for Ku-band mixer applications. Max-
imum over-all noise figures are as low
as 8.0 db measured at 16 gc. Mixer
i noise figure of 7.5 db is typical. The
] units will meet MIL-S-19500C specifi-
cations. Temperature rating is 150°C.
Burnout is rated at 1 erg; maximum
conversion loss is 6 db and maximum
VSWR is 1.5 at 16 gc. IF impedance
is 400 to 565 ohms; maximum noise
ratio is 1.9.
Circle No. 152 on Subscriber Service Card
Phase/Amplitude Test Set
A heterodyne phase and amplitude
test set for the fields of satellite relay
communications, FM relay, phase ar-
ray radars and other systems is being
marketed by Wiltron Co.
The instrument covers the 2.5 to
400-mc range with full electronic op-
eration. The electronic operation is
achieved by an electronically variable
delay line which makes a phase cor-
rection in one arm of the phase bridge
■missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
ergy from a 110-v source is discharged
in 100 or 150-kv X-ray bursts of short
duration (0.05 microsec). The small
X-ray source size of 1.8 mm. gives max-
imum resolution at the center of the film
and proportionally uniform resolution
elsewhere. A 2% penetrameter insures
detection of correspondingly small per-
centage changes in density and thickness
with such typical object thicknesses as
Ms -in steel or Vi-in aluminum.
Circle No. 151 on Subscriber Service Card
to equalize the phase of the two signals
being compared. Amount of correc-
tion is directly proportional to the rela-
tive phase between signals.
Measurements are possible over the
full 360-degree range with no quadrant
determination required. Resolution is
0.1 degree at any angle. Simultaneous
amplitude measurements are made on
both input signals over a 90-db range,
60 db of which is read out on a linear
scale meter.
Circle No. 153 on Subscriber Service Cord
Amplifier Klystron
A five-cavity amplifier klystron de-
signed for troposcatter communications
applications is being introduced by Eitel-
McCullough, Inc.
The Model 5K50CB produces 10
kw CW at C-band. The tube operates
at 4.4 to 5.0 gc with a minimum gain
of 53 db. The cooling system will accept
ethylene glycol and water to provide
additional system flexibility.
Circle No. 154 on Subscriber Service Card
Signal Generator
Marconi Instruments is marketing
the Model 2002 transistorized standard
signal generator, covering a 10-kc to
72-mc frequency range in eight bands.
The solid-state unit reaches full sta-
bility after five minutes warm-up; any
remaining drift is covered by the speci-
fication of 100 pts per million per de-
gree C±5 cps/°C. A crystal calibrator
gives check points at 1 mc, 100 kc and
1 kc.
Modulation facilities include AM up
to 100% either external or internal from
an oscillator continuously tunable from
20 cps to 20 kc. FM on AM is less than
1x10"° of carrier frequency at 100%
modulation.
Circle No. 155 on Subscriber Service Card
Micaceram 1802
A machineable high-temperature
material, Micaceram 1802, is being
offered by Molecular Dielectrics, Inc.
The material maintains dimen-
sional stability properties after extended
periods in temperatures up to 1,800°F.
At 1,600°F for a four-hour period, less
than 0.0002 growth was measured. At
1,800°F, growth was less than 0.0005.
Dielectric properties include a dis-
sipation factor of 0.0036; dielectric con-
stant of 6.3; loss factor of 0.025, and a
flexural strength of 8,000 psi.
Circle No. 156 on Subscriber Service Card
Phase/Voltmeter
A programmable phase/ voltmeter
for use with digital voltmeters to pro-
vide automatic or manual control in
measuring in-phase and quadrature
voltages is being marketed by Acton
Laboratories, Inc.
The Model 365-A measures funda-
mental signal levels, in phase and quad-
rature voltage components to accura-
cies of ±0.15% and phase angles to
±0.1 degrees. It can be stepped manu-
ally or automatically among these para-
meters in any required sequence.
The device features automatic
ranging in 10 scales from 0.01 to 300v.
Reference voltage is measured in the
same ranges. Output to digital instru-
ments ranges to 3v dc in the voltage
measuring mode and to 3.6v dc in the
phase measuring mode. Standard fre-
quencies are 800 and 4,800 cps. Impe-
dance input and output resistance is
10 K ohms.
Circle No. 157 on Subscriber Service Card
41
Cathode-Ray Tube
A radial resolution cathode-ray,
tube, the Model CK1378, has been de-
veloped by Raytheon Co.'s Industrial
Components Div.
The unit can be used as a multi-
plexer for coded transmission, a fre-
quency multiplier from 60 cps to 30
kc and an analog-to-digital converter.
In its present configuration, the tube
can separate signals into 10-degree
sectors.
From a single cathode ray gun at
the input end of the tube, an electron
beam is projected to the target end
where the 3-in.-dia. target face is pre-
cision-etched into 36 equal and elec-
trically isolated sectors. Each sector is
connected to a separate output lead
terminating in one of the external
bases.
Circle No. 158 on Subscriber Service Card
Wideband Amplifier
Philbrick Researches, Inc., has de-
veloped the Model SP456 wideband op-
erational amplifier, designed to be sta-
ble over a wide range of feedback ratios.
The plug-in, chopper-stabilized unit
has an open loop gain of 108 at dc, 100
at 1 mc. Offset drift is 1 mv per day;
output is ±10v at 20 milliamp. With
electromechanical chopper, maximum
voltage offset is less than 50 mv referred
to the input at temperatures from
—25° to 85°C. Flicker noise is less
than 10 mv peak-to-peak, and 50 to
90 cps chopper-frequency noise is of
the same order. Input impedance is
greater than 400 K at dc and 100 K
midband.
Circle No. 159 on Subscriber Service Card
Sweep Oscillator
A series of sweep oscillators avail-
able in seven basic models covering 1
to 40 gc is being marketed by Alfred
Electronics.
The 640 series sweepers feature
internal or external leveling, retrace
blanking at all speeds for scope or re-
corder operation and accurate manual
sweep. The solid-state units operate on
50 to 400-cps power.
Specifications include a frequency
stability of better than 0.01 % per degree
C; broadband sweeps, 2 to 100% full
range; a sweep time of 10 msec to 100
sec, and amplitude modulation inter-
nal 800 to 1,200 cps square wave.
Circle No. 160 on Subscriber Service Card
Wideband Wattmeter
F. W. Bell, Inc., is marketing the
model HPM-501 wideband wattmeter,
designed to measure electrical power
over a 40 to 50,000-cps frequency range.
The unit provides direct measure-
Rockets are faster but you'd
miss all that Delta service!
. . . service with an extra boost — always
personal, quick and exceedingly thoughtful.
Convair 880 thru- Jets between
CALIFORNIA' DALLAS
ORLANDO (Cape Kennedy)
and between
CALIFORNIA ' NEW ORLEANS
Plus Jet Commuter Service New Orleans —
Houston
Call Delta or see your Travel Agent i.\
• the air line with the BIG JETS / JS
42
Circle No. 5 on Subscriber Service Card
ment of real power in four ranges
from 100 to 3,000 watts full scale over
two frequency ranges. The influence
on measurement with a leading or lag-
ging power factor of 1 to 0.1 is less
than 1%. Calibrated voltage at the
output jacks has a dc component pro-
portional to the real power and an ac
component proportional to the volt-
ampere product.
Circle No. 161 on Subscriber Service Card
TWT Transmitter
Energy Systems, Inc., has devel-
oped a solid-state/ TWT telemetry
transmitter capable of delivering 20
watts of power at S-band while oper-
ating under stringent environmental
conditions.
The 2,200 to 2,300-mc unit has a
modulation bandwidth from dc to 500
kc with peak deviation up to ±500 kc.
Frequency stability is ±0.005%; dis-
tortion is 1.0% at 125-kc deviation.
The transmitter meets altitude re-
quirements of free-space vacuum,
—20° to 85°C, 20 g's vibration, 15 g's
acceleration and 50 g's shock.
Circle No. 162 on Subscriber Service Card
Resistance Bridge
An automatic precision resistance
limit bridge which performs dual-limit
go/ no-go resistance tests over a wide
range has been announced by Boonton
Electronics Corp.
The Model 100 tests over a resist-
ance range from 1 ohm to 100 meg-
ohms with resolutions as low as 0.1
ohm. Tolerance range is continuously
adjustable from 0 to ±30%; excitation
voltage is variable from 0 to lOOv dc.
The unit can make up to 36,000 deci-
sions per hour. It may be used with a
test jig for manual loading or with op-
tional Control Unit.
Circle No. 163 on Subscriber Service Card
1,500-Joule Laser
Maser Optics, Inc., is marketing the
Model 4500 ruby laser with a rated
energy output of 1,500 joules.
When used with Q-switching equip-
ment, the device has a power output
capability in excess of 100 megawatts.
Maximum rated input energy is 1 20,000
joules at 3 kv. Pumping pulse is rated
at 2.7 ms. The liquid nitrogen cooling
system is automatically fed and con- ,'
trolled.
Circle No. 164 on Subscriber Service Card
Delay Line
Kappa Networks, Inc., is marketing
a line of sub-miniature continuously
variable delay lines.
Delay times range from 0 to 60
nanosec, with impedances of 300 to
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
600 ohms. Rise time is 5 to 15 nanosec;
dielectric strength is 300v. The units
have a resolution of better than 0.5
nanosec. and attenuation of less than
0.5 db. Operating temperature range is
-55° to 125°C.
Circle No. 165 on Subscriber Service Card
Temperature Test System
Non-Linear Systems, Inc., has de-
veloped the Model 24302 circuit and
component temperature test system.
The device can make electrical
measurements on up to 100 electronic
and electrical components or circuits
at controlled temperatures. Operating
temperature range is —200° to 600° F
with a precision to ±0.1° F. Electrical
ranges are 10 milliohms to 1 megohm
and 100 tw to l,000v dc. Accuracy is
±0.02% of full scale; speed is one
sec . / measurement.
Circle No. 166 on Subscriber Service Card
Pulse Amplifier
A modular pulse amplifier for op-
eration at 100 mc repetition rates has
been developed by Chronetics, Inc.
Designated the Model 106 Dual
Nanoamp, the unit comprises two
identical amplifier sections. Each is
electrically independent and completely
isolated from the other. Both accept in-
put pulses at synchronous rates up to
100 megapulses/sec. Sensitivity is 1 mv
into 50 ohms; input range is 1 to 50 mv,
protected to 2v.
The model has a linearity of ±1%
over a range of 1 to 40 mv. Gain is 10
±1% adjustable. Power requirements
are ±10v dc.
Circle No. 167 on Subscriber Service Card
Tension Compensator
Compensating Tension Controls, Inc.,
is marketing an unwind tension com-
pensator for tapewinding of rocket mo-
tor nozzles and ablative hardware.
The unit can handle a roll of tape
up to 40 in. in diameter and in various
widths. Tension rates are available up
to 25 lbs. output. Tension is infinitely
adjustable within each range and is con-
trolled to ±3% of the tension setting
from full to empty roll of tape.
Circle No. 168 on Subscriber Service Card
RF Measuring Set
An advanced radio-frequency inter-
ference measuring set, the Model EMC-
10, for use in the 20-cps to 50-kc fre-
quency range, is being introduced by
Electro-Metrics Corp.
The solid-state instrument features
all-electronic tuning making possible
automatic scan without mechanical
drive, thus fulfilling MIL-STD-826 re-
quirements.
Circle No. 169 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
AVAILABLE - NOW
New Edition
50% Revised
This fourth edition of the WORLD SPACE DIRECTORY lists over 16,000
key industry personnel in approximately 4,000 U. S. and foreign mis-
sile/space and defense-oriented companies, organizations and gov-
ernment agencies. Over 50% of the listings have been revised and
400 new companies added to reflect changes in the industry since the
last issue was published in October, 1963.
WORLD SPACE DIRECTORY will serve as your basic guide to locat-
ing companies and personnel; checking titles, addresses and tele-
phone numbers; and gathering reference data for production planning
in the multi-billion dollar missile/space and defense markets.
Order your copy of the easy-to-use WORLD SPACE DIRECTORY today.
WORLD SPACE DIRECTORY
1001 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20005
Please ship.
. copies at $12.50 United States, Possessions & Canada;
$13.50 All Other Countries.
NAME
TITLE
COMPANY
PRODUCTS/SERVICES
ADDRESS
CITY
STATE ZIP
43
CLEAN ROOM
APPAREL LAUNDERING
CERTIFIED TO MEET GOVERNMENT
SPECIFICATIONS (T.O. 00-25-203)
Engineered to Meet Your Most
Critical Requirement Levels
U.S. AIR FORCE AND NAVY APPROVED FACILITIES
Atlas can also supply Clean Room
Garments for Class 1 thru 4 Programs.
AIR DELIVERY OUTSIDE OF WEST COAST AREA
For Complete Information, Inquire
DIRECTOR OF SALES. DEPT. B
ATLAS
. COVERALL & UNIFORM
\ SUPPLY COMPANY
1441 EAST ADAMS BLVD.
LOS ANGELES 11, CALIF.
PHONE: ADams 2-3271
Subscriber Service Card
MR BUSINESS OFFICES
Washington, D.C. 20005—1001 Vermont Ave-
nue, NW, Sterling 3-5400
A. C. Boughton, National Sales Manager
Kenneth C. Blanchard, Director of Re-
search and Marketing
New York, N.Y. 10017—20 East 46 Street;
YUkon 6-3900
Paul B. Kinney, Eastern Advertising Man-
ager
Paul N. Anderson
Beverly Hills, California 90210—9301 Wilshire
Blvd.; CRestview 4-8791
Edwin J. Denker, Jr., Western Advertising
Manager
Ronald L. Rose
Detroit, Michigan 48237—21990 Greenfield
Road, Oak Park, Mich.; 547-8880
Michael Rouff
Chicago, Illinois 60601 — 1 East Wacker Dr.,
Room 1522; 321-1444
Charles E. Durham, Jr.
Miami, Florida 33022— P.O. Box 890, Holly-
wood, Flo.; Wilson 7-6072
R. P. Caldiero
London, W.I., England— 44 Conduit Street;
REgent 4714
American Magazine Group
Geneva, Switzerland — 10 Rue Grenus; Ge-
neva 321044
Paris, France— 11 Rue Condorcet; TRU 15-39
names in the news
DENNIS
MENTZER
BOWER
VAN DOREN
Sidney Dennis: Appointed assistant
general manager of AMF Atomics division
of American Machine & Foundry Co.'s
Advanced Products Group, Greenwich,
Conn.
William F. Hafstrom: Appointed vice
president of commercial development at
North American Aviation's Autonetics
Div., Anaheim, Calif.
Robert W. Seavey: Joined Cryonetics
Corp., Burlington, Mass., as manager of
engineering.
Stanley C. Mentzer: Appointed division
manager of the R-F and Antenna Sys-
tems Div. of Dynatronics, Inc., Orlando,
Fla.
Frederick J. Franco, Jr.: Joined Electro-
Optical Systems, Inc., Pasadena, Calif., as
assistant marketing manager.
Henry Kurland: Appointed manager of
internal auditing at Fairchild Camera and
Instrument Corp, Syosset, N.Y.
Robert W. Knight: Appointed director
of quality control of ITT General Con-
trols, Inc., Glendale, Calif.
Frank H. Bower: Joined Raytheon Co.'s
Semiconductor Div., Mountain View,
Calif., as manager of microelectronic man-
ufacturing.
M. L. Van Doren: Appointed vice
president of Electro-Mechanical Re-
search, Inc., Sarasota, Fla.
Dr. Peter Van Wyck: Appointed as-
sistant director of research for Hercules
Powder Co.'s Research Center, Wilming-
ton, Del.
John C. Sprague: Appointed execu-
tive vice president of Acheson Industries,
Inc., Port Huron, Mich.
John R. Brit!: Named district man-
ager of the Detroit sales district of B. F.
Goodrich Aerospace and Defense Prod-
ucts division of the B. F. Goodrich Co.
James H. Redman: Named manager
of military requirements for data prod-
ucts at General Dynamics/Electronics, San
Diego, Calif.
Dr. James Nicol: Elected vice presi-
dent-research for Cryonetics Corp., Burl-
ington, Mass.
D. George Davis: Named manager of
Air Force programs for C-E-I-R, Inc.,
Arlington, Va.
Julian H. Ray: Elected president and
chief executive officer of Washington
Technological Associates, Inc., Rockville,
Md. Dermot Nee named chairman of
the board.
Don R. Hunter: Appointed general
sales manager at Hughes Dynamics, Inc.,
Los Angeles.
Hasan Ozbekhan: Appointed director
of planning at System Development
Corp., Santa Monica, Calif.
Donn L. Williams: Elected president
and chief executive officer of Tamar
Electronics Industries, Inc., Anaheim,
Calif.
George N. Krassner: Named manager,
advanced communication systems for the
Marketing Div. of Simmonds Precision
Products, Inc., Tarrytown, N.Y.
Dr. Maurice Nelles: Appointed man-
ager of manufacturing research and de-
velopment at Westinghouse Defense and
Space Center, Pittsburgh.
Gordon R. Justus: Named chief of
systems research for the Systems Div. of
Beckman Instruments, Inc., Fullerton,
Calif.
Theodore J. Barringer: Named man-
ager, industrial engineering, for Lear Sieg-
ler, Inc.'s Power Equipment Div., Cleve-
land.
Jules Lehmann: Joined Electro-Optical
Systems, Inc., Pasadena, Calif., as man-
ager of the newly formed Payloads and
Imaging Systems Group.
Robert J. Weismann: Named vice
president-general manager of Ampex
Corp.'s Video and Instrumentation Div.,
Redwood City, Calif.
Alfred Kildow: Named manager of
Aerojet-General Corp's New York public
relations office.
44
missiles and rockets, March 23, 1964
when and where
Advertisers' Index
AIRESEARCH MFG. CO., THE GARRETT
CORP 16
Agency — J. Walter Thompson Co.
ATLAS COVERALL 0 UNIFORM
SUPPLY CO 44
Agency — Paul & Baum/Adv.
AUTONETICS, A DIVISION OF NORTH
AMERICAN AVIATION, INC 4, 5
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine &
Osborn, Inc.
BALDWIN-LIMA-HAMILTON CORP.,
STANDARD STEEL WORKS 34, 35
Agency — Gray & Rogers
DELTA AIR LINES, INC 42
Agency — Burke Dowling Adams, Inc.
HONEYWELL 6
Agency — Aitkin-Kynett Co. Inc.
LOCKHEED MISSILES & SPACE CO. . .24, 25
Agency — Foote, Cone & Belding
MINE SAFETY APPLIANCES CO.,
INSTRUMENT DIV 2
Agency — Ketchum, MacLeod &
Grove, Inc
NATIONAL AIRLINES, INC 9
Agency — Kenyon & Eckhardt Inc.
NORTHROP CORP 38
Agency — Doyle, Dane, Bernbach, Inc.
PRATT & WHITNEY AIRCRAFT, DIV.
OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORP 48
Agency — Cunningham & Walsh Inc.
REPUBLIC AVIATION CORP 47
Agency — de Garmo Inc.
STANDARD STEEL WORKS DIVISION OF
BALDWIN-LIMA-HAMILTON CORP. 34,35
Agency — Gray & Rogers
MARCH
IEEE International Convention, Hilton
Hotel and Coliseum, New York City,
Mar. 23-26.
Technical Symposium, sponsored by Poly-
technic Institute of Brooklyn, IRE,
AIEE, Army, Navy and Air Force,
New York City, Mar. 23-Apr. 2.
American Meteorological Society National
Conference on Physics and Dynamics
of Clouds, University of Chicago,
Mar. 24-26.
Southwest Research Institute Aerospace
Bearing Conference, San Antonio, Tex.,
Mar. 25-27.
American Society for Testing and Mate-
rials, Pyrolytic Graphite Symposium,
Palm Springs, Calif., Mar. 30- Apr. 1.
APRIL
Society of Plastics Engineers, Engineer-
ing with Thermoplastics, Sheraton Ho-
tel, Akron, Ohio, Apr. 1.
Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Annual
Scientific Briefing for Tomorrow,
Worcester, Mass., Apr. 1.
Optical Society of America Spring Meet-
ing, Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington,
D.C., Apr. 1-3.
AIAA Annual Structures and Materials
Conference, Riviera Hotel, Palm
Springs, Calif., Apr. 1-3.
American Chemical Society National
Meeting, Philadelphia, Apr. 5-10.
22nd Annual Meeting, National Aero-
space Services Association, Interna-
tional Inn., Washington, D.C., Apr.
6-7.
IEEE Rubber and Plastics Industry Con-
ference, Sheraton-Mayflower Hotel,
Akron, Ohio, Apr. 6-7.
Solar Energy Symposium, University of
Florida, Gainesville, Apr. 6-7.
Pricing and Negotiating Prime and Sub-
contracts in the Defense and Aero-
space Industries Seminar, sponsored
by the Contract Management Institute,
Palmer House, Chicago, Apr. 6-10.
IEEE International Conference on Non-
linear Magnetics, Shoreham Hotel,
Washington, D.C., April 6-8.
ASME Design Engineering Conference
and Show, McCormick Place, Chi-
cago, Apr. 6-9.
ISA Measurement and Control Instru-
mentation Div. Symposium, Floridian
Hotel, Tampa, Apr. 8-10.
48th Annual Meeting, Federation of
American Societies for Experimental
Biology, Conrad Hilton Hotel, Chi-
cago, Apr. 12-18.
IEEE Symposium on Microelectronics,
Chase-Park Plaza Hotel, St. Louis,
Apr. 13-15.
Institute of Environmental Sciences, An-
nual Technical Meeting and Equip-
ment Exposition, Sheraton Hotel, Phil-
adelphia, Apr. 13-15.
American Power Conference, sponsored
by IEEE and Illinois Institute of Tech-
nology, Sherman Hotel, Chicago, Apr.
14-16.
IEEE and ASME International Confer-
ence and Exhibit on Aerospace Electro-
Technology, Westward-Ho Hotel, Phoe-
nix, Ariz., Apr. 19-25.
ASTME Annual Meeting, Convention and
Exposition, Detroit, Apr. 20-24.
Canaveral Space Congress, sponsored by
Canaveral Council of Technical Soci-
eties, Ramada Inn, Cocoa Beach, Fla.,
Apr. 20-22.
Seminar on Nonlinear Partial Differential
Equations in Mathematical Physics,
sponsored by Air Force Office of Sci-
entific Research, Army Research Office,
and American Mathematical Society,
Hotel New Yorker, New York City,
Apr. 20-23.
AFIPS, IEEE and ACM Spring Joint Com-
puter Conference, Sheraton Park Hotel,
Washington, D.C., Apr. 21-23.
IEEE Southwest Conference and Electron-
ics Show, Dallas Memorial Auditorium,
Dallas, Apr. 22-24.
American Geophysical Union, Annual Na-
tional Meeting, Washington, D.C., Apr.
22-25.
Fourth Rare-Earth Research Conference,
sponsored by Air Force Office of Scien-
tific Research, Phoenix, Ariz., Apr. 22-
25.
National Aeronautics Meeting and Produc-
tion Forum, sponsored by SAE and
ASME, Commodore Hotel, New York
City, Apr. 27-30.
MAY
American Society for Microbiology, Shera-
ton Park and Shoreham Hotels, Wash-
ington, D.C., May 3-7.
10th National Aerospace Instrumentation
Symposium, sponsored by ISA, Bilt-
more Hotel, New York City, May 4-6.
AIAA Aerospace Propulsion Meeting,
Cleveland, May 4-6 (semi-classified).
10th Annual Meeting of the American As-
tronautical Society, Hilton Hotel, New
York City, May 4-7.
ASME Metals Engineering Conference,
Sheraton-Cadillac Hotel, Detroit, May
4-8.
Fifth National Symposium on Human Fac-
tors in Electronics, sponsored by II I I -
HFE, San Diego, Calif., May 5-6.
D3EE-EIA Electronic Components Confer-
ence, Marriott Twin Bridges Motor
Hotel, Washington, D.C., May 5-7.
Society for Experimental Stress Analysis
Spring Meeting, Hotel Utah and Motor
Lodge, Salt Lake City, May 6-8.
Acoustical Society of America Spring
Meeting, Hotel New Yorker, New
York City, May 6-9.
COSPAR Seventh Plenary Meeting, Flor-
ence, Italy, May 8-20.
International Conference of the Society of
Aerospace Photography Engineers and
Technicians, Palisades Park, N.J., May
10-15.
IEEE-ANE-AIAA National Aerospace
Electronics Conference, Biltmore Ho-
tel, Dayton, Ohio, May 11-13.
Symposium on Applied Mathematics and
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45
editorial . . .
Alma Maters
GOVERNMENT FUNDING of basic research
has shown a strong growth in recent years. This
can be expected to continue, particularly as the Dept.
of Defense firms up its view of basic research as it
relates to the ultimate development of military hard-
ware.
This emerging DOD philosophy was well stated
last week by the chief of Air Force Systems Com-
mand research and technology, Maj. Gen. Marvin
C. Demler, in a Los Angeles address. He noted that
the quickest and frequently the cheapest way to
achieve many research objectives is to try multiple
paths.
"More should be tried in research than in develop-
ment; more in exploratory development than in weap-
ons systems development; more in weapons systems
development than will eventually be procured and
made operational," Gen. Demler emphasized.
The task facing DOD management is how to
assure itself that its research is going into productive
channels, that it is indeed financing a true multiple-
path approach rather than duplication of the same
path. This is not an easy problem to solve, but DOD
is making a laudable effort.
The research office of the Directorate of De-
fense Research and Engineering recently has been
reoriented as part of this program. One of its ob-
jectives will be to convince Congress of the value
of the research function. DDR&E hopes to develop
documentation to identify the fruits of past research,
not only to support its case for increasing funds, but
to discover the productive patterns which can be
followed again.
Out of this effort, if it is as successful as expected,
will come further large increases in funding of basic
research. The amount spent by the government in this
area already is considerable.
The U.S. Statistical Abstract shows that Federal
funds for basic research alone totaled $849 million
in Fiscal 1962. There has been a major increase since
that time, particularly as a result of the step-up in the
space program.
It is interesting to note the distribution of the
government's basic research spending. Of the $849
million, some $238 million was spent in-house. Eighty
million dollars went to non-profit organizations, $89
million to industry and $442 million to universities.
Thus, more than half the money spent by the
government in basic research was spent with the
universities. By far, the bulk of these funds came
from the defense and space programs.
It also is interesting to note what the trend has
been in this regard. In the three-year period up to
Fiscal 1962, basic research funding increased by $45
million at the non-profit level, $46 million at the
industry level, $58 million in-house — and $186 mil-
lion at the university level.
This brings us to a major question which DOD
is attempting to answer in its approach to the research
problem: How can the U.S. spend its basic research
funds for defense to the best advantage?
We suggest that one method is to take a close
46
or Madams?
look at what the wealth of both basic and research
funds has done to the nation's universities. It must
be asked whether this step-up in financing has
brought a proportionate increase in the amount of
first-rate research being carried out by the colleges
and universities. A close look at the situation sug-
gests that much of what the increase has purchased
has been second- and third-rate research.
Closer management of research funds, the ap-
proach being taken by the Defense Dept., is one way
to improve the situation. But unless more integrity
is shown at the university level, the problem will be
difficult to solve.
Our universities, and their faculty members, have
become prone in all too many cases to chase the
research dollar to the neglect of more basic functions.
Nor does the chase stop at the basic research dollar.
It plunges the universities on into the fields of applied
research, development, and even hardware procure-
ment. Witness, for example, the involvement of MIT
and Cal Tech in space hardware programs.
The quality of university research work is being
degraded in the search for quantity. The faculty
member who can bring a contract home for a multi-
million-dollar cyclotron rates much higher with uni-
versity management than his more scholarly col-
league.
We would like to ask this question: How many
universities have set up a committee to screen for
true quality the ideas which faculty members carry
to Washington in search of Federal funds?
All too often, individual members of the faculty
stump on their own from government agency to gov-
ernment agency in search of a contract for what may
be at best a mediocre idea.
THE UNIVERSITIES THEMSELVES are becom-
ing internally corrupt as a result of their lack of
discipline in this area. Dr. B. D. Van Evera, dean
of sponsored research at George Washington Uni-
versity and outgoing president of the Washington
Academy of Sciences, spelled this out in a recent talk.
Research and consulting, he charged, have been
glamorized until they are considered to be the chief
end of man, with a resulting discouragement of excel-
lence in teaching.
Campuses are plagued with "stupid university ad-
ministration" which evaluates professors on the basis
of research or consulting rather than on the basis of
their teaching.
There follows from this a policy of "publish or
perish" which has as its goal, not the transmission of
one's findings to fellow scientists, but a promotion on
the university staff.
By tradition, our universities are the guardians of
our culture. If they fail as keepers of the morals and
standards in this field where they are the major re-
cipient of funds, they become no more than another
government contractor.
The nature of their institution is up to them.
William J. Coughlin
Orel* No. 7 on Subscriber Sarvic* Card
*
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Circle No. 71 on Subscriber Service Card
The volumes of achievement con-
tributed by MELPAR to the aero-
space library are rare editions
bound in success. MELPAR's ex-
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Each title on these crowded book-
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Circle No. 72 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Volume 14, Number 13
March 30, 1964
Editor
William J. Coughlin
Managing Editor
Reed Bundy
Senior Editors
Charles D. LaFond Electronics
William Beller Engineering
Associate Editors
Lawrence J. Curran Assistant Managing Editor
Heather M. David Space Medicine
Michael Getler Electronics
Russell H awkes .1 ndustry
John F. Judge Advanced Materials
Robert L. Parker Copy Editor
Rex Pay Electronics
Hal Taylor NASA
James Trainor Military
Contributing Editors
David A. Anderton, Warren Burkett,
Robert Lindsey, Robert Twiss
Friedrich Schonbach Art Director
Donald Strickland Assistant Art Director
Eleanor Cobey Editorial Assistant
Suzanne Montgomery ........Editorial Assistant
BUREAUS
LOS ANGELES. .. .9301' Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills
Willard E. Wilks Bureau Chief
NEW YORK. 20 East 46th Street
Michael Getler
CAPE KENNEDY 507 Orange Ave.
Chris Butler Merritt Is., Fla.
PARIS 11 Rue Condorcet
Jean-Marie Riche
GENEVA 10 Rue Grenus
Frank G. McGuire
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Dr. Peter Castruccio Alexander Satin
Conrad H. Hoeppner Vice Adm. H. Sanders (ret.)
Richard F. Gompertz
•
James W. Claar
Publisher
A. C. Boughton.- National Sales Manager
Paul B. Kinney Eastern Advertising Manager
Edwin J. Denker, Jr Western Advertising Manager
Kenneth C. Blanchard. Marketing & Research Director
John N. Carlin Director of Circulation
Paddy Nelson Circulation Promotion
R. Virgil Parker.. Production Manager
Barbara Wiener Advertising Services Manager
Published each Monday with the exception of the
last Monday in December by American Aviation
Publications, Inc., 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington, D.C., 20005. Cable Address: AMERAV.
Printed at Judd & Detweiler, Inc., Washington, D.C.
Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.
Copyright 1964, American Aviation Publications, Inc.
Subscription rates: U.S. and Possessions, Canada, and
Pan American Postal Union Nations: 1 year, $5.00, 2
years $8.00, 3 years $10.00. All other foreign: 1 year
$15.00, 2 years $25.00, 3 years $35.00. Air freight to
Europe: 1 year $20.00, 2 years $30.00, 3 years $40.00.
Single copy prices: regular issues 50 cents each;
special issues $1.00 each. Subscriptions are solicited
only from persons with identifiable commercial or
professional interests in the missile/space industry.
Subscription orders and changes of address should be
referred to Circulation Fulfillment Mgr., Missiles and
Rockets, 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20005. Allow 4 weeks for change to become
effective and enclose recent address label if possible.
President Wayne W. Parrish
Senior Vice President Louis C. James
Vice President Fred S. Hunter
THE COVER
Dr. Harold Brown, Director of Defense
Research and Enginering for over three
years, presides over an organization that
has steadily increased its power over the
nation's weapons development. M/R's
Special Military Systems issue, devoted
to DDR&E, begins on page 27.
MARCH 30 HEADLINES
Big Growth in IC Sales Foreseen at IEEE Meeting . . 13
House Approves $5,194 Billion NASA Authorization 14
Aerojet Gets Long-A waited Go- Ahead for M-l Work 16
260-in. Solid Program Hinges on Half-Length Tests 16
Pershing Replacing Redstone in Europe Next Month 16
New Pressure for DOD-ComSat Corp. Agreement 18
M/R'S SPECIAL MILITARY SYSTEMS ISSUE 17
Compiled under the direction of Military Editor James Trainor
Part I: Organization
R&D Rules Changed; New Stress on Tactical Arms 28
Brown Seeks Greater Inventiveness in Research . . 30
A Comprehensive Organization Chart 32
ARPA Moves to Close Basic-Applied Research Gap 35
WSEG Highly Regarded Despite Inner Friction 39
Industry Criticisms Hint Lack of Understanding ... 43
Services Generally Satisfied— at Pentagon Level . 47
Part II: Programs
Trend to Tactical Weapons Means Big New Awards 54
Defensive Systems Office Presses Exotic Studies . . 59
Strategic Office Improving Existing Systems 65
Military Space Officials Say MOL Is 'Not a Race' 71
Command & Control Reorienting for Flexibility . . . 79
Intelligence & Reconnaissance Seeks New Hardware 87
Administration & Management Improving Data Flow 93
Part III: Research and Technology
Budget Structure Changes Will Have Vast Effects
Research Chief Bases Plans on Past Successes
Electronics Targets Are A-ICBM, ASW, C&C
Directorate Opens International Defense Markets
Materials Studies Turning to Non-Metals Field
101
105
113
119
121
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
Propulsion Technology Equal to New Weapon Needs 131
DEPARTMENTS
Publisher's Memo 7 Names in the News 142
The Countdown 11 Contracts 146
The Missile/Space
Week® 13 Editorial 148
48,680 copies this issue
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Circle No. 73 on Subscriber Service Card
Memo from the Publisher
ANNUAL Ml LfTARY SYSTEMS ISSUE
THIS ISSUE of Mis-
siles and Rockets, de-
voted to the Office of the
Director of Defense Re-
search and Engineering, is
the result of two months'
preparation by an M/R
editorial task force under
the direction of Military
Editor Jim Trainor. DD-
R&E was chosen as the
subject of the special is-
sue because of the many
changes in the direction of
government spending and
the shifting relationship
between the organization
and the services.
The entire staff of M/R was gratified by the cooperation
and open-handed manner of the officials in DDR&E. They
gave freely of their time, and often expressed the belief that
the magazine was performing a valuable service to both the
industry and their organization. They feel that there has been
misunderstanding and distrust of DDR&E within industry,
and that this special report can do much to dispel this "set."
More than 50 individuals were interviewed during the
compilation of the report. To ensure a maximum exchange
of information between these officials and our staff, the
interviews were all held on a non-attribution basis, with the
proviso that if an editor wanted to quote a specific person,
he would submit that portion of the article for approval.
Quotations in the public domain, such as Congressional testi-
mony, were of course not subject to this restriction.
IN RECENT TALKS with industry leaders, I have ob-
served that there is considerable feeling that the defense
market is shrinking. This is not true. This market always
has been and always will be one of changing requirements.
Each time we go through such a change, there are some pre-
dictions that the market is dwindling.
Now we are shifting emphasis from a strategic to a tac-
tical type of defense requirement, as pointed out in the ar-
ticles in this issue and in the editorial on page 148. This
means that the defense contractors who have maintained
good market intelligence will continue to serve the customer
they know best. Those who have not kept pace probably
will have to find something else to do. Any company which
does not want to go through a periodic change in customer
requirements had better find new markets to explore.
The future for the defense market is bright, but compet-
ing in it demands increased marketing and sales know-how.
Like any other market, it is essentially a buying-and-selling
exercise performed by people. We hope that this issue will
help industry to play its role with greater efficiency.
James W. Claar
Publisher
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Avio-Diepen N. V.
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Bendix Aviation Corporation
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Canadair Limited
Canadian Pacific Air Lines, Ltd.
Capital Airlines
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Central Aviation & Marine Corp.
Cessna Aircraft Company
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Chrysler Corp.
Dept. of Commerce
Civil Aeronautics Administration
Climax Engine Mfg. Company
Coastal Corporation
Collins Radio Corporation
Colorado Oil & Gas Corp.
Compania DE Aviacion
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Continental Aviation & Engr. Corp.
Continental Motors Corp.
Curtiss-Wrigjit Corporation
Drone Coolant Storage Vessel
Dalmo Victor Company
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Defense Export Corp. of America
Denison Engineering Co.
Dept. of National Defence
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Deutsche Lufthansa
Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc.
The Dow Chemical Company
Dumont Air Parts, Inc.
Eastern Airlines, Inc.
Eclipse-Pioneer Division
Bendix Aviation Corp.
Emerson Electric Co.
Guy H. Evans, Inc.
J. A. Ewing & McDonald, Inc.
Fairchild Aircraft Corporation
The Fairey Aviation Co. of Canada
Field Aviation Company, Ltd.
Flight Enterprises, Inc.
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Ford Motor Company
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Garner Aviation Service Corp.
Garwin, Inc.
General Bronze
General Dynamics
General Electric Company
Large Jet Engine Division
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Small Aircraft Engine Division
General Motors Corporation
AC Spark Plug Div. GMC
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General Tire & Rubber Co.
Goodyear Aerospace Corp.
Greer Hydraulics Corp.
Titanium Alloy, High Pressure
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Hayes Aircraft Corp.
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Hazeltine Corporation
Hydo-Aire, Inc.
Iberia Air Lines of Spain
Independence Aeronautical, Inc.
Industrial Associates Div.
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Instruments Associates
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International Harvester Co.
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Jacobs Aircraft Engine Co.
Kaiser Metal Products, Inc.
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Kearfott Company, Inc.
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Lear, Inc.
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Linea Aerea Nacianal— Chile
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Link Div. General Precision
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
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Lycoming Div. Avco Corp.
McCulloch Motors Corp.
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McDonnell Aircraft Corp.
Willard McGary Company
Marquardt Aircraft Corporation
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Maryland Aviation Research Corp.
Massachusetts Inst, of Technology
W. L. Maxon Corporation
Minneapolis Honeywell Regulator Co.
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Northwestern Aeronautical Co.
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Northwest Orient Airlines
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Ohio Aviation Co.
Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp.
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Pacific Western Airlines, Ltd.
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Pan American World Airways Stystem
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Pesco Products Div.
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Pratt & Whitney Div. UAC
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Radio Corporation of America
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Southern Airways, Inc.
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Surface Combustion Corp.
Sylvania Electric Products, Inc.
Technische Handelmii Hollindo. N.V,
Temco Aerosystems Div. L.T.V.
Thiokol Chem. Corp.
Thompson Products, Inc.
Trans-Canada Airlines
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Trans-World Airlines, Inc.
A. E. Ulmann & Associates, Ltd.
Union Bag-Comp Paper Corp.
Union of South Africa
Unipak Aviation Corp.
Utica Bend Corporation
Vertol Div. Boeing
Western Electric Company
Westinghouse Air Arm
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Westwood Gage & Tool Co.
Young Radiator Co.
Missile Attitude Control Fluid
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United Aircraft Export Corp.
United Hydraulics, Inc.
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ELECTRONIC COOLING &
PRESSURING SYSTEMS
Pumps • Evaporators •
Cooling Systems (Mechan-
ical) (Expendable) • Heat
Sink Combinations • Envi-
ronmental Control Systems
ALL ATTITUDE OIL TANKS
AND PRESSURE VESSELS
Your letter or phone call (513-224-0841) will quickly
determine if we can help solve some of your problems.
UNITED AIRCRAFT PRODUCTS, INC o DAYTON 1 • OHIO
VALVES Thermal • Fuel
Control & Scheduling • Sol-
enoid • Pressure Regulating
STRAINERS & FILTERS
Fuel • Water Separators •
Hydraulic Oil
PUMPS Fuel • Lox • H202
• Fuming Nitric Acid • Oil
• Nitrogen
SPECIAL SYSTEMS Heat
Transfer • Pressurization
Circle No. 75 on Subscriber Service Cord
As the nation's first industrial firm devoted exclusively to
missile and space technology, TRW Space Technology Lab-
oratories grew with the national space effort. Since 1957,
STL has participated in nearly every manned and unmanned
space probe.
Today, 2500 engineers and scientists and 4500 support per-
sonnel combine their talents on many STL projects ranging
from research and development to design and manufacture
of NASA'S OGO spacecraft. Air Force nuclear test detection
spacecraft, Tetrahedral Research Satellites, and NASA'S
Pioneer spacecraft.
Also underway is the development of the variable-thrust
rocket descent engine for LEM, the Lunar Excursion Module
of Project Apollo. At the same time STL continues Systems
Management for the Air Force's vital Atlas, Titan and Minute-
man Programs.
These many space activities create immediate openings for
engineers and scientists with experience in Theoretical
Physics, Systems Engineering, Radar Systems, Experimental
Physics, Applied Mathematics, Space Communications, Space
Physics, Antennas and Microwaves, Inertial Guidance, Analog
Computers, Solid State Physics, Computer Design, Telecom-
munications, Digital Computers, Guidance and Navigation,
Electromechanical Devices, Engineering Mechanics, Applied
Aerodynamics and Propulsion Systems.
TRW
SPACE
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORIES
In Perspective
For information about positions in Southern California or Cape
Kennedy, write STL Professional Placement, Department B-3-1,
One Space Park, Redondo Beach, California. TRW is an equal
opportunity employer.
TRW SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES
THOMPSON RAMO WOOLORIDGE INC
The Countdown
WASHINGTON
Military Voices Comsat Doubts
Some military officials are belatedly expressing fears that
the DOD-Comsat Corp. agreement, if it materializes, will
sacrifice a degree of military capability. The commercial
system will not be as flexible as a military set-up, they feel,
and won't give them as much priority as they would like.
NASA Jealous of AF Upper-Stage Move
A number of NASA officials are incensed at the Air
Force's move to proceed with development of a high-energy
upper stage. The Air Force will spend $5 million in FY '65
in preliminary design of the stage, which could be used on
the Titan III. The unhappy NASA staff members believe
that development of such a stage should be a space agency
prerogative because its only mission would be escape-velocity
flights to the Moon and planets. The Air Force is now re-
stricted to near-Earth orbit missions.
Six Considered for ERC Director
NASA now hopes to pick a director for its new Elec-
tronics Research Center by mid-summer. Dr. Raymond
Bisplinghoff, director of the Office of Advanced Research
and Technology, is preparing a list of candidates. It's re-
ported that six men — three from the agency and three out-
siders— are on the list. One NASA official getting serious
consideration is Dr. Albert J. Kelley, director of electronics
and control. Top officials have scrapped, at least for the
moment, plans to appoint an acting director. And it's been
decided that NASA employees won't begin moving to the
Boston center in large numbers until late fall.
Topsi, S-66 Shots Held Up
Launch of the 'Topsi' satellite and another try at orbiting
an S-66 spacecraft have both been postponed until the June-
July period or later. Lack of launch vehicles and launch pad
availability are the main reasons. In addition, the Topsi
will have to go through a complete new checkout following
the scrub of its planned March flight.
Standard Missile a Weapon for '70's
Navy's "3-T" replacement, the Standardized Missile Sys-
tem, is not expected to be ready for the fleet before 1970.
Still not firm, according to DOD, are such things as the
class of ships on which the system would be deployed or
the type of launch equipment to be used. Recent requests
for proposals sent to 1 1 firms are seen as a Defense effort
to enlist industry help in defining the system, rather than as
a prelude to development.
Dyna-Soar Salvaging Continues
Thirty-six items that will provide technological payoffs
for other programs have been identified by the Air Force
through a joint ASD-R&T study. Several which are directly
; applicable to the MOL include a full-pressure suit developed
for the X-20 pilot, a new high-power personnel rescue re-
ceiver/transmitter, and information from studies of pilot
] control and re-entry vehicles.
MMRBM Guidance Sure to Survive
The stellar inertial guidance system for the Mobile
Medium Range Ballistic Missile will not be scrapped regard-
less of what happens to the weapon itself. While planned
primarily for use with the MMRBM, the system also will
be used in DOD's Controlled Orbit and Precision Recovery
Program.
NASA Ponders PMR Delta Firings
NASA is considering an improvement program for the
Delta launch vehicle. Increased payload capacity would be
used in the meteorological satellite program. Part of the de-
cision hinges on whether the space agency wants to get
involved in Delta launches from the Pacific Missile Range.
Weather satellite firings would be made from there rather
than Cape Kennedy in order to achieve the desired polar
orbit.
INDUSTRY
SSD Move May Celebrate 10th Birthday
Air Force officials are trying to time a move by Space
Systems Div. to its new El Segundo complex to coincide
with the tenth anniversary of the Western Development Div.
All SSD installations now in the Los Angeles airport area
are moving to the El Segundo site, where they will share a
93-acre area with Aerospace Corp. Air Force officials had
attempted to get approval for an Air Force Base designation
at the site, even though it has no runways, but it now appears
that the official name, to be announced early in May, will
be Los Angeles Air Force Station.
Radiation Wins LEM Telemetry Award
Radiation Inc., of Melbourne, Fla., has been selected by
Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. to provide a low-
power, PCM telemetry and timing system for the Apollo
Lunar Excursion Module. The cost-plus-fixed fee contract
is worth more than $4.5 million.
Norden Color Analog System Shipped
Norden Div. of United Aircraft Corp. has delivered to
NASA's Flight Research Center its first Contact Analog
System employing color display. It will be used to test pilot
reactions in vehicle simulators to develop better control sys-
tems for future spacecraft.
INTERNATIONAL
First Japan-U.S. Live TV Successful
Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda spoke in the first live TV
broadcast from Japan to the U.S. on March 25. He used
the facilities provided by the Relay II satellite to apologize
for the stabbing of American Ambassador Edwin O. Reis-
chauer by a mentally disturbed Japanese student. The 8-
min. broadcast, which also showed scenes of Tokyo, was
telecast on NBC. Both picture and sound were excellent.
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
11
ENGINEERS • SCIENTISTS
Stands a Whole New Range Technology
When PAN AM's Guided Missiles Range Division assumed
range engineering, operation, and planning for the Air Force
at Cape Canaveral in 1953, it was an achievement to monitor
the flight of a 500-mile aerodynamic missile. Today tracking
radars can cover cislunar distances.
How was this revolution in range technology effected?
To test the growing capabilities of new aerospace vehicles,
GMRD engineers and scientists originated new concepts in
high performance instrumentation, incorporating major steps
forward in radar, CW techniques, IR/optics, data processing,
data support, communications, timing, frequency control and
other areas. A major portion of the range instrumentation
systems performance specifications for new equipment and
systems was developed by the GMRD staff.
THIS "REVOLUTION" IN RANGE TECHNOLOGY NEVER ENDS —
it's a continuous process, pacing the progress of the nation's
space and missile programs.
Right now plans are being readied to meet range test require-
ments of TITAN III missiles, the Gemini program, Advanced
Saturn Boosters, Apollo Vehicles — and the Advanced Plan-
ning Group is projecting range instrumentation needs up to
15 years ahead.
The GMRD effort draws on nearly every engineering and
scientific discipline in the book — from celestial mechanics to
microwave, from operations analysis to undersea sound —
with a major emphasis on systems engineering.
OPPORTUNITIES OPEN NOW FOR:
Systems Engineers— EE's, Physicists capable of assuming
complete project responsibility for new range systems.
Instrumentation Planning Engineers — EE's, Physicists to be
responsibile for specific global range instrumentation concepts.
Advance Planning Engineers — EE's, Physicists to evaluate
and project the state-of-the-art in all applications of range
instrumentation.
Experience in one or more of these areas: Pulse radar, CW
techniques, telemetry, infrared, data processing, communica-
tions, closed circuit TV, frequency analysis, command control,
underwater sound, timing, shipboard instrumentation.
Why not write us today, describing your interests and qualifi-
cations in any of the above areas.
Address Manager, Range Development, Dept. 56C-5
GUIDED MISSILES
. RANGE DIVISION
PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS, INC.
P. 0. BOX 4465, PATRICK AIR FORCE BASE, FLORIDA
AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER
Circle No. 76 on Subscriber Service Card
The Missile/ Space Week
Electronics Executives View Future
New York — A $1.5-billion poten-
tial market for integrated circuits in
1973 will generate an actual market
estimated at $750 million, in the view
of Patrick Haggerty, president of
Texas Instruments, Inc., of Dallas.
Haggerty followed up this predic-
tion by suggesting that this level of
IC sales also would result in an actual
saving to the industry of $1 billion
when weighed against the costs of
using conventional circuitry. The po-
tential saving to the industry is
double that figure, he declared.
Haggerty's remarks were made
before an overflow audience at an
evening panel session on microelec-
tronics at the meeting of the Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engi-
neers (IEEE) here.
If the initial $l-billion saving does
develop, reported Haggerty, "about
70% of it will accrue to the govern-
ment sector, which would represent a
healthy 7 % decrease in the total cost
of government electronics in 1973."
• Four out of five — The panel dis-
cussion outdrew any other technical
session at the four-day meeting. Five
other top-level industry executives
served on the panel. Moderator-panel-
ist Haggerty introduced them as
"one beautiful customer and four
ugly competitors."
In addition to the TI chief, the
speakers were : C. Lester Hogan, gen-
eral manager of Motorola's Semicon-
ductor Products Div.; Robert N.
Noyce, general manager, Semiconduc-
tor Div., Fairchild Camera and In-
strument Co.; Leonard C. Maier,
general manager of General Electric's
Semiconductor Div. ; Harry Knowles,
manager of Westinghouse's Molec-
ular Electronics Div.; and J. E.
Brown, vice president of Zenith Corp.
Another top manufacturer of in-
tegrated circuits large enough to be
classified as "ugly" — the Signetics
Corp. — was conspicuously absent
from a panel which included four of
the generally agreed-upon five top
suppliers of IC's.
Haggerty estimated a total elec-
tronics market by 1973 of $20.1 bil-
lion, which could in fact be reduced
slightly due to projected savings
through use of IC's. Cost of circuits
utilized in this equipment will be
about 30% of total sales, or about
$5.8 billion. Haggerty believes about
80 % of the circuitry used for govern-
ment equipments by 1973 will be both
technically and economically replace-
able by integrated circuits, thus gen-
erating the potential pressure for
conversion to the microcircuits.
Haggerty pointed out the growth
in the field already and the ability to
deliver circuits. The total 1963 IC
market hit about 950,000 units, worth
some $21.4 million. However, nearly
half the half-million total SCN's
shipped were delivered during the
fourth quarter, four times as many
as were shipped in the first quarter.
At the end of 1962, Haggerty said,
there were about 30 different types
of SCN's. At the end of '63, about 132
types were being produced.
• Attack on parasitics — Motorola's
Les Hogan laid heavy emphasis on
the efforts to develop essentially para-
sitic-free monolithic silicon circuits.
The parasitic capacitance of P-N
junctions has been one of the major
degradations associated with SIC's,
and has hampered development of
linear circuits. It has also created
pressure for more thin-film and hy-
brid work.
Hogan reported in detail on Mo-
torola's solution to the problem, not-
ing that it is now building parasitic-
free circuits in a pilot line. He
predicted wide-scale commercial use
next year.
In the Motorola "EPIC" process,
the new circuits are made by all the
same processes as earlier devices, but
now an insulating layer separates
each isolation island from the sup-
porting silicon substrate. The extra
processing involved, says Hogan, will
add about a half-cent to the cost of
the finished IC in full production.
The layer thickness can be increased
to reduce effective capacitance to zero.
• Further potentials — In other pro-
jections, Hogan said that thin mag-
netic films promise storage capacity
as great as 10 million bits and cycle
times of 100 nanosecs. Superconduct-
ing films promise memories with
capacities greater than one billion
bits with cycle times as fast as a
microsec. Both circuitry types will be
limited to computer memory use, ac-
cording to Hogan.
He emphasized that monolithic
silicon will have the edge in digital
circuits applications through cost
alone. He was backed up in another
strong statement regarding the still
untapped potential of SIC's by West-
inghouse's Harry Knowles. Hogan
also added that "vast data on yields
on our standard IC and transistor
lines indicate that yield for IC's is
roughly the same as that of the very
critical transistors now produced."
In addition, the Motorola execu-
tive dwelled on the trade-offs in choos-
ing when to put passive components
on silicon and when to put them on
an insulating substrate and attach
the active elements. In general, the
die space required for the passive
elements is the determing factor.
Roughly, he reported, if the area
devoted to passive elements is just
equal to the area of active elements,
it probably is cheaper to use the sili-
con substrate than to pay for inter-
connection problems. The technique
favored tips to thin-film passive com-
ponents and attached active devices
if the passive components occupy
most of the space.
Knowles — while plugging for de-
velopment of what he sees as still
another order of magnitude in per-
formance to be gained with mono-
lithic silicon circuits (which he feels
will remain principally in the 12-lead
flat-pack configuration) — also sees
considerable advantages to come with
greater use of electron beam-gener-
ated devices, silicon memory ele-
ments and advanced linear circuits,
such as were beginning to show up at
the current IEEE meeting.
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
13
NASA Voted $5,194 Billion
Saturn Hardware Takes Shape at Douglas, NAA
ABOVE: First two S-IVB stage propellant tanks for NASA's Saturn launch vehicle near
completion at Douglas Space Systems Center, Huntington Beach, Calif. Welding has
been completed on vehicle at right. At left, LOX tank, which includes the common
bulkhead separating LOX and liquid hydrogen tanks, is welded to cylindrical tank
section. BELOW: First flight-type hardware for S-II second stage of Saturn V is
placed in assembly jigs at North American Aviation's Space Div., Seal Beach, Calif.
It will be used for ground tests. Huge aluminum quarter panels, joined with aft skirt,
will form thrust structure of S-II stage. S-IVB will be top stage of the Saturn V Apollo
booster and second stage of Saturn IB.
The House of Representatives
passed NASA's $5.194-billion Fiscal
Year 1965 authorization bill as re-
ported by the House Space Committee
after a last-ditch struggle over the
Electronics Research Center.
The vote was 283 to 73.
The bill calls for $4,327,950,000
for research and development, $248,-
335,000 for construction of facilities,
and $617,525,500 for administrative
operations. This amounts to a cut
of more than $110 million from
NASA's overall request, of which $54
million is taken from R&D. However,
no R&D funds were cut from either
Apollo or Gemini programs (M/R,
March 16, p. 12).
One of the most heated moments
during the debate came when Rep.
Donald Rumsfeld (R-Ill.) introduced
an amendment to cut more than $10
million intended for the Electronics
Research Center. The amendment
was defeated by a vote of 116 to 66.
Rumsfeld charged that the com-
mittee had never called any witnesses
on the need for ERC and had been
refused permission to examine other
information pertaining to it.
Rep. Olin Teague (D-Tex.) said
that he thought NASA had done a
"poor" job of presenting the ERC,
but that subsequent examination of
the nation's effort in space made him
believe it was needed. Rep. Carl Al-
bert (D-Okla.), majority leader, also
rose to defend the center.
• Republican views — In further
comments on the House report, Re-
publican committee members once
again questioned the management of
NASA's life sciences effort. They
urged that a single official be made
responsible for one central life sci-
ences organization which would co-
ordinate with the Dept. of Defense.
Republicans also charged that
they lacked the proper staffing respon-
sible to the minority members of the
committee. They recommended that
one minority staff member be hired
for each subcommittee.
A resolution was introduced by
Rep. Thomas M. Pelly (R-Wash.) to
extend the lunar-landing deadline to
"sometime before 1975." He said in
offering it that he was "in harmony
with the idea of the United States'
pre-eminence in space" but he ad-
vocated "a more deliberate pace. Pelly
indicated he felt that the $l-billion-
a-year overrun cost which has been
quoted by NASA was unrealistic.
The Senate Space Committee has
completed hearings and is expected to
start marking up the Senate version
of the bill within the next several
weeks.
Circle No. 77 on Subscriber Service Card
Lockheed optics research
offers key to new signal processing technique
Advanced research in optical techniques has opened exciting
new horizons in signal processing at Lockheed Electronics. A
Lockheed-developed optical pulse compressor may lead to a
significant increase in range and resolution of radar systems.
Next-generation computers using these same light beam
techniques may replace electronic circuitry with hardware
one -tenth its size and weight.
Optics is but one of the important research and development
projects at Lockheed Electronics. Another is 3-D target display
for radar. A third is a hydrophone system so sensitive it can
detect and identify hundreds of separate underseas sounds.
Man-pack radar is yet a fourth key effort. . . reducing to the size
of a single soldier's pack a complete radar transmitter-receiver.
These are just a few of the significant "R&D" projects under
way at Lockheed Electronics. Many are company-funded.
Several have already yielded technological advances that are
earning Lockheed increased responsibility in key military and
space projects.
If your problem is electronic and you need a solution fast,
look to Lockheed for leadership.
DAR • ASW • TELEMETRY •
LOCKHEED ELECTRONICS COMPANY
PLAINFIELD, N. J. / A DIVISION OF LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION
OPTICS . TRAINERS • SIMULATION AND CHECKOUT • MAGNETICS •
R&D • ENGINEERING SERVICES
plant
Site
Re
port
Forecast of the '70's
in Industrial Colorado
COLORADO NO. 1 LABOR CHOICE
Scientists form a higher per-
centage of Colorado's popu-
lation than in other states.
Colorado: .20%; New Jersey:
.17%; California: .14%. Recent
survey of college graduates
shows Denver one of three pre-
ferred U. S. cities. Colo-
rado's Pleasant Living draws
skilled labor at rate of
27,000 annually.
RESEARCH FACILITIES
Outstanding, due to interplay
of private and government
researchers, 12 colleges and
universities, Air Force Acad-
emy Aerodynamics Laboratory,
Denver Research Institute,
National Center for Atmos-
pheric Research, National
Bureau of Standards Labora-
tories, Ball Brothers Research
Corp., Marathon Oil Co. Re-
search Center just a few
tapped by manufacturers.
SUPPLY SOURCES
Almost every space-age mineral
and metal mined or processed
in Colorado. Martin and Sund-
strand, already on scene, term
sub-contractor situation
"excellent. "
TRANSPORTATION
Central location is asset.
Most of U. S. within two
truck-line days. 7 airlines
with 269 flights daily.
7 Class I railroads.
COMPLETE INFORMATION
AVAILABLE
All new 1964 Executive Portfolio,
Special Reports available.
Inquiries confidential. Write:
COLORADO
DIVISION OF COMMERCE
AND DEVELOPMENT
69 State Services Building
Denver, Colorado, 80203
] 5 Circle No. 78 on Subscriber Service Card
Shots of the Week
NASA lost contact with the
Beacon Explorer satellite (formerly
known as S-66) it launched Mar. 19
from Cape Kennedy 22 seconds after
third-stage ignition of the Delta
booster. Beacon Explorer was to have
reflected back to Earth laser rays
fired at it from Wallops Island, Va.
The Delta failure was the first in 23
consecutive firings by the space
agency. The Air Force on Mar. 24
lost an ASSET materials testing ve-
hicle when the second stage of its
Dior-Delta vehicle misfired, causing
ASSET to fall into the Atlantic some
500 mi. southeast of its Cape Ken-
nedy launch site. First flight of the
vehicle last September ended in par-
tial failure when, after a successful
flight into space, the Air Force failed
to recover it before it sank in the
ocean (M/R, Sept. 23, p. 18).
• The Air Force launched a Titan
II ICBM on a successful test flight
Mar. 23 from Cape Kennedy. The
nose cone, which was propelled 5,000
mi. into the planned target area,
carried a version of the malfunction
detection system that will warn
Gemini occupants of any difficulty in
the Titan II launch vehicle during
powered phase of a Gemini mission.
• An operational training flight
of the Minuteman was successfully
conducted by an Air Force crew from
Vandenberg AFB, Calif. Mar. 24.
• A Minuteman ICBM success-
fully flew a 5,000-mile course from
Cape Kennedy March 20, reaching
a 500-mile altitude before impacting
near Ascension Island in the South
Atlantic. It was the 50th missile
launched in the Air Force's Minute-
man test program which began Feb.
1, 1961.
• A Minuteman ICBM exploded
shortly after launch from a silo at
Vandenberg AFB, Calif., on Mar. 25.
Cause of the explosion was being
investigated.
Big Solids Extension Is Shaky
A top space agency official de-
clares that Phase I of the 260-in.-dia.
solid motor program will have to be
almost 100% successful if actual fir-
ing of full-length motors is to be
approved.
A. O. Tishler, director of propul-
sion in the Office of Advanced Re-
search and Technology, says there is
no mission requirement for the pro-
gram.
"Its only justification is that the
big solid booster can be developed
quickly and cheaply."
He said that if trouble develops
in Phase I, which calls for firings of
four half-length 260-in. motors, there
is a very good chance that Phase II
will not be approved by NASA.
Direction of the 260-in. motor
feasibility demonstration program
will shift from the Air Force to
NASA in Fiscal Year 1965. Under
Phase I, two contractors — Thiokol
Chemical Corp. and Aerojet-General
Corp. — will each fire two of the half-
length motors.
Tishler says that the Phase I
program has been a pleasant sur-
prise so far in that it has been
"fairly successful all the way
around."
He said tanks for the half-length
motors will be delivered in four
months, with the first firing expected
about this time next year.
If Phase II is to move ahead,
funds will have to be included in
the space agency's FY '66 budget.
The decision will be made in Octo-
ber. It has been estimated that Phase
II will cost about $50 million.
Pershing Bound for Europe
The Army is set to deploy the
Pershing tactical missile to its Euro-
pean command next month, replac-
ing the Redstone missile, which has
been there since 1958.
The U.S. Army, Europe, will be
joined by the 4th Battalion, 41st
Artillery (Pershing), which will
provide heavy artillery support for
the Seventh Army. The 4th, consist-
ing of four Pershing batteries, has
been conducting tactical training
missions with the so-called shoot-
and-scoot missile at Ft. Sill, Okla.,
since late last year.
Pershing has a 400-mi. range,
as compared to 200 mi. for the Red-
stone, and is considerably more
mobile. It is normally transported
on full-tracked tactical ground ve-
hicles, but can also be airlifted by the
Army's Chinook helicopters.
M-l Engine Gets Go-ahead
Aerojet-General Corp.'s $270-
million contract for the M-l engine
calls for the 1.5-million-lb. -thrust
liquid hydrogen powerplant to pass
its Preliminary Flight Rating Test
(PFRT) in 1971.
The long-awaited go-ahead for
the program — first announced in
1962 — was signaled by the signing
of the contract by NASA and the
firm Mar. 25.
In its final form, the contract
represents a three-year stretchout in
the program and a resulting addi-
tional cost of $60 million.
Previously, the engine was to J
have cost around $210 million, with
the PFRT in 1968.
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
BIRD TEMPERATURE CONTROL
Temperature control for gyros, stable platforms and
guidance systems is one of the arts of long standing at
the Military Systems Division of Magnetic Controls Co.
■ Over ten years of specialization in precise thermal
control problems has made M/C a major supplier of
reliable temperature control systems for missile ap-
plications. ■ Thermal stability is a hallmark of M/C
regulated birds.
MILITARY SYSTEMS DIVISION
MAGNETIC CONTROLS COMPANY
6405 CAMBRIDGE ST., MINNEAPOLIS 26, MINNESOTA
Circle No. 79 on Subscriber Service Card
uled in June, NASA officials disclosed.
The F-l is being developed for
NASA, under the technical direction
of the Marshall Space Flight Center,
by Rocketdyne Div. of North Ameri-
can Aviation, Inc.
Each of the stands will be capa-
ble of testing an F-l engine at its
full thrust for periods up to 2V2
minutes.
The new stands are constructed
of concrete and steel, measuring
100 x 150 ft. at the base and about
175 ft. in height. They are located
about 950 ft. apart and are connected
to the control center blockhouse by
an instrumentation tunnel.
ComSat, DOD Seek Accord
To get the Defense Dept. as a
client the Communications Satellite
Corp. may have to lease to it up to
one-half of the capacity of the cor-
poration's global system, which
ComSat hopes to have in operation
by 1966-67.
If ComSat and DOD can reach
agreement on this and other points,
DOD might become ComSat's big-
gest customer.
ComSat's bid for DOD business
also may be tipping the scale toward
selection of a medium-altitude, ran-
dom-orbit satellite system. DOD
wants a minimum of 18 medium-
altitude satellites in any communi-
cations system serving its needs.
ComSat president Joseph Charyk
has indicated that issuance of Phase
I contracts on the first global sys-
tem is imminent. This, coupled with
the DOD criteria, is increasing spec-
ulation that either the American
Telephone & Telegraph-Radio Corp.
of America team or Aeronutronic
Div. of Philco Corp. will get the
award.
Meanwhile, nearly 200 communi-
cations firms filed applications be-
fore the Mar. 23 deadline with the
Federal Communications Commis-
sion to invest in ComSat. Most were
independent of American Telephone
& Telegraph Co. affiliation.
Boston ERC Site Report Due
A report on a preferred site for
the Electronics Research Center in
the greater Boston area is expected
in two to three weeks.
The selection will be made by a
special six-man committee announced
by the space agency last week.
The group will evaluate sites
which have been proposed to NASA
as well as any other sites the com-
mittee feels merit attention.
Criteria for the selection includes
proximity to educational institutions
that have graduate programs in elec-
trical engineering, closeness to in-l;
dustrial firms engaged in electronics
research, engineering considerations
affecting construction, and problems
relating to electrical interference.
The final decision on the site will
be made by NASA Administrator
James E. Webb after the committee
submits its report.
The chairman of the group m
Col. R. P. Young, executive officer,
NASA Headquarters. Other mem-
bers are Ralph Ulmer, Office of Con-
struction; Anthony A. Minichiello,
Electronics Research Task Group;
John W. Walker, chief of Communi-
cations and Tracking, Office of Ad^
vanced Research and Technology;
Harold Crate, Facilities and Models
Branch, Langley Research Center;
and James B. Cahalane, Northeastern
Operations Office.
Minuteman Phase Completed
Aerojet-General Corp. has deliv-
ered the last of a series of Minute-
man second-stage propellant rocket
motors to Cape Kennedy for flight
testing. This completes the develop-
ment program for motors in thesi
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18
Circle No. 80 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
Wing II through Wing VI configura-
tion.
Aerojet's Solid Rocket Plant is
continuing development of the Wing
VI second stage, featuring a single
nozzle, larger combustion chamber
and more powerful propellant than
previous configurations.
Test Ban Testimony Released
Testimony released recently doubts
the ability of U.S. Strategic Retali-
atory forces to react under conditions
of nuclear blackout.
High-frequency communications
circuits "dropped out instantane-
ously" following a high-altitude nu-
clear explosion and stayed out for
periods ranging from 15 minutes to
4 hours. The longer period was for
circuits that passed through the dis-
turbed region of the shot, the report
says.
With Defense Secretary Robert
S. McNamara's emphasis on flexibil-
ity in Minuteman command and con-
trol systems, this could have unto-
ward consequences on the U.S. ability
to retaliate. Although most Minute-
man silos are connected by under-
ground cables, McNamara has sought
to give them greater flexibility by
equipping airborne command posts
with the ability to fire the missiles.
It is these radio command links that
may be most seriously affected by a
nuclear blackout.
Terming this a "handicap" to
U.S. deterrent forces, Col. Roy J.
Clinton of the Defense Atomic Sup-
port Agency told the Senate Pre-
paredness Investigating Subcommit-
tee last May that the Soviets had con-
ducted their high-altitude shots at
local noon — the optimum time for in-
ducing nuclear blackout effects.
The U.S. conducted its tests at
night. "Reliable extrapolation of
blackout effects from a night shot
to a daytime event is impossible
. . . " he pointed out.
Another aspect of the blackout
problem is that of blackout from the
fireball itself. In this area, Defense
witnesses feel that the Soviets are
about as ignorant of the effects as
is the U.S. Essentially, this blackout
is caused by the detonation and con-
sequent ionization and heating of the
atmosphere around the burst point.
This has serious consequences for the
antimissile missile system.
Since ground-based radar can't
"see" through the fireball, the radar
must be able to see around it, or
more than one radar, separately
sited, must be used to look at the
penetration volume from another
angle.
Another ABM problem is the
self-kill mechanism in which, with-
Watch DEI
SOLID STATE SIGNAL SOURCES
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i □ • • □
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TTG-1 Phase Modu-
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Single Fixed Frequency
370 to 410 mc.
Adjustable output level -13 to -140dbm.PM
modulation capability 5 cps to 200kc. Plug in
CR-74/U crystal allows frequency change with
simple retuning procedure. For more informa-
tion request Bulletin TTG-1.
! Q • • O
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CTT-1 Test Transmit-
ter. Single Fixed Fre-
quency 136 to 138 mc.
Adjustable output level 0 to -130dbm. PM
and AM modulation capability within ±1db
from dc to 100kc. Voltage controlled Vernier
tuning over =b20kc. Weatherproof housing. For
more information request Bulletin CTT-1.
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missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
Circle No. 81 on Subscriber Service Card
19
We were told to keep it simple
Which posed a very complicated prob-
lem. Could CEC design an analog tape
transport so simple in concept it would
require virtually no maintenance, yet
provide reliable performance equal or
superior to the most sophisticated units?
That was 1953. and CEC, a newcomer
in the .tape field, had formed a number
of unorthodox theories about what an
analog tape transport should be. Would
those theories work? We weren't
making any bets.
Twenty-one exhausting months later,
our engineers were smiling again— and
CEC was in the tape business to stay.
For the industry now had a distinctly
superior analog recorder, so foolproof
it reduced previous maintenance time
approximately 909u.
The secret was a revolutionary trans-
port with which all adjustments were
made electrically instead of mechani-
cally. The common tool became a com-
mon voltmeter. Any operator, with a
minimum of instruction, could now
check and service the precision tape
transport of a CEC analog recorder.
This is a prime example of how a sim-
ple approach to complex problems has
benefited the customer as well as
advanced CEC's leadership in the
development and production of all
phases of data recording.
And it also explains why CEC main-
tains a network of 22 sales and service
offices throughoi.il the nation. To expe-
dite application engineering. To help
train customer personnel in the use of
advanced instrumentation. To explore
new and better ways of advancing the
state-of-the-art.
Circle No. 82 on Subscriber Service Card
CONSOLIDATED ELECTRODYNAMICS
A SUBSIDIARY OF BELL & HOWELL /PASADENA. CALIF. 91*
INTERNATIONAL SUBSIDIARIES: WOKING, SURREY. ENGLAW
AND FRANKFURT/ MAIN, GERMAlf
A new "must"
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Measuring 2l" x 27", and schemati-
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This includes basic specifications,
cross-reference tables to aid in
selection of instrumentation, and
information on how to use combi-
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to meet specific needs. In addition,
the chart describes the finest support
equipment for dynamic measuring
and recording in industrial and
military applications.
Sensors and Pickups
Chart shows the 43 available
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Signal Conditioners
Chart shows 11 basic
types and where they !_J~
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Magnetic Tape
Chart shows 8 analog
and digital recorder/
reproducers with support
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Direct Readout
Chart shows 5 re-
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graphs, 33 galvan-
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Also support equipment.
Please write today while sufficient
copies are still available. Ask for
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CONSOLIDATED ELECTRODYNAMICS
A SUBSIDIARY OF BELL & HOWELL/ PASADENA, CALIF. 91109
INTERNATIONAL SUBSIDIARIES: WOKING. SURREY. ENGLAND
AND FRANKFURT/MAIN, GERMANY
out sufficient hardening, antimissile
missiles might be destroyed by de-
fensive weapons launched previously.
Underground testing can be used to
overcome this problem, but in or-
der to have complete assurance of
weapon hardness, a proof test in the
atmosphere would be required.
Another side of the same coin —
warhead hardness — is the problem of
hardening strategic retaliatory re-
entry bodies so that the kill radius
from a defensive missile is substan-
tially reduced. Extensive work has
been done, and can be done under-
ground, on this problem but proof
would require atmospheric testing.
The hearings on the "Military
Aspects and Implications of Nuclear
Test Ban Proposals and Related Mat-
ters" were held in May, June and
August of 1963 and only released
March 22. In releasing the two-vol-
ume, 981-page transcript, Subcom-
mittee Chairman John Stennis (D.-
Miss.) asserted that it gives "an ac-
curate and reasonably complete pic-
ture of the significant issues involved
and of the views of the various wit-
nesses."
The comparative positions of the
U.S. and the Soviet Union at the
time of the hearings was outlined by
Defense witnesses:
— The Soviets lead in the yield
range above 20 megatons;
— Approximate equality exists
between the two nations in the tech-
nology of high-yield weapons below
20 megatons;
— U.S. leads in the low and inter-
mediate range of yields, which in-
cludes tactical warheads as well as
ICBM warheads of the Polaris and
Minuteman class.
DOD has also requested the
Atomic Energy Commission to come
up with specifications for a 60-mega-
ton warhead that could be carried by
the B-52. In revealing this, former
AEC Commissioner Leland J. Ha-
worth said this request is "more than
just expressing an interest."
Industry Favors ARPA Study
Industry representatives have
told a Congressional subcommittee
that the Advanced Research Projects
Agency's ( ARPA ) chemistry office,
which has been investigating high-
energy chemical propellants, is being
disbanded "prematurely."
R. A. Carpenter, manager of Cal-
lery Chemical Corp.'s Washington
office, said that the ARPA program
should have been extended to the
propellant application phase. ARPA
is now in the process of turning over
the program to the services (see pp.
35, 131). Now the challenge must
pass to NASA, Carpenter indicated.
The Callery Chemical Corp.
spokesman was one among a host
of industry witnesses who urged the
NASA Legislative Oversight subcom-
mittee of the House Space Committee
to boost the government effort in the
propulsion field.
Aerojet-General's vice president,
Dr. W. R. Kirchner, told the sub-
committee, which is chaired by Rep.
Olin Teague (D-Tex.), that the M-l
engine funding should be doubled
(see p. 16). This way the engine
could become available for use by
1968, he said. NASA officials testi-
fying on the Hill during various
hearings described the M-l as pro-
gressing at a "minimal" rate because
of present funding.
Dr. Harold W. Ritchey of Thiokol
Chemical Corp., recommended that
NASA engage in an $80 million proj-
ect, aimed at developing a 25,000-lb.-
thrust engine using oxygen difluo-
rides with other fuels. A $5-million
investment in 10,000-lb.-thrust cham-
ber work would get this program
started in FY 1965, he said.
Ritchey also stressed the impor-
tance of the 260-in.-dia. solid rocket
engine, which as yet has little com-
mitment beyond the first phase. A
total of from $122 to $142 million
would bring the program up to flight
status with manned rating, he esti-
mated.
North American Aviation's Sam-
uel K. Hoffman, president of the
Rocketdyne Division, also testified in
favor of expanding NASA's effort in
both solid and liquid propellants,
Gilpatric On Defense Future
A blueprint for the defense
posture of the United States— "pro-
vided the present movement toward
detente within the USSR continues
to progress in the years ahead" —
was outlined by former Deputy Sec-
retary of Defense Roswell S. Gil-
patric in the April issue of the quar-
terly Foreign Affairs.
Discussing "the kind of military
establishment which might be ap-
propriate for the United States
should there develop a continued
easing of the level of East-West
tension such as we have seen during
the past year," Gilpatric gave this
outline of the future force structure:
— Strategic retaliatory forces: a
force consisting only of hardened and
dispersed land-based and mobile sea-
based missiles, with all the vulner-
able, earlier-generation missiles de-
activated and all manned bombers
retired from active deployment.
— Continental air and missile de-
Circle No. 83 on Subscriber Service Card
21
Beech "Imaginuity" in missile systems
■
Now, what's beyond Mach 7?
Beech "Imaginuity" in missile target systems is finding out
How fast will tomorrow's missile target systems need
to be? The answer: just as fast as the speediest enemy
hardware — jets or missiles — that Free World gunners
may have to shoot at. What will it take to provide these
advanced missile systems ... to turn "impossible"
requirements into solid reality by the time they are
needed?
Beech "Imaginuity" is already at work, seeking — and
finding— the answers. The Beech AQM-37A ( KD2B-1 ) ,
now in line production for the U. S. Navy, is capable
today of speeds above Mach 3 and can be flown at alti-
tudes of 90,000 feet. It gives today's most advanced
weapon systems a realistic challenge to their capabilities.
But, just as important, Beech has already designed a
family of missile target systems for a wide variety of
defense training missions, ranging from Mach .52 to
Mach 7 — and is now reaching out beyond that.
This kind of probing into the future, plus Beech
"Imaginuity" in design, development, fabrication and
testing has given Beech a head start on development
of the advanced missile systems that will be needed for.
tomorrow's training and air defense requirements. \ y
Other Beech Capabilities In Systems Management Include:
R&D...
Propulsion . . .
Auxiliary Power. . .
issile Target Systems
Manufacturing . . .
Space Simulation...
Complex Vibration...
Management. . .
HOW may we help yOU? To discover how
the unique facilities and expert personnel of Beech
can be quickly and efficiently put to work on your
project, write, wire, or phone Contract Administrator,
Aerospace Division, Beech Aircraft Corporation,
Wichita , Kansas. Beech stands ready and eager to
accept complete systems management responsibility
for your project right now.
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fense forces: only warning systems,
such as the big ballistic missile de-
tection and tracting radars in Alaska,
Greenland and Scotland, and the
current generation of surface-to-air
missile systems for tactical deploy-
ment would be maintained. . . . "There
would be no production or deploy-
ment of anti-ballistic-missile systems
in the absence of Soviet moves to
proceed beyond experimental instal-
lations of such systems."
— Reconnaissance forces: "Both
aircraft and satellite based recon-
naissance systems would be retained
and improved to take full advantage
of state-of-the-art developments. . . ."
— General-purpose forces: "No
significant changes would take place
in this category except for a reduc-
tion of Army divisions that might be
withdrawn at some stage from Korea
or from Europe (if a decline in the
Soviet threat allowed)."
— Reserve and National Guard:
Reductions should be possible "re-
taining . . . only the high-priority
divisions plus round-out units capa-
ble of quick call-up."
Such a force structure, the former
secretary feels, would permit sig-
nificant reductions in the defense
budget. Gilpatric estimates these
forces "should require an annual level
of defense expenditure about 25%
under the current (Fiscal Year '64)
rate and 10% or so below that at the
end of the Eisenhower administra-
tion." The FY '64 budget totalled
$52.5 billion while the last Eisen-
hower budget (preliminary FY '62)
stood at $44.7 billion. This would
mean that DOD expenditures could
level off at the $40-billion mark.
While operational forces would
decline, Gilpatric emphasizes that
"military research and development
expenditures would remain high" to
insure that no technological surprises
would upset this balance of power.
Savings in the RDT&E category
would come primarily from the cate-
gories of Operational and Engineer-
ing Development.
"We would continue to put major
effort into improvements in the com-
mand and control, reliability and flex-
ibility of our strategic forces and
would proceed with exploratory de-
velopment of new systems." Final
development and deployment of new
systems, however, would depend on
whether the Soviets aggressively
push comparable systems.
Although Gilpatric is no longer
No. 2 man in the Pentagon and
throughout the article he stresses
that his purpose "is not to lay out a
plan for a military program at the
end of the decade," his remarks can-
not be dismissed lightly. While on
active service in DOD, Gilpatric wag)
in almost complete agreement with
the ideas and policies of Secretary
of Defense Robert S. McNamara.
Space Chamber Test Ending
Five men who have been confined
for 30 days in a simulated space
chamber at the Boeing Co. in Seattle
are scheduled to emerge April 2.
No adverse effects have yet been
reported in the run, in which a com-
bination of physical, chemical and
biological subsystems are being used
for a complete life-support system
(M/R Jan. 27 p. 28). This is the]
second attempt at a successful run;'
the first was aborted after five days
last summer when the men became
extremely nauseated.
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration officials reported that
all the kinks appear to have been]
worked out in the subsequent re-
tooling of the system. Only minor
modifications were made in mate^
rials.
The system uses a superoxide for'
oxygen regeneration and an activated^
sludge bacterial colony for waste]
processing.
Pakistan Begins Wind Studies
The Pakistan Space and Upper
Atmosphere Research Committee
(SUPARCO) has launched the first,
in a series of meteorological sound-!
ing rockets under a cooperative]
agreement with NASA.
The launching was made Mar. 18j
from Pakistan's Sonmiani Range1
near Karachi.
This is the first launching planned
as a direct contribution to the Inter-
national Indian Ocean Expedition!
(IIOE), a multinational effort by
scientific groups to obtain and corl
relate information on oceanic and
atmospheric conditions throughout
the Indian Ocean Area. This area!
which covers a seventh of the Earth's
surface, remains largely unstudied.]
The SUPARCO project is ex-]
pected to provide significant data!
on the dynamics of air circulation!
at 100,000 to 200,000 ft. above WestJ
Pakistan's coast. The project will]
include at least 16 launchings.
CORRECTION
ON PP. 87 and 88 of this is-
sue, the captions for the two
photographs have been trans-
posed. The laser beam is, of
course, shown on p. 87; the pat-
tern recognition device on p. 88.
24
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
INCHES OF SANDPAPER
TAPE, 400 GRIT
10" 20" 30"
40" 50" 60"
70" 80"
SURPRENANT MS 17411
. . . 82.5"
90"
Mil-W-7139 B (Class 1) 47.1"
Mil-W-7139 B
17.7"
Mil-W
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Surprenant abrasion resistant airframe wire
lasts 75.2% longer than all other 600-volt wire
in brutal JANCO sandpaper test!
ITT
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INC.
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75.2 per cent longer than the next best
600-volt wire tested on the JANCO
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for five popular types of 600-volt wires
are shown in the chart above.
In this JANCO test (Procedure II,
MIL-W-22759), a moving 400-grit sand-
paper tape is applied against the wire
sample and measurement is made of the
number of inches run off before the in-
sulation fails.
In other tests, ITT Surprenant's abra-
sion resistant Teflon withstands continu-
ous conductor and ambient temperatures
of up to 500° F.
Abrasion resistant Teflon is a unique
insulation developed by Surprenant with
an ultra abrasion resistant material sand-
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It preserves all the exceptional proper-
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and MS 18001.
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missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
Circle No. 84 on Subscriber Service Card
25
1
Now Loran-C travels light. Tiny silicon-wafer microcircuits — each containing up to forty com-
ponents—are the heart of Sperry's AN/ARN-76 Airborne Loran-C Receiver. A hundred or more are
mounted on plug-in cards ... can quickly be inserted and withdrawn from the 19-pound system, which
occupies only a half cubic foot of space. □ This first all solid-state Loran-C Receiver is
less than one-third the weight and volume of existing systems, yet offers better than
five times the reliability. Fully automatic, it has only five basic operator controls, as
against more than twenty in Sperry's own previous system. Now under test by the
United States Air Force, the AN/ARN-76 can be pilot-operated. Laboratory tests have
indicated 1,500 hours mean-time-before-failure. For details, write: INFORMATION & sperr^rand
COMMUNICATIONS DIVISION, Sperry Gyroscope Company, Great Neck, New York, corporation
Circle No. 85 on Subscriber Service Card
Missiles and Rockets Volume XIV, Number 13 March 30, 1964
MILITARY SYSTEMS ISSUE
THE SURVIVAL of this nation depends on the
maintenance of technological superiority over any
potential aggressor. No organization has a greater
influence over the development and application of
this technology than does the Directorate of De-
fense Research and Engineering.
Under the Defense Reorganization Act of 1958,
Congress has charged the Director of this agency
with broad responsibilities and power. He is:
— Principal adviser to the Secretary of Defense
on scientific and technical matters.
— Supervisor of all research and engineering
activities within DOD.
— Director of research and engineering activi-
ties that the Secretary of Defense deems to require
centralized management.
Missiles and Rockefs has examined the phe-
nomenon that is DDR&E and in Part I details its
organization and impact on both the military serv-
ices and industry.
In Part II, the programs — representing some
$7.5 billion of Defense spending — for which DDR&E
has ultimate control are examined. This detailed
analysis reveals new and significant changes in
direction for future Defense R&E spending.
Part III covers the technologies upon which fu-
ture weapons will be based and indicates the
choices being made between competing ideas.
27
DDR&E/oreanization
Office Overhauls R&D Rules;
Tactical Weapons Now Biggest Market
Industry reassured that total research support will continue
at high level; proof of technology must now precede development
A DIFFERENT ATMOSPHERE —
In terms of both weapons system de-
velopment and the rationale for such
development — is being deliberately cre-
ated by the Office of the Director of
Defense Research and Engineering.
This unquestionably will have a major
impact on the defense industry, calling
for significant modifications in the al-
location of resources and efforts.
DDR&E officials stress, however,
that the total level of DOD support for
R&D will remain relatively constant. It
would be a mistake, they say, for mar-
ket planners to assume that a down-
ward dip in this year's budget repre-
sents a trend.
In this new environment, future
weapons systems will have to meet the
stringent prerequisites outlined in the
Project Definition Directive issued ear-
lier this month (M/R, March 9, p. 14).
Specifically, DDR&E insists that before
a system development program is initi-
ated the technology must be proven.
Component development and tests of
critical or pacing subsystems will have
to have been accomplished. Costs,
schedule and reporting procedures will
have been established. In other words,
all major unknowns will have been
eliminated, insofar as is possible, be-
fore development is approved. Concur-
rency, except in the rare case of pre-
eminent national security interest, has
been rejected as a method of develop-
ment.
A second, no less major, change is
that newness per se is not a criterion for
development. The contribution of a pro-
posed weapons system to overall na-
tional security must be clearly demon-
strable, and it must be proven beyond
dispute that that job cannot be done
by a system already in the inventory.
Initially, the effect on industry of
the current drop in R&D spending will
be merely psychological, DDR&E offi-
28
cials feel. As long as the budget was
going up, mistakes were taken care of
and a "lousy" program or proposal was
not particularly serious, one official
points out; as the budget levels off, how-
ever, these mistakes become more seri-
ous. Industry attaches too much im-
portance to the rate of increase of the
budget, rather than the overall level of
the Defense spending, this spokesman
declares, and this gives rise to exag-
gerated fears.
A regrouping and redistribution of
effort within the industry is foreseen as
the number of major contracts dimin-
ishes. This should lead to a greater real-
ization, and concern, with people — their
skills and their positions within the
organization. It is also likely that prime
contractors will have to re-evaluate their
subcontracting policies in order to main-
tain the necessary level of competence.
Finally, DDR&E officials are con-
vinced that the efficiency of the industry
will increase. Firms will concentrate on
making profits on the contracts they
have, rather than trying to get the next
contract. These officials also anticipate
a reduction in job-hopping within the
industry, which will add to the com-
petency and depth of experience of in-
dustrial organizations. "In the aggre-
gate," one official says, "we expect good
results from the leveling of Defense
research spending."
• Industry role grows — DDR&E is
extremely concerned with its communi-
cation with industry, conceding that this
"has not been very good" in the past.
Industry has been getting the wishes
of the services, rather than the hard, de-
finable directions that military technol-
ogy is taking, one official states. For
this reason, and because of the uncer-
tainty of its own vision, DDR&E plans
to hold a series of advanced planning
briefings for industry this year (see box,
p. 30).
Meanwhile, DDR&E expects that in-J
dustry's role in the weapons acquisitioni
process will be substantially enhanced.]
The first, and perhaps the most surpris-.
ing, recommendation it has made im
this connection is that industry should
tell the military what it needs.
More specifically, DDR&E feels that,
defense-oriented firms are in a unique
position to tell the services what the
state of the art is and what, therefore,
the military can reasonably ask for.j
"They can do this very well," one-
DDR&E official points out.
An example is the use of frozen!
versus irradiated food. The military may
ask for a process that will allow foodi
to be stored on the shelf for long periods'
of time. It is industry's responsibility,
rather than just accepting this require-)
ment, to tell the services that the tech-i
nology can not support it, and to rec-
ommend a lesser, but still satisfactory,
substitute.
Another point made is that industry
is literally the partner of project engi-
neers against the budgeteers and, as
Program Package
Strategic
Retaliatory Forces
FY
'63 '64 '65
ARMY
NAVY
380.0 209.6 64.8
AIR FORCE
717.4 487.8 313.2 :
DEFENSE
AGENCIES
EMERGENCY
FUND
TOTAL
1,097.4 697.4 378.0
* Reflects Congressional Action on Authorization Bill.
missiles and
rockets, March 30, 196'
DR. HAROLD BROWN, Director of
Defense Research and Engineering.
such, should promote tradeoff studies
during development that would yield a
[weapons system and still stay within the
time-cost envelope.
Initially, this would degrade the sys-
tem; nevertheless, the weapon would be
Jin the hands of troops and later models
would bring it up to original perform-
ance specifications. Polaris is an exam-
ple of how this was done effectively.
Mauler is an instance in which it was
not done at all.
Finally, the directorate says, indus-
try should act as liaison between
DDR&E and the services. This would
ensure that the good ideas which are de-
serving of attention will not be lost at
this interface.
• Future needs — High on the list
of things that DDR&E rates as impor-
tant are tactical warfare weapons, com-
mand and control, and needs generated
by the diffusion of power throughout the
world. The U.S., they contend, must
f'work harder in the area of less than
jail-out war." The possibility of escala-
tion to thermonuclear war should not be
DR. EUGENE G. FUBINI, Assistant
Secretary of Defense/Deputy DDR&E.
dismissed, but certainly should receive
less emphasis.
In restrospect, they feel that the
money spent on strategic weapons was
well spent, but that the tactical area
has been underpaid. This will be rem-
edied during the next several years.
A problem seriously concerning
DOD is the diffusion of power — not
only in the Sino-Soviet bloc but also in
the Western alliance. One high-level
DDR&E official notes that much of his
time is being taken up by this problem.
He says industry would do well to con-
centrate some of its technical efforts in
this area.
Development of command and con-
trol, particularly in tactical systems,
is also expected to intensify over the
next several years. This is an area of
deep concern and dissatisfaction within
DDR&E. Even the major "L" systems
are being revamped to remove their
"systems" bias and to ensure that they
present the commander with the amount
and type of information he requires.
There is greatly increased concentration
on the "software" aspects of this prob-
lem.
Tactical weaponry is now the area
of greatest potential for industry. A
major re-emphasis is underway in this
field; in the next few years billions of
dollars will be spent to bring tactical
weapons development up to the levels
of effectiveness enjoyed in the strategic
field.
This is not to say that these weapons
will have a comparable level of sophisti-
cation. In fact, the stress will be on
simplicity, reliability and ruggedness.
These bromides from by-gone days,
however, are being given new meaning
through application of technology and
analysis techniques developed over the
last decade in the strategic field. The
quantum improvement expected in tac-
tical weapons and the enormous scope
of this effort are detailed in the Tactical
Programs story in this issue (see p.
54).
• New life for Midwest — This shift
in DDR&E interest could mean new
contracts for the Midwest and other
areas of the nation which feel that they
have been left out of the defense picture.
However, although these types of weap-
ons have in the past been produced with
great success in the Midwest, that region
must make considerable changes in out-
look and approach in order to win the
new tactical business.
These weapons, although adapted to
long production runs, will be inseparably
wedded to advanced technology. This re-
quires a strong industrial base closely
associated with the scientific community
— something which already exists in in-
dustries associated with ballistic missile
technology but must be created through
a concerted effort in more traditional,
less defense-oriented industry.
Initially, the Dept. of Defense will
be concerned with a basic understanding
of the environment within which tacti-
cal forces must work — how can this
environment be made to work for us.
EARCH, DEVELOPMENT TEST & EVALUATION BUDGET PROGRAM
Continental Air and
Defense Forces
'63 '64 '65
General
Purpose Forces
'63 '64 '65
Airlift & Sealilt
Forces
'63 '64 '65
Reserve & Guard
Forces
'63 '64 '65
Research &
Development
'63 '64 '65
General
Support
'63 '64 '65
TOTAL OBLIGATION A L
AUTHORITY (TOA)
•63 '64 '65
0.8 9.6 2.3
3.0 4.4 2.0
27.5 35.4 14.0
106.3 78.7 29.6
168.3 276.6 269.5
120.0 233.2 324.9
1,177.5 1,314.0 1,341.1
921.7 1,040.4 1,098.8
2,501.5 2,208.1 2,081.4
250.0 278.4 294.8
120.4 101.0 150.0
1.9 20.4 24.1
4.5 12.9 13.7
470.4 645.8 517.1
197.9 161.5 224.2
1,286.5 1,422.7 1,397.0
1,477.5 1,545.0 1,451.0
3,906.4 3,625.3 3,260.0
447.9 439.9 519.0
120.4 101.0 150.0
69.6 15.0 9.4
1.0 2.1
31.3 49.4 18.3
394.6 588.5 624.0
69.6 15.0
1.0 2.1
4,971.1 4,942.0 4,966.1
674.7 840.6 779.1
7,238.7 7,133.9 6,777.0
GRAND TOTAL DEFENSE R&D (INCLUDING PERS., O&M, PROC, MIL CONST.)
7,739.0 7,602.2 7,088.7*
'missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
29
rather than how do we overcome the
environment?
In the area of weapons, there is gen-
eral dissatisfaction with ground-air sys-
tems and their interrelationships, anti-
tank weapons which leave the gunner
exposed while the weapon closes on the
target, inadequate target-acquisition cap-
abilities of tactical forces, lack of new
and unique weapons with delivery sys-
tems of such accuracy that high-explo-
sive can be substituted for nuclear war-
heads, and the absence of special equip-
ment designed for specific areas of the
world rather than all areas.
• DDR&E reorganization — On
March 1, DDR&E completed a reorgan-
ization which regrouped the various pro-
grams under five deputy directors: Stra-
tegic and Defense Systems, Tactical
Warfare Programs, Administration and
Management, Research and Technology,
and Space. The Special Assistant for
Command and Control was retained,
and Intelligence and Reconnaissance
was moved from what used to be called
Research and Information Systems to
the status of a Special Assistant.
Other shifts included the creation
of a Plans and Policy office under Ad-
ministration and Management, establish-
ment of an Assistant Director for Tech-
nical Support of the National Military
Command System and Strategic Com-
mand and Control under the Deputy
Director for Strategic and Defensive
Systems, and relegation of the Deputy
Director of Engineering and Chemistry
to the status of an Assistant Director for
Chemical Technology. Comparable
shifts were made in other parts of the
organization.
Under the new organization the
strength of DDR&E is not substantially
increased. There are positions for 180
professional civilians, compared with
164 previously, and 153 military, as op-
posed to 144 under the old concept.
Clerical help, both civilian and military,
totals 228; earlier it was set at 220.
These figures include both the Advanced
Research Projects Agency and the
Weapons System Evaluation Group,
which are under the control of Dr.
Harold Brown, DDR&E Director.
• How DDR&E works— Although
deputy directors have been named for
each of the major areas of Defense R&E
concern, projects are assigned on an in-
dividual basis rather than by any rigid
adherence to an organization chart.
Thus, a project such as the Military
Response Taxes Briefing Facilities
RESPONSE TO DODS announce-
ment that 13 advanced planning brief-
ings would be held for industry begin-
ning in May has been so enthusiastic
that DDR&E has a problem in accom-
modating those who want to attend.
Topics, date and host for the first
seven briefings are:
Aircraft May 25 Air Force
Missiles May 26 Air Force
Electronics May 27 Navy
Command and Last week DDR&E
Control of May or
in June
Arms and 2nd Week Army
Ammunition of June
Chemicals and June 15 Army
Biologicals
Nuclear Products June 29 Navy
All the briefings except Arms and
Ammunition, which will be held in Chi-
cago, will be in Washington, D.C.
• Attendance procedure — Not more
than three persons from each industrial
organization will be permitted to attend
— in fact, some consideration is being
given to cutting this to one, to accom-
modate all the respondents. Only of-
ficials serving at the chief executive
officer, board chairman or senior plan-
ning level will be considered.
Thirty to 60 days in advance of the
briefing, a company should furnish the
briefing host the names, titles and secu-
rity clearances of persons wishing to
attend a particular briefing.
Addresses of the briefing hosts are:
— Army: Lt. Col. Ernest H. Trus-
sell, Technical and Industrial Liaison
Office, Army Materiel Command, Room
2748, Gravelly Point, Washington, D.C.
20315. Telephone: (Area Code 202)
OXford 7-4948.
— Navy: Capt. William W. Jones,
Office of Naval Material (Mat 32),
Room 2020, Main Navy Bldg., Wash-
ington, D.C. 20360. Telephone: (Area
Code 202) OXford 6-5125.
— Air Force: Col. Robert F. Todd,
Office of Deputy Chief of Staff (Plans),
Air Force Systems Command, Andrews
Air Force Base, Washington, D.C.
20331. Telephone: (Area Code 301)
981-9111, Ext. 5309.
. — DDR&E: Maj. John Delistraty,
USA, Office of the Director of Defense
Research and Engineering, Plans and
Policy, Room 3 E 1082, The Pentagon,
Washington, D.C. 20301. Telephone:
(Area Code 202) OXford 7-8251.
30
Communications satellite falls under the
purview of the Assistant Director for
Communications and Electronics rather
than the Deputy Director for Space.
DDR&E tends to work informally.
There are frequent meetings with serv-
ice counterparts and working drafts of
memoranda are prepared by the services
so that once the language is fully worked
out, the paper can be sent to DDR&E
with full assurance that it will be ac-
cepted.
This, according to one military offi-
cer, speeds up the process considerably
and is in marked contrast to pre-Brown
DDR&E. In those days, the services
would submit a paper only to have it
bounce back for some minor change in
language; there was no assurance that
once this was corrected the correspon-
dence would not be returned again.
Since DDR&E cannot control the
military R&D effort in detail, it is try-
ing to control the environment within
which that program must work. In ef-
fect, the goal is to set up clear-cut pro-
cedures within which the services can
make decisions. By periodic program re-
views, the overall content of the R&D
effort can be controlled. "We would like
to give the services a free hand to make
these decisions," one top DDR&E offi-
cial says, "providing they meet certain
content requirements and management
procedures."
• Control procedures — Under the]
Hitch Programming system there ara
two major reviews of the R&D program
each year. The first is the submission of
the program and supporting information
for the coming year's budget. This
normally takes place in late summer
and early fall. The next total program
review takes place after Congress acts
on the RDT&E program; it requires the
services to support their requested al-
locations of funds before they are re-'
leased.
The DDR&E staff reviews these pro-
gram plans and the funding requested
and recommends action to Brown, who
in turn makes recommendations to the]
Secretary of Defense.
Through change proposals, review of
technical development plans and liaison
with the military services and its con-l
tractors, the DDR&E staff maintains-
continuous review of the R&D program.]
Over 150 change proposals were sub-j
mitted to DDR&E last year, and these^
required action ranging from approval]
of minor modifications of an existing'
program to approval of a complete'
change in direction of a weapons system]
development.
Brown said in recent Congressional;
testimony that he and his office attempt
"to separate out those areas in which'
I am an expert, or supposed to be ail
expert; namely, the technical research,,
engineering, R&D and scientific areas!
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
from those areas in which I am not."
In other words, DDR&E does not at-
tempt to say whether a system should be
deployed or whether it is operationally
effective. It determines only whether it
is technically feasible and can be devel-
oped within the time and cost estimates
of the services.
It should be stressed that, apart from
ARPA, Brown has no line authority over
the R&D efforts of the services. His is
primarily a staff function of recom-
mending courses of action to the Secre-
tary of Defense. However, his influence.
both in this role and in actions dele-
gated to him by the Secretary of De-
fense, is not inconsiderable.
• Problems in-house — A continuing
headache within DDR&E is the quality
of in-house support. Although DDR&E
feels that it has "turned the corner and
at least they're not getting any worse.''
in the words of one spokesman, the
quality is so widely variable that it is
hard to apply across-the-board rules to
these institutions.
Studies are continuing to identify the
conditions which have made such labs
as the Naval Ordinance Test Station so
outstanding. The hope is that general
principles can be developed to apply to
all the labs.
Another frustration is the lack of
imagination and ingenuity evidenced in-
house. Right now, DDR&E is trying to
find a lab to which it can assign a major
project — development of a high-power
laser — as part of its program to up-
grade the quality of work performed in-
house. Its main difficulty, however, is
finding a research lab willing to risk the
undertaking. ■
Brown Wants More Ingenuity in DOD Research
DDR&E's Defense Science Board —
the senior technical advisory body in the
Department of Defense — has been
asked by Dr. Harold Brown to under-
take a review of research policies within
[the Department.
The wide-ranging study will include
a general assessment of the effectiveness
of Defense research policies and an
exploration of means to improve the
management of research programs so
that more invention and ingenuity is in-
jected into the Department's research —
particularly in the research and explora-
tory development areas. Also, the board
is to make recommendations on the im-
provement of in-house laboratories, with
emphasis on increasing the productivity
of technical personnel.
This assignment is typical of the
work conducted by DSB's experienced
educators and industrialists. Presently
chaired by Dr. Frederick Seitz, the
board has also studied:
— The problem of collection, storage
and retrieval of scientific information
within the Defense establishment. Its
report was instrumental in the estab-
lishment of an Asst. Director of Tech-
nical Information at DDR&E level and
a consequent overhaul of the scientific
information program.
— The extent and scope of the ballis-
tic missile defense program, to reassure
DOD that everything that could be done
was being done.
— Organization of the DOD behav-
ioral sciences program, as well as the
level of effort being supported in this
field. This led to the establishment in
ARPA of an Information Processing
and Behavioral Sciences group. The
board plans a follow-up study in this
area as one of its future items of
business.
• How it operates — In general, the
board conducts its work by subcommit-
tees. These may consist of one or more
members of the group, assisted by pro-
fessional people within DDR&E. The
group leader may also decide to draw on
the resources of his own organization to
conduct a particular study. Only full-
time staff member for the DSB is Wil-
liam W. Hammerschmidt. Executive
Secretary to the Board.
Board reports made to Secretary
McNamara through Brown are not ac-
cepted uncritically. It appears that the
more specific a study is dealing with a
weapons system, the less impact it has.
It is in the policy and planning guidance
areas that the board has its greatest
effect.
Typically, the entire Science Board
meets three times each year with execu-
tive committee meetings every two
months. Brown usually attends these
meetings when time and the press of
business permit.
The board was created in 1956 fol-
lowing recommendations made by the
Hoover Commission, which felt that
DOD should avail itself of the best tech-
nical brains in the nation while, at the
same time, giving the scientific com-
munity a direct channel into the Defense
establishment.
Presently, the composition of the
Defense Science Board is loaded in
favor of aeronautics, astronautics, nu-
clear technology and physics, although
an attempt is being made to broaden
the board's experience. Appointments
to the DSB. usually of three or four
years duration, are made by the Secre-
tary of Defense upon the recommenda-
tion of the Director, Defense Research
and Engineering, and the concurrence
of the Chairman of the Defense Science
Board.
• DSB membership — In addition to
Dr. Seitz, the Defense Science Board in-
cludes some of the best-known scientists
and industrialists in the nation: Daniel
Alpert. Director of the Coordinated
Science Lab. University of Illinois;
Thomas E. Caywood: Clifford C. Fur-
nas, Chancellor of the University of
Buffalo; Edward H. Heinemann. Vice
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
President (Engineering), General Dy-
namics Corp.: Harold A. Wheeler,
President, Wheeler Labs Inc. These
members' terms expire in 1964.
Also on the board, with terms expir-
ing in 1965, are: Walter H. Brattain.
Nobel-prize-winning physicist at Bell
Telephone Labs; Leo Goldberg. Higgins
Professor of Astronomy, Harvard Uni-
versity: Lyle H. Lanier, Executive Vice
President and Provost, University of
Illinois; Allen E. Puckett, Vice President
and Assistant Group Executive (Aero-
space Group), Hughes Aircraft Co.;
Lloyd P. Smith, General Operations
Manager (Research Operations), Aero-
neutronic Div. of Philco Corp.
Sitting on the board until 1966 are:
Patrick E. Haggerty, President and Di-
rector, Texas Instruments; William G.
McMillan, Chairman, Chemistry Dept.,
University of California at Los Angeles:
Thomas L. Phillips, Executive Vice
President Raytheon Co.; Ernst Weber,
former president of Brooklyn Polytech-
nique Institute, now a consultant.
Newly named members of the board
for a term ending in 1967 are: David
T. Griggs, Professor. Institute of Geo-
physics and Planetary Physics, UCLA;
Gerald M. McDonnel, Department of
Radiology, UCLA; L. Eugene Root,
President, Lockheed Missiles and Space
Co.; and Kenneth M. Watson. Physics
Department, University of California
( Berkeley).
Ex officio members include: Allen
V. Astin. Director, Bureau of Standards:
Manson Benedict. Chairman. General
Advisory Committee, Atomic Energy
Commission; Hugh L. Dryden, Deputy
Administrator, NASA; Leland J. Ha-
worth, Director, National Science Foun-
dation; Morrough P. O'Brien, Chairman,
Army Scientific Advisory Panel; Dr.
Seitz: H. Guyford Stever, Chairman, Air
Force Scientific Advisory Board: and
Eric A. Walker, Chairman, Naval Re-
search Advisory Committee. ■
31
OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR OF DEFENSI
Defense Science Board
R&E Policy Council
SPECIAL ASSISTANT
(INTELLIGENCE AND RECONAISSANCE)
Bruno W. Augenstein
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
(STRATEGIC & DEFENSIVE SYSTEMS)
Fred A. Payne, Jr., Dep. Dir.
Brig. Gen. Glenn A. Kent, USAF, Mil. Asst.
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (TACTICAL WARFARE PROGRAMS)
John L. McLucas, Dep. Dir.
Edwin F. Sweetser, Spec. Asst.
Seymour J. Deitchman, Spec. Asst. (COIN)
Brig. Gen. William W. Beverley, USA, Mil. Asst.
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR (NMCS, TS,
STRATEGIC COMMAND AND CONTROL)
Robert H. Scherer, Asst. Dir.
John W. Klotz, Dep. Asst. Dir.
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
(STRATEGIC WEAPONS)
Richard A. Montgomery, Asst. Dir.
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
(DEFENSIVE SYSTEMS)
Daniel J. Fink, Asst. Dir.
Robert S. Sargent, Dep. Asst. Dir.
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR (COMBAT SYSTEMS)
Samuel O. Perry, Asst. Dir.
James F. Drake, Dep. Asst. Dir.
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR (UNDERSEA WARFARE
AND BATTLE SUPPORT SYSTEMS)
James H. Probus, Asst. Dir.
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS
Thomas C. Muse, Dir.
Carl C. Sorgen, Dep. Dir.
OFFICE OF ORDNANCE
Melvin Bell, Dir.
ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY
Robert L. Sproull, Dir.
Charles M. Herzfeld, Dep. Dir.
William H. Godel, Dep. Dir. (Management)
WEAPONS SYSTEMS EVALUATION GROUP
Maj. Gen. John F. Ruggles, USA, Acting
Col. Robert O. Fricks, USAF, Exec. Secy.
ESEARCH AND ENGINEERING
IRECTOR OF DEFENSE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING
HAROLD BROWN
Exec. Asst. — Samuel E. Clements
Spec. Asst. - Brig. Gen. John W. O'Neill, USAF
SSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (DEPUTY DIRECTOR)
EUGENE G. FUBINI
Exec. Asst. — Col. John R. Deane, Jr., USA
Exec. Secy., Defense Science Board - W. W. Hammerschmidt
SPECIAL ASSISTANT
(COMMAND & CONTROL)
James M. Bridges
iPUTY DIRECTOR
DMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT
:. Gen. William J. Ely, USA, Dep. Dir.
apt. Roger W. Paine, Jr., USN, Mil. Asst.
strid W. Kraus, Asst. for R&D Manpower
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
(RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY)
Chalmers W. Sherwin, Dep. Dir.
Edward M. Glass, Spec. Asst.
Col. John P. Taylor, USAF, Mil. Asst.
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (SPACE)
Albert C. Hall, Dep. Dir.
Albert Weinstein, Spec. Asst.
;Col. Clarence L. Battle, Jr., USAF,
Mil. Asst.
OFFICE OF REVIEW AND SERVICES
Ben G. Huff, Dir.
Laurin A. Knutson, Dep. Dir.
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL
INFORMATION
Walter M. Carlson, Dir.
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
(ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT)
James W. Roach, Asst. Dir.
Edward J. Engoron, Dep. Asst. Dir.
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
(PLANS AND POLICY)
Paul J. Sturm, Asst. Dir.
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
(CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY)
Jack T. Thurston, Asst. Dir.
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
(RESEARCH)
Asst. Dir., (Vacant)
Edward M. Reilley, Dep. Asst. Dir.
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
(COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS)
Thomas F. Rogers, Asst. Dir.
Ernest C. Wood, Dep. Asst. Dir. (Elec.)
Willie L. Moore, Dept. Asst. Dir. (Comm.)
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR.
(MATERIALS)
Earl T. Hayes, Asst. Dir.
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
(RANGES AND SPACE
GROUND SUPPORT)
Brig. Gen. Paul T. Cooper, USAF
Asst. Dir.
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
(SPACE TECHNOLOGY)
Starr J. Colby, Asst. Dir.
SSISTANT DIRECTOR
JTER NATIONAL PROGRAMS)
jnald M. Murray, Asst. Dir.
launcey O. Rowe, Dep. Asst. Dir.
OFFICE OF ATOMIC PROGRAMS
John E. Jackson, Dir.
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DDR&E/organization
ARPA Ending Two Programs
Agency transferring propellant chemistry and energy conversion programs to services
to make room for new work; new trend is to bring basic, applied research closer together
DR. ROBERT L. SPROULL, Director,
Advanced Research Projects Agency.
THE ADVANCED RESEARCH
PROJECTS AGENCY is about to shed
two of its programs sometime this year,
but generally has reached a period of
stability with a budget of nearly $300
million a year.
The projects it is transferring are:
— Propellant chemistry. ARPA has
reached the theoretical limits in a num-
ber of propellants, both solids and stor-
able liquids. According to ARPA direc-
tor Dr. Robert L. Sproull, the next step
is to harvest this information for prac-
tical use. This work is being divided up
among the individual military services.
— Energy conversion. This program
included a look at fuel cells, magneto-
hydrodynamics, thermo-chemistry, and
the like, for possible ground and satel-
lite use. These also will be divided up
among the services according to their
development needs by the end of FY
'65.
ARPA's other programs — ballistic
missile defense (Defender), nuclear
test detection (Vela), materials (Pon-
tus), remote area conflict (Agile), be-
haviorial sciences and information proc-
essing— will probably remain with the
agency for several years, although there
are constant changes within the pro-
grams themselves.
According to Sproull, ARPA has
reached a stage where it must shuck off
programs if it is to take on new ones,
or the character of the agency would
change.
ARPA celebrated its seventh year
of existence this February, but the adult
looks very little like the infant. The
agency, which once handled DOD's
space programs and was very hardware-
oriented, has turned into a rather
scholarly organization, which brings a
somewhat more basic research ap-
porach to most of the vital defense
questions facing the country.
Says director Sproull: "Our role is
as a go-between between the labora-
tories, universities, and better indus-
try on one hand, and with defense
problems on the other."
• DDR&E relationship— Tasks
are usually assigned this agency when
they require top priority, top talent,
quick reaction time, and when im-
partiality is particularly needed. Most
assignments to ARPA are made by
Dr. Harold Brown or by Secretary
Robert S. McNamara through Dr.
Brown. However, the suggestion for at
least one program (materials) has come
from ARPA itself, and a great deal of
latitude is given project directors once
the assignment is made.
However, when budget time comes
around, ARPA apparently gets little
favoritism in spite of a close relation-
ship with DDR&E. 'ARPA budgets
have been cut at about the same rate
as service RDT&E budgets," spokesmen
say.
And when the budget is submitted
to Congress and cuts are made, ARPA
does not necessarily get preferential
treatment during reprogramming ac-
tions in DOD. The exception to this,
of course, is when Congress specifies
that a certain item shall not bear any
of the reduction, as in Project Defender
last year.
• Sproull influence — A new trend
in ARPA since the arrival of Dr.
Sproull from Cornell University has
been to bring basic and applied re-
search closer together.
Sproull's innovation is to try to
create a small core — perhaps 5% — of
basic research in each applied program,
and vice versa. If this appears to be
worthwhile, the director said, ARPA
may set up a longer range program,
probably using non-profit groups of in-
house laboratories working with uni-
versities.
• Contracting — "Every time things
go slowly, someone suggests that ARPA
do its own contracting," Sproull says. As
it now stands, ARPA relies upon mili-
tary service "agents" — elements such as
laboratories — to carry out contracting
and monitoring services.
According to ARPA program man-
ager D. K. Hess, agents are chosen at
the lowest echelon that can handle the
work — such as the Naval Research Lab-
oratory or Ordnance Laboratory, rather
than the office of the Secretary of the
Navy. Choice is based upon similarity
of work or related programs, technical
competance, facilities, or simply be-
cause the particular group does not
have a bias, if there is some competi-
tion among the services for a particular
project.
ARPA probably won't change this
contracting procedure for several rea-
sons, Sproull says. First, it would re-
quire enlarging the staff — a move which
he has vigorously avoided. In addition,
Circle No. 20 on Subscriber Service Card
35
the agency "has a great deal to be gained
by the services handling the contracting.
When the project is ready to be trans-
ferred, the competence has been in-
stilled in the service."
Also, he adds, if the service is doing
similar work, it forces a closer relation-
ship. "Otherwise, it would be easy to
bypass the other group," the director
pointed out.
A few contracts, such as Rand and
other "think-factory" studies, are put
through the Office of the Secretary of
Defense, but there is no technical moni-
toring capability in that office.
The contracting policy has not
harmed the agency, ARPA spokesmen
say. ARPA has DX priority for Project
Defender (for more Defender details,
see p. 59). Other projects have a certain
built-in priority because they come from
the DOD level.
Current contract awards are run-
ning, in money value, at about 60%
to industry, 40% to universities or non-
profit organizations, spokesmen say. In
actual number of awards, however, the
university contracts predominate, since
the research projects are of lower dollar
value.
• Scientific staff sought — Sproull
says that in general he looks for scien-
tific talent of a specific nature, except
when a broader base is called for such
as in Project Agile, a geographic and
ethnic survey of Viet Nam.
This leads to some problems when
the project is completed. For instance,
in the chemical propellant program
ARPA had at least four-top-grade chem-
ists who had to be released. The agency
tries to see that they get jobs in other
DOD facets, if possible.
At least one, however, will go with
the propellant project when it is turned
over to the services, a practice that
might be continued in other cases,
Sproull indicated.
The director admitted that, as with
all government agencies, there is some
difficulty in trying to compete with the
higher salaries and other benefits of-
fered on the outside. However, he said
that by pointing out to the scientific
community that ARPA must have first
rate staff or the whole country will
suffer, he has been able to get the kind
of staff he needs.
There are 73 professionals now in
ARPA, five of whom work in a program
management office assisting the techni-
cal directors. This management group
handles contracting arrangements, budg-
eting, security, planning, liaison between
the services and ARPA, Congressional
liaison, public affairs and technical in-
formation, and other administrative
matters.
Although a move was underway
just before Sproull's arrival as director
last year to create a director's staff,
Sproull terminated these plans. The
only management change he has made
is to create the post of permanent deputy
director, which is held by Dr. Charles
M. Herzfeld, who is equally able to
speak for ARPA as the director, Sproull
said.
The rest of the staff has remained
about the same size since the new direc-
tor has taken charge, except for an
increase of four persons in Project Agile.
This has reflected a shift in emphasis
from the "quick fix" kind of operation
to a basic research project.
• Who influences — After DDR&E,
ARPA is perhaps most directly affected
by the President's Scientific Advisory
Committee (PSAC). The propellant
chemistry project largely grew out of
PSAC suggestion.
An ARPA member attends all meet-
ings of the Defense Sciences Board, and
always "treats their recommendations
seriously, but does not necessarily make
changes." DSB was instrumental in the
creation of ARPA, (see p. 31).
Another group with some influence
is a committee of young scientists
called Jason (p. 39). According to
Sproull, this group has become very
stimulating to ARPA because of the
members' critical approach and young
ideas. In several cases, JASON mem-
bers pitched in and worked on ARPA
problems. Primarily, however, the group
acts as an idea and evaluation panel. ■
36
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
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DDR&E/organization
Military Not Content with Role in WSEG
Despite friction, WSEG and IDA have made notable contributions in vital defense
studies; have excellent capabilities and occupy key organization positions
UNFORTUNATELY, the most
noteworthy aspect of the Weapons Sys-
tem Evaluation Group (WSEG) is the
continued dissatisfaction of its military
hierarchy with the role it has been as-
signed.
This dissatisfaction, which flared
into the open in January, 1963, has led
directly to the retirement of one WSEG
director and appears to have been the
most probable cause of a second man
leaving the post. It is regrettable that
this obscures the outstanding contribu-
tions the group has made to the present
defense posture.
The "delicate situation," as one
DDR&E official terms it, results from
the fact that the contractor, the Institute
for Defense Analyses (IDA), has to be
responsible for a product. "Congress
wouldn't look kindly on us just hiring
warm bodies," is the way this official
puts it.
However, the military group in
WSEG must take responsibility for
something, and the difficulty is in seeing
that the appropriate people have some-
thing identifiable in the WSEG/IDA
reports.
There is unanimous agreement that
WSEG is too valuable an organization
to be allowed to go by the boards. Since
IDA was formed in 1956 to work as an
integral part of WSEG, the organization
has made strategic studies and trade-off
analyses which have constituted impor-
tant contributions to the present defense
posture.
"Take any issue of major importance
over the past couple of years," one offi-
cial says, "and you can be assured that
WSEG has been involved." In fact,
WSEG officials display pique — natural
to people who feel that they are doing
good work but, because of the nature of
that work, not getting recognition — that
the Rand Corp. has gotten credit for
MAJ. GEN. JOHN RUGCLES, acting
Director, WSEG.
DR. BERNARD O.
of WSED.
KOOPMAN. Director
policy changes that resulted from WSEG
work. They admit that Rand has, of
course, studied these things, but they
say "it is a lack of correct emphasis" to
give them sole credit. Among the more
important areas, WSEG has studied and
claims some credit for:
— The size, nature and composition
of carrier forces.
— Necessity for, and nature of, "op-
tions" in the application of military
power.
— Problems of less than total war
(an area in which recommendations
were made to beef up counter-insur-
gency forces and capabilities in 1959).
— Much of the "new look" in de-
fense strategy and posture.
• WSEG unique — The importance
of WSEG lies in its unique combination
of experienced military officers working
next to experienced academicians within
the Dept. of Defense. This combination
exists nowhere else in the country. Al-
most all operations research organiza-
tions have retired military officers on
their staffs but this, in the opinion of
Defense officials, is a poor substitute for
active military men.
WSEG's position within the Defense
establishment is a valuable asset also.
In conducting a study, the group can call
for — and get — information from any of
the services or any of the Defense agen-
cies. The services, in fact, will give in-
formation to WSEG that they will not
give to one another.
Intellectually, the IDA group — more
specifically the Weapons System Evalu-
ation Division (WSED) of IDA — is an
integral part of WSEG. It is co-located
with the DOD organization and the two
groups work side by side in many in-
stances. Legally, WSED is one division
of the Institute for Defense Analyses.
A lieutenant general heads WSEG
and has three deputies of two-star rank
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
39
— one from each of the three services.
The main reason for this much rank is
to give WSEG a position of strength
from which to deal with the services.
Under each of the deputies are 15
officers of colonel and Navy captain
rank. These officers are assigned to vari-
ous projects, usually two to a project,
and work with the WSED staff.
Army Maj. Gen. John Ruggles is
the acting Director of WSEG. A combat
infantry officer and a former comman-
der of the 1st Infantry Division, he has
served as a Deputy Director for the past
year and typifies the type of officer as-
signed to WSEG.
The WSED contingent is headed by
Dr. Bernard O. Koopman, formerly of
Columbia University. He has a profes-
sional staff of approximately 100. Most
of these are full-time, semi-permanent
staff personnel, but if the organization
needs certain capabilities for a study it
can draw, for a limited period of time,
on high-level scientific personnel from
the 1 1 universities which make up IDA.
• How a study is conducted — Al-
though WSEG is under the surveillance
and direction of the DDR&E chief. Dr.
Harold Brown, its study requirements
can come from DDR&E or the Joint
Chiefs of Staff — or from the Secretary
of Defense himself.
These studies vary in size and re-
quirements, ranging from a rather brief
month-long exercise to a continuing
survey of a particular area, such as the
state-of-the-art in lasers. Generally
speaking, they involve system analyses
and operations research into the merits
of weapons systems or competing weap-
ons with respect to operational use, rela-
tive costs, effectiveness and limitations.
Legally, once a study requirement
has been given to WSEG the Director
must write a Task Order to the President
of IDA, requesting WSED to undertake
the study. The parent corporation in-
structs WSED to conduct the study.
From that point, a project leader from
WSED is designated and assembles his
team, including two military officers
assigned by WSEG.
Once the study has been completed,
a report is written and transmitted to
the Director of WSEG. The report is
clearly labelled as an IDA document
which, due to the close working relation-
ship of WSEG and WSED, is somewhat
of a misnomer.
The Director of WSEG can add his
comments to the report if he feels it
necessary — and this is another source
of irritation. Since there is a constant
cross-feed between WSEG and WSED
during the study, the Director, as a prac-
tical matter, most of the time need only
forward the report to the requesting
agency.
Both the Director of WSEG and the
Director of WSED can conduct studies
on their own initiative — in the case of
the latter it is part of his overhead. But
again, as a practical matter, this pre-
rogative has not been exercised. The
volume of studies which the organiza-
tions are asked to undertake is so large
that priorities often have to be requested
from the originating agency.
One of the main rewards of work-
ing for WSEG /WSED is that the papers,
studies and verbal information the or-
ganization is asked to prepare is trans-
mitted quickly to the top levels of the
Defense establishment — and carries con-
siderable authority.
Quite candidly, however, some of
the officials involved admit that while
the civilian/military group does an ad-
mirable job of collecting the data on
which to make an analysis, it is some-
what weak on the analysis itself. A
very real effort is being made within the
group to strengthen the analysis sec-
tions of the reports.
Regarding acceptance of WSEG re-
ports at the initiating levels of DOD,
officials concede that although the DOD
hierarchy initially was very receptive to
the WSEG work, it has since become
more critical. Part of the reason, they
say, is that more groups within DOD
are doing effectiveness studies.
• WSEG: the genesis — Although
Operations Research was active prior
to World War II, it was not until the
war that it really proved effective.
James Forrestal, the first Secretary of
Defense, found that he was presented
with problems the military wasn't quali-
fied to solve — primarily in the fields of
applying technology to military prob-
lems. To insure a capability for im-
partial evaluation of weapons systems,
he created in December, 1948, the
Weapons System Evaluation Group.
The problem then became one of
how to include the scientific knowledge
required. Civil Service proved inade-
quate to the task. For a time the Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology as-
sumed the responsibility for recruiting
the requisite scientific talent. However,
MIT felt that the task was not one for
a university and, as a consequence, the
Institute for Defense Analyses was es-
tablished by a $500,000 grant from the
Ford Foundation in 1956.
Initially, five universities responded
to the need: California Institute of
Technology, Case Institute of Technol-
ogy, MIT, Stanford and Tulane. Since
then six more universities have joined:
Chicago, Columbia, Michigan, Pennsyl-
vania State, Illinois and Princeton.
The objectives of IDA are three-
fold:
— "To enable and assist the aca-
demic community in placing its re-
sources in relevant, effective and con-
tributory apposition to the government.
— "To build the competence of this
new science of Operations Research by
increasing the numbers of people en-
gaged in it, and by developing the skills
thus exercised.
— "To transmit to the nation gener-
ally, through channels of teaching and
communication, a sharpened apprecia-
tion of the real and present problems
of preserving the national security."
The largest and still the major con-
tract is to provide the technical support
and studies to WSEG. However, since
its founding eight years ago, IDA has
taken on important work for other
branches of the government — although
almost all of it is still related to Defense
problems.
• IDA grown up — The Institute
now has four other divisions: Research
and Engineering support, International
Studies, Jason, and Communications
Research. The incumbent president is
Richard M. Bissell, a former Deputy
Director of the Central Intelligence
Agency.
The Research and Engineering Div.
is under contract to DDR&E for techni-
cal studies of the physical sciences and
engineering of such a depth as to be
unsuited for the WSEG. By design this
group is composed of fairly senior
scientists, who function as "intimate"
consultants to the Director, DDR&E.
The International Studies Group has
done studies for the State Department
and the Arms Control Agency. The only
study that has been identified by name
was one on Southeast Asia for the
State Dept.
The Communications Div. does
classified research in this area for DOD.
It is physically located on the Princeton
campus.
Jason represents one of the most
interesting activities of IDA. This group
was created as a consequence of a belief
on the part of older scientists that the
younger generation was not being ex-
posed to the key unsolved problems of
the nation's defense. Dr. Charles H.
Townes, now Provost of MIT and better
known as inventor of the maser, was the
guiding force behind the establishment
of Jason.
Basically, the group — consisting of
25-30 young scientists — meets for about
six weeks each summer to be exposed
to defense problems. They are accorded
the widest need-to-know and are briefed
by the three services, DDR&E and the
major agencies of the government. After
that they are free to form work teams,
think about these problems and research
them.
IDA has a professional staff of ap-
proximately 225, with 150 supporting
personnel. Its total income from govern-
ment work is at the level of about $10
million per year, with a fee that varies
between 4-5% and averages slightly
above 4% . ■
40
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
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DDR&E/organization
Industry Comment Shows Poor Rapport
Need for directorate is recognized but its effectiveness
is debated; big firms least disturbed by centralization
TO FIND OUT what industry
really thinks of the Office of the Di-
rector of Defense Research and En-
gineering, it is necessary to offer spokes-
men the cloak of anonymity or, so they
claim, risk wrecking their careers or
destroying company profits.
Not everything industry has to say
about DDR&E is derogatory. But some
observers wonder whether the com-
ments taken altogether do not indicate
a lack of trust and understanding, of
freedom of expression and criticism,
between industry and the Dept. of De-
fense.
One industry spokesman noted that
"you don't hit your customer in the
face and then try to sell him some-
thing."
Another said, "this is entirely similar
to the secret ballot, the cloak of anony-
mity that you give to the voter on elec-
tion day, guaranteeing him no reprisals."
There was also the feeling that in-
dustry would be caught in the middle,
regardless of what comment it made.
Praise for DDR&E can get the military
mad at you, and seeming to lean too
much toward the services can incur the
wrath of DDR&E.
• Necessary, but not sacred — In-
dustry says it feels that DDR&E, or
something like it. is a very necessary
creature and that the directorate is sin-
cerely trying to do a good job. But
opinions about how it should operate —
and how it in fact is operating and with
what success — vary considerably, even
among persons who have served both in
DOD/ DDR&E and in industry.
One top industry executive, now a
vice president with a major prime con-
tractor after having served in DDR&E,
believes the directorate "should not un-
couple itself from the difficult task of
translating research and development
into useful products." He feels it is
too much inclined toward establishing
policy and then leaving the "doing" up
to others.
On the other hand, another former
high-ranking Pentagon R&D official
now in a high industry position notes
with satisfaction that there is a "growing
tendency for DDR&E to make decisions
and then leave the 'doing' more in the
hands of the military services and in-
dustry."
Differences in background probably
account for such divergent viewpoints.
The first executive quoted is a civilian
trained as a scientist and engineer; the
second had been a career military of-
ficer.
A fundamental philosophical dif-
ference is involved in these two view-
points, and much of industry's concern
and comment about DDR&E is centered
on this fact. Between the two views is
the feeling that no hard line can be
drawn, that as a general rule DDR&E
must strike a happy medium and play
each situation by ear.
"Obviously, DDR&E cannot get into
the details that the services do", a
spokesman said. "On the other hand,
it must be able to recognize details
which may look trivial, because in the
end some trivial detail that cannot be
solved is the reason some systems can-
not be built."
• Industry beefs — But there re-
mains considerable industry feeling that
there is — or could be in the future — too
much centralization of R&D in DOD,
and that there is not enough military
and industry input in DDR&E decision-
making.
Some of the comment is fairly
caustic.
"Most people are of the opinion
that the civilians in DDR&E handle
their business in a very high-handed
fashion," said an executive of a major
prime. He complained that most of the
DDR&E civilians lack military experi-
ence and fail to use the military experi-
ence available to them in the Pentagon.
He said that while DDR&E tries to ap-
ply logic, the results don't reflect either
logic or reason.
A spokesman for another well-
known company agreed, and added that
he felt DDR&E also was responsible for
some stifling of research through its
emphasis on cost effectiveness. While
granting the importance of economy,
he said its overzealous application
sometimes frustrates research into things
that have no immediately clear objec-
tive or application. Yet, he pointed out,
fundamental research is essential in pro-
ducing feasiblity guidelines and in even-
tually providing criteria for cost effec-
tiveness.
The spokesman conceded, however,
as did other critics, that "they have
managed to shoot down a hell of a lot
of stuff that needed killing."
• Cemetary for ideas? — Another
major contractor declared that although
DDR&E was "created with a good pur-
pose in mind, in practice it has turned
out to be simply another hurdle to get
over when you have a new project —
just another place where things get
studied to death. In a sense, it's just
another way of doing nothing.
"The problem was that you already
had to convince so many people you
were right. Now add to this the
DDR&E, and you have to go through
the same thing again. We don't feel it
is a question of military versus civilians
— it's just that you've got another
hurdle."
The spokesman conceded that
DDR&E performs a valuable function
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
43
in blocking undesirable programs, but
complained that it also prevents useful
programs from getting started.
A marketing manager for another
large firm asserted that DDR&E needs
more military men with actual opera-
tional experience.
"I would throw out all those plan-
ners who have spent the last 20 years
at Wright-Patterson, Langley and else-
where, either in procurement or in R&D,
and bring in people with operational ex-
perience. People who have spent their
entire military careers buying equipment
or R&D know what to do when it
comes to procurement of hardware that
is already established. But when it comes
to using imagination and vision, these
people aren't worth anything."
• Overcentralization charged — On
the subject of centralization, an industry
spokesman drew this analogy:
"In industry we are confronted with
somewhat the same alternatives, whether
to have centralized R&D and then have
new products feed out to our producing
and marketing organizations. Most in-
dustrial organizations will allow R&D
to take place in each one of the oper-
ating elements; very seldom do they try
to centralize all R&D and then just have
satellite production units, particularly
if they are in a broad product area."
He pointed out that industry often
delegates R&D to operating divisions to
take advantage of more ingenuity, more
people and more opportunity for ex-
ploiting developments. "What if a cen-
tralized research agency in DOD did not
come up with an undersea warfare de-
vice? The Navy would be out of busi-
ness. It is better to have R&D centered
at the using agencies."
Others do not agree with this an-
alogy. "The situation with DOD is simi-
lar, but so vastly more complicated by
its size that you cannot make a real
comparison here," a spokesman said.
And, he added, "the fact is that the pro-
cedure in industry varies considerably
among companies."
Also, another pointed out, the tech-
nical risk to a contractor is not as great
as to DOD. "Industry can be victimized
by its own enthusiasm on occasion.
DOD cannot afford that."
Not everyone queried in industry
agreed that control is too centralized,
that it is even being attempted, or that
DDR&E should remove itself from the
picture once policy and broad guidelines
are established.
Spokesmen accuse each other of
lack of understanding of the DOD pic-
ture. Judging from some of the com-
ments made, this would seem to be
true.
Interestingly enough, executives of
some of the larger, more successful
companies seemed less disturbed than
their smaller business brethren.
"There is no question but that
DDR&E is playing a stronger role as
time passes in directing R&D efforts,"
said one director of marketing. "I sus-
pect the ultimate objective is to create
an organization that will run the whole
thing.
"I suspect DDR&E influence is
much stronger than just the coordina-
tion function and it is taking over some
of the prerogatives of the services. But
from the industry point of view, this is
good. Certainly the system under which
we worked previously was easier. But
under the previous system the services
collectively were buying themselves into
pretty serious fiscal problems.
"But the paradox here is that the de-
fense budget hasn't come down as a
result of this great coordination effort
now under way, and it doesn't seem
as if there are a great many more
weapon systems coming out the other
end."
The marketing director of another
large and well-diversified company
thought that DDR&E early in its history
went "a little overboard in controlling
the process of development evolution,
but now this is swinging back to a more
normal relationship in which the opera-
tional representation is better heard."
The director of research engineering
for one of the most successful aero-
space firms in both civilian and military
markets declared that DDR&E has such
a small staff it would be impossible for
it to try to monitor all programs, ". . .
let alone try to run things for the serv-
ices and industry. They can only hit
certain high points, maybe not even all
the big programs once a year, so they
are clearly leaving most of the job to
the services."
• Relaxed view — To some extent,
opinions expressed appear to correlate
directly with the executive's job. At
least some executives who regard them-
selves primarily as salesmen don't find
it difficult to operate on the theory that
the customer is always right — and that
they are going to make a sale come what
may.
Officials of the larger companies ap-
pear to take a broader, cooler view and
complain less about the problem of
understanding the customer.
A marketing director in a corpora-
tion that in one recent year ranked first
in defense sales declared there was no
problem in maintaining good relation-
ships with the customer and understand-
ing his wants. "They tell you how to
run your business and if you take the
trouble to understand that, then I don't
see how you can have anything but a
good relationship. When the DOD
budget was presented to Congress, Sec-
retary McNamara and Dr. Harold
Brown made the most complete state-
ment of management policy that I have
seen anywhere — and they operate in ac-
cordance with it."
To others it is not quite so clear.
"There is feeling in some places that
DDR&E is trying to run the services'
business for them," a marketing director
said.
Still another marketing director, in
a West Coast aerospace giant, said he
could list half a dozen things wrong
with DDR&E operation "but I can't
think of anything so horrible that I
would make it a special item. I can't
offhand think of any improvements that
would make it work a lot better than it
is."
A research and engineering execu-
tive of another corporation that has
ranked first in sales praised DDR&E
as a technical group "that is trying to
do a job that is extremely difficult. It is
trying to approach the problem on a
rational basis, to do the best job that it
can with a tremendous technical man-
agement situation."
• "Rules are different" — An official
holding a similar position in another
big firm criticized those who blame
DDR&E for program cuts. "The only
real question in many minds about these
decisions is why it took DOD so long
to act. I don't think people who under-
stand the problem can find any surprise
in these decisions.
"When the military services ask for
more money than the White House is
about to grant, somebody must decide
where to cut. I'm not sure but what the
services wouldn't make the same cuts
if they were handed the job themselves.
Somebody has to make peace between
competing agencies, and whoever gets
that job is going to be the whipping
boy on occasion."
A vice president-development plan-
ning said DDR&E was brought into
existence "simply because it's a matter
of working under different ground rules
in peacetime than you do in war. In]
war, there is no time to worry about
cost. But in peacetime, rules are dif-
ferent. President Eisenhower laid down
a fundamental change in national de-
fense policy in saying he wanted a strong
military in-being force at all times, and!
at the same time wanted an expanding
peacetime economy. This policy has!
not been changed.
"Before that, in a relative time of
peace, we could just cut back our de-
fense establishment to the bone, but]
Eisenhower recognized that we could not
afford to do so. Since that time the cost
of both development and procurement
of weapon systems and their mainte-
nance has become one of the key factors
in deciding what weapons to go after.
We had never faced this before. Now!
the Secretary of Defense has to have an
organization to help him make these
major decisions." ■
44
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
Need 1/8 second
response?
Need adjustable range
adjustable zero?
That's all the space you need to
install flush model Esterline Angus
inkless or ink-type Event Record-
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Data can be recorded on charts
moving as fast as 6" per second or
as slow as H" per hour. Any num-
ber of instruments can be remotely
switched from low to high speed.
And 14 immediately adjustable
chart feeds can be selected.
With both flush and portable
models, you get 20 channels of
continuous records, instead of hard -
to-interpret "skip" writing of other
event recorders. You get full M " pen
deflection when an event occurs.
Write for catalogs which describe
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Only the Esterline Angus Speed-
servo has it. Eight times faster
than most, the Speedservo records
4 cycle per second signals without
significant attenuation, and hand-
les virtually all signals, even those
of one millivolt level.
Its unique shuttle servo motor
has no drive cords to break or
gears to wear. One-piece construc-
tion of drive coil, pen assembly and
sliding contact provides low iner-
tia and accompanying high re-
sponse speed.
The Speedservo's feedback po-
tentiometer has virtually un-
limited life.
The Speedservo is available in
the illustrated portable, sloped
writing surface model or in a flush
model with 8" x 8" case front.
Write for Series "S" catalog.
You get both with wide chart
Esterline Angus servo recorders.
You can adjust range from as low
as 1 millivolt, with zero adjust sev-
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This is only one example of the
versatility built into all Esterline
Angus Series "E" recorders.
Two-channel Overlapping and
Two-channel, Two-zone Recorders
can write two records such as tem-
perature and humidity on one wide
chart. We also have a Single-chan-
nel Servo Recorder.
Series "E" instruments can re-
cord pressure, flow, pH, conductiv-
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millivolts, milliamperes and speed
ratio. They also find extensive use
in gas chromotography.
Write for Series "E" catalog.
Esterline Angus Instrument Company, Inc., Box 596MAR, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206
ESTERLINE ANGUS
Excellence in instrumentation for over 60 years
Circle No. 25 on Subscriber Service Card
WORLD'S MOST ADVANCED VHF/UHF RECEIVER
IS IN ITS THIRD PRODUCTION RUN
Theoretical science and practical application are
often years apart in space technology. In part, it's
why space exploration is so expensive. So when a
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run as off-the-shelf hardware, all of us benefit.
After 50 years of constant inspection of the prob-
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the 1037A solid . fate/nuvistorized telemetry receiver
that makes it possible to track to below the horizon.
It is completely modular so that any new tracking job
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VITRO CORPORATION OF AMERICA • 261 MADISON AVENUE •
Circle No. 26 on Subscriber Service Card
DDR&E/organization
Services' Relationship with
Directorate Is Improving Steadily
Military praises growing competence, but still sees weaknesses
in operational aspects; misunderstanding at field level is problem
HARMONY, at least on the surface,
marks the relations of the military serv-
ices with DDR&E. In fact, all three
services were anxious to assure Missiles
and Rockets that understanding and
cooperation are increasing. This is un-
disputably the case.
High-level officials in DDR&E, how-
ever, evaluate the situation somewhat
differently. They candidly admit that
the battle is not won. They say that the
Air Force, which has borne the brunt
of the clashes with DDR&E, has real-
ized the change in environment and is
"coming around." The Navy is just
beginning to feel the full impact of
DDR&E requirements and one Defense
official expresses himself as "sanguine"
about the result. Finally, the Army has
been enjoying a "honeymoon" during
the buildup of its capabilities for limited
war; as soon as the Procurement for
Equipment and Missiles account begins
to drop, however, the Army can expect
to go through an adjustment phase.
The military feel that the compe-
tence of DDR&E has improved im-
measurably in the past several years.
"They have gotten rid of a lot of people
and brought in management people
with engineering experience," in the
opinion of one officer, who adds that this
has increased DDR&E's competence
"dramatically." The main problem, in
the military view, is that although
DDR&E understands the technical prob-
lems well, it is still weak in dealing with
operational considerations.
"They haven't looked at the opera-
tional aspects as much as they have the
technical and cost considerations," in
the opinion of one officer; as a conse-
quence, he complained, they do not at-
tach enough weight to the flexibility of
a weapons system. Given flexibility, he
said, a system designed to accomplish
one mission may be called on to perform
many on the battlefield. Use of the B-29
as a close-support aircraft in Korea was
a graphic illustration of this.
Cost/ Effectiveness also ignores oper-
ational restraints imposed on the em-
ployment of a weapon. In the Korean
action, for instance, weapons were used
in a way that was very carefully re-
strained and considerably less than opti-
mum.
To cope with this problem, one of
the services has adopted the policy of
assigning only its best officers — techni-
cally trained but with a wide back-
ground of operational experience — to
DDR&E. This serves two purposes: first,
to educate DDR&E about the opera-
tional aspects of a proposed weapon;
second, to provide a sympathetic re-
sponse to that services' proposals from
someone who understands both the need
and the problem.
All three of the services consider
their working relationships with DDR&E
to be excellent, but they admit that this
realization has not trickled down to field
installations. In fact, it would appear
that DDR&E is being blamed for many
actions actually taken by military staffs.
One military chief of R&D points
out that his staff sends back more pro-
posals to field centers than does DDR&E.
He is trying to educate field installations
to the new environment through a semi-
annual orientation of officers in his serv-
ice.
• New set of tactics — The services
are still willing to fight a major battle
for "essential military requirements."
But they have made two major changes
in tactics. First, much more thorough
preparation for battle is made; judg-
ments which in the past were considered
intuitive are now quantified; studies,
analyses and tradeoff studies are pre-
pared; and an evaluation is made that
the operational system can no longer do
the job and the proposed replacement
represents a quantum improvement in
capability.
Second, use of what might be called
"guerrilla warfare" in the press has been
eschewed to a large degree and replaced
by more eloquent appeals to the Penta-
gon hierarchy and Congress.
By and large, however, the services
realize that new systems are extremely
expensive and that DDR&E is under
considerable pressure to keep R&D ex-
penditures down.
To illustrate the high cost of mod-
ern weapons systems, the B-52 force
represents a $20-billion investment —
not a small factor in any consideration
to scrap this force in favor of a new
bomber — and the ballistic missile invest-
ment over the FY '62-65 period has
been $30 billion.
A partial list of systems under de-
velopment which, if approved for de-
ployment, might involve R&D and in-
vestment costs of over $1 billion in-
cludes:
Communication Satellite System
Advanced Manned Bomber
Improved Manned Interceptor
Sea Surveillance System
Advanced Sea-based Deterrent Sys-
tem
Low-Altitude Supersonic Vehicle
Manned Orbiting Laboratory
Titan III
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
47
Satellite Inspection and Intercept
System
Advanced ICBM system
Mobile Medium Range Ballistic Mis-
sile
Nike-X System
Nuclear- Powered Surface Ships (de-
stroyer class)
TFX
Long-Range Cargo Aircraft (10,000-
mi. range)
Close-Support Fighter Aircraft Sys-
tem
New Aircraft Tactical Missile Sys-
tem
Early Warning Satellite System
Implementation of Army Air As-
sault Division Concept.
The very length of this list pre-
cludes development of all of these sys-
tems. Very careful choices — promising
the maximum return on investment —
must be made. Added to this are pres-
sures resulting from other Govern-
mental requirements and the increasing
belief that the Soviets must be countered
on the lower spectrum of warfare. This
is the environment within which not
only the services but also DDR&E must
function.
• Making choices — The realization
that choices can indeed be made among
all the "good" technical ideas is just
now dawning within the military serv-
ices. As one senior officer put it, "We
are now a decade into the 'technological
knee' and maybe that is long enough to
be able to take a look at our accomplish-
ments. We are beginning to realize that
choices can be made, that we can say
'yea' or 'nay' just as our grandfathers
could."
He concedes that the techniques for
making these choices are only now
evolving, and he credits DDR&E with
taking the leadership in learning how
to make these choices and with assisting
the services in this process.
Another service representative at-
tributes the power of DDR&E to an
abrogation by the services of their re-
sponsibility to make the difficult choices.
The services are not accustomed to tak-
ing a long look at their weapons systems
in relation to other weapons systems,
he declares, so that when the time comes
to choose between competing develop-
ments the decision is passed upstairs.
DDR&E, he emphasizes, is not reluctant
to choose. Under these circumstances he
sees little justification for the military
to complain.
Now the services are learning that
the place to make these decisions is
within the service — before they get to
DDR&E. Also, a new phenomenon is
evolving within the Pentagon: coopera-
tion rather than competition for the
R&D dollar. The three services are now
making initial attempts to mesh their
R&D efforts, wherever possible, in order
collectively to get as much as possible
out of the RDT&E budget. Interest on
the part of two or more services in the
same program gives it just that much
better chance of surviving the civilian
axe. "We are making some headway,"
one R&D chief notes.
• Selling weapon variety — One of
the clearest examples of the differing
approaches of DDR&E and the military
services involves the determination of
how many weapons are required to
perform a given mission. This is most
apparent in the case of setting the
proper mix of strategic forces.
DDR&E's approach to this problem
is that once the proper level of strategic-
forces mix is reached, increases in that
level do not add anything to the military
posture and, beyond a certain point, will
evoke no corresponding response from
the Soviets. Consequently, they argue,
such adjustments are not worth the cost.
The military attitude toward the
same problem is that the greater the
number and variety of weapons against
which an enemy has to defend, the less
likely he is to be able to counter all of
them effectively. They also contend that
if the enemy should neutralize a primary
weapon, a secondary weapon may then
become the margin of superiority.
Thus, the choice of approaches is
between Scylla and Charybdis, and is
unlikely ever to be completely resolved.
Another example of differing phi-
losophy involves basing concepts. A pri-
mary military concern is the vulner-
ability of weapons systems. In order to
reduce this vulnerability, alternate bas-
ing— such as mobile launchers (rail-
road, ship or vehicular), hardened and
dispersed sites and "dormant" weapons
— is highly attractive.
However, the high cost of this, and
its relatively minor addition to overall
force effectiveness, tends to cause
DDR&E to disparage the alternate-bas-
ing concept. In fact, the directorate does
not consider it a valid reason for a
weapon system development.
• Services, Industry, DDR&E —
Part of the misunderstanding about the
DDR&E-military relationship is a direct
result of the misunderstanding in in-
dustry of the role of the civilian group.
At least two of the services feel that
industry's misconceptions have fostered
the idea of conflict between the two
levels of DOD.
Industry, they say, does not know
where to sell — whether it should con-
centrate on DDR&E or the military
services, and this confusion has created
a great deal of waste motion. Further,
difficulty is fostered, they contend, by
"industry concern over empty plants."
DDR&E, all three services point out,
is not in the operator role. After ap-
proval of the services' funding and
plans, each service determines who gets
a particular contract and how the money
is spent. Therefore, the place to really
sell to DOD is still in the bureaus, divi-
sions and commands of the individual
services.
For the company that wants to pre-
sent its ideas to the Pentagon, military
officers recommend use of the "shotgun
approach" — presenting the proposal to
both DDR&E and the service involved.
In many cases, they point out, a com-
pany will find that, if it goes to the
service, the interested party in DDR&E
may sit in on the presentation. Con-
versely, if they approach one of the
Deputy Directors, they are likely to
find interested people from the service
attending their briefing. There is very
close communication on matters like
this between DDR&E and the services.
At DDR&E level, officials stress that
they don't think that they "can tell the
services to do something and get the
proper response." Furthermore, unless
the idea is extremely important — and
there are not more than two or three of
these out of 300 a year — the Defense
officials won't even try. In the case of
these two or three ideas, however,
DDR&E has no compunction about;tell-
ing the services to act.
There is a feeling within the serv-
ices that, as the Defense budget starts
to contract, industry will have to rely
more and more on DDR&E for long-
range guidance in weapons develop-
ment.
• Future problems — As the systems
under development prior to the advent
of the present DDR&E staff come to
fruition or are cancelled, there are likely
to be fewer and fewer "grand debates"
such as those over the RS-70 and Sky-
bolt. These arguments are apt to shift
to the directions which research and ex-
ploratory development are taking — a
much harder subject to debate than a
piece of hardware.
A future area of controversy prob-
ably will be DDR&E's examination of
the methods by which the military serv-
ices specify requirements. There is a
belief in the civilian staff that the mili-
tary specify too great a range of condi-
tions which a system has to meet — from
Arctic snow to jungle fungi. Perhaps a
degree of area specialization in weapons
is possible; it is being explored.
These conflicts are likely to be
intramural, however. The overall feeling
is that DDR&E is objective, honest and
reasonable. The schism that existed be-
tween DDR&E and the services under
Dr. York has been healed, and an ef-
fective and informal rapport has been
established. This feeling was summed up
by a military officer in this way: "We
don't always agree, but we can defi-
nitely sit down with these people and
thresh the problem out. And both sides
benefit." ■
18
Circle No. 27 on Subscriber Service Card
the anatonv
xploration into Ex-Cell-O's world of fast,
precise and unusual machining and fabricating capabilities.
■ Accurate, economical prototype and volume production
of nozzle components and assemblies for solid and liquid
fueled rockets is made possible by such advanced
equipment as electrochemical and electrical discharge
machines and numerically-controlled, three-dimensional
contouring machines. ■ Working with zirconium, tungsten
carbide, tungsten-moly, pure molybdenum, molded
graphite, udimets, plastics, steels and other materials,
Ex-Cell-0 turns ideas into reality. ■ CaJI your local problem-
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FLIGHTS SPACE DIVISION
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Assemblers and inspectors work on rocket propulsion sys-
tems in clean rooms where the highest standards of environ-
mental control and cleanliness are provided to meet the
exacting tolerances necessary for precision space components.
Bell's main plant encloses nearly 2,000,000 sq. ft. of floor
space. It is situated on a 116 acre plot adjacent to the
Niagara Falls Municipal Airport with its jet-length run-
ways. The Wheatfield plant consolidates in one facility the
capability to handle job shop work or large production runs
with complete laboratory support for maximum efficiency.
Agena rocket engines, in production
at Bell since 1958, have put more
scientific payload into space than all
other rocket engines combined while
achieving a demonstrated reliability
record of 99.2 percent.
Bell Salutes
USAF Ballistic Missile
& Space Program
One of several electronics and electro-mechanical equipment
test and assembly areas at Wheatfield where Bell recently
constructed a new clean room that more than doubles its
Class 4 facilities. In addition, an avionics production facility
in Cleveland, Ohio and an electronics laboratory in Tucson,
Arizona round out Bell's avionics production capability.
New hydraulic presses, such as this one with heated platen,
for forming metals such as titanium and magnesium, keep
Bell production methods up to date . . . production costs
down. Virtually all types of conventional and exotic metals
can be fabricated including high-temperature steels, zir-
conium, Inconel, Monel, Stellites, and molybdenum.
One of many data acquisition points which are tied into
the large general purpose IBM 7090 computer in Bell's
32,000 sq. ft. Electronic Data Center. This digital and analog
computer network is an important PERT and Value Analy-
sis tool and is used in support of all phases of management,
research, planning and production.
Numerical or tape-controlled automatic machinery like this
newly-installed Milwaukee-Matic "Machine Center" speeds
production by combining milling, boring, counterboring,
countersinking, drilling, reaming, and tapping operations
in one machine. Use of multi-purpose machines reduces the
number needed resulting in production efficiency.
Top level and supervisory manufacturing staffs at Bell
average 20 years experience with know-how of the very
latest management-production methods. A typical program-
management team (left to right) includes the Directors of
Manufacturing . . . Quality . . . Reliability and Value Engi-
neering . . . Chief Aerospace Engineer . . . Supervisor, PERT
(standing) and Assistant Manufacturing Director.
Helicopter cabins and tail booms in an assembly area . . .
a sub-contract that illustrates Bell's sheetmetal fabrica-
tion capability. In other areas, cargo compartment doors,
engine cowlings and cargo floors for military aircraft are
also in production. Recently negotiated three-year con-
tracts with all major unions provide a high degree of labor
cost predictability.
MEN AND MACHINES TO MEET A MIGHTY CHALLENGE — Bell's outstanding production capability
and record rests in large part on its highly experienced team of professional management men and its equally
highly qualified manufacturing work force. More than half of Bell's production employees have over twenty years
of industry experience. This highly-trained, versatile and stable production force — coupled with . : pool of
skilled manpower in the area — provides depth in all technical skills enabling Bell to handle a wid ' of major
production programs . . . with maximum competence ... at minimum cost.
BELL AEROSYSTEMS compa
DIVISION OF BELL AEROSPACE CORPORATION-A teXtrpnl COMPANY
P. O. Box 1, Buffalo, N. Y. 14240
VTOL AIRCRAFT* ROCKET ENGINES* AIR CUSHION VEHICLES. INERTIAL 6UIDANCE SYSTEMS' AUTOMATIC (AIRCRAFT) LANDING SYSTEMS ■ DRONE AND SECURE COMMAND CONTROL
SYSTEMS • AVIONICS AND AEROSPACE R&D AND COMPONENTS
THIS MACHINE IS IMPORTANT TO SYSTEMS MEN
WHO "COULDN'T CARE LESS" ABOUT HARDWARE
If you've always preferred to leave the hardware design to
others, the story behind the 7300 ADX system should be that
much more meaningful to you.
More than a half dozen of these systems have already been
installed, including a major complex accepted by NASA in
September 1963, at tfie Marshall Space Flight Center. In addi-
tion to switching huge amounts of data between the many
computers within the Huntsville operation, this ADX system
will eventually handle the switching of traffic to and from NASA
installations at Cape Kennedy and others in a number of states.
Even more significant, the first 7300 Automatic Data Exchange
System was installed in the American Embassy in Paris, back
in September, 1962!
All this is simply to demonstrate that ITT systems men were
far out ahead of their colleagues in other companies during
1960 and '61, when we were first hatching the ADX system
idea. Today, our systems people (hardware and software) are
still at least that far ahead of the field. Probably farther.
When you're ready to explore the opportunity side of DISD,
you'll discover a great deal more than the ADX system and
the high future potential for these commercial equipments . . .
and, for that matter, more than its big "cousin" SACCS 465-L,
also conceived, developed and designed here.
You'll find an organization totally devoted to computer tech-
nology—with hardware/software individuals and teams apply-
ing computers to systems which communicate and manipulate
data in real-time ... for the military commander, the industrial
decision-maker, an airline reservations manager, or for a
global space-flight range. And more.
Your confidential resume will receive the prompt attention of
our technical management. Please address Mr. E. A. Smith,
Manager of Employment, Div. 77-WU, ITT Data and Informa-
tion Systems Division, Route 17 & Garden State Parkway,
Paramus, New Jersey. (An Equal Opportunity Employer.)
DATA AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
Polaris sub Sam Houston returns to Holy Loch from patrol.
DDR&E part II
PROGRAMS
DDR&E/programs
New Tactical Missile Contracts
Expected To Yield Billions for Industry
Attainment of planned strategic force levels triggering trend
toward improving U.S. capability to conduct conventional war
A HOST OF NEW tactical missile
systems now nearing development is
expected to mushroom into new indus-
trial contracts worth billions of dollars.
Most imminent is a new advanced
naval surface-to-air missile which will
reach the program-definition phase late
this year. Total cost of its R&D alone is
estimated at about $400 million.
Other new systems, under study by
DDR&E and the related military serv-
ices, which may move into development
in a period ranging from a few months
to years include:
— Two interim air-defense systems
for the field Army. One is needed in the
immediate future to replace antiaircraft
weapons. The other will be designed
for deloyment in the late 1960's or early
1970's. It will be a less expensive and
complex version of the AADS-70 mis-
sile system.
— The Advanced Asroc antisubma-
rine missile, with extended range capa-
bility and new guidance systems.
— A Subroc-hke missile capable of
carrying a conventional warhead.
— A homing antitank missile, which
DDR&E believes will require a real
technological breakthrough.
— A new air-to-surface missile which
can be fired against submerged subma-
rines. Conversely, the Navy is also
studying a requirement for a missile to
protect submarines from attacking heli-
copters.
— A surface-to-surface missile, pro-
posed by the Navy Department, which
could be fired from ships as well as by
marines in the field.
— A new air-to-air missile system for
use by the Air Force on the TFX air-
plane.
— Missiles for Army helicopters —
new requirements are probable over the
next two years.
The list of proposed tactical missile
systems makes it clear that activity in
this area offers the missile/ space in-
dustry its biggest potential market for
JOHN L. McLUCAS, Deputy Director,
Tactical Warfare Programs.
new business over the next few years.
The upsurge in the program is not
a sudden development. In the 1960-61
period, as the U.S. strategic missile
force buildup began leveling off,
DDR&E officials realized that this
country must develop its conventional
war capability.
In 1962 and 1963, a list of neglected
areas in tactical attack and defense was
drawn up. It is still being used by the
Pentagon in its development of new
missile systems.
Following are some of the more im-
portant results of the review of U.S.
tactical warfare capability.
• Naval surface-to-air missiles —
There are two new developments in the
Navy Dept.'s effort to defend the fleet
from air attack.
In the next couple of months, a de-
cision will be made between the exist-
ing Terrier and Tartar missiles for a
new standardized system which will be-
gin to go into the fleet in Fiscal Year
1966.
Of far greater importance, how-
ever, is the development of an advanced
surface-to-air missile, which will reach
the program-definition phase late this
fall. It's expected that there will be a
go-ahead within 18 months for full de-
velopment of a system that will be
applicable to all parts of the active
fleet.
Eleven firms have been invited to
submit bids by April 15 for study con-
54
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
NAVY'S TARTAR surface-to-air missile. Service will soon decide between it and Terrier as standardized FY '66 fleet weapon.
tracts which will be awarded around
July 15. Four firms will be selected to
make the studies, which will last three
months. It is expected that the number
will be trimmed down to two or three
firms who will carry out the program-
definition, scheduled to begin around
Nov. 15.
Changes in the Navy's surface-to-
air missile systems stem from problems
which developed as the Terrier, Tartar
and Talos missiles began to be fitted on
ships in sizeable numbers during the
last couple of years.
The difficulty centered mainly in
the integration of bits and pieces of
components procured from many dif-
ferent sources. A three-step program
was initiated to bring the air-defense
fleet into reasonable working condi-
tion.
First step calls for getting rid of
defective parts and starting a re-engi-
neering program to improve the system
Standardization of the radar system for
each missile also was included.
Second step will be selection of
either Terrier or Tartar as a standard-
ized missile to go into the fleet begin-
ning in 1965-66.
Third step is to develop a new ad-
vanced surface-to-air missile to replace
the three "T" 's, starting in 1971.
The cancelled Typhon missile origi-
nally was designed to fill the require-
ment, but the Navy found that the sys-
tem was too big to fit some of its ships.
DDR&E believes that no technical
breakthrough is required, because Ty-
phon produced all the basic building
blocks needed. The new missile must
merely be smaller, more reliable and
cheaper.
The 11 firms invited to submit pro-
posals for the study of the Advanced
Surface Missile System (ASMS) — in-
cluding the radar, launcher and the mis-
sile— are Boeing Co., General Electric
Co., Hughes Aircraft Co., IT&T, Philco,
Raytheon, Sperry Rand, Sylvania, RCA,
Westinghouse and North American
Aviation, Inc.
Total R&D cost has been estimated
at $400 million.
• ASW & subs — In this area, the
most imminent new development pro-
gram is the Advanced Asroc antisubma-
rine missile. DDR&E approval is ex-
pected in the next few months and FY
'65 funds may be used to initiate its
development.
Primary objecive of the new mis-
sile would be to increase its range over
the Asroc missile currently operational
on Navy ships. The longer range is re-
quired by the new longer-range sonars
under development. The advanced mis-
sile would be an almost entirely new
bird, with new motors and a new guid-
ance system.
One alternative to the Advanced
Asroc is the use of helicopters to de-
fend ships against enemy submarines.
DDR&E officials believe, however, that
helicopters will not be able to match
the performance of the new missile
and also will not have the needed all-
weather capability.
Two other new Navy ASW and one
submarine-based missile system are be-
ing studied.
The first is a Subroc-like vehicle that
would carry a conventional warhead.
The key problem for the missile is the
fire-control system needed to place it
within lethal area of the target.
If the program is approved, officials
report, the current Subroc missile would
have to be extensively redesigned.
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
55
It is emphasized that the program
still is in the study phase at the Navy
Dept. and has not yet been proposed to
DDR&E.
Another program under serious
study is an air-to-surface missile which
would be fired from Navy patrol planes
against enemy submarines.
A decision on development of this
system will be made in about one year.
The Navy currently is studying ex-
isting weapons, including the Martin
Marietta Bullpup, to determine if they
can fulfill the requirement. Officials re-
port that preliminary studies have not
been encouraging.
Although some officials predict that
a new missile will have to be developed,
the Navy also is considering an un-
named foreign missile to which a U.S.
firm has license rights.
The air-to-submarine missile pre-
sents an unique problem in its sensor,
which must be used against a submerg-
ing or partially submerged submarine.
It also presents nose design problems
because it has to penetrate the water
interface.
The third new system under study
by the Navy would give submarines
the power to counterattack against at-
tacking helicopters. The project is still
very indefinite and the Navy is now at-
tempting to determine its priority.
One concept under consideration
would modify the Sidewinder missile so
that it could be launched from beneath
the ocean's surface.
• Navy surface-to-surface missile
— The Navy and the Marine Corps have
been pushing for this new missile for
several years. It would be used against
ships and shore targets.
Thus far each Navy proposal has
been rejected by DDR&E and sent back
for further analysis. The system, how-
ever, is currently a line item in the
FY'66 budget being prepared by DOD.
The Lance — the Army's multipur-
pose, surface-to-surface, 3-30-mi. -range
missile — has been suggested, but it
probably wouldn't fill the bill in its
present configuration. Launching from
shipboard provides additional stabiliza-
tion problems which the Lance system
may not be able to handle. Another
constraint against using Lance is that
the Navy wants the surface-to-surface
missile to be compatible with existing
shipboard launch systems.
Informed sources report that for the
past two years the Navy has fought
for development of an entirely new mis-
sile called Taurus to do the job.
• Troop defense — Air defense of
the field army is one of the major de-
ficiencies facing U.S. tactical warfare
planners. Such systems also illustrate
what some DDR&E officials consider
the biggest management and technical
weakness of DOD and industrial offi-
cials.
As a result, two interim defense
systems are now under intensive study.
A decision on one of the systems will
be made in a few months. The other has
a longer leadtime and will not have to be
operational until the 1970's.
• Short-range — The short-range air
defense problem results from the early
deactivation of conventional antiair-
craft guns and what is called a mismatch
between the statement of requirements
for a system, its cost and the state of
the art.
Tactical warfare planners now feel
that they may have gotten rid of con-
ventional antiaircraft guns too soon.
Two defensive systems currently un-
der development — Redeye and Mauler
— will not be ready as soon as expected.
The operational target date is now 1966
for Redeye and 1968 or later for
Mauler.
A new system is needed right now.
A decision on which way to go — a new
missile or new antiaircraft guns — will
be made in the next few months.
It appears that a missile system will
be selected, although advanced West
German and British antiaircraft weap-
ons are being studied.
One likely possibility to fill the re-
quirement is the adaptation of the Side-
winder air-to-air missile. The modifica-
tion would be relatively simple, perhaps
involving only emplacing the Sidewinder
system on a mobile mount.
Mauler is cited as an example of
how the statement of requirements for
a missile system can exceed the state of
the art, thus causing schedule and de-
velopment delays.
DDR&E officials believe that too
much was asked for when the Mauler
specifications were written in 1961; as
a result, it has run into technical prob-
lems and its deployment has been
delayed.
"We felt that Mauler had to meet all
contingencies. This required a fancy
and high-powered radar," one official
said.
He added that while there will be a
Mauler later in this decade, it won't
have the capability originally planned
for it.
• Long-range — Air defense of the
field army also has a long-range prob-
lem.
DDR&E officials are expected to
drop major development of the AADS-
70 field army ballistic missile defense
system as it was initially planned.
They believe that it will be impossi-
ble to build the system in large quanti-
ties at a low cost. Total pricetag for
the system is $2 to $3 billion, and the
current feeling is that U.S. defense can't
afford it.
The Army is doing technical trade-
off studies to devise a substitute, which,
while not as complex, will still meet
military requirements. The report is due
about April 1.
AADS-70 was designed to replace
the Hercules and Hawk missiles, as well
as to supplement Mauler in a complete
air-defense system. The current Hawk
and Hercules modification program is
a dead-end, and a new system will be
needed for use in the 1970's.
• Antitank missile — The one area
where both Army and DDR&E officials
are seeking a breakthrough is in a new
homing antitank missile.
Officials are not satisfied with the
current crop of such weapons. The
Entac missile is a purely optical one —
in which the gunner sights down on the
target similar to using a rifle. As a re-
sult, he is exposed to counterfire.
The next generation — Shillelagh and
TOW missiles — use an infared guidance
system.
The infrared system also has the
drawback of being susceptible to coun-
ter-measures. Its guidance accuracy can
be thwarted by direct sunlight, rain and
clouds.
While officials admit that a ground-
fired homing missile has peculiar prob-
lems, they hope to develop a missile
which will home on the center of the
target. This would be most effective
against tanks and dispersal targets.
Among the systems being considered
to solve the problem are acoustical
homing and other radiation systems, in-
cluding ultraviolet.
Potentially, it is believed, radar may
be the real answer. Several techniques
have been demonstrated. Thus far,
radar can track a tank while it is mov-
ing, but as one DDR&E official put it
"when it stops, we're licked."
One solution pondered by DOD of-
ficials is modification of the Army's
Lance for use as a radar-homing anti
tank weapon.
• Army aviation missile require
ments — DDR&E officials report that
there probably will be new requirements
for missiles to arm Army helicopters
One concept under study would be ap
plication of the Shrike antitank missil
for such use. Officials refused to reveal
details of R&D in this area, but did say
it "is something that will develop in th
next couple of years."
• MMRBM— DDR&E is still com
mitted to the Mobile Medium Rang
Ballistic Missile system despite Con
gress's recent $70-million reduction i
the FY'65 MMRBM authorization o
$110 million. DOD hopes to continue
the missile by reprogramming funds
from other projects, but Congress will
have to approve the action. ■
56
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
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Environics, new space age concept from AAF
Environics is American Air Filter Company's total-
system approach to engineered environment for
advanced weapons and command systems. R&D,
production, and installation through a single engi-
neer-management team.
AAF Environics capability has been well demon-
strated on the Minuteman program. A basic concept
of the weapon is instant firing even under extreme
conditions. It required a major new environmental
control system. The AAF Defense Products Group
first fulfilled the R&D contracts on the system, then
followed through with production and with super-
vision of the rugged 18,000-square-mile field installa-
tion at Wing I. On both these big initial assignments
and the Wing II installation, AAF kept on or ahead
of schedule.
The Environics team is now nearing completion
of the R&D contract for the advanced Minuteman
environmental control system. Awarded as a result
of proved performance.
The highly successful Minuteman equipment will
operate for three years without scheduled mainte-
nance. Requirements met include reliability under
severe ambient conditions, high shock resistance,
radio interference suppression, explosion-proof oper-
ation, and CBR filtration.
AAF Environics project teams move quickly to
solve any environmental control problem. Under ai
program manager, a team can include specialists in
reliability and quality assurance, safety and human
engineering, maintainability, and value engineering.
AAF configuration control specialists monitor the
equipment design to comply with space and interface
requirements. All areas of logistics support require-
ments are included in Environics.
The six manufacturing divisions backing up AAF
Environics teams are also known as producers ofi
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An AAF Environics team is ready to meet your
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DDR&E/programs
Defensive Systems Office Advances
Studies of Exotic Weapons Concepts
Mission requires close coordination with Project Defender
personnel, Civil Defense Office; weapons spectrum includes
Nike-X, ground-based non-nuclear antisatellite device
THE OFFICE of Defensive Systems
under the Director of Defense for Re-
search and Engineering is concerned
with some of the most exotic weapons
concepts in the Dept. of Defense. These
concepts are also among the most highly
classified, ranging from a ground-based
non-nuclear anti-satellite weapon to use
of high-power laser light as a defensive
system.
Analysis of the objectives of the
Office of Defensive Systems necessarily
dictates a look at the activities of two
other DOD agencies — DDR&E's own
Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) and the Office of the Assistant
Secretary of Defense for Civil Defense.
The latter is not part of the DDR&E
organization.
The functions of these three offices
meet in the effort to establish an effec-
tive defense against enemy interconti-
nental ballistic missiles and submarine-
launched missiles.
The most viable A-ICBM being
watched by the office of Daniel J. Fink,
DDR&E's assistant director for defen-
sive systems, is the Army's Nike-X sys-
tem.
Fink's office is organized in relation
to the threats posed to the U.S. by a
potential enemy, ranging from those car-
ried by air-breathing vehicles (manned
bombers) to space-borne threats. The
Defensive Systems Office is staffed by
one representative each from the Army
and Air Force, plus two civilians, in
addition to Fink. It is part of DDR&E's
Office of the Deputy Director for Stra-
tegic and Defensive Systems. Fred A.
Payne, Jr., is deputy director.
Nike-X is the terminal interceptor
now under development as the most
feasible advanced system for destroying
incoming warheads after they have re-
entered the atmosphere. A decision to
deploy the system could come no sooner
than this fall, according to DDR&E
spokesmen. By that time, extensive data
will have been gathered from Zeus
tests being conducted at Kwajalein
Atoll in the South Pacific.
Even if the decision to proceed with
development and ultimate deployment is
made, DDR&E officials say an opera-
tional system will be at least 10 years
away. Such a system might consist of
up to 30 batteries of mixed defensive
weapons, with the single-stage, ex-
tremely-high-acceleration Sprint literally
the "ace in the hole."
In testimony before the House
Armed Services Committee, Defense
Secretary Robert S. McNamara esti-
mated that the operational system
might carry a pricetag as high as $16
billion. The first battery, say DDR&E
officials, could be in place four years
after the deployment decision is made.
• Close tie with ARPA — The mis-
sion of Fink's office requires close liai-
son with ARPA, and particularly with
Dr. Samuel J. Rabinowitz, that agency's
director for ballistic missile defense in
Project Defender. The importance at-
tached to Defender can be deduced from
the fact that it represents $128 million
of ARPA's FY '65 budget request of
some $280 million.
Studies conducted in Project De-
fender yielded the data on which the de-
cision was made to proceed with devel-
opment of a terminal A-ICBM system as
the most feasible kind of defense.
These same studies ruled out as
impractical any launch phase or mid-
course interceptor. An example of a
launch-phase A-ICBM system is the
BAMBI (Ballistic Missile Boost Inter-
cept) satellite-based system. ARPA
officials concluded that boost-phase inter-
ception was impractical and too costly
to implement, chiefly because of this
nation's lack of accessibility to Soviet
launch sites.
Project Defender personnel, how-
ever, will continue to look at boost-
phase interceptor possibilities. They
haven't ruled them out as physically im-
possible, but they don't see much likeli-
hood that the lack of accessibility to
launch sites can be overcome. As one
DDR&E officials put it, the Russians
"just won't let you in over there."
Studies in Project Defender will also
continue to pursue programs that might
make mid-course ICBM interception
feasible. The mid-course phase encom-
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
59
passes the time between propulsion
burnout and the vehicle's re-entry. Chief
problem here is discrimination, ARPA
spokesmen say. Heat seeking is ineffec-
tive, and since there is no interaction of
the vehicle with the atmosphere, the de-
fense has no idea of the size and weight
of the incoming object.
• Defender detailed — Defender is
divided into three principal areas of
activity, report ARPA officials: 1) a
measurements program; 2) a technology
program, and 3) systems studies.
The measurements program concen-
trates on the phenomena associated with
1CBM re-entry, yielding information
that is useful to both Fink's Office of
Defensive Systems and to Payne's per-
sonnel concerned with strategic sys-
tems. These data, combined with those
compiled by Defensive Systems' own
measurements program, give Fink's per-
sonnel the tools to discriminate between
decoys and the re-entry vehicle.
The information also helps Payne's
strategic mission by contributing to the
development of better penetration aids
for U.S. ICBM's.
Defender's technology program has
spawned some valuable ideas in the
areas of defensive radars and active de-
fense. For example, the ESAR (Elec-
tronically Steerable Array Radar) be-
gun early in Defender was the first fully
instrumented phased array, according
to ARPA officials.
Now Nike-X is depending on phased
arrays — chiefly the MAR (Multi-func-
tion Array Radar) being developed for
the Army by Sylvania Electric Prod-
ucts, Inc. MAR is scheduled for testing
soon at White Sands Missile Range,
N.M.
In active defense. Defender's tech-
nology program is looking beyond Sprint
to even more advanced interceptors or
"Super Sprints." One of the most im-
portant developments in this area was
ARPA's recent two-year, $6-million
HIBEX award to the Boeing Co.
HIBEX (High-G Boost Experiment) will
study extremely-high-acceleration mis-
siles for A-ICBM use. Though it is not
yet systems-oriented, HIBEX will in-
volve Boeing's building and firing an
undisclosed number of missiles, also at
White Sands.
Hercules Powder Co., as subcon-
tractor to Boeing, will develop the solid
motor for HIBEX. Initially. HIBEX
will determine whether the desired ac-
celeration can be obtained, and if so,
whether the missiles can be controlled
at the speeds anticipated.
• ARPA optical studies — Another
area of exploration in ARPA's technol-
ogy program covers op ical devices in
the infrared-through-uli iviolet spec-
trum. This could conceivably include a
high-power laser research program that
ARPA officials told Missiles and
NIKE-ZEUS, shown here, may give way to
Nike-X, now under development.
Rockets they were pursuing to de-
termine the feasibility of laser use in
missile defense. They would give no
further details on the program.
Another DDR&E official, however,
says that lasers are not yet known to be
useful in missile defense, principally be-
cause they are hampered by inclement
weather or cloud formations. This
would indicate that whatever laser sys-
tems ARPA is considering in a defen-
sive role would be spaceborne.
The systems study portion of Proj-
ect Defender is aimed at developing
"optimum systems to do specific tasks,"
says one ARPA spokesman. One of the
most provocative — but classified —
studies under way in this area is a
ground-based, non-nuclear satellite-kill
device. ARPA officials told M/R only
that such a system is feasible.
Project Defender's systems studies
program must also be concerned with
missile defense concepts that seem
exotic, given the present state of the
art. In this area, ARPA planners are
looking at systems that are fundamen-
tally different from the radar/ intercep-
tor concept. They must first determine
whether such systems are feasible, and
if so, plan the course of further investi-
gation.
• Surveillance in defense — Return-
ing to consideration of the spectrum
of responsibility with which Fink's Of-
fice of Defensive Systems is concerned,
it is useful to focus on the office's sur-
veillance mission.
Existing surveillance, control and
warning systems include SPADATS
(Space Detection and Tracking Sys-
tem) and BMEWS (Ballistic Missile
Early Warning System) — both con-
cerned with ICBM detection — and the
SAGE (Semi-automatic Ground En-
vironment) and BUIC (Back-Up Inter-
ceptor Control) systems.
The latter two are related to the less
potent threat posed by manned bombers
and air-launched standoff missiles, but
must be maintained and refined as long
as an enemy possesses a second-strike
capability.
Imminent introduction of the Ben-
dix-built FPS-85 radar at Eglin AFB,
Fla., will enhance the capabilities of
SPADATS, which DDR&E scientists
think is adequate for the foreseeable
future. They do want further refine-
ments, however, in the form of im-
proved target analysis from the ground.
Information from BMEWS is also
fed into SPADATS, and the potential
foreseen for the classified over-the-
horizon radar program will sharpen
BMEWS. Over-the-horizon radar may
also guard the "back door" left open
by BMEWS, in that it might be able
to detect an attack launched over the
Antarctic — even though this route is
considered by DDR&E planners to be
beyond the Soviet state of the art.
DDR&E officials describe over-the-
horizon radar as a "blunt instrument"
in comparison with BMEWS, but it is
expected to supplement BMEWS with
its ability to detect an ICBM attack
soon after launch — as soon as the iono-
sphere is disturbed. Sylvania and Ray-
theon Co. have study contracts for the
over-the-horizon radar concept.
Another surveillance and control
concept under study in the Office of
Defensive Systems is AWACS (Air-
borne Warning and Control System).
DDR&E has budgeted $9 million fori
systems studies in FY '65. Officials say
the system probably would go aboard
long-endurance aircraft. Chief advant-
age seen for AWACS is the ability of its
radar to operate free from the clutter
that hampers ground-based radars.
60
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
SUBROC: A 1000-G gyro ensures final safety
SUBROC gives its American Gyro
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re-enters the water to destroy its target.
This gyroscope, which disarms the
missile if necessary to protect the
launching submarine, meets some
rough specifications, including:
SHOCK: gyro must remain intact
after re-entry shock of 1000 G (actu-
ally, it's sustained several times
that figure!); gyro must operate
following a 250-G shock.
VIBRATION: Up to 15 G random
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TEMPERATURE: +27° F. to +165°
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Pushing the state of the art, Amer-
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Circle No. 30 on Subscriber Service Card
That's what they asked the Wright Brothers, too. Only
in those days they said, "If man were meant to fly,
God would have given him wings." It amounts to the
same thing. No one guessed that the airplane would
contribute a lot more to our lives than just faster
transportation. That it would spur developments in
every field of science. Many things we take for granted
grew out of the needs of modern flight. Things like
aluminum for bridges, cars and wrapping foil. Better
and smaller radios and TV sets. Energy cells. A lot of
the scientific know-how which made this nation strong
would have been a long time coming, if it hadn't been
for the airplane. At the same time, our understanding
of man's physical capabilities has increased, too —
with a corresponding growth in our understanding of
the human mechanism. So getting to the moon is
GRUMMAN AIRCRAFT ENCI
Bethpage, Long Island, N. Y.
Engineers and Scientists: for professional opporti
more than a matter of national pride. It's a question
of maintaining our world leadership by staying ahead
in technology. Our efforts to land a man on the moon
will result in new discoveries. Just as the airplane
hatched better ways to do things. Scientists call it
technological fallout. That's good fallout. The kind of
fallout that will provide new industries, new jobs and
new ways to make the earth a better place to live.
Grumman is designing and building the Lunar Ex-
cursion Module. We're proud to do our part in help-
ing to land U.S. astronauts on the moon. When they
do land, it will be proof of this nation's continuing
leadership in science and technology. And these de-
velopments will be available to assist our defense ca-
pability. Remember that, the next time somebody
asks if the trip is necessary.
EERING CORPORATION
mities on LEM program, see our ad on page 95
• Active defenses — Turning again
to the active defenses Fink's office has
been watching closely, three as-yet-
untested systems — exclusive of Nikc-X
— are expected to contribute to fulfill-
ing the office's mission. They are
NASA's Gemini, the Air Force's MOL
(Manned Orbiting Laboratory) and the
Army's AADS-70 (Army Air Defense
System, 1970).
DDR&E officials look to Gemini and
MOL technology to enable them to
cope with spaceborne threats, even
though they don't consider such threats
to be immediate. These systems could
supplant the SAINT (Satellite Inspec-
tor) as an orbiting inspector and/ o:
interceptor.
AADS-70 is in the feasibility-study
stage. Radio Corp. of America, Hughes
Aircraft Co. and Raytheon have study
contracts for the weapon, each totaling
about $700,000.
DDR&E planners told M/R they
are seeking versatility in the system.
They want it to be able to operate
against both aircraft and short-range
missiles — including sub-launched mis-
siles— over a wide altitude range. They
expect it to be useful as a field army
weapon and also effective in a conti-
nental missile defense system.
• Typical Nike-X site — In the latter
role. AADS-70 might fit into the ulti-
mately deployed Nike-X complex. De-
fensive Systems specialists draw this pic-
ture of a typical Nike-X "missile farm":
The MAR radar, plus target-tracking
radars; AADS-70. if such a system is
procured: Nike-Zeus and possibly the
Nike-Hercules; and finally the Sprint.
The missiles would be in silos.
DDR&E spokesmen express almost
absolute confidence in the silo system.
They say it would be virtually impossible
for an enemy to destroy more than one
silo per attack. In other words, the
enemy would have to score a direct hit
to render a silo-protected missile in-
operative. It would be extremely diffi-
cult to damage a silo just five miles away
from the blast area, they say. This holds
true for strategic as well as defensive
missiles.
DDR&E strategic and defensive
planners are also optimistic that Nike-
X, if deployed, will be able to cope with
sub-launched missiles. The short flight
time of a sub-launched missile in
relation to an 1CBM is not expected
to present problems because Sprint's
planned acceleration could overcome
the handicap of short warning time.
Nevertheless, since a complete, 30-
site Nike-X system is some 10 years
away, DOD efforts to defend against
sub-launched missiles have been chan-
nelled into improved submarine detec-
tion, tracking and destruction before
missiles can be launched.
Two Navy programs — Trident and
MULTI-FUNCTION Array Radar appears in artist's conception. MAR, an advanced
phased array, is being developed for the Army by Sylvania as part of the Nike-X complex.
Artemis — attack the submarine-detec-
tion problem. The latter has been de-
scribed by Secretary McNamara as "a
large-scale experimental effort in the
long-range active detection of enemy
submarines . . . directed at extending
our basic knowledge of sonar tech-
niques. . . ."
In addition, according to McNa-
mara, selected air defense radars on the
East, West and Gulf Coasts have been
modified to give some capability against
sub-launched missiles.
Assuming success in the Trident and
Artemis studies, plus the additional de-
tection capability offered by modified
air-defense radars and successful Nike-
X development. McNamara concluded
his House Armed Services Committee
testimony regarding ICBM's and sub-
launched missiles by saying "The Nike-
X system, if we decide to deploy it,
would then provide the primary capa-
bility against submarine-launched mis-
siles."'
Nobody at DDR&E is recommend-
ing anything beyond Nike-X as a main-
stay defense against ICBM attack.
• Civil defense considerations — But
McNamara said in a recent press con-
ference that he would not recommend
deployment of Nike-X until the U.S.
had an adequate number of fallout
shelters. This is why discussion of anti-
missile defense involves the office of
Steuart Pittman, Assistant Secretary of
Defense for Civil Defense.
Because of the nature of the Sprint
concept, protection from fallout is criti-
cal before the system can be used.
Martin Co. is prime contractor for the
weapon. Hercules Powder Co., and
Lockheed Propulsion Co. are propul-
sion contractors, and Western Electric
Co. is responsible for guidance.
Sprint would engage enemy ICBM's
at relatively low altitudes — less than
150.000 ft., according to DDR&E of-
ficials— to allow the atmosphere to
strip away decoys and to permit identi-
fication of the re-entry vehicle by de-
fensive radar. This means a successful
intercept would cause considerable fall-
out, possibly killing countless unpro-
tected persons even though the re-entry
vehicle hadn't penetrated the defense.
McNamara's posture statement be-
fore the House Armed Services Com-
mittee envisioned 240 million fallout
shelter spaces by 1970 to protect the
entire U.S. population at home and at
work. His FY '65 budget requested
SI 90,600,000 for significant advances in
the shelter program. The entire "survival
package" eventually would cost between
$3 and $4 billion, 'say DDR&E officials.
The FY '65 funding was approved
by the House Armed Services Commit-
tee, voted by the House, then side-
tracked by a Senate Armed Services sub-
committee chaired by Sen. Henry M.
Jackson (D-Wash.). The subcommittee
shelved any FY '65 progress in a fall-
out shelter program by deferring fund-
ing— probably until next year. The ac-
tion could delay a DOD decision to
deploy Nike-X, since McNamara wants
a going shelter program first. ■
Circle No. 31 on Subscriber Service Card
63
Of course we
manufacture
computers,
but our business
is defense
data systems.
We actually manufacture computers and related peripheral
equipment. Yet the computer— the best computer— doesn't of
itself constitute a defense data system. Our interest in defense
systems extends far beyond computers and related hardware.
Our job begins at the beginning and ends only at the end . . .
when the whole system — not just our computer— is doing
precisely what it's designed to do.
Many of our people work exclusively with the latest
developments in radar, missiles, weapons, displays, communi-
cations, etc. Everything, in fact, that is part of an information
processing system.
Uniting all elements of the system is important. Ad-
vance programming techniques allow for flexibility, adapta-
UNIVAC DIVISION OF SPERRY RAND CORPORATION
bility, and expandability. That's why, since 1946, people
responsible for national defense have come to UN1VAC for
solutions to data systems problems.
This problem-oriented philosophy is largely respon-
sible for such significant UNIVAC-developed command and
space systems as the NTDS (Naval Tactical Data System),
the Airborne ASW Computer System, the ATHENA Guid-
ance Computer, the Nike Zeus Target Intercept Computer
System, AMRfAtlantic Missile Range RealTime DataHandling
Systems), and many more. While it's true we design and pro-
duce computers, where defense is concerned, our business
spans entire systems. Data systems created to answer specific
advance defense problems. |\| | ^X^^S^ ^2<5>
THE FIRST COMPUTER
Circle No. 32 on Subscriber Service Card
DDR&E/programs
I Strategic Office
| Stresses Product
Refinement Moves
Completely new weapons won't be needed
even if Soviets develop 'effective' ABM
PRODUCT IMPROVEMENT—
rather than development of completely
new systems — is the outlook for Stra-
tegic Retaliatory Forces during the fore-
seeable future.
Major new systems requiring the
development of a complete new weapon
will not be required even if the Soviets
deploy an "effective" anti-missile de-
fense, DDR&E officials strongly empha-
size. They are not willing, however, to
concede that the Soviets will, or can,
deploy an anti-missile system which
would be truly effective against the U.S.
retaliatory force.
With $500 million still to be spent
on development of Minuteman through
Fiscal Year 1969, DDR&E officials
point out that "as far as a weapons sys-
tem is concerned, we are still in the
middle of Minuteman. We haven't really
started development testing and opera-
tional testing of Wing VI (Minuteman
II). "With that much money and work
still to be performed, one DDR&E offi-
cial candidly admits that "it is hard to
get excited" about the lack of a replace-
ment system for Minuteman or Polaris.
Both the Navy and the Air Force
have limited funds ($5-15 million) for
studies and some component develop-
ment for advanced ICBM's — or, in
Navy parlance. Advanced Sea-based
Deterrent Systems. However, neither
service is likely to get permission to start
full-scale development of any such sys-
tem as long as the present power struc-
ture exists in the Pentagon.
The only real need in the Strategic
Retaliatory area, according to one
DDR&E official, is for a "long-range,
multipurpose, multicrewed, ZI (Zone of
the Interior) — based aircraft." How-
ever, another offi-
cial disputes this.
"The Advanced
Manned Penetra-
tion System
(AMPS) which
the Air Force
proposes as a one-
for-one replace-
ment for the B-52
would be nothing
more than a gi-
gantic TFX," he declares. He adds that
it would, like any aircraft, be con-
strained to "going to one place,"
whereas a missile can be retargeted.
• Soviet ABM, so what? — DDR&E
officials feel that a Soviet antiballistic
missile, if deployed now, probably would
not be as sophisticated as the Army's
Nike-Zeus. Present penetration aids can
defeat Zeus, therefore a Soviet ABM of
this type would not be a major threat.
If, however, the Soviets deployed
an "effective" ABM system — and no-
body wants to define what would con-
stitute such a system — both of the major
U.S. deterrent systems, Minuteman and
Polaris, have sufficient growth potential
to allow the U.S. to defeat the ABM
without an entirely new missile system.
Studies conducted by the Dept. of
Defense have clearly illustrated that
penetrability is directly related to pay-
load weight. Consequently, in the Soviet
ABM situation, DOD would definitely
be interested in heavier-payload missiles.
These would carry advanced penetration
aids — perhaps in combination with mul-
tiple warheads.
These heavier payloads would be
achieved by increasing the diameter of
both Minuteman and Polaris. Secretary
TYPICAL OF ABRES program is the study of radar cross-section
characteristics, and ways to reduce them. Scale model of a re-
entry vehicle is shown in Douglas Aircraft Co.'s anechoic chamber
to determine reflective radar energy from test specimen. Such
programs are aimed at better penetration aids for ICBM's.
McNamara has already expressed in-
terest in the Polaris B3. This missile
would have, in addition to other im-
provements, a diameter increased from
54 to 56-57 in., principally by a reduc-
tion in thickness of the liner in the mis-
sile tube (M/R, Feb. 24, p. 16; M/R,
Jan. 13, p. 18).
The Air Force has also conducted
studies which reveal that larger-diameter
missiles could be retrofitted into Minute-
man silos. These missiles, which would
rely on the technology of the Titan III
120-in. solids, would increase the pay-
load capability of the Advanced Minute-
man "by at least four times."
"There is not much incentive to do
this now," a DDR&E official says, "and
the major incentive would be related to
the Soviet's active defense."
Meanwhile, two important product-
improvement decisions have already
been made with regard to the Minute-
man II.
— Improvements will be made in the
guidance and control system to signifi-
cantly improve the initial system's ac-
curacy. This program will be carried
out over the next several years.
— An improved re-entry vehicle en-
abling the Minuteman to penetrate any
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
65
forseeable defense will be introduced
into the program within several years.
The re-entry vehicle is the Mark XII
under development by Avco.
With the FY '66 budget, the Minute-
man retrofit program will begin and
continue over the next five years. Min-
uteman II missiles will be back-fitted
into the first five wings, and the entire
Minuteman system will be modernized.
• Another road, more accuracy —
Accuracy of both Minuteman and Po-
laris has been improving steadily. In
fact, one DDR&E official terms the ac-
curacy improvements "phenomenal."
Even further improvements are possible
in the present guidance and control sys-
tems without developing an entire new
system.
Future guidance schemes are under
consideration, however, and develop-
ment of components is being funded.
These developments fall into four major
areas:
— Inertial guidance during boost;
— Inertial all the way;
— Inertial and terminal guidance;
and,
— Inertial and radio vernier.
A great deal of interest and empha-
sis is being placed on the inertial-with-
terminal-correction capability. The main
problem with the maneuvering re-entry
vehicle, however, is that the guidance
components must be able to withstand
the high acceleration forces encountered
in coming back into the atmosphere.
Terminal schemes will have to wait until
the possibilities of improving internal
systems in present systems have been
exhausted.
Basically, the search for higher ac-
curacy is the technical implementation
of Secretary McNamara's "damage-
limiting" strategy. The major goal is
dual: to gain a higher confidence of
destroying military targets of a par-
ticular hardness and, at the same time,
to reduce the yield of the warhead so as
to minimize collateral damage.
• Getting through — One of the big-
gest missile R&D programs is the Ad-
vanced Ballistic Re-entry Systems
(ABRES) program to insure that ballis-
tic missiles will be able to penetrate
whatever defensive systems they en-
counter. Development of re-entry ve-
hicles for operational systems docs not
fall under this program, but rather is
funded under the specific system.
The ABRES program is divided into
three major areas:
— Advanced Re-entry Technology;
— Range, instrumentation and data
processing; and
— Test vehicles and launch support.
A joint Air Force-Navy project of-
fice controls ABRES and cooperates to
the maximum extent with the Army and
ARPA. The high expense of the pro-
gram is made more palatable by the
FRED A. PAYNE, JR., Deputy Director,
Strategic and Defensive Systems.
MINUTEMAN ICBM blasts off from Cape.
fact that results of the tests feed directly
into both the Nike-X and Defender pro-
grams as much as into the strategic mis-
sile areas.
A great deal of progress has been
made during the past three years, partic-
ularly in improving knowledge of the
physical effects resulting from a warhead
re-entering the atmosphere and of the
methods with which to simulate these
effects. In fact, DDR&E officials note
that penetration-aid packages are be-
coming available now — an extremely
short gestation period for a program of
this magnitude.
A national program, ABRES de-
pends to a large degree on system
analysis in which different penetration
systems are continuously analyzed and
wargamed against various kinds of de-
fenses. Use is also made of foreign
technology as an indication of possible
approaches in the next 10-15 years.
Possible penetration techniques un-
der development include reducing the
vehicle's cross section so that it becomes
"invisible" to the enemy's sensors whe-
ther they be radar, infrared or optical.
The next area of interest is the active
devices — such as chaff or electronic
countermeasures packages — which ob-
scure the re-entry vehicle. Decoys
which have the same reflective charac-
teristics as the re-entry vehicle can also
be used. However, once the re-entry
vehicle penetrates the atmosphere these
decoys are quickly separated from the
warhead, thus relieving the discrimina-
tion problem.
Two final areas of interest are: 1)
hardening of warheads so that they can
withstand the defensive weapon effects
and 2) using multiple warheads to sat-
urate the defenses so that the enemy
cannot react fast enough to destroy all
the re-entry vehicles.
Terminal guidance would increase
penetrability considerably by increasing
the threat tube — the theoretical volume
within which a re-entry vehicle must ap-
proach in order to destroy a target —
by targeting the re-entry body to fall
short of the target, and then through a
terminal maneuver pulling it up and
into the target. This is a further dividend
— quite apart from increased accuracy
— accruing from maneuvering re-entry
bodies.
One of the major programs aimed at
bettering knowledge of re-entry phe-
nomena and applying this knowledge to
improved re-entry vehicles is the Athena
program being conducted by the Air
Force from Green River, Utah. The
program, involving more than 70 flight
vehicles, started last month, but imme-
diately ran into trouble when the first
vehicle was brought down within 20
miles of Durango, Colo. (M/R, Feb. 17,
p. 10).
Fired into White Sands Missile
66
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
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Circle No. 49 on Subscriber Service Card
Range at a controlled re-entry velocity,
angle and altitude, the package can be
monitored by the range's ground-based
and airborne instrumentation. One of
the purposes of the Athena program is
to develop scaling laws for ICBM re-
entry vehicles which will allow data
from tests of models to be extrapolated
to the full-scale vehicle without actually
having to build and flight-test the bigger
model.
Pre-launch survivability plus the
ability to ride out a missile attack and
still retaliate is a continuing effort under
the various ballistic missile programs.
• Command and control — This
topic, an integral and important part of
the strategic retaliatory forces, still
causes concern within DDR&E, al-
though important advances have been
made (see story on pp. 79-84). The area
of main concern is the need for, and
extent of, a post-attack command and
control system.
Two of the major improvements be-
ing made in command and control of the
strategic retaliatory forces are the inte-
gration of Minuteman I and // into a
single system and the new fire control
system being introduced into Polaris
submarines.
Minuteman effectiveness will be
stepped up through the internetting of
the / and // missile communications
system — thus enhancing the targeting
flexibility of the entire force. The Polaris
fire control system will also improve
the targeting capabilities of each sub-
marine. Minuteman flexibility will give
it a greater choice in the selection of pre-
assigned targets, as well as the capability
of being launched on command from
an airborne command post.
• Reliability and dependability — A
major portion of the Polaris and Min-
uteman forces — 10% in the next 18
months and a similar percentage over
the next five years — will be expended
to insure operational dependability of
the strategic retaliatory force. (M/R,
Mar. 16, p. 11).
Dependability is a broader term than
just reliability. It includes reliability (in-
cidence of mechanical malfunction), as
well as readiness, survivability and pen-
etration. Operational readiness tests with
both Minuteman I and Polaris sub-
marines on patrol have established that
a very high percentage of the missiles
were ready to launch at all times. By
contrast, it is estimated that slightly
more than 50% of the B-52 force can
be maintained on 1 5-minute ground
alert at any one time.
The hardened and dispersed ICBM
force and the submerged Polaris subs
would present the enemy with much
more difficult targets than aircraft. A
single ICBM impacting on a Strategic
Air Command base would be sufficient
to destroy all the aircraft caught on the
ground. Some undoubtedly would sur-
vive, but how many is difficult to pre-
dict. This is reflected in the widely vary-
ing survivability rate applied to the
bomber force vis-a-vis Minuteman.
The third factor — the ability to pen-
etrate— is not a big question mark when
applied to strategic missiles but does pre-
sent a wide range of uncertainty for
manned aircraft. The Soviets have de-
veloped and deployed extensively air
defenses in depth around their major
target complexes.
As Secretary McNamara puts it, "As
a result of our penetration aids and nu-
merical superiority, we can be sure that
once our missiles are launched and on
their way they would destroy their tar-
gets. There is greater uncertainty about
the proportion of the bombers that will
get through because of the extensive
Soviet air defenses. We believe that the
proportion will be high, but there is a
substantial range between the optimistic
and pessimistic figures."
Mechanical reliability is being
insured through extremely tight com-
ponent specifications. The Minuteman
reliability program has achieved, at
considerable expense, components with
the highest design reliability. The sever-
est qualification test program has also
contributed to this reliability program.
With more than a year of opera-
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Circle No. 33 on Subscriber Service Card
tional experience, over 23 billion opera-
tional component-hours have been
amassed on the electronic parts in the
Minuteman missile and ground-control
environment. So successful has been this
program that DOD has undertaken a
program to make technical data on relia-
bility tests of components available to
industry and the rest of DOD through
the Interservice Data Exchange Pro-
gram (IDEP).
So important is reliability that it is
a major consideration in proposed
changes to the retaliatory systems. "Our
experience has clearly shown that we
should initiate new long-range missiles
or major changes in existing ones with
extreme care," Director of Defense Re-
search and Engineering Dr. Harold
Brown told Congress recently. "Expen-
sive qualification test programs are
needed for new systems, and any
changes unless carefully controlled can
delay assurance of systems reliability.
The corresponding improvement in ca-
pability represented by such changes
must therefore be quite large in order
to offset the interim degradation and
justify the special qualification tests."
• Strategic force levels — By June of
this year, strategic missiles will reach
parity with manned aircraft. From then
on the emphasis will definitely have
shifted. The B-52 force will be continued
over the projected five-year period,
1965-69, at 630 aircraft. All but 200 of
the B-47's will be phased out by the end
of Fiscal '65 and the remainder will be
gone by the close of the following year,
with the possible exception of some re-
connaissance aircraft. The latter will
depend on the RC-135 operational
schedule.
The B-58 force will continue through
the period, with reductions in aircraft
through attrition. There are some 98
B-58's in the operational inventory.
Hound Dog, primary armament for the
B-52, will also be continued throughout
the five-year period.
The strategic missile force, which
tripled in FY'63 and will double again
this year, will increase more slowly dur-
ing the Fiscal '65-69 time period. Only
50 new silos will be added to the Min-
uteman force, bringing it to a total of
1,000 missiles with an eventual total
planned force of 1 ,200. This amounts to
50 new silos a year over FY '66-69.
Most of the new Minuteman II silos will
be co-located with the first five Minute-
man I wings; only the first MM II wing
will be separately sited.
DOD has decided on a faster rate of
retrofit of Minuteman I with Minuteman
II rather than a faster build-up of the
advanced model with slower retrofit.
The first Atlas missiles (all the D
models and some E versions) will be
retired from the inventory in Fiscal '65.
Some 27 weapons will be scrapped, and
the rest of the Atlas force and the Titan
I's will follow during succeeding fiscal
years. No plans for phasing-out Titan
II's have been announced, but it is likely
that these 54 missiles also will leave the
arsenal during the projected period.
The entire 41 -boat Polaris submarine
program was funded with Fiscal 1964
money and no additions to that force are
planned. The Navy has launched 19 sub-
marines; 1 1 of these are on station.
Present plans are to outfit boats 6
through 18 with Polaris A2 missiles
and 19 through 41, as well as one
through five, with the longer-range A3
when it becomes operational in August.
The entire Polaris force will become
deployable by the end of Fiscal 1967.
Replacement of the A2 with the A3
will not be necessary for a number of
years, according to Secretary McNa-
mara. Part of this postponement results
from DOD interest in the B3 program,
but budgetary factors apparently are
responsible for most of the delay. The
Secretary estimates that some $425 mil-
lion can be saved by postponing the A2
retrofit program.
Finally, three Regulus submarines
will be phased out of the inventory dur-
ing FY '65. These subs carried eight
missiles. Two other Regulus subs will be
continued in the inventory for another
year, with nine missiles aboard. B
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69
■ Teenagers twist. So does the Saturn. The latest Big Twist
of the SA-5 was made possible by Sperry Farragut's unique
four gimbal stable platform. This permitted rotation of
NASA's giant Saturn SA-5 a few seconds after lift-off and
before it tilted into its flight trajectory.
Azimuth positioning was accomplished by use of the
fourth gimbal. It brought the million-pound booster frame
into correct position with respect to the guidance system
which was already aligned with the desired flight path.
Guidance and control tailored to the task is what we
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Circle No. 50 on Subscriber Service Card
DDR&Eyprograms
Military Space Planners
Insist MOL Program Not a Race
Unmanned missions to get emphasis in next two years; 1975
established as target for operational manned capability
THE U.S. MILITARY space pro-
gram, while preparing to meet the pos-
sibility of a manned operational capabil-
ity by 1975, will continue to emphasize
unmanned missions for the next two
years.
At the same time, DDR&E officials
do not expect any large rise in military
space funding over the Fiscal Year 1965
level of $1.5 billion. In fact, they do not
foresee funds reaching $2 billion per
year in the future.
This assessment of the effort will
hold true, the officials contend, even if
the Air Force's Manned Orbiting Lab-
oratory (MOL) program is given the
development go-ahead later this year.
While many high Air Force officials
voice misgivings about making changes
in MOL. DDR&E declared that the de-
cision has been made that there will be
a program.
"We realize that there has been ap-
prehension among some people. It stems
from the fact that after the program
was announced in December, 1963, we
didn't race off to start development,"
the official said.
Instead, a six-to-nine-month study
effort was ordered to determine what
the MOL program would enable man to
perform in terms of military missions.
• Not a race — In defense of their
action, DDR&E officials declare that the
MOL program is not a race. "It is an
experimental program and we need to
take the time to insure that it is well
planned before we commit ourselves to
a lot of hardware." they said.
MOL will not mean a sharp rise in
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
the DOD space budget, according to
the same officials.
They point out that funding for the
Titan III booster has reached its peak
in FY '64 and will now begin to taper
off. At the same time, money earmarked
in earlier planning for the cancelled
Dyna-Soar program will be switched to
the MOL effort.
Most importantly, one of the guide-
lines laid down by DDR&E for the
MOL program is that it should not re-
quire the development of a lot of new
subsystems.
Officials refuse to say when contrac-
tors may be selected for the MOL de-
velopment program — or even if it will
have a program definition phase. Also
unknown at this point is whether a
prime integration contractor will be
required.
All these things, DDR&E reports,
will be decided by the Air Force after
the current study period. One thing is
certain — no contractor action, even pro-
gram definition, is expected until late
this year or early next year. This is also
certain to force some slippage into the
late 1967-early 1968 launch dates an-
nounced for MOL. The first launch now
may not be made until a year or more
later.
The lack of decisions or any sort of
an official timetable for the program
adds to the pessimism felt by some Air
Force officers and other U.S. space ex-
perts as to whether MOL will ever move
to the development stage.
• Pre-emption? — A recent move by
the joint NASA DOD Aeronautics Co-
DR. ALBERT C. HALL. DDR&E Special
Assistant for Space Programs.
ordinating Board is adding to the
shadows surrounding the project. A sub-
panel was set up to determine the
optimum configuration for what is
called the National Space Station Pro-
gram. Their report is expected before
the end of the year.
It is just possible that they may rec-
ommend a space station which conceiv-
ably could fulfill DOD's MOL require-
ments as well as serve as a building
block to a larger station sometime in
the future. Such a recommendation
could mean the end of the MOL project.
• Other interests — MOL. however,
is not the only new development proj-
71
1NTEGRA TE-TRANSFER-LA UNCH (ITL) complex is a key part of the A ir Force Titan
III. ITL at Cape Kennedy will, for the first time, permit complete assembly and checkout
of a space booster, payload, associated ground equipment and launcher in a controlled,
factory-like environment. Titan III-C is seen here.
NASA Joins in Space Station Report
DDR&E and NASA are prepar-
ing reports that will recommend the
best approach for a national space
power project and a national space
station program.
The two agencies — through the
joint Aeronautics and Astronautics
Coordinating Board (AACB) — are
also preparing a study of just what
range and tracking equipment has
been developed and how the two
agencies' systems can be made more
compatible.
The AABC is co-chaired by Dr.
Harold Brown, Director of DDR&E.
and Dr. Robert C. Seamans, NASA
Associate Administrator.
The study of the best configur-
ation for a National Space Station is
perhaps the more important current
task. A special sub-panel of the
Manned Space Flight Panel has been
established to do the job.
Expectation among board mem-
bers is that the report will be com-
pleted in the last half of the year.
The sub-panel is also charged
with coordinating space station study
contracts of both NASA and DOD.
It will also be responsible for opti-
mizing use of existing hardware in
the space stations as well as recom-
mending the agency to direct the
project.
The supporting research and
technology panel is also engaged in
an important study of the various
space powerplants being developed,
including fuel cells, batteries, solar
cells and the various nuclear power
systems.
The group will compile informa-
tion on all existing programs and
compare it with requirements of
known and projected space missions.
If they find that the space power pro-
gram is not in step with the require-
ments of the U.S. space program,
they will recommend changes.
The sub-panel's report is due by
the middle of June. It is headed by
Walter Scott of NASA and Air Force
Lt. Co. Lew Allen.
The board is also now engaged in
attempting to increase joint use of
NASA and DOD tracking facilities.
Details of the report are still being
worked out.
ect looming on DDR&E's horizon.
Other projects currently being given
serious study include:
— A new high-energy upper-stage
program will move to the preliminary
engineering design stage in FY '65.
DDR&E officials believe that the stage
will be required for the Titan III. Fluor-
ine as well as storable hydrozene oxygen
is being studied. A decision whether to
initiate development will be made in
about one year. Since NASA is also
studying possible development of such
a stage, a joint agency decision as to
who will direct the program must be
reached before a start can be made.
— If a manned military space opera-
tional capability is part of the U.S. de-
fense posture in 1975, DDR&E believes
a winged logistics and re-entry vehicle
will be required. With seven years' lead-
time needed to develop the vehicle, a
start would have to be made in the
1966-67 period.
— A prime contractor will be se-
lected before the middle of next year to
develop a Standardized Space Guidance
System under a contract with a poten-
tial worth of many millions of dollars.
Four contractors were selected on Jan.
29 for a four-month Phase IA, which is
the preprogram definition of the system
which it is hoped will fill all DOD guid-
ance requirements through 1970. Phase
IB calls for two contractors to perform
a feasibility demonstration. Phase II
will be the selection of one contractor
to develop a flight system starting in
the middle of next year.
— DDR&E will continue with the
156-in.-dia. solid motor program. At
this point, there is no military require-
ment for the large solid and DDR&E
is not considering any military applica-
tion for it.
— Research will continue into a
high-pressure liquid engine with a thrust
greater than NASA's 1.5 million-lb. -
thrust M-l engine. DDR&E, however,
does not see any military requirement
at the present time for a liquid engine of
that size.
— A start on a medium-altitude com-
munications satellite for DOD is being
delayed until it can be determined
whether an agreement can be reached
with the Communications Satellite Corp.
to fill DOD requirements. An interim
decision is expected between April 15
and 30. Six more months of negotia-
tions are expected before a final deci-
sion will be made.
• Prime decision — The principal
task facing DDR&E in the next couple
of years will be to determine whether a
manned military operational capability
must become part of the U.S. defense
establishment.
In order to make the determination, i
DDR&E last year announced the initi-
ation of the MOL program to serve as I
72
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
Big Job at Lycoming : Space Tankage
Big job at Lycoming is the fabrication
and testing of "space tankage."
We've produced rocket cases for
some of the biggest space and missile
programs going. And some that are
about to go.
Like second-stage Minuteman solid
rocket chambers and closure
assemblies. As well as larger second-
stage cases for the advanced Minute-
man. And second-stage Polaris
chambers. And solid fuel rocket
motor cases for the acceleration
rocket of the X20 Dyna-Soar. And
spherical cases for the Surveyor
lunar craft.
Nothing really new for Lycoming.
We've had 55 years of precision
manufacturing experience to draw
from. And we've produced and
successfully hydrotested hundreds
of homogeneous rocket chambers-
utilizing our highly specialized
equipment and unique capabilities
in hydrospinning, 3D milling, and
welding with closed-circuit TV.
Utilizing also our experience in the
processing of such difficult metals as
A286, titanium alloys, cobalt, super-
alloys, and stainless steels. Experience.
Facilities. Capabilities. Lycoming
offers them all to industry for fabrica-
tion and testing of space tankage.
Lycoming
^fcW Division — Avco Corporation
Stratford, Conn.
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a test facility to study just what military
tasks man could perform in space.
The guideline set for MOL by
DDR&E was that it must be an orbital
test facility for two or more crew mem-
bers, providing life support in a shirt-
sleeve environment, tests of approxi-
mately 30-days duration, and capacity
adequate for simultaneous operation of
multiple mission equipment.
The equipment also has to be ac-
cessible, so that man can adjust, cali-
brate and, in some cases, repair them.
It must also be accessible in the sense
that a man may move from one sys-
tem to another to utilize or operate
them — for example, checking an IR
presentation with an optical viewer.
Another requirement is the capa-
bility to select alternate mission modes,
so that the astronauts can select the
combinations of sensors and other
systems calculated best-suited for what-
ever task he is engaged in. Finally, the
in-space test facility has to be designed,
from the outset, to stress man's active
participation at all times as a key ele-
ment in a man-machine loop perform-
ing in-space data collection, processing,
evaluation, filtering and disposition.
• Major goals — The five basic ob-
jectives of the MOL are:
— It has to provide a minimum es-
sential in-space test facility at an early
date.
— The functions to be performed
should provide a measure of man's use-
fulness and be preceded by aircraft and
ground simulation tests.
— Requirements are to be met
wherever practicable with equipment
currently under development, and the
approach selected has to show minimal
developmental and operational risks.
— It has to have a reasonable, at-
tainable program schedule and a com-
mensurate fiscal commitment.
—Finally, DDR&E feels that any
approach selected should provide a basis
for orderly growth — if future needs
develop and man's utility is demon-
strated.
• First outlines — MOL's current
configuration calls for a modified
Gemini capsule coupled to a pressurized
laboratory cylinder of approximately
1 ,500 cu. ft. of volume configured as
an orbiting laboratory, to be launced
integrally on a Titan III-C. Astronauts
will be seated in the Gemini capsule
during a launch and will move into the
laboratory after injection into orbit.
After completion of their tasks in
space, the astronauts will re-enter the
Gemini capsule, detach and de-orbit,
leaving the laboratory cylinder in orbit.
The Gemini capsule is being devel-
oped by NASA for support of the lu-
nar program and will be modified no
more than is necessary to meet the
MOL Tracking Requirements Awaited
DDR&E expects to complete its
first estimate of the Manned Orbiting
Laboratory (MOL) program tracking
requirements in about six weeks.
At this point, officials told Mis-
siles and Rockets, no determina-
tion has been made as to how much,
if any, new equipment will be re-
quired.
One difficulty is that equipment
being developed for NASA's Gemini
and Apollo manned space flight pro-
grams is not compatible with Air
Force systems. While nothing has
been said officially, the impression
left by officials is that the Air Force
would like to use equipment that can
transmit to their stations.
DDR&E scientists are also mak-
ing an assessment of the number of
tracking stations really required by
the military's space and missile de-
velopment programs.
Deadline for completion of the
study is Apr. 1, 1964. The first esti-
mate is that some of the tracking
stations in the Pacific will be closed
down. One report indicates the cut-
back in sites may include some Air
Force managed stations in the Ha-
waiian Islands.
DDR&E's tracking office is also
continuing its studies of long-term
technical problems that they feel
must be solved.
One is the ability to measure
space vehicle position velocity, which
has not kept pace with requirements
over the past five or six years. A
brute force approach is presently be-
ing used to solve the problem through
a broad range of studies. The need
is particularly acute for programs in-
volving vehicles that are required to
maneuver after second or third-stage
burning.
Current equipment does not make
accurate enough measurements.
Another major problem is the in-
ability to make accurate re-entry
measurements for ballistic missiles.
Officials report that many missile pro-
grams are well along in the develop-
ment cycle before engineers working
on them have the benefit of good re-
entry data.
Two trends already noted by
DDR&E include the use of satellites
to relay tracking data in the mid-
1970's and the use of more "off-
shore" computers to reduce the
amount of data coming back to
stations.
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
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Examine this copy of THE WEEKLY OF
SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING. You
will quickly see why M/R is relied upon by
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these
missile engineers
already know
the value of
missiles and rockets
"I want to keep up with the industry
in which 1 am engaged. This publi-
cation contains information that 1
do not get elsewhere."
Analytical Engineer,
Rocket Equipment
"I like the magazine. It is different,
it covers everything in as few
words as possible."
Engineer, R&D, Missiles,
Radar Communication
"It keeps me up to date on new
developments. All the information
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information."
Project Manager,
Consulting Engineers
MOL needs. While not required in the
early stages of the program, rendezvous
provisions will be designed into the
MOL so that the laboratory can later
be resupplied and reused if justified by
progress made in defining man's mili-
tary role in space.
• Future trends and objectives —
DDR&E continues to explore possible
requirements for new space systems in
a variety of areas. These include ballis-
tic missile early warning, in-space in-
spection, identification and classification
of satellites, ballistic missile defense
and antisubmarine warfare.
In all these areas, however,
DDR&E still is trying to determine if
space systems are feasible or whether
the requirements can be better fulfilled
by ground-based systems.
The long-term objectives of the
U.S. military space program now in-
clude :
— A trend toward use of well-tested,
"standardized" subsystems for all oper-
ational spacecraft — designed to provide
lifetimes and coverage which properly
balance delivery costs and replacement
with advanced versions, and packaged
to fit the capacity of an accepted family
of launch vehicles.
— Implementation of an orderly
series of steps to minimize the number
of DOD launch vehicles employed and
avoid the reliability problem inherent
in proliferation.
— A careful evaluation of military
man's potential for performing missions
in space, and the laying of the ground-
work to move effectively in any area
where promise is indicated and require-
ments justify it.
— Research and development by
means of unmanned vehicles in support-
ing maneuverable re-entry vehicles.
— Maintenance of a strong and vital
supporting research and technology
effort. It is likely that this effort will re-
main at about FY 1964 and 1965 fund-
ing levels through 1970. Basic objectives
will include the following:
Satellite lifetimes of greater than one
year for payloads containing more than
10,000 active components and capable
of performing complex functions.
Proven techniques for long-term
satellite stabilization (gravity-gradient
or other) at low, medium and syn-
chronous altitudes.
Long-duration electric power sup-
plies, radioisotope or solar, at power
levels 1 to 15 kw.
Proven capabilities for each launch
vehicle to be reflected in launch success
ratios greater than 0.85.
Progress toward recoverable boost-
ers to reduce launch costs.
Development of maneuvering up-
per-stage capabilities.
An across-the-board improvement
in sensor capabilities. ■
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COMBAT OPERATIONS CENTER at NORAD, North Ameri- clearing house for all U.S. early warning information in the event
can Air Defense headquarters, Colorado Springs, Colo., is chief of an aircraft or missile attack. Center will soon go underground.
DDR &Iy programs
Command & Control Reorientation
To Handle Flexible Response Policy
Systems must be versatile enough to cope with situations
short of massive retaliation; war-gaming tests adequacy
THE MAJOR REORIENTATION
of U.S. command and control (C&C)
systems to better serve the needs of
military commanders under a national
policy of controlled flexible response is
now unofficially in its second year.
While virtually everyone concerned
with this sector of the nation's defense
structure agrees that improvements
have been wrought, it is also widely
acknowledged that it is a difficult kind
of success to measure.
The heavy emphasis on C&C is
eating up large chunks of Defense
Dept. dollars. (The office of the Direc-
tor of Defense Research and Engineer-
ing requested $141.2 million in FY '65,
up from $70.2 million in FY '62).
This, combined with the fact that it can
no longer be assessed by weapons sys-
tem yardsticks as it was in the past,
adds up to "some current uncertainty
as to just what we're accomplishing,"
as one top C&C advisor puts it.
At the root of both the improve-
ments to C&C systems and thinking, and
the cause of the uncertainty, is the
realization within the past few years
that the hardware development aspect
of C&C had far out-stripped the atten-
tion paid to the so-called "software"
aspects (M/R, Dec. 3, 1962, p. 16).
This became even more critical
when viewed in the light of the new
demands of flexible response in com-
parison to the earlier massive retalia-
tion philosophy. While one cannot func-
tion without the other, it is the soft-
ware which seeks to define not only the
programs, but the basic command
functions of any C&C system and its
real ability to aid the commander.
Where C&C in its earlier stages
tended to be viewed and developed as
specific systems with associated de-
finable hardware, it is now viewed far
more as a broad evolutionary manage-
ment function dealing in the first place
with the less tangible elements of com-
mand definition and management struc-
ture in the control of forces.
While cost-effectiveness could be
applied to some of the earlier package-
type C&C systems, such as the Strategic
Air Command's 465L system, to get a
measure of value just as with a weapon
system, the technique will not work with
new C&C concepts, say DDR&E scien-
tists, except for perhaps certain portions
of the system such as survivable corn-
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
79
inunications nets. What has replaced
cost-effectiveness as the test-bed for
C&C is the scenario or war gaming ap-
proach.
Underlying all of the newness now
attached to software and progress as-
sessment is the basic fact that this
country does not have any really hard
experience as to the demands that will
be placed on C&C systems and on the
top command levels in the event of, or
threat of, a major war.
• Cuban crisis test — The one ex-
ception has been the lesson of Cuba
and the October, 1962, missile crisis.
U.S. C&C planners admit they learned
a great deal then. Though they learned
about the problems of space (or lack
of it in U.S. command posts for per-
sons whom they now know should have
been there but whose offices had been
previously set up elsewhere), they also
learned "a lot about people's reactions."
This type of input is invaluable,
planners stress, since "it is very hard to
wargame the seat of government."
While the U.S. ability to posture its
forces quickly held up during the Cuban
crisis, the situation itself has fed the
development of "crisis management"
techniques within DDR&E to a point
where it is said to be one of the largest
(not in terms of funding) areas of
study.
It is aimed at improving the na-
tion's ability to use our armed forces
as a major instrument of national policy,
and based in many cases upon the be-
lief that nuclear war is not likely; a
view held by more than one top
DDR&E planner. "What experience has
told us is likely," officials say, "is that
crisis after crisis will be upon us."
Current U.S. C&C activity is being
influenced by three major actions: 1) the
continuing development of the National
Military Command System (NMCS)
as the means to tie the top executive
branch and military levels to the string
of military commands and supporting
agencies; 2) a re-organization within
DDR&E which, in effect, shifted NMCS
from line to staff supervision and also
created a small office for combat C&C
that could ultimately become one of the
largest areas of new development; and
3) a DOD directive issued in October
that put teeth into the proposal that
military commanders up and down the
line be placed in better position to
influence the requirements for improv-
ing current and future systems.
• Improving the existent — The con-
cept behind these actions, all of which
are related, is essentially to draw to-
gether the U.S. C&C effort to provide
the most significant command inputs
at the highest levels of government
while constantly improving the systems
either already in existence or under
development.
There is currently very little inten-
tion of adding new long-range systems.
As one top advisor told Missiles and
Rockets: "We are not now interested
in putting large sums into far-out pro-
grams. We are insisting that people do
their best to improve what we have
now."
DDR&E officers also claim success
in building up the long-sought-after in-
house C&C staffs both within their own
offices, the armed forces' staffs, NMCS
technical support agencies, the Defense
Communications Agency, and the Ad-
vanced Research Projects Agency; in
addition to already established support
within the non-profit Mitre Corp. and
Systems Development Corp. The result.
DDR&E officers say hopefully, will be
"future contracts that are highly de-
DR. JAMES M. BRIDGES, DDR&E Spe-
cial Assistant for Command & Control.
fined and will therefore cost the DOD
less. In the definition process, we are
also likely to involve more firms than
we did earlier."
Basically, the evolutionary ap-
proach to C&C involves both addition
of some new equipments to existing
systems to improve or simplify them,
and the development of new systems in
increments or stages. This gives the
commander the basic tools and then
lets him learn how best he can solve
some of his problems, rather than tak-
ing the old route, which takes a couple
of years before you have something.
Also, one official adds, "we no longer
will use command centers to shake
down new hardware."
• Spreading the work — What all
this means is that the days of the
packaged "L" system — where much of
the lead-taking in concept, program-
ming, and hardware design was often
done outside the DOD — are all but
over. Though this will mean fewer very
large contracts for individual com-
panies in this business, according to
DDR&E officials, it will also mean
much new C&C component hardware
business over the next several years
"with far fewer trenches and prob-
ably a lot more companies involved
than in the past."
Some systems, such as the 43 8L
Strategic Air Command intelligence
system, according to DDR&E officials,
"started out on the old weapons sys-
tem development approach and got
caught and put on an evolutionary
basis." A major new system now under
development, the 492L STRICOM
(Strike Command) started out on the
new philosophy.
Other systems, such as the AF's
48 1L post-attack C&CS has been fully
re-oriented as a result of a hard look
at the total post-attack possibilities and
plausibilities, and is now under study
by about a half-dozen different agencies.
DDR&E has scheduled a classified
(secret) briefing to be held in Washing-
ton June 17 at which time it will de-
scribe the new C&C organization and
objectives to an industry audience ex-
pected to number between 800 and
1,000 top-level executives. DDR&E is
attempting to hold individual organiza-
tion representation to two or three per-
sons per company, at the president, vice-
president, and director of marketing
level.
In October, 1962, a DOD directive
outlined the concept for the World-
Wide Military Command and Control
System that was to tie together the
various service networks already built
up with the new NMCS. Work on
NMCS had been initiated earlier that
year by DOD, with the Defense Com-
munications Agency charged with the
major development responsibility. DCA
later brought in Mitre Corp. for assist-
ance in technical planning and design.
Technical support groups were also
established within DDR&E.
• NMCS defined — According to Dr.
Harold Brown, the NMCS consists of
the facilities, equipment, procedures,
and communications provided specifi-
cally for use by the national command
authorities — which includes the Presi-
dent, Secretary of Defense, Joint Chiefs
of Staff and their authorized successors
and alternates — in providing strategic
direction of the armed forces.
The national complex, in effect, pro-
vides for the strategic direction of op-
erations conducted by the commanders
of the U.S. specified and unified com-
mands and connections with the sub-
commands, service headquarters, and
their supporting agencies and systems.
For FY '65, according to Dr. Brown,
$34 million in R&D funds have been
programmed for NMCS.
"In addition to the activity at the
80
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
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NMCS level," one DDR&E officer re-
ports, "each service has an active proj-
ect to improve its own centers and its
own commands."
NMCS as a physical entity is made
up of four separate command posts,
each of which is staffed and in operation.
The four components include: the
National Military Command Center
(NMCC) — a "soft" facility — currently
the heart of the operation, located on
the first two floors of the Pentagon.
Work on NMCC, formerly the joint
war room, has been under way for
about IV2 years. There is also the
alternative NMCC, a fully hardened site
located outside Washington and staffed
with a joint alternate command element;
plus two other mobile alternate com-
mand posts airborne in KC-135 aircraft
and afloat in USS Northampton-class
vessels.
• Feeder organizations — Where
NMCS is the decision-making spot pro-
viding direction for the unified/ specified
commands, the system is supported at
the highest levels by a string of in-
dividual service command posts, such as
the AF's 473L system, the Dept. of the
Army C&C center, and the Navy's in-
formation center. In addition, two-way
communications are also established be-
tween NMCS and DCA, State Dept.,
CIA, and the Defense Intelligence
Agency (which filters foreign intel-
ligence data before it gets to NMCS).
The unified/ specified command sys-
tems to which NMCS is connected for
direction of strategic attack includes the
SAC 465L net, NORAD's 425L, STRI-
COM's 492L, CinC PAC, CinC LANT,
the Army's EuCom and CinC South,
and AF Alaskan Command.
Below the line of strategic com-
mands comes the vast net of tactical
commands and associated systems in-
cluding the AF's 412L, the Navy and
Marine Tactical Data Systems, the
Army Tactical Operations Center
(ARTOC) and its special Seventh Army
system, and development programs such
as the AF's Airborne Warning and Con-
trol System (AWACS), basically an air-
borne platform complete with sensors
and commanders.
DDR&E's new structure for con-
tributing to C&C development and re-
finement includes Dr. lames M. Bridges,
special assistant for C&C to Dr. Brown.
The office provides a post from which
the broad DDR&E total effort can be
viewed. Bridges' deputy is AF Col. Paul
R. Stoney. Dr. Robert C. Prim occupied
this post last year.
In the Jan. 1 reshuffling, the DDR&E
separate line post of technical director
for NMCS, formerly held by Esterly
Page, was dissolved as such, and the
NMCS tech support duties now fall into
the staff position held by Robert H.
Scherer, as an assistant director under
DDR&E Deputy Director Fred A. Payne
for Strategic and Defensive Systems.
Scherer's office is responsible for
both NMCS and C&C requirements for
strategic systems. Under John L. Mc-
l.ucas, deputy director for Tactical War-
fare Programs, an Office of Combat
C&C was established headed by Col.
Harold R. Johnson. Col. Johnson's of-
fice is within the Combat Systems of-
fice headed by assistant director Samuel
0. Perry.
Further C&C support in communica-
tions and electronics among the DDR&E
deputy director staffs comes from the
Research and Technology staff headed
by Chalmers W. Sherwin. Since Feb.
1 , Sherwin's office of communications
interfaces and "absorption factor"
schemes; more flexible on-line program-
ming for computer systems; and fast
data-processing schemes in compatible
formats able to be controlled by the mil-
itary commander.
There is expected to be a good mar-
ket within the strategic C&C area for off-
the-shelf catalog type items particularly
for display and peripheral data-process-
ing equipment, such as printers. Sizable
research funds will be spent on develop-
ment of a general-purpose on-line com-
puter system capable of very high speeds.
Software programs will tend to be
worked at more within the DOD than
before, with DDR&E, ARPA, DCA, and
MOBILE ELECTRONIC command posts such as this system developed by
Aeronutronic Div., Philco Corp., will provide field army commanders easily
assimilated displays of tactical situations. This data processing and display,
together with other modern communication methods, will help control an area
as large as 500,000 square miles.
and electronics has been headed by
Thomas Rogers. Rogers' deputy for
communications is Willie L. Moore and
for electronics, Ernest C. Wood.
• Common interests — While there
are individual efforts within the NMCS/
Strategic, Tactical, and R&T support
areas concerned with C&C, there is also
a thread of developments which are of
concern to all of these. Basically, the
across-the-board needs in C&C are: im-
proved communications reliability, sur-
vivability, and mobility; less complex
displays and new techniques for pre-
sentation, including better man-machine
the services playing leading roles. While
Mitre and Systems Development Corp.
still play important roles in developing
programs and technical support, as the
in-house competence grows, one official
reports, "the magnitude of the non-
profit's contribution will diminish." Ex-
tensive use is planned for the new AF/
Mitre Systems Design Lab (M/R, July
1, p. 36) at Hanscom Field.
The biggest payoffs for contractors
in strategic C&C will come for those
who advance improvements in surviv-
able communications.
The magnitude of the military corn-
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
83
niunications problem comes to light
when planners point out that about
90% of the current communications
circuits used by the military are leased
commercial circuits. "We are wed to
AT&T," says one deputy director. Ac-
tually, with the possible exception of
the percentages, most planners don't
mind the idea.
Observers report that questions of
being able to keep control of civilians
manning communications nets in the
event of war have resulted in effective
training and indoctrination programs
with the commercial carriers. Also,
much has been done to develop new
redundant circuit routing and panel
switching to keep channels open.
• Cutting commercial dependence —
The Defense Communications System
managed by DCA has also grown in
scope in the past two years and will
probably alter the balance of DCA/
common-carrier communications. The
effort js to spread capability throughout
the spectrum and in that manner achieve
reliability, redundancy, and survivabil-
ity. This includes current use of various
tropo- and ionospheric-scatter systems,
airborne relays, and cables, in addition
to the more traditional microwave links.
Dr. Brown, in recent budget testi-
mony, lent support to the military corn-
sat program as a major objective in
achieving the desired survival. However,
many DDR&E observers believe there
are also other ways to go. Particularly
favored in some quarters is the Project
West Ford approach.
The report dealing with the experi-
ments to date reportedly portrayed the
passive technique as highly attractive.
There are some problems however, par-
ticularly involving ground site access
and development of lightweight trans-
portable stations. Whether or not an
operational and useful West Ford sys-
tem could be set up within two years,
the time in which certain competitive
systems might be available is still un-
answered, according to DDR&E scien-
tists. West Ford experiments will con-
tinue, say scientists, "but we have no
other immediate plans."
• 'Last resort' systems — Certain
emergency communications systems al-
so exist. Though most details are classi-
fied, an emergency rocket system is
known to have been developed as a
"last resort" SAC system. The launch
vehicle lofts a communications package
in a ballistic trajectory, spewing out
data when all other means are gone.
The system is strictly a special-purpose
device.
While the AF has done studies on
the potentialities oi space-based C&C
systems (sometimes referred to as
SPACCS) for the l'970's as a natural
outgrowth of airborne command post
experience, high-level DDR&E officials
show no inclination to move that type
of effort out of the research and study
phase until systems now at hand are
being properly used.
Post-attack C&C is the biggest
sleeper in the strategic realm. The con-
cept is under intense scrutiny through-
out the defense establishment and is
understood to be getting a large share
of study funding. The stakes are very
high; a usable system could substantially
alter the course of nuclear war.
While the U.S. policy of a flexible
response is flexible to the extent that
we can respond to a rifle with a rifle
and not with a nuclear weapon, it is
not yet flexible in terms of being fully
able to look, shoot, and look into the
later stages of a nuclear war.
What this means is that you cannot
really fight a third and fourth strike
type of battle, as opposed to a massive
first strike, unless you are capable of
seeing what you've done and what the
enemy has done. (DDR&E planners
express confidence that the current U.S.
data-gathering capability would hold to-
gether at least through the early rounds
of any nuclear exchange).
Furthermore, as a top DDR&E
official puts it: "There is no sense in
building up to go one way, unless you
know the enemy can play." In other
words, there is no real advantage in
a post-attack C&C "gap," for if you
still have assessment capability, and
the enemy doesn't, it becomes very diffi-
cult to negotiate on the basis of your
information alone or indeed to avoid
having a second-strike launched at the
U.S. by a nation which can't see what
it did the first time around.
• Complications immense — The
complications of putting such a system
into being are immense. Advanced sen-
sors have to be developed, some of
those that are already developed have
to be made to survive, communications
must be insured, and the decision-mak-
ing persons and processes have to be
protected, as do certain numbers of
weapons.
The area of tactical weapons C&C
is one which is due for rapid expan-
sion for three reasons. One, it is becom-
ing clear that within the context of the
current cold war situation, decisions
about "incidents" or small-scale aggres-
sive acts that were formerly made by
field or area commanders may now
have to be made at least in the U.S.
if not at the White House.
This problem, officers say, at this
point is still basically one of communi-
cations from areas of direct confronta-
tion back into theater headquarters with
increased amounts of data from which
a higher command can make a decision.
The objective is to improve systems so
the U.S. can get this data back but still
not overly complicate the field com-
mander's job, which is more clear cut
at the combat level. There is not yet
an attempt being made to introduce
very remote control of the actual tac-
tical weapons application and control
once doctrine is clear cut.
The second reason for expanded ac-
tivity in this area involves the increas-
ing dependence on U.S.-based tactical
forces such as will be under STRICOM.
While DDR&E officers say that the cur-
rent European C&C networks (most of
which are owned and operated by the
U.S.) are well developed, such as the
412L and ARTOC systems, these will
have to be augmented with very light-
weight transportable equipments which
can move with U.S.-based forces and
control their weapons effectively.
• Army stressing mobility — The
Army has been a leader in this area, and
has assigned top priority to development
of a very simple input device first, fol-
lowing with emphasis on compatible data
processing and displays. The service is
said to be thinking in terms of a 100-lb.
area-type system.
As an example of the urgent need
for these systems, one officer points to
the Army's current efforts to test an air
assault division and says: "We can't
test this type of concept fully with our
current day C&C systems."
The third reason is related to the
policy of flexible response, whereby
commanders on the tactical combat level
will also have improved capability to
control and apply their weapons.
In general, the weapons deployed in
Europe today have been fitted into the
existing C&C network. For example, the
Pershing and Sergeant missiles have
come under the Seventh Army ARTOC
system. However, in the future, C&C re-
quirements in the tactical area are ex-
pected to be very closely tied to the
weapons systems themselves.
One of the first new programs to be
set up this way is the Army's proposed
AADS-70 air defense system now under
extended study by three contractors.
Contractors have been ordered to pro-
vide considerable detail on C&C re-
quirements together with basic weapons
design. Should the system be produced,
the prime contractor would then also
have responsibility for providing the
C&C, probably on a sub-contract basis.
Introduction of the MMRBM into
European defense would almost cer-
tainly require new NATO C&C equip-
ment as well as substantial improvement
of U.S. equipment.
There is currently said to be a "very
large problem" in standardization, par-
ticularly in data format and transmission
equipment between U.S. C&C equip-
ment and that developed by other
NATO countries. The SHAPE Air De-
fense Technology Center at The Hague
is coordinating efforts to improve com-
patibility. ■
84
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
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While others were building 12-inch-diameter shaft-angle encoders, DRC was pio-
neering in the high-resolution miniature field. Although some of our encoders are
used right here on earth, most of them are not. When we designed ourfirst Optisyn,
back in 1956, we designed it to fly, and that's the way we've been making them ever
since. Even our lowest-resolution (100-count) industrial model is so rugged and re-
liable it might as well be on the moon for all the service it needs.
The hand you see above is holding one of our early model Theodosyn shaft-angle
encoders. Just 4 3/16 inches wide and two inches long, it provides 262,144 counts
per shaft revolution from its photocell signals alone. With interpolation electronics,
the same Theodosyn can give you as many as 1,048,576 counts per revolution. Now-
adays we are making Theodosyns in even smaller packages.
As for accuracy, we've never built an encoder whose accuracy isn't better than
±one count. (The accuracy of the 18-bit Theodosyn is ±1.6 arc seconds peak, or
0.85 second rms.) We've never built a conventional single-slit-type encoder either,
nor one that isn't double-read, nor one that requires more than 5 volts lamp exci-
tation.
All DRC encoders use wide-aperture optics for accuracy; low-voltage lamps for
reliability. All DRC encoders are double-read for radial and axial runout compensa-
tion, temperature stability, and indifference to supply-voltage variations.
If you would like to know more about the state of the art of shaft-angle encoding,
more about Optisyns and Theodosyns, or more about DRC; or even if you just like
to collect literature, please write to
DYNAMICS RESEARCH CORPORATION
Stoneham, Mass. 02180
Telephone — 617/438-3900
Circle No. 44 cn Subscriber Service Card
DDR&E^programs
New Hardware Programs Should Aid
Intelligence, Reconnaissance Functions
Office directs some of DOD's most highly classified studies,
ranging from over-horizon radar to automatic data collection
A LOOK INTO the intelligence and
reconnaissance (I&R) programs now be-
ing pursued within the office of the
Director of Defense Research and En-
gineering to enhance the country's data-
gathering capabilities shows that con-
siderable attention is being paid to
lasers, improved infrared detectors,
ground-based over-the-horizon radars,
airborne mapping and spaceborne radars
(particularly side-looking radars for tac-
tical aircraft), optical system design,
and a wide range of new automated
data collection and handling schemes.
Control over developments in this
area, one of the most highly classified
within DDR&E, is vested in a small
group of scientists headed by Bruno
Augenstein, Dr. Harold Brown's special
assistant for I&R. Augenstein is sup-
ported by a seven-man technical staff.
Although the upper echelon of the
defense intelligence establishment is,
both by the nature of the work and by
design, a very tight little island, the
relatively small size of the DDR&E
I&R group does not obscure the fact
that its programs are urgent — and often
very expensive.
Within defense intelligence, the
DDR&E I&R office is the one with the
broad view and the access to all intelli-
gence agencies, programs, and key
personnel. All intelligence R&D at one
time or another comes through Augen-
stein's office, which has the responsibility
to review, approve, or modify it. Augen-
stein reports directly to Brown. While
his office is primarily concerned with
hardware R&D, not the actual collection
of data, its spot on top of the total
l&R effort means that it also initiates
some conceptual work in addition to
sponsoring some basic research.
Because of the priorities now at-
tached to I&R as a result of new weap-
ons developments, the corresponding
new difficulties in obtaining data, and MUSHROOMING DATA return from air- and spaceborne sensors has forced the inlel-
the pitfalls involved unless virtually ligence community to pursue pattern recognition devices like the one above.
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
87
i c '
ILLUMINA-
TION of ground
targets by laser
beams holds
promise of im-
portant gains in
gathering of night
or poor visibility
intelligence data.
every approach is explored, I&R oper-
ates on a much higher cost-risk basis
than other DOD offices, providing con-
siderable incentive for advanced R&D.
"Our budget is fairly large," one
scientist told Missiles and Rockets,
"but while we are interested in econo-
mies, there is a very strong requirement
to gather information, and if it takes
more, we'll spend it."
• C&C needs — I&R interests span
both sensor and system development
and in many cases touch on related
areas of development within DOD,
particularly command and control.
For example, there is a critical need
in C&C for new "software" programs
to improve the military commander's
ability to communicate rapidly and
meaningfully with his supporting com-
puters (M/R, Dec. 3, 1962, p. 16). The
interest here is in "non-numerical" capa-
bilities as opposed to present capabilities
in numerical data processing.
One area involves development of
computer systems which could respond
to an English-language program; pos-
sibly being fed punched-card questions
written in English which are read with
optical readers and analyzed within the
computer to yield a specific type of data.
I&R scientists say they are now at the
beginning of some real success in this
field. Scientists at the Advanced Re-
search Projects Agency, under Dr. J.
C. R. Licklider, are making the major
effort in these areas.
I&R scientists also have a substantial
effort in the related field of automatic
language translation, though admittedly
at the moment the machine still cannot
compete for the major role in this task.
Experts point out that a great deal of
useful intelligence information can be
very simply obtained from foreign litera-
ture, though not in the quantity nor with
the easy access of U.S. data.
• New logic — Also in the data-
processing area scientists are pushing
hard for development of new recognition
logic circuitry in sensors which could
be used in a reconnaissance vehicle to
cut down on the proliferation of data,
much of it redundant, which is being
gathered and transmitted. I&R scientists
admit they have not been able to do
this yet and feel they will probably have
more luck initially with an interim ap-
proach wherein all data is collected and
the recognition logic is built into the
ground equipment. Some of this equip-
ment is already in service.
The type of logic sought is not
merely adaptive-type circuitry in which
only data which falls within a specified
range is transmitted. What is needed,
the scientists say, is a means to compare
new signals received by an airborne or
spaceborne sensor with a large stored
data base. Also, they note, "the more
precisely defined you want the signal,
the more trouble you have with spurious
electromagnetic radiations." To counter
these problems, I&R works closely with
the DOD's Electromagnetic Compati-
bility Analysis Center (ECAC) at An-
napolis. Md. (M/R, Mar. 9, p. 17).
ECAC's spectrum signature files and
ground environment studies are aiding
the intelligence net to avoid picking up
what we already know. Expansion of
ECAC's data base to include NATO
countries, combined with knowledge of
Communist-bloc radiations, is expected
to significantly improve ferret-type
ground and spaceborne systems in the
future.
• Post attack — Certain of I&R's
programs also impinge heavily upon the
U.S. interest in post-attack command
and control (see page 79).
Should this program, which is now
being worked on by several agencies,
ever be spelled out and emerge as a
going project, its hardware requirements
would be vast. A wide range of infor-
mation would be needed and there
would be a lingering degree of uncer-
tainty as to what would work after an
attack.
Post-attack C&C, in essence, involves
a running inventory of damage, status
of forces, and a whole list of other in-
puts which could even include national
personality factors. The object is to
know as completely as possible the ef-
fects of the first stage of the U.S. "con-
trolled response," so that we can either
negotiate before the second stage or
more effectively apply our second stage.
In the realm of sensor development
to support PACCS, scientists are in-
terested in nuclear detection systems
which will give an indication of our
attack's effectiveness. Such a system
would involve nuclear-burst sensors and
associated timing devices, timed to
within seconds of the computed impact
time for a specific vehicle launched
against a specific target. Keeping the
sensor response time to within seconds
would rule out false indications due to
a missed target or a nearby AICBM
burst.
Electromagnetic sensing devices,
both ground-based and space-based,
would also be employed to quickly
gather data on what enemy equipment
was still operating.
In addition, there is much interest
in optical and radar damage survey.
The high-performance RS-70 was origi-
nally slated for this role, making a fly-
over either immediately after a first
attack or in the closing stages to ascer-
tain what damage was done and to hit
targets of opportunity en route. While
sensor packages are available to con-
figure U-2's or B-52's for this, it is
highly unlikely that they would be use-
ful in this mission due to vulnerability
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and speed considerations. On the other
hand, one top scientist told M/R that
after a first attack, "we could possibly
penetrate the Soviet air defenses with
a 707."
• Who hits what — The speed with
which this damage is assessed is vital to
solving one of the biggest headaches
of post-attack strategy, namely the re-
committing of second-strike forces from
one command to another. In brief, it is
highly likely that some targets missed
by one command may be more im-
portant than those missed by another;
therefore the need for data to decide
on which targets must be hit in a second
strike and with whose weapons.
The use of satellites to solve this
problem is being considered. Here too,
there are trade-offs. For example, un-
manned satellites using TV readout in-
volve bandwidth conflicts between the
need for high-resolution photographs
and rapid transmission. Using a manned
vehicle for rapid coverage and direct
voice communications is an alternative.
Decisions affecting the overall in-
tegration of manned spaceflight into
the intelligence net are still to be made.
"Hopefully," says one scientist, "man
will be able to point optical systems,
take film, process it in orbit, and report
his interpretations. He also could adjust
and repair equipment. However, just
having him there adds to the cost and
complication of the system. In short,
we need to have experiments with man
in orbit before we can make a decision."
• Laser angles — The I&R efforts
into laser usage may well re-open an
optical surveillance technology which is
already pressing against the perform-
ance stops. Whereas current optical
reconnaissance systems design is based
on the properties of incoherent light,
DDR&E scientists are sponsoring in-
vestigations of how improved systems
can be achieved using coherent laser
light.
For example, scientists told M/R
that color aberrations which complicate
standard photo-reconnaissance can be
eliminated with laser techniques. Also,
the use of laser illumination may turn
out to be the answer to a major prob-
lem the services now have in night
photo-reconnaissance. The illumination
could be done either in the visual or
IR range. Scientists report it is not yet
evident which is better. There is a
feeling that this technique could be
applied from satellite altitudes. It is
almost certain that these experiments
will be tried during the Manned Orbit-
ing Laboratory (MOL) program, and
it is also likely that "primitive tests"
may come during the manned Gemini
series.
I&R is also said to be sponsoring a
substantial amount of applied research
toward high-power, smaller, simpler,
and lighter-weight laser systems.
• Optics and photography — Camera
lens system design, largely through new
impetus supplied by I&R, is now also
evolving from the traditional straight-
forward and laborious light path trac-
ing into a programmed, automated
operation which yields optimum lens
design. Actually, I&R scientists report
that there has been so much progress
in design of high-quality optics that
systems now are very close to theoreti-
cal operating limits. Further progress
requires improvements in measurement
instrumentation and increased basic
understanding of physical properties
of materials.
In a related field, I&R is also inter-
ested in basic research concerning the
relatively old subject of what consti-
tutes resolution in a photograph. Ques-
tions concerning the processes of photo
interpretation revolving around resolu-
tion are still treated in a subjective way,
say the scientists, and the research is
aimed at finding out if this process can
be quantified and made more objective.
There is also, according to I&R
scientists, "a tremendous amount of
learning involved in IR photo inter-
pretation." Though IR started as basic-
ally a photographic technique, some
observers feel it may be better to use
IR to pick up things which do not have
any photographic analog.
For example, scientists say that
"camouflage, if well done, is very diffi-
cult to detect with a photograph. How-
ever, with a good IR set which could
detect small temperature differences,
we could tell the difference. That kind
of interpretation is what we have high
hopes for. There is lots of work going
on," they report. "The types of detect-
ing cells for this work, however, might
require refrigeration down to liquid
nitrogen temperatures."
As another example, scientists told
M/R that "underground installations
can be designed to be indistinguishable
to the naked eye or to photos; however,
an IR sensor could pick it up if, say,
the concrete liner was at a different
temperature, even under a soil layer,
or if something in the installation had
to be kept at a certain temperature."
There is also application in detec-
tion of submarines where 0.002-deg.
difference in the water temperature of
a submarine wake could be detected,
though thermal layers in the water
above the sub in some cases could keep
the wake down.
I&R is also known to be sponsoring
some research into so-called "scar" sur-
face wave pattern detection from high-
altitude aircraft, an optical technique
which grew out of IR technology. Ap-
parently, wave patterns of objects just
below the surface appear markedly dif-
ferent from high altitudes, enhancing
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missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
the ability to pick out submarines with
optical techniques.
• MIDAS and beyond — Much of
the impetus for the wide range of IR
work now being used in several I&R
efforts has come from the MIDAS
(Missile Detection and Alarm System).
There is some irony here, however,
since informed sources generally believe
that MIDAS will give way as an opera-
tional means to provide improved bal-
listic missile launch warning to a lower-
cost, ground-based, over-the-horizon ra-
dar system.
Though MIDAS has scored some
successes (M/R, Feb. 3, p. 19) and has
been improved through reduced cryo-
genics requirements in its sensor ele-
ments (M/R, Feb. 17, p. 9) one of the
major reasons the program is now un-
der review within DOD is reportedly
"because other intelligence-gathering
systems, such as advanced radar, are
beginning to show promise." Develop-
ment of over-the-horizon radars, both
of the forward-scatter and back-scatter
types, has progressed into field testing
and in recent weeks has been the sub-
ject of favorable comment by top DOD
and AF officers (M/R, Feb. 24, p. 44).
With the exception of MIDAS, which
has been talked about relatively openly,
the remainder of the U.S. intelligence
satellite operations, particularly the now
re-designated SAMOS program, has
been given both the highest national
priority and classification. It has been
previously reported (M/R, July 29, p.
55) that photographs taken by these
satellites were equivalent in quality to
those taken via high-altitude aircraft
reconnaissance.
Though little is known about the
advanced system said to be under de-
velopment, data accumulated earlier in
the SAMOS program indicates that a
6-9 satellite system is used, with TV
scanning of on-board processed film
providing quick-look data and capsule
recovery of film providing detailed
analysis. An electronic ferret-type ver-
sion of the satellite is also thought to be
in operation.
Whereas use of satellites for elec-
tronic eavesdropping is known to be
of considerable importance now, es-
pecially for picking up line-of-sight-type
emissions, it is expected that in the
future increased use for portions of this
mission will be made of very large steer-
able dish or array radars, which re-
portedly can collect far more of certain
types of data than can a satellite.
Among the more esoteric pro-
grams in which I&R is now working are
efforts to develop various chemical sen-
sors, or air-sampling devices, sensitive
enough to detect the presence of per-
sons not visible through foliage or tree
cover. There are reports that similar
experiments are being run using IR for
this same purpose. ■
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
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91
Pershing, the Army's most powerful
weapon, is now operational with
trained, combat-ready Army crews.
It is part of our defense arsenal.
Standard. Field tested. G.I.
Behind Army's Pershing is the
most successful test record of any
missile ever fired from the Cape. It
has successfully undergone rugged
field testing by Army troops in
Alaska, Panama, and the mountains
and deserts of New Mexico.
Delivery date of the first tactical artillery
equipment was met a month ahead of
schedule.
Cost reduction procedures provided more
than $20 million in additional equipment
services at no increase in contract cost and
have saved the government more than $2
million in the past year.
Under the direction of the U.S. Army,
Martin is the prime contractor for Pershing.
7
At Martin, systems management means the best possible product in the shortest possible time at the lowest possible cost.
Circle No. 37 on Subscriber Service Card
DDR&E/programs
Administration & Management
Stresses Better Information Distribution
New Plans & Policy directorate established; Engineering Management, Technical Infor-
mation offices charged with program execution and technical information flow
THREE EXTREMELY IMPOR-
TANT areas of concern to the military
research and development community
— Plans and Policy, Engineering Man-
agement and Technical Information —
are centralized under the Deputy Di-
rector for Administration and Manage-
ment, Lt. Gen. William J. Ely, USA.
Still too new to have made its pres-
ence felt, the Assistant Directorate for
Plans and Policy has been established
to pull together the threads of R&D
policy, transforming them in the process
into a coherent whole. Paul J. Sturm,
formerly of the planning and marketing
department of Motorola, joined
DDR&E on March 1 to head the office.
This is the first formal planning
group within DDR&E. Bits and pieces
of this function had been carried out
by various parts of DDR&E, but Sturm's
group represents the first major effort
to give real stature to policy planning.
Not involved in the planning of
hardware, Sturm will act as the principal
point of contact with the Joint Chiefs
of Staff in terms of future military re-
quirements. Specifically, he will be in-
volved in planning, coordination and
documentation of the Research and
Development annex of the Joint Devel-
opment Objectives Plan (JDOP) — a
major Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) plan-
ning document.
Plans and Policy's specific areas of
interest will evolve as the organization
takes root and grows. However, in ad-
dition to working with the JCS, the
office will also be responsible for:
— Monitoring of the advance plan-
ning briefings for industry;
— Overall resource information on
the military R&D program;
— Resolution of differing approaches
in defining requirements (the Army's
Qualitative Materiel Requirement
[QMR] vs. the Air Forces Specific
LT. GEN. WILLIAM J. ELY heads
Administration and Management
Operating Requirement [SOR];
— Serving as primary point of con-
tact for the Federal Council of Science
and Technology, including the prepara-
tion of DOD R&D position papers:
— Continued-action items resulting
from fallout from the Bell Report; and
— Specific assignments for the Di-
rector of Defense Research and Engi-
neering.
• Engineering management —
Whereas Sturm is responsible for the
advance planning of the R&D program,
James W. Roach, Assistant Director
for Engineering Management, is in
charge of overall execution of the pro-
gram. His job is to improve the man-
agement process of military research
and development.
The recent project definition direc-
tive, for example, was a product of
Roach's office. This document, issued
earlier this month (M/R, Mar. 9, p.
14), was pilot-tested on Titan III,
MMRBM, the military Comsat and
Lance, and is now the rationale for the
approval or disapproval of a Technical
Development Plan.
A potpourri of some 95 tasks in
nine different areas, Roach's responsi-
bilities span the gamut of R&D man-
agement. The nine general areas are:
Project and Program Initiation, Project
and Program Management Procedures,
Research and Engineering, Communi-
cations and Management, R&D Eco-
nomics and Technological Factors,
R&D Contracting Procedures, Relia-
bility, Maintainability and Design Proc-
esses, and procedures and Management
Services.
With such a wide range of interest
— and with only seven professionals
besides himself in the office — Roach
has had to select eight to ten tasks a
year on which to work — allowing the
others to stretch out. Some of his work,
however, is expected to be absorbed
into the Plans and Policy office.
One of the tasks that Roach is
working on is a review of the mecha-
nisms within the Dept. of Defense for
definition of military requirements.
The purpose of the study is not to at-
tempt to define military requirements
but to define how the different DOD
organizations define their requirements.
Of particular interest are the intra-
service mechanisms — as well as the
interservice methods; for example, how
and in what form and detail require-
ments are passed from the services to
the JCS, from the services to DDR&E
and from the JCS to DDR&E.
A subcommittee of the Defense
Industrial Advisory Council is also ex-
amining this problem in order to add
both objectivity and another viewpoint.
The purpose is to ensure that Defense
organizations are using the best of
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
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each of the service's ideas.
In another representative area, En-
gineering Management is examining the
unity and consistency of PERT/ Cost
reporting through an interagency group.
The feeling is, however, that the only
way to guarantee standardization of
reporting is to standardize the infor-
mation requirements and reporting sys-
tems at DOD level.
• Information stressed — The third
area and the one getting the most em-
phasis in administration and manage-
ment these days is the pepped-up office
of the Director of Technical Informa-
tion. DDR&E is so concerned about
problems in disseminating technical in-
formation that according to Gen. Ely,
"it occupies about two-thirds of my
time."
New director of information is Wal-
ter Carlson, who came to DOD after
more than 20 years in industry.
Under Carlson's direction, what
promises to be one of the most com-
prehensive studies in this field is getting
under way. DOD has contracted with
the Auerbach Corp. of Philadelphia to
make an intensive survey of the tech-
nical community to see how information
is acquired, what information is used
and how it affects the technical man's
work.
Interviewers are now conducting
pilot studies to firm up the types of
questions they will ask. Random sam-
ples of perhaps 1,500 to 2,000 profes-
sionals of the approximately 30-40,000
working in DOD government labora-
tories in research and development will
be interviewed in depth.
The survey will be unusual. For in-
stance, besides asking "what publica-
tions do you read," the interviewer will
ask to see a copy of it, then continue to
press to ascertain whether the person
does, indeed, regularly read it. He will
go further to see whether the scientist
gets useful information by phone, or
through conversations with his col-
leagues, or by other means. Says Carl-
son, "We're not assuming that libraries
or technical journals exist. We want
them to tell us."
More important, the interviewers
will seek to discover how the informa-
tion was used — what concrete effect it
had upon the man's work. Mr. John
Sayer, project chief at Auerbach, ex-
plains it as a systems concept in which
man is part of an information system,
rather than a study of information
sources.
The scientists and engineers, who
will remain anonymous in the study,
will also be asked what information
sources they knew of, to see if there
are any available that they could have
used. They also will be asked to suggest
what presently non-existent sources
might be created.
Carlson estimates that DOD spends
$60 million on information materials
in-house, and that DOD contractors ef-
forts probably bring this figure to $200-
$300 million a year in support of the
research, development and evaluation
effort alone. Engineering data would
take this well over $1 billion, he esti-
mated. "And with all this, we still don't
know what information is used."
• Questionnaire available — Carlson
disclosed that DOD will make the ques-
tionnaire available when it is ready in
a few weeks from now.
He indicated his hopes that indus-
trial organizations will also wish to
conduct the survey, so that some really
definitive results can be gleaned. Some
training of the interviewers will be
necessary, however, since the survey is
partially open-ended.
At least 150 surveys of information
sources have been made, he said, but
none asked the basic question of "what
did you do?" Too often, interviewees
give the answers which tend to make
them look good.
In this case, the scientist or engi-
neer will be asked to describe the most
recent project or piece of work he did,
and relate what information he used,
where he got it and how it was used.
The "most recent one" is chosen, Sayer
explained, since if the interviewee is
allowed to choose an incident, he tends
to pick one which stands out in his
mind only because it was unusual,
Sayer explained.
Carlson said that after all this in-
formation is gathered — by the end of
the year, it is hoped — and if trends
emerge, his office will then look at
the possibilities of new packaging of
information materials to enhance their
use.
• Other programs — Carlson's influ-
ence has already been felt in DOD.
Since his arrival on the scene on Feb.
1, 1963, a number of things have been
accomplished.
One of the first priority items was
to ensure that the military services
were carrying out their responsibilities
in the information field. The Army had
already taken up the problem, and was
ready with a comprehensive plan for its
own use, Carlson said. Thus, the Army
went ahead last February with im-
proved methods.
The Air Force published its plan
last month, according to the director,
and will go ahead soon. The Navy has
been delayed somewhat by its own re-
organization, but DDR&E is working
to bring it up to the level of the others.
Carlson meets every week with rep-
resentatives from the three services and
the Office of the Secretary to review
the program. Because of top-level con-
cern, he said, the program is getting
fairly high priorities.
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
THE SCENE AT GRUMMAN
I
• ASTIA out— The old Armed
Services Technical Information Agency
was given a new name and home, and
completely revamped. Carlson said that
he felt that there should be a decentral-
ized system, but there was a need for
a Defense Documentation Center.
Thus ASTIA was shifted from the
Air Force to DOD level, and eventually
became relocated with the Defense Sup-
ply Agency. The rule that restricted
data had to be sent back through the
originator for declassification was re-
moved, speeding the process up con-
siderably. In addition, an order was
placed for a Univac 1107 and a 500,-
000,000-digit random-access memory.
• Next task — The next priority job,
Carlson said, is to get the information
centers pinned down. These include
such groups as the Defense Metals
Information Center at Battelle Memo-
rial Institute, the Plastics Technical
Evaluation group at the Piccatinny Ar-
senal, and the Oceanographic Data
Center.
DOD has money in about 40 such
centers, the director said. Some are
in-house and some operate by contract.
A DOD instruction has been drafted
and eventually the centers will have
firm assignments to whatever service
best fits them, "giving them an admin-
istrative home rather than requiring the
services to pass the hat," Carlson said.
Still further in the future will be
a study of the technical library system
throughout DOD. The director said he
did not know whether anything was
wrong with these libraries, but that they
would be scrutinized in terms of how
they might be improved if necessary.
He also added that DOD supports a
research and development effort in the
information sciences worth a total of
about $8 million a year. His office
eventually will look at that to see if
the job is being done correctly.
• Office small — Carlson has only
two other professionals to aid him in his
task. He said that the office is small by
intention; the job.s are awarded to the
services themselves, and the Technical
Information office is limited to setting
policy and supervising, coordinating
and reviewing.
There has been some criticism of
this division of the information proc-
ess, but in Carlson's words, "we just
have too much to do now."
The technical information office is
coordinated with the Federal Council
of Science & Technology through a
subcommittee on scientific and techni-
cal information. A subcommittee of
this group — including representatives
from DOD, NASA, the Atomic Energy
Commission, and the Department of
Commerce — resolves operating ques-
tions. ■
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
...Lumjcui Landing Stomtrit&t,
The "first" Lunar Landing of the LEM (Lunar Excursion Module) has
been made ... in Crumman's lunar landing simulator.
Controlled by analog computers, the simulator is utilized for control
system parameter studies and for evaluation of lunar landing techniques.
Basically, the simulator comprises a two-degree-of-freedom motion seat and
a four-degree-of-freedom visual display.
Shown above at the analog computers are Engineer Robert Herdman
(joined Grumman Jan. '63), Morton Hausner, Analog Computer Analyst
(joined Grumman '61) and Fred Wood, Systems Simulation Engineer
(joined Grumman '54), monitoring simulation of Gray Smith, Advanced
Systems Engineer (joined Grumman '50) performing lunar landing.
One of the pleasures of working at Grumman is the advanced facilities
that enable our engineers to subject men, theories, and designs immedi-
ately to comprehensive experimental verification . . . widening their
technical horizons while they work!
Space Systems Engineers whose interests and training are aligned with
the broad scope and operation of systems engineering are invited to pursue
further the many interesting and challenging job opportunities open on
the LEM Project. Applicants should possess a BS degree in Engineering
and have at least two years of experience. The following specific job descrip-
tions are typical of the type of openings now available.
Systems Analysis Engineers — to determine specific systems design criteria and perform-
ance requirements from basic mission objectives and theoretical considerations and to
define and follow through on studies required to achieve compatibility among the major
space vehicle functions of guidance and control, communications, life support, etc. Other
assignments include system optimization studies with respect to overall vehicle perform-
ance, reliability, weight, etc.; determination of optimum allocation of error budgets among
major subsystems; development of mathematical models of spacecraft subsystems and
verification of adequacy of these models against dynamic operation of actual equipment;
determination of systems oriented objectives for simulation programs and interpretation
of simulation results; and the analysis of laboratory and field test results of vehicle
systems and the determination of effects upon overall system performance. Applicants
should possess a good working knowledge of the theory and operation of one or more
of the following equipment areas; navigation and guidance, airborne radar, space pro-
pulsion, airborne stability and control, and airborne digital computers.
Systems Integration Engineers — to perform functional integration of advanced aerospace
electronic, mechanical, and fluid equipments for lunar landing vehicles. Applicants should
possess a working knowledge of spacecraft equipments such as guidance and control
(analog/digital), communications, environmental control, and propulsion. Task assign-
ments encompass functional integration of space vehicle equipments with emphasis on
applying mission requirements to equipment functions. An additional requirement in-
cludes a capability to effectively communicate with specialists in various aerospace
fields.
Interface Control Engineers — to effectively coordinate technical data with specialists
in various aerospace fields and at all levels of management. Task assignments include
definition, coordination and negotiation of interfaces between company and associate
contractor equipments. Applicants must be willing to travel extensively.
Checkout Systems Engineers — to develop overall checkout systems philosophy, require-
ments, and criteria for space vehicle equipments. Task assignments encompass the
establishment of ground rules for the selection of inflight and ground checkout param-
eters and of applying these ground rules to space and ground test vehicle equipments.
Assignments include mathematical analysis of checkout effectiveness, determination of
tolerance levels at various checkout stations, and establishment and monitoring of
detailed equipment checkout functions.
Mission Analysis Engineers — to analyze lunar flight missions as well as LEM vehicle
development missions for the purpose of determining mission related design require-
ments on flight hardware and on support equipment. Assignments include performing
contingency studies, operational feasibility studies, abort studies and any other studies
required to assess the impact of the mission on equipment design as well as the effect
of equipment limitations on the mission profile. Close working liaison with the equip-
ment engineers as well as with flight test and operations personnel is required.
To arrange an immediate
interview, SEND RESUME
to Mr. P. M. Van Putten,
Manager Engineering
Employment, Dept. GR-86.
<&,*.%. GRUMMAN
AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING CORPORATION
Bethpage ■ Long Island ■ New York
(An Equal Opportunity Employer)
Circle No. 2 on Subscriber Service Card
95
Hughes is: Surveyor , star tracker;
ion space engines, microelectronics.
missile systems, and more . . .
Enterprise 'eyes', Syncom satellites,
command and control, laser-rangers,
Hughes is a company of nearly 30,000 — including
over 7,000 engineers and scientists — applying their
skill and imagination in space, in national defense, and
for commercial purposes.
The examples: Surveyor — Will soft land a scientific
package on the Moon. Will gather and relay informa-
tion about the Moon to earth, paving the way for our
astronauts. Star Tracker guidance device for the Sur-
veyor. One of Hughes' many infrared advances. Enter-
prise 'eyes' — Large, flat radars that show aircraft in
3-D. Syncom— the first communications satellite
"parked" over the earth. The first to operate 'round the
clock to break all records. Ion engines promise to be
the most efficient way to propel space ships to distant
planets. Microelectronics — saving power, space and
weight by making the electron work in new ways.
Command and Control Systems — using computers to
give battle commanders up to the second information
for decision-making. Laser-rangers — applying the laser
in measuring distances. Missile systems — In service:
thousands of Falcon missiles. Soon, Phoenix missiles
and guidance electronics for „ ,. ,„ ■„.,,
L ~ . Creating a new norld wth electronics
the Navy s new F- 1 1 1 B jets. i 1
And more! There are more ! HUGHES
than 553 projects, products j
and services at Hughes.
JGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY
Engineers and scientists with related interests are invited to inquire. Hughes is an equal opportunity employer. Please address:
Mr. S. L. Gillespie, Mgr., Employment and Manpower, Hughes Aircraft Company, Culver City 65, California.
-
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7yp« f Dynograph %J
4
30 Interchangeable
Reasons
why your recorder should be an Offner
Each reason is an Offner Coupler-a small,
efficient "conditioner" which takes transducer
signals and prepares them for faithful
recording on the Offner Dynograph® recorder.
Why couplers? They are the simplest, most
efficient, least expensive way to change
recording parameters. No special amplifiers
or preamplifiers to buy, just slip out
one coupler and slip in another.
How many do you need? A half dozen, maybe,
no matter how varied your recording needs.
The 9803, for instance, is used for strain gages;
the 9806A for dc and ac signals, etc.
Both couplers cost only $60.00 each.
But couplers aren't the only reason for
selecting an Offner Dynograph recorder.
Others are: the superior circuitry you'll find
(fully solid-state since 1955) ; the widest
choice of recording methods, including ink
rectilinear, ink curvilinear, heat, and electric;
and the superb performance which has made
Offner Dynograph recorders the perennial
choice of the electronically appreciative.
For complete data, see your Offner
representative or write us.
INSTRUMENTS, INC
OFFNER DIVISION
SCHILLER PARK, ILLINOIS
Offner recorders are sold and serviced by Beckman worldwide facilities.
International Subsidiaries: Geneva, Switzerland; Munich, Germany;
Glenrothes, Scotland; Paris, France; Tokyo, Japan; Capetown, South Africa.
Circle No. 3 on Subscriber Service Card
GI's track vehicle with experimental radar unit.
DDR&E part III
RESEARCH AND
TECHNOLOGY
99
From Caterpillar research... comes
a new testing device to study the
twin problems of metal surface
fatigue and lubrication failure
Today— as the relentless demand for ever-increasing
horsepower from smaller and smaller components con-
tinues-research in metal fatigue and lubrication failure
has accelerated tremendously.
Cross-sections reveal three distinct
modes of failure in surface fatigue.
Top photo shows a case crushed gear
tooth. Second, a case crushed roller.
Third, sub-surface pitting and fourth,
a surface pitting crack.
Lubrication
Early work with lubricants involved ap-
plication of the classic Reynolds Hydrody-
namic Theory. Later the concept of thin film
-or elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication sup-
port of machine elements — allowed a more
basic understanding of why lubricants work
as well as they do. But the question of the
technique to be used in evaluating the load
carrying capacity of the many lubricants and
additives remained an unresolved one.
Lubrication failure data which can be
correlated with actual parts has been vir-
tually unobtainable because variables which
affect lubricants could not be measured in
a working gear mechanism.
Surface Durability and Wear
And in the past the only means of obtain-
ing reliable data on surface fatigue, as well
as lubricant capacity, has been Destruction
Testing of full-scale components— a time-
consuming, costly, frequently inconclusive
procedure.
The theories for failures of material are
equally as numerous and complex as those
for the failure of the lubricants. The lack
of knowledge about the many load, speed,
and temperature variables has led to serious
misunderstandings and misapplication of
principles of design and heat treatment.
Our research people have long sought a
better understanding of material and lubri-
cant capacity. Their specific objective: an
accurate means of predicting surface dura-
bility and scoring resistance in vital vehicle
parts and components.
Controlled Environment Testing
Drawing heavily on earlier research,
Caterpillar engineers devised the Geared
Roller Test Machine. It reproduces— in a con-
trolled environment— any load or sliding
velocity generated in the transient condi-
tions of actual machine operation.
Since the device can duplicate the entire
known and anticipated range of gear loads
and speeds, we can use it to predict how
new gear, cam and bearing designs will func-
tion before such a system is manufactured.
And, too, we can now predict what type
of lubricant will function effectively in a
given gear machine and the conditions un-
der which the lubrication will fail. The ma-
chine is also being used to evaluate new
oils— and contributing to the development
of lubricant refinements and additives.
Saved: Precious Time and Money
In addition to providing needed data and
understanding on metal and lubricant be-
havior, the test machine has already played
an important role in reducing hardware de-
velopment time at Caterpillar.
To speed the gathering of test data,
Caterpillar is now offering Geared Roller
Test Machines to other manufacturing firms,
research organizations, universities, and
government agencies. The device is already
being used by an electronic computer manu-
facturer, an aircraft producer, oil compa-
nies, and bearing manufacturers, as well as
gear manufacturers, in the evaluation and
development of their own products — to the
final benefit of industry.
Caterpillar's accumulated experience in
basic metallurgical and lubrication research
is also available to help purchasers of the
machine set up their programs and evaluate
their test data.
For further information, contact Defense
Products Department, Caterpillar Tractor
Co., Peoria, Illinois.
CATERPILLAR
Caterpillar and Cat are Registered Trademarks of Caterpillar Tractor Co.
Caterpillar Tractor Co., General Offices, Peoria, III. • Caterpillar Americas Co., Peoria, III.
Caterpillar Overseas S.A., Geneva • Caterpillar of Australia Pty. Ltd., Melbourne ■ Caterpillar
Brasil S.A., Sao Paulo • Caterpillar Tractor Co. Ltd., Glasgow • Caterpillar of Canada Ltd.,
Toronto • Caterpillar France S. A. , Grenoble • Caterpillar (Africa) (Pty.) Ltd., Johannesburg
Circle No. 4 on Subscriber Service Card
DDR&E /research & technology
Change in RDT&E Budget Structure
Could Trigger Far- Reaching Results
'Categories' approach to military R&D provides constant monitoring
so that only most useful concepts become weapons systems
A VIRTUALLY UNHERALDED
change in the structuring of the Re-
search, Development, Test and Evalua-
tion budget promises to have as pro-
found an effect on the development of
military technology as did the Pro-
gram Package concept on the overall
Defense force structure.
With the presentation of the Fiscal
Year 1964 budget, the RDT&E pro-
gram was broken down into six distinct
categories: Research, Exploratory De-
velopment, Advanced Development,
Engineering Development, Operational
Systems Development and Management
and Support. This represented the first
budgetary application of this approach,
although the sagacious observer could
have predicted the application of some
such system by a careful reading of
Economics of Defense in the Nuclear
Age, written in 1960 by Charles Hitch,
then a Rand Corp. economist, now
Dept. of Defense Comptroller.
Basically, the categories of research
and development are designed first to
make the military R&D program "vis-
ible" and then to provide a means of
constantly evaluating the military worth,
cost and technical promise of various
technical approaches to the solution of
military requirements.
With the proliferation of technol-
ogy, Defense officials realize that the
Department cannot afford to support
all the potentially good ideas that come
along. Therefore, they feel, the "seed
corn" of militarily useful research ideas
must be identified, nurtured and pro-
tected until it comes to fruition or is
winnowed out in the fields of explora-
tory or advanced development.
• The visibility problem — Under
the old procedure — and incidentally the
same procedure still used to present
the RDT&E budget plan to Congress —
the R&D budget is broken into four
accounts: Army, Navy, Air Force and
Defense Agencies. Within each of these
the budget plan is itemized as:
Military Sciences;
Aircraft and Related Equipment;
Missiles and Related Equipment;
Military Astronautics and Related
Equipment;
Ships and Small Craft and Related
Equipment;
Ordnance, Combat Vehicles and
Related Equipment;
Other Equipment; and
Programwide Management and Sup-
port.
A primary difficulty in this type
of presentation is the determination —
even within the Military Sciences cate-
gory— of the relative amount of money
being spent on Research, Applied Re-
search or just plain applications engi-
neering for the development of weapons
systems. Another difficulty is that each
of these line items contains, in varying
degrees, support of in-house installa-
tions and non-profit organizations. Fi-
nally, it is difficult to relate to one an-
other comparable development efforts
within the services.
The worst fault in this system, how-
ever, is that it does not inspire an or-
derly and selective flow of technology
to provide the basis for a considered
decision to develop a weapons system.
Defense officials feel that the result too
often has been a premature decision to
develop a weapons system, necessitating
the expenditure of vast additional sums
of money to develop technology which
should have been available in the be-
ginning. Since budgets are limited, this
has meant that research and explora-
tory development funds were repro-
grammed to cover these overruns — thus
depriving future military systems of
technology which should have been
under development.
To achieve visibility within the
RDT&E program, the budget plan has
been broken down into some 325 pro-
gram elements, which in turn are com-
posed of some 1,300-1,400 projects.
Finally, each project has associated with
it varying numbers of tasks — a develop-
ment task being the lowest identifiable
unit of work. There were some 20,000
tasks in the FY '64 budget program.
(M/R, March 25, 1963, pp. 41-49).
As illustrated on the chart (follow-
ing pages), the program elements are
major groupings under each of the cate-
gories. They range from specific weap-
ons systems such as Minuteman and
Nike-X to broad research areas such
as physical sciences. Twenty-two pro-
gram elements in the engineering and
operational development categories ac-
counted for nearly 50% of the RDT&E
budget.
• A constant flow — While it will be
difficult to apply the technological
building-block philosophy until the cost
overruns of the major systems now
under development are brought under
control, or until these systems move
into the inventory or are cancelled, the
groundwork is being carefully laid. Be-
fore a system is approved for engineer-
ing or operational systems development,
the major technical problems will have
been solved and — ideally at least — some
proven components will be available
for use in the system.
The cost and schedule should also
be reasonably predictable at this point.
As a result. Defense officials feel, more
money will be available to pursue re-
search and exploratory developments.
Initially, the good ideas come from
a broad assault on the frontiers of
technology. Once these ideas have been
identified, parallel approaches can be
taken and relatively large amounts of
money can be spent in exploratory de-
velopment. Then, by relating military
requirements to the more promising of
these developments, test or experimen-
tal hardware can be built in advanced
development.
The technological building blocks
are then available for incorporation
into a weapons system. A technical
development plan and project definition
together provide the basis for engi-
neering or operational system devel-
opment. ■
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
101
Categories
RESEARCH
Aims at solving fundamental prob-
lems in the sciences. It seeks out and
provides basic knowledge and theory for
work which may lead to military capa-
bilities.
EXPLORATORY
DEVELOPMENT
Applies knowledge and theory to-
ward technical solutions of specific mili-
tary problems. Techniques, feasibility
demonstrations and experimental com-
ponents are the prime products which
may improve existing forces or point
the way to new capabilities.
ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT
Is a selective extension of the ex-
ploratory development program, involv-
ing development of major experimental
hardware items for solution of specific
military problems.
ELEMENTS
Physical Sciences
Environmental Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Psychological & Social Sciences
Biological and Medical Sciences
In-House Laboratory Independent Research
Research Laboratory Support
ELEMENTS
ARPA
Project Defender
Project Vela
Project Agile
ARMY
Applied Research — Rocket Propellants
Chemical-Biological Weapons
Nuclear Effects Investigations
NAVY
Non-Nuclear Air Launch Systems
Missile Propellants, Guidance &
Countermeasures
Command and Control
AIR FORCE
Space Guidance, Flight Control, Propulsion,
Life Sciences & Electromagnetic
Techniques
Advanced Tactical & Strategic Missiles
Propulsion Cycles for Hypersonic Manned
Systems
ELEMENTS
ARMY
Antitank Weapons Systems
Army Air Defense System — 1970
Ground Environment for Military
Communications Satellite
NAVY
Project Artemis
Fast-Reaction Integrated Submarine
Control System
Project Trident
Air/Surface Fire Control System
Satellite Communications
AIR FORCE
All Weather Tactical Air-to-Surface Missile
Advanced Re-entry & Precision Recovery
Low-Altitude Supersonic Vehicle
Manned Orbiting Laboratory
FUNDING (millions of dollars)
Army
Navy
Air Force
ARPA
TOTAL
FY '64
81.5
136.3
84.5
34.7
337.0
FY '65
89.3
149.1
93.0
44.6
376.0
Army
Navy
Air Force
ARPA
TOTAL
FY '64
243.0
343.6
305.0
237.0
FY '65
243.5
337.2
308.0
238.0
1,128.6 1,126.7
MANAGEMENT AND
SUPPORT
Army
Navy
Air Force
TOTAL
FY '64 FY '65
80.2 71.5
134.6 175.6
396.5 351.3
611.3
598.4
Provides civilian manpower, tech-
nical materials and contractor assistance
required for management and operation
of the R&D organization (test centers,
ranges and other technical facilities).
102
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
Research & Development
PROJECT
DEFINITION
Project definition is the
process whereby, with rea-
sonable precision, a pro-
posed weapon system is
defined with regard to per-
formance, schedule and
cost.
ENGINEERING
DEVELOPMENT
Includes the programs under devel-
opment for service use but whose pro-
curement for inventory and deployment
has not been approved.
ELEMENTS
ARMY
Nike-X
Lance
TOW
NAVY
Transit
Sea Hawk Quick-Reaction ASW Weapon
Medium Range Guided Air-Surface Weapon
AIR FORCE
Titan III
MMRBM
Advanced Strategic Manned Aircraft
Advanced Ballistic Re-Entry Systems
OPERATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
Is directed toward development, en-
gineering and test of complete systems
which have been approved for produc-
tion and service use.
ELEMENTS
ARMY
Redeye
Shillelagh
NAVY
Polaris
Subroc
Asroc
Dash
AIR FORCE
Minuteman
Space Track
TFX
C-141
FY -64 FY '65 FY 64 FY '65
Army 744.9 754.2 Army 102.7 55.9
Navy 232.7 226.0 Navy 496.8 345.2
Air Force 767.5 672.7 Air Force 1,417.2 1,178.6
TOTAL 1,745.1 1,652.9 TOTAL 2,016.7 1,579.7
A ^
FY '64 FY '65
Army 170.3 182.6
Navy 201.0 217.9
Air Force 654.6 656.4
TOTAL 1,025.9 1,056.9
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
103
ABLESTAR- A TEAM ACHIEVEMENT
The first engine restart in space. The first upper stage
vehicle to inject a completely nuclear powered satellite
into precision polar orbit. The placing of 14 distinctly
different types of satellites in orbit. This is Ablestar. ■
Produced by Space-General under the direction of the
Air Force Space Systems Division, Ablestar is a highly
reliable, accurate, "soft" riding vehicle, adaptable for
a wide variety of payloads and missions. ■ The Able-
star achievement has required a team capable of the
total systems approach, Space-General is continually
looking for systems-oriented men to add to this — and
other — teams.
OUTSTANDING CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
now exist at Space-General for Engineers and Scien-
tists with a B.S. degree or higher and at least two
years of experience in any of the following fields:
Reliability Engineering • Computer Programming
• Structural Dynamics • Space Vehicle Design •
Guidance and Control Analysis • Aerothermody-
namics • Stress Analysis • Trajectory Analysis •
Astrophysics • Advanced Sensor Research • Bio-
chemistry • Microwave and R F Component
Research • Communication Systems Analysis •
Transistor Circuit Design ■ Your resume will
receive immediate confidential attention. Send to:
Donald L. Craig, Employment Mgr., Space-General
Corp., Dept. No. NP-21, 9200 E. Flair Drive, El
Monte, California.
An Equal Opportunity Employer
SPACE-GENERAL CORPORATION
El Monte, California
A subsidiary of Aerojet-General Corporation
DDR&E/research & technology
Research Chiefs Sophisticating'
Their $1-Billion-a-Year Business
Key advances gained in past are being documented to bolster
R&T case before Congress and provide guidelines for future
TRAINING their biggest guns on
the management problem, Director of
Defense Research and Engineering pol-
icy makers in research and technology
have started to look backward a num-
ber of years to see what they did right
in research and technology to get pres-
ent-day weapons systems.
Object: to use past experiences as
a guide for building a technical organi-
zation able most effectively to direct
the Defense Department's annual $1.5-
billion program of research and tech-
nology into channels that 10 to 15
years from now will carry the best
weapons systems in the world.
At the same time, the Office of the
Deputy Director (Research and Tech-
nology) has chartered its Assistant Di-
rector (Research) to set up broad re-
search guidelines for in-house labora-
tories. Based on DOD's overall defense
mission, these guidelines are supposed
to lead to the biggest payoffs for the
nation.
The Assistant Director (Research)
has already called upon knowledgeable
people in government research labora-
tories for help in drawing up the guide-
lines, and expects increasingly to bring
small cadres of laboratory experts up
to the DOD level to help DDR&E make
technical policy decisions.
On another front, the Deputy Di-
rector's office is starting the third phase
of a program aimed at increasing the
efficiency of the in-house laboratories.
Unlike many other programs with the
same avowed goal, the current one is
more apt to make changes in DOD in
line with the laboratories' needs than
to make changes in the laboratories to
fit a preconceived DOD structure.
Out of this concerted effort to put
management of DOD's research and
technology on a scientific basis, indus-
CHALMERS W. SHERW1N, Deputy
Director for Research and Technology.
try probably will get what it has been
calling for: "a sophisticated customer."
In turn, the government will probably
find itself drawn closer to industry and
its problems.
• Looking backward — Congress ap-
propriates money for equipment at
about the level of request, but not for
research and technology, a DOD official
pointed out. He indicated that the leg-
islative body is not fully convinced of
the value of the research function.
There is good reason for this attitude;
as yet, nobody has adequately docu-
mented the part research plays in the
development of weapons systems.
The case for research can be stated
objectively: it takes a certain sized war-
head carried by a certain type vehicle
guided with a given accuracy to kill so
many people or decimate a certain
amount of land. From these data, in-
vestigators can work backward to find
out the applied and basic research that
was necessary to evolve the weapons
system. This is one of the paths DDR&E
wants to trace to prove the value of
research.
With this documentation in hand,
DDR&E can go after more research
money from Congress and have a good
chance of getting it.
In specific terms, DDR&E is trying
to find out what key advances emerged
from research — such as a new-type
transistor or a better nozzle for a
rocket or a better gyro — to contribute
to modern weapons systems. In another
example, what has basic research taught
about the ionosphere that perhaps has
resulted in a better military weapon
for the U.S.?
DDR&E expects to find hundreds
of key advances. It expects to prove its
case for research many times over in
terms of existing weapons alone. "If,
for example, we designed the Minute-
man with the technology of 1950, it
couldn't have taken off," noted a DOD
scientist. "If it were able to take off,
it would have burned up. If it did not
burn up, it would never have had the
accuracy to make it a feasible weapon."
One of the most important key
advances — development of the thermo-
nuclear warhead — radically cut down
the size of modern missiles. Even if
this advance were entirely discounted,
key advances in re-entry physics and
materials, solid-state devices and such
would be considered. They all contrib-
uted significantly to the ability of a
modern weapon to seek out and destroy
its target. If, for instance, through an
electronic advance, the accuracy of a
weapon is doubled, its effectiveness is
increased four times.
"We expect we will be able to build
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
105
a big case for research," a DOD scien-
tist concluded. "Also, we will be able
to find 'patterns of productivity.' "
• Building on the past — These pat-
terns will probably indicate a means
for more efficiently managing research.
DOD is looking for those properties
of government-managed research that
are necessary for high productivity and
creativity. Once they are learned, DOD
expects to be able to spend its future
billions of dollars more effectively.
Some patterns are foreseen: DOD
must work more closely with industry
on the local level. DOD in-house labo-
ratories must be delegated authority,
have improved lines of communications
up to the policy-making level, and main-
tain a high morale.
On the other hand, industry is criti-
cized for not taking full advantage of
government-sponsored research. Com-
panies seem reticent about using ideas
other than their own. Although the na-
tion suffers in the overall picture, some
bright spots are put in by imaginative
firms. There was, for example, a sym-
biosis between the University of Illinois
and Minneapolis-Honeywell in the de-
velopment of the electrostatic gyro. The
original idea for the instrument came
from the university working under a
government contract. The government
subsequently backed the company's de-
velopment of the gyro, which was ex-
tremely successful.
Such productivity is prompting sev-
eral universities to set up programs to
exploit their research jointly with com-
mercial organizations. This is another
of the patterns of productivity involv-
ing a key advance that DDR&E is try-
ing to document.
• The management problem — Chal-
mers W. Sherwin, Deputy Director (Re-
search and Technology) emphasizes the
need to find ways for the government
to take long-term risks where the pay-
off promises to be really large. He ob-
served that the government that does
not use its research resources effectively
will not come out ahead of its foes.
"What we will be doing in the next
decade depends on how well we ad-
minister research today, and our stud-
ies will make the case for Congress to
see what they are buying," he said.
"We should be limited only by (the
supply of) good ideas and people, not
by money."
Thus, the fundamental problem fac-
ing the Deputy Director is to build a
professional scientific management for
research and development. The office
needs a good research organization and
a plan of action. Yet the management
of large-scale R&D piojects is only
about 20 years old.
"This is a new science in its own
right," a high-level DOD official said,
"and scientists themselves should rec-
ognize the revolution that has taken
place in R&D scientific management."
• At the working level — Basically,
DDR&E controls the in-house efforts
of the three military services, of their
laboratories and of DOD's staff of tech-
nical experts. The job is to make the
operation run efficiently and with the
proper delegation of authority.
In order to do this, "we first have
to spend time with the laboratories and
the technical services," said a DOD
official. "We should be concerned with
the state of (professional) health of the
working level scientists and engineers.
Right now, we are working on improv-
ing and analyzing DOD's laboratories;
this is being done in Task 97, under
Edward Glass (special assistant to the
Deputy Director [Research and Tech-
nology])."
These laboratories are industry's
prime contact with DOD. The DOD
official stressed, "In research, the real
payoff is local control of the money —
where there is people-to-people talk
where the work is being done."
On the policy-making level, DDR&E
has the problem of recruiting a staff
familiar with military needs, govern-
ment laboratories and a field of tech-
nology. For this reason, the main
strength will be taken from the service
laboratories. Asked if the men recruited
might tend to dictate to the labora-
tories on technical matters, a DOD offi-
cial said he didn't think so, "that these
men know the evils of central man-
agement and the degree of autonomy
or responsibility that laboratories should
have in order to do their best work."
• Background for decision — Rela-
tively few of the people brought into
DDR&E to help make technical policy
decisions will be working there full
time. Instead, they will be encouraged
to retain their laboratory ties, but at
the same time will be part of DDR&E
discussion groups deciding how much
effort should go into particular phases
of technical work. This is said to be a
new approach to setting guidelines for
DOD's research efforts.
In a typical example, a group might
analyze the amount of money going into
nuclear physics, and the question might
be raised: are we putting too much
into high-energy physics or should more
money go into low-energy physics for
the biggest payoff?
DDR&E is striving in its discus-
sion groups to get a representative mix
of the various technical disciplines.
Somebody might propose a problem in
atmospheric physics, for instance, and
others around him are then forced to
discuss it and analyze it. In this way,
DDR&E will be building up a form
of internal technical management and
consultants for DOD research.
The real issues are:
— What has come out of the bil-
lions of dollars spent on research and
exploratory development over the past
few years?
— What should be the present level
of research effort in DOD?
— How can this money be spent to
the best advantage for the long-term
defense of the U.S.?
Answers to these questions will
probably be easier to get once the ex-
pected key technical advances are doc-
umented, patterns of productivity traced
and management lines made more flex-
ible and drawn shorter.
• Guiding DOD research — The
Office of the Assistant Director (Re-
search) was recently reoriented to set
up broad guidelines for both contract-
ural and in-house programs in DOD
research. This is a change from the
office's previous method of concentrat-
ing its efforts strictly on problem areas
— management by exception.
"We're going to develop research
guidelines through reviewing and ana-
lyzing DOD's present needs as well as
potential future ones," Edward M.
Reilley, Deputy Assistant Director (Re-
search), told Missiles and Rockets.
"Then we shall delegate to the serv-
ices below us the maximum flexibility
in carrying out their work along the
indicated paths."
The discussion groups mentioned
earlier will play a large part in outlin-
ing DOD's research programs. The
groups are going to be asked: where
are key advances needed most and
what are they? Such advances will be
considered in each of four major pro-
gram areas.
The first program area, that of
physical and mathematical sciences, is
divided into four sub-areas: general and
solid-state physics, nuclear physics,
chemistry and mathematics.
Similarly, engineering sciences are
divided into electronics, materials, me-
chanical, energy conversion and infor-
mation sciences. This last category may
not be considered separately.
Life sciences are made up of the
biological, medical and behavioral sci-
ences. And the environmental sciences
comprise Earth sciences, atmospheric
sciences, oceanography, and astronomy
and astrophysics.
Since the Office of the Assistant Di-
rector (Research) is aiming at appli-
cations, it prefers not to use the phrase
"basic research" in describing its mis-
sion. Yet the office intends to lay policy
for "that research which has no direct
and clear application." Emphasis is on!
the words "direct and clear."
"Actually, we think the difference
between basic and applied research is
in the attitude of the sponsor," said an
official in the Assistant Director's office.
"Applied can be just as basic as basic
106
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
"The blood more stirs
to rouse a lion
than to start a harei"
William Shakespeare
There are challenges and then there
are challenges.
Consider the one that confronts us
at MITRE. We are responsible for
the design, development and inte-
gration of the major command and
control systems that protect the free
world.
This involves systems for nuclear
detection (NUDETS), long distance
Air Force communications systems
(SPACE-COM), ballistic early warn-
ing systems (BMEWS), National
Military Command Systems (NMCS),
and many more.
Working at MITRE, a man may
think in terms of an overall system
to provide instant warning in case of
attack; of a sub-system that might
be a flock of orbiting satellites; of a
component that's one of the world's
largest computers.
That's the scope of the challenge
at MITRE. Frankly, it's as big as a
systems man can tackle. On the other
hand, it affords an opportunity to ex-
pand your capabilities, to contribute
to an important science, to mingle
with a caliber of personnel you
wouldn't find working on a lesser
challenge.
MITRE is located in pleasant, sub-
urban Boston. Openings are also avail-
able in Washington, D.C. and
Colorado Springs. Rewards are com-
petitive. Engineers and scientists —
preferably with advanced degrees and
at least five years' experience in elec-
tronics, mathematics or physics —
write in confidence to Vice President
— Technical Operations, The MITRE
Corporation, P.O. Box 208 G, Bedford,
Massachusetts.
THEI
MITRE
An Equal Opportunity Employer
Pioneer in the design and development of command and control systems, MITRE was chartered in 1958
States Government. An independent nonprofit corporation, MITRE is technical advisor and system enginee
tronic Systems Division and also serves the Federal Aviation Agency and the Department of Defense.
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research even though the sponsor may
have an end in mind." He stressed, "It's
the relationship rather than the appli-
cation of research that we are looking
into."
He suggested an example from the
category of physical and mathematical
sciences: fundamental research on the
growth of crystals can be as basic as
an investigator wants to make it. Not
much is known about growing crystals
— it is an art. "So we can say there is
no direct and clear application of crys-
tal-growing in DOD. However, we
spend enormous amounts of money on
crystals — semiconductor crystals, laser
crystals, quartz. And the better we un-
derstand the science behind crystal tech-
nology, the less 'cookbookery' we'll
have to use. Besides, cookbookery is
dreadfully expensive."
• A fine line — In another example,
taken from the life sciences, the stud-
ies of the composition of human blood
— physiological, chemical and cellular
— is as basic a research study as one can
find. Yet one of DOD's major problems
is blood preservation in wartime and
for disasters. "So everything we know
about the basic problem will be able
to be related to the applied problem —
to a point where it is difficult to tell
which is applied research," the official
said. He observed that on this basis,
"practically all DOD research can be
construed as applied."
These have been two examples in
which there is very little science, al-
though the dollar magnitude of DOD
programs relating to them is very large.
The engineering sciences offer many
examples in the energy conversion field.
For instance, the detailed laws of chem-
istry and physics and how they relate
to hundreds of energy conversion de-
vices are ill-defined. The logistics of
supplying the Army with energy sources
to almost any location in the world is
an expensive job: a gallon of diesel
fuel, for example, delivered to north
Alaska by air can cost a couple of dol-
lars a gallon, not the eight or nine cents
it costs here.
Simply for economic reasons, there-
fore, there is active DOD interest in
exploring all physical and chemical
processes which would make energy
cheaper and more available in small
units in the field. This interest includes
thermoelectricity, fuel cells, chemical
interactions at electrodes, plasmas,
thermionics and others. The aim is to
reinforce an art by science.
Very often, technicians operate from
general principles, but not in their de-
tailed scientific work. They may find,
for example, that the thermal efficiency
of a cycle is 90% without knowing the
figures of merit which when multiplied
together would give 90%. A science that
cannot operate from detailed laws is an
immature science.
In the fourth major program area
— environmental sciences — the DOD
official suggested the field of seismology
as offering work that can be basic or
applied, whichever way an investigator
cares to look at it. DOD is interested
in gaining a thorough knowledge of the
structure of the Earth, particularly
where a branch of seismology touches
on the problem of detecting nuclear
detonations at great distances.
Also, an aspect of oceanography
with its concommitant problems of
sound transmissions as it relates to
ocean dynamics and composition is of
vital interest for submarine detection
and communications.
Thus, DOD in its future research
will be emphasizing the backtrack to
"basic research." The amount of sup-
port will be in proportion to the na-
tional interest. The Advanced Research
Projects Agency, for example, is par-
ticularly concentrating on seismology
because of the agency's mission in the
nuclear detection field.
Yet the Office of the Assistant Di-
rector (Research) will not manage re-
search on a project level. This would
be physically impossible and financially
foolish. The office will put all its effort
to setting up research guidelines, seeing
that the DOD research effort is oriented
along them, but with the fullest allow-
ance for local flexibility. Still, there will
be management review by the office. It
is said that this is the first time DOD
will have managed its research program
in this exact fashion.
• Helping the in-house labs — The
Dept. of Defense is now taking a hard
look at its in-house laboratories to make
them more effective research instru-
ments. This is the mission of Task 97,
run by Edward Glass, special assistant
to the Deputy Director (Research and
Technology). Glass told M/R, "We are
trying to increase quality, not the quan-
tity of in-house work."
The idea was colorfully expressed
in a special study of in-house Army
laboratories: "What (our) laboratories
need is not a tank car of lukewarm wa-
ter, but two quarts of boiling water."
Glass related that Phase 3 of the
program is starting now. In Phase 11
called manpower and personnel, the job
was to solve the morale problem that,
perhaps through red tape, had been tied
in knots for many years. The tech- !
nique used was simple but effective. In-
house laboratories were visited, the'
problems collected and subsequently
analyzed. A typical one was the com-
plaint by a field laboratory that its
personnel could not rise above the Civil
Service classification GS-13.
Meetings were held at DOD with
representatives of all interested agencies
attending. The problems were presented
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
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and many of them solved on the spot.
"It was simply a matter of communica-
tions," Glass said.
Phase 2 is concerned with fiscal
problems. Started last April, the final
report is being finished now.
The latest phase is concerned with
the military construction of laborato-
ries, including policies, procedures and
procurement; supporting services; and
a look back at Phase 1 to see if the
laboratories have maintained the ground
they won.
• In-housc labs help industry —
Glass sees the laboratories as a prime
manager of DOD's technical programs.
The labs have to translate the opera-
tional needs of the military into tech-
nical requirements. In effect, the labs
are there to interpret what the military
man says he needs into requirements
that can be handed to industry.
In addition, the labs are said to be
the best windows through which to
watch government-contracted university
research. When it reaches the point of
military usefulness, it can be gathered
for industry processing into weapons
systems.
DOD has not yet analyzed how
much of its in-house work could be
done more effectively by industry. It
appears that once a laboratory has
hold of a research project, attrition is
the only way it may be lost. This means
that when new projects come in through
the front door, the limited size and
budgets of the labs dictate that some
older projects will have to leave through
the rear door.
It is claimed, though, that the labs
must do certain work: highly danger-
ous research or production, highly
classified, and highly expensive.
The labs are also said to be useful
for defining the problems before they
are turned over to industry. Further-
more, the laboratories often open new
areas to industry, ones that may have
been ignored because of other research
bandwagons passing at the time.
The labs, moreover, help industry
go into these unorthodox areas. The
scientists at the labs will often per-
sonally work with industry's represen-
tatives on specifications and technical
problems.
Thus, DDR&E is trying to crash
through the research barrier by a frontal
attack. Modern weapons are being ana-
lyzed to see what key advances brought
them into being. In turn, key advances
are being analyzed for the light they
may shed on patterns of productivity.
At the same time, DOD is looking deep
into its in-house laboratories with the
intent of applying suitable patterns to
bring about advances that will assure
the U.S. of having the world's best
weapons systems now and for the fore-
seeable future. ■
DIRECT DRIVE
TORQUE MOTORS IN
STABILIZATION
AND
TRACKING SERVO SYSTEMS
The direct drive torque motor used as a
servo actuator is ideally suited for many
applications requiring precision rate and
tracking drives. Typical of these applica-
tions are drives for tracking telescopes,
radar antennas, aerial cameras, stable ele-
ments, and ultra-precise gyro test tables.
The inherent features that make direct
drive torque motors a logical choice for
such applications are:
high coupling stiffness: the direct drive
torque motor is attached directly to the
load itself — therefore no gears, no back-
lash errors, no mechanical resonance
problems.
low speeds with high accuracy: typical of
precision rate drives is a table for testing
rate and integrating gyros. This table has
a speed range of 0.01°/sec to l,500°/sec.
Accuracy over most of this speed range
is 0.1%.
fast response: since it produces higher
torque for its size than any other electro-
magnetic device, and since its torque is
a direct function of applied current in-
dependent of speed (a function of volt-
age), the torque motor's response is
absolute and instantaneous at all operat-
ing speeds.
high resolution: the same characteristics
that result in fast response from stand
still to maximum operating speeds result
in "locked-on" resolution. The torque
motor is limited only by the sensitivity of
the error sensing circuits that command it.
high linearity: torque increases directly
with input current, independent of speed
or angular position. Electromagnetic lin-
earity through zero excitation assures
smooth operation and sensitivity to in-
put signals.
compact, adaptable design: small, pan-
cake configuration allows fitting the mo-
tor into minimum spacing around or on
the end of the shaft to be driven. It also
produces higher torque for its size than
any other electromagnetic servo actuator,
reliability and long life: the basic sim-
plicity and absolute minimum of moving
parts makes a torque motor inherently
reliable. Extensive design and production
experience have put Inland torque motors
in most major defense programs of the
last decade. These include widely ranging
applications under all conditions and en-
vironments from thousands of feet under-
water to years of unattended operation
in outer space.
Inland Motor Corporation specializes
in direct drive torque motors and servo
subsystems. Having originated most of
the designs available today, Inland makes
available a design library of over 600
torque motor models. Catalog items range
from a small 0.03 Ib.-ft. motor to those
capable of many thousands of Ib.-ft. of
torque. Inland also produces rotary and
solid state amplifiers, tachometer gener-
ators and other units which give Inland
the unique capability to design and deliver
complete direct drive servo subsystems
for positioning, rate and tensioning appli-
cations. Inland's experience, production
capacity and complete prototype facilities
are distinct advantages to the customer.
TORoy SAys-.
You too, can be an expert
on direct drive torque mo-
tors! Write or call today for
new condensed motor se-
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the press. If you're
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drive problem — call
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it and you can be
a hero.
INLAND MOTOR
CORPORATION
RADFORD, VIRGINIA
SUBSIDIARY OF
KOLLMOROEN
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
Circle No. 6 on Subscriber Service Card
in
SYSTEMS
COMMUNICATION
Here is a leading single source for components and capability in systems
communications covering the RF and microwave spectrums. Beginning
with a broad line of coaxial cables and matching connectors, Phelps
Dodge Electronics offers a variety of fabricated specialties coupled with
the proven technical ability to join individual elements in an efficient,
economic system or subsystem package.
In applications including missile checkout and guidance, radio tele-
scopy, space surveillance, radar detection, community television, nuclear
instrumentation and point-to-point microwave, look to Phelps Dodge
Electronics for leadership.
Why not begin by requesting a copy of our new capability brochure?
$0 CAPABlUv»
styro/lex3, Helical Membrane, Foamikx,
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delay
^^eci transitions, ';^
KEY TO successful guidance for Army's new Sprint high-
acceleration A-ICBM could rest with development of reliable
inertia! elements such as this high-g fluid-rotor gyro by Sperry.
DDR&E emphasis on missile/ space detection and tracking has
brought rapid advance in phased-array radars such as this 64-
element, self-focusing unit by Electronic Communications, Inc.
DDR&E/research & technology
Electronics Priority Given to
A-ICBM, ASW, Command & Control
Projects controlled by directorate to top $1 billion in value
in FY 1965; a survey of areas now getting principal attention
ELECTRONICS SUPPORT of anti-
ballistic missile defense systems, anti-
submarine warfare, command and con-
trol and nuclear-burst monitoring head
the R&D list in the Office of the Direc-
tor of Defense Research and Engineer-
ing.
Total electronics R&D throughout
the defense establishment is estimated
to exceed $3 billion for Fiscal 1965.
Identifiable research projects in the elec-
tronics field controlled by DDR&E are
valued at about $800 million for FY
'64 and will exceed $1 billion in FY
'65.
No single authority exists in DDR&E
today having full cognizance over elec-
tronics, nor is there any set formula for
determining which office controls what
effort.
Electronics responsibility generally
is in the hands of the Deputy Director
for Research and Technology, Dr.
Chalmers W. Sherwin. More specifi-
cally, it is handled by his Assistant Di-
rector ( Communications-Electronics ) ,
Thomas F. Rogers. Rogers is assisted
by two deputies: Ernest C. Wood (Elec-
tronics) and Willie L. Moore (Com-
munications).
In its charter, Rogers' office covers
the entire electronics components and
equipment spectrum.
The separation of "electronics" from
"communications" is as follows: com-
munications covers all equipment at a
terminal — including transmitters, re-
ceivers, multiplex and other signal proc-
essing subsystems necessary for the
transmission and reception of telecom-
munications; everything beyond that
functional equipment division falls
under electronics. Data processing, tac-
tical or strategic, is electronics. Com-
munications includes techniques and
systems.
It is in the area of support to other
DDR&E offices that Rogers' responsi-
bility becomes hazy and is handled on
a project-by-project assignment basis.
Robert H. Sherer, Assistant Director
(NMCS, TS, Strategic Command and
Control) is responsible for overseeing
DOD strategic C&C development. Rog-
^ Circle No. 19 on Subscriber Service Card
113
Sonotone batteries spark portable power to action!
Mite or might — if it's portable, the chances are it relies on
Sonotone rechargeable sintered-plate, nickel-cadmium cells and
batteries. That goes for everything from space satellites and
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delicate medical Instruments. The reason is this: Sonotone pio-
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any other American company, Sonotone has built up an un-
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for cooperation with dtiign engineers. What new product are
you working on? Let Sonotone help you solve your power prob-
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requirements... and we'll be happy to lend you a hand.
Sonotone Batteries MM-13 have been used in U.S. ICBM Titan I
and Sonotone Batteries MM-14 have been used in the emergency
ground support. Many electric toothbrushes use Sonotone Sealed
Battery S-113. These are just three of more than 300 Sonotone
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Circle No. 14 on Subscriber Service Card
ADVANCES IN UNDERWATER surveillance, detection and tracking are urgently
needed by the Navy. Support for this effort is being drawn from an expanded oceanog-
raphy program. Typical of new equipment now required is this W estinghouse-dev eloped
ocean-floor, side-looking sonar, built for the Office of Naval Research. Shown being
lowered (top), the instrument will be towed 200 to 400 ft. above the ocean floor at depths
to 20,000 ft. Range is 2,400 at right angles to the direction of tow. Three-dimensional
picture (bottom) shows the Atlantic floor at 8,400 ft. Area covered is one-half mile wide
by one mile long. Resolution is to 2V2 x 4 ft., search rate 1.5 sq. mi./hr. An early version
was used in the search for the missing submarine USS Thresher.
ers' office provides support for systems,
but could be assigned cognizance over
a particular hardware development.
The same is true for tactical C&C and
for Dr. Albert C. Hall's space systems
office.
Because of the diversity of fields
covered in DDR&E electronics R&D
management, it would be impractical
to detail future needs in each. In the
following, Missiles and Rockets sum-
marizes those areas currently enjoying
the greatest emphasis — both in funding
and effort.
• Detection and tracking — In testi-
mony on the military posture in late
January and early February before the
House Armed Services Committee, both
Defense Secretary Robert McNamara
and Dr. Harold Brown, Director of
Defense Research and Engineering,
stressed the urgency of developing ade-
quate defense against ICBM's and sub-
marine-launched IRBM"s. To this end,
an intensive R&D program is being
directed by DDR&E, and will probably
extend at least through the next five to
10 years. A significant portion of this
effort falls into the area of electronics.
Roughly SO. 5 billion has been re-
quested by DOD for FY 1965 for two
programs: Nike-Zeus/ Nike-X for anti-
missile defense against ICBM's and
IRBM's; and Project Defender. The
latter is a many-faceted research effort
involving advanced radar and non-radar
discrimination-sensor techniques for the
detection, identification and tracking of
both re-entry bodies and orbital satel-
lites.
Defender also includes studies of
highly advanced methods that offer a
potential for active missile defense. The
laser some day could fit into this area.
Dr. Sherwin, deputy director for re-
search and technology, suggested that
for the future there is a need for de-
velopment of a weapon or weapon tech-
nique for use against equipment — that
is, one capable of rendering equipment
temporarily inoperable. The proper har-
nessing of electromagnetic energy may
yield such a system.
Discrimination, now believed to be
a solvable problem within a practical
time period, still represents a main
hurdle for Nike-Zeus. The anticipated
backup, however, expected to be avail-
able with Sprint in the Nike-X low-
altitude ICBM intercept approach and
the multi-target tracking capability of
the Multifunction Array Radar make
the whole defense approach consider-
ably more attractive.
Much must be accomplished before
all the technical problems are solved
for such an antimissile system. For ex-
ample, as one official pointed out, Sprint
and Zeus are expected to be capable of
multiple launch against a number of
targets. Will the effect of the first anti-
missile burst preclude detonation of
other defense missiles that might of
necessity be within burst-radiation
range? Such questions must still be re-
solved (within the bounds of the test
ban).
Not only will flight electronics have
to be ""hardened." but some ground-
control and data-processing electronics
also may have to be designed for greater
radiation resistance.
Complementing Zeus Nike-X is the
Army's AADS-70 (Army Air Defense
System 1970's). Funding is still low
(only $5 million for FY '65), but the
program so far has the blessing of
DDR&E and is expected to increase.
It has been proposed by DOD offi-
cials that Nike-X could also be an ef-
fective weapon against submarine-
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
115
launched shorter range ballistic mis-
siles. It would help considerably to at
least know from what direction an at-
tack might come. Also, a greater deter-
rent might be to locate and destroy the
submerged launching platform before
it could fire a second missile.
Two programs are being conducted
by the Navy under DDR&E control to
solve this problem. Trident is the desig-
nation for an R&D effort to develop a
long-range submarine detection and
tracking system by passive techniques.
Similarly, Project Artemis is a comple-
mentary approach that will make use
of active long-range detection tech-
niques.
The Ballistic Missile Early Warning
System is now considered fully opera-
tional. The three stations, located in
Alaska, Greenland and England, are
situated in such a manner that they
sweep overlapping sectors covering most
of the northern regions from which
a ballistic missile attack might be
launched — today. However, an attack
might someday be launched over the
southern part of the globe.
Thus, an omnidirectional backup
system is desirable. Over-the-horizon
radar may be one solution. This proj-
ect was funded by DOD in FY 1963
and shows great promise, not only as
a means for covering the exposed U.S.
"rear," but as a BMEWS backup sys-
tem. The system employs a brute-force
HF radar beam to produce back-scat-
tered target information. Signal proc-
essing techniques remain a key area for
advancement.
Other approaches may, however, be
proved more practical. The employment
of satellite detection together with satel-
lite-to-satellite communicaions for in-
stantaneous relay to U.S. -located ground
stations might prove to be as effective
and cost less on a long-term basis.
The point is, said one official, DOD
is and will be open to any good new
approach to these problems.
• Electromagnetic interference — ■
Not a large national effort, but never-
theless an extremely important one is
the tri-service effort directed by the
Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis
Center at Annapolis, Md., for DOD.
The radio frequency interference prob-
lem is steadily worsening, says one offi-
cial, and the end is not even in sight.
ECAC is concerned chiefly with the
problem of self or "friendly" inter-
ference.
The other side of the problem is
unfriendly interference — electronic war-
fare.
DDR&E is attempting to establish a
broad base over the entire EW field to
improve weapon systems capability, to
assure non-interruption of the National
Command and Control System and to
strengthen tactical C&C.
It is hoped that the first problem,
electromagnetic compatibility, will be
on its way toward solution when suffi-
cient data are collected, analyzed and
understood concerning the effects of
densely populated emitters. In the mean-
time, DOD will continue to stress to
industry the need for black box-by-
black box RFI isolation.
Considerably more information,
however, is needed concerning the vari-
ables of operating environment power,
propagation modes and solar influences.
The problems of intentional RFI are
equally demanding. Their effect on both
tactical and strategic communications
could be disastrous. Similarly, all radio-
controlled weapons, whether active or
passive, are more subject to misdirec-
tion by properly transmitted radio sig-
nals, general jamming or by pulse-type
radiations resulting from local nuclear
bursts.
One key problem with MMRBM
guidance requirements has been that of
developing a star tracker system capa-
ble of continuous track through the
mm
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116
Circle No. 10 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
period of highest pulse intensity follow-
ing a nuclear detonation. Reportedly,
this problem remains unsolved.
Anti-radiation missiles may also be
subject to misdirection by manipula-
tion of propagation from the target
radar. This is an area of research not
yet seriously investigated, but it is ex-
pected that DDR&E will agree to such
a study in the future (probably under
Air Force sponsorship).
• Radiation/ seismic sensors — The
nuclear-test moratorium has prompted
a new area of R&D — nuclear-detection
sensors. Employment of such devices
will be both ground-based and satellite-
borne. Research in theoretical and ex-
ploratory nuclear technology is being
pressed by DDR&E now, and is ex-
pected to continue for many years (bar-
ring negation of the treaty).
Different support sensors and meas-
urement equipment will be needed for
the planned series of deep underground
nuclear tests in Nevada to be performed
by the AEC for DOD. Besides labora-
tory test equipment, sensors will have
to be improved for blast effects, such
as shock-wave propagation ( in air,
ground and water), thermal and radia-
tion, electromagnetic-pulse and bio-
medical phenomena. Systems and com-
ponent damage vulnerability will be an
extremely important area of investiga-
tion, particularly in electronic equip-
ment.
KLYSTRON developed by GE for Air
Force is called "highest-powered, highest-
performance" amplifier of its kind now in
production and service. (Performance of
276-lb., 7-ft. tube is classified.)
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
• Laser R&D pressed — The devel-
opment of lasers for weapons, commun-
ications, range finding and tracking is
being pressed by DDR&E through the
services — particularly the Army and
Air Force. The impetus thus provided
has served as a catalyst in industry, one
official pointed out, and will pay off
over the next 10 to 15 years as the size
of the effort increases.
Newer areas of application now
being studied include identification and
navigation devices and the futuristic
optical computer and data-processing
system (employing optical frequencies).
New laser materials, better lens con-
figurations and new techniques for
applying both pulse and CW lasers will
be sought during the decade by DOD.
An effort is now under way by Dr.
Sherwin and his staff to take another
across-the-board look at laser research
sponsored by DOD and provide gen-
eral R&D control to minimize duplica-
tion and to assure proper balance of
effort.
• Command and control — Concern
with developments during the last four
years in the field of command and con-
trol has resulted in a major reorienta-
tion of the program direction by DOD.
There has been considerable progress
in recent years; however, there is a
general feeling among DDR&E officials
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units are absolutely uniform
and can be built to V2 inch
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By utilizing the strength of light sheet metal,
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supports four men. There is no sagging! In
fact, the I beams (arrow) with which unbe-
lieving engineers expected to support the chute
actually sag away from it under their own
weight. Thus, Lindsay Structure, with its
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duction delays and skilled labor. No special
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Circle No. 11 on Subscriber Service Card
117
Design is the answer to cable performance:
60,000 ft. above ground or 1200 ft. below.
Wires and cables are engineered
products at Rockbestos. Like the cables
above for example.
The flexible coaxial cable at left was
designed to function at altitudes up to
60,000 feet. Rated 1500 watts cw at
1 Gc, it has an improved "semi-solid"
Teflon dielectric core, maintains its
dimensional stability at temperatures
from -67°F. to 203°F.
The "Down-hole" cable at right was
designed for water-tight service 1 200
feet below ground and for resistance to
an intermittent temperature of 1 100°F.
Fourteen different materials are used
in this cable's insulation and jacket to
provide the required physical and elec-
trical properties.
These are only a few of the unique
constructions designed and produced
by Rockbestos. For total cable design
capability, or for many "off-the-shelf"
wires and cables which may solve your
problem, call or write:
ROCKBESTOS wire & cable co.
division of CERRO CORPORATION
118
MAIN OFFICE AND FACTORY;
Circle No. 12 on Subscriber Service Card
that the hardware aspects may have
been oversold to industry.
Said one official in summarizing the
state of C&C today: "It's been over-
staffed, overfunded and underdone."
This may be also an oversimplification;
however, emphasis has now shifted to
determining what the user needs and
what the user can use — not what ma-
chine can be developed to replace or
confound the user. More effective use
of what now exists is the byword.
• Data processing — The whole field
of electronic computation and auto-
matic data processing has drawn its
strength from DOD needs in the past
and will continue to be a prime mover
for advancing the state of the art.
If any one new machine is needed
for C&C, said a DOD spokesman, it is
in the area of data storage and retrieval.
Many ideas have been investigated and
some useful instruments have been built
(such as the IBM Walnut system at San
Jose, Calif.), but so far all are too lim-
ited or too specialized.
Microelectronics will be pressed into
use as soon as possible, DOD feels, yet
industry must make its own way at its
own speed. Size reduction will permit
practical increase of capability, and the
move to higher frequencies and new
optical techniques will both increase
operating speeds and expand the range
of practical applications.
Automatic photo interpretation,
machine translation, intelligence analy-
sis— these are areas in which step ad-
vances are needed, not just at the DOD
level, but throughout the field forces.
Bordering on this need is the ur-
gency of information exchange in de-
fense research. A center, such as that
used so successfully by NASA, may
well be a solution, but the great size
of the defense field will necessitate de-
velopment of a ready access, foolproof
depository.
• Guidance and control — The one
field that may never cease to offer a
full range of R&D is that of guidance,
navigation and control of aircraft, mis-
siles and space vehicles.
There is a trend now toward stand-
ardization, but this is still only in
areas of application enjoying use of all-
purpose or multifunction hardware.
Stellar guidance, Ships Inertial Navi-
gation Systems, maneuverable space-
craft and re-entry bodies, low-level pen-
etration G&N and terrain-avoidance
radar are typical examples of systems
requiring continual updating. Stabili-
zation and attitude sensing devices will
continue to draw DOD R&D support.
Para- or diamagnetic rotor suspen-
sion in advanced gyros still seems to
offer the best early advance in inertial
instruments, but research is still being
pressed in more exotic areas, such as
nuclear-spin and solid-state gyros. ■
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
DDR&E Opens International
Defense Markets
CONTRACTORS now have an in-
creased opportunity to sell their prod-
ucts abroad, thanks to a new program
initiated in Department of Defense Re-
search and Engineering.
The new DDR&E effort in Inter-
national Programs, headed by Ronald
M. Murray, is less than a year old.
Three European countries have already
signed on and a fourth is said to be
considering joining. The countries now
in the program are Britain. West Ger-
many and France.
For missile/ space contractors, the
prime opportunity will lie in electronics,
since cooperative programs in nuclear
weapons and military space programs
are prohibited by law. However, air-
craft, aircraft engines, Army vehicles,
and Navy missiles, ships and aircraft
are included in the agreements.
There are three levels of coopera-
tion in the program:
— Coordinated — Two countries swap
information or results from their own
separate projects. Neither is dependent
upon the other, but they benefit by
the knowledge they acquire. Various
studies of lasers, for example, might
fall into this category.
— Cooperative — Two countries share
work or funding of some portion of
a project, but are not critically depend-
ent upon the other. The U.S. interest
in V STOL aircraft is an example.
— Joint projects — Two countries
share both work and funding, and are
critically dependent upon one another.
The U.S. is currently participating in
the joint development of a tank with
West Germany on this basis.
• How to sell — Murray says the
program will greatly increase the sell-
ing potential of U.S. contractors when
the items developed go into production.
He gives this advice to industry:
f 1 ) Get in on the ground floor here
by bidding on the projects as the serv-
ices let them. Although procurement
is done by the individual services ac-
cording to their interests, the projects
are identified as being in the Interna-
tional Programs category.
(2) Sponsor institutional advertis-
ing abroad, so that the foreign govern-
ments know your capabilities.
(3) Form industrial ties with firms
in the participating countries, either by
establishing subsidiaries or through
joint ventures.
Production rights will be appor-
tioned to the participating countries
commensurate with their respective con-
tributions to the project, Murray said.
Industry's position in the program is
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
now being studied in detail by a sub-
committee of the Defense Industrial
Advisory Council (DIAC) to deter-
mine what policy should apply in the
release of technical information, and
what kinds of things should be made
available to the European partners.
In addition, Murray said, another
DIAC subcommittee will look at the
relationships of DOD, the services and
industry in this matter.
He pointed out that there will be
some change in traditional roles; since
the government takes a stronger hand
in determining the research and de-
velopment program, it will tend to
lessen the sales impact of individual
companies.
For instance, if the U.S. and Ger-
many agree on a specific component,
it will make it difficult for a company
to sell another kind. This is why the
company is in a better position if it
participates in the original program.
• Full partners — Murray stressed
that this is not a "give-away" or aid pro-
gram. Only countries with levels of re-
search and development effort com-
parable to those of the United States
will be accepted. This program replaces
the now-defunct Mutual Assistance
Program (MAP), and the ground rules
are greatly changed.
For instance, this is not a program
to build up the technology of other
countries. To participate in a project,
the other country must demonstrate a
high technical competence in the area
involved. There must be an established
U.S. military need for the item, and it
must give the U.S. a good return for
its investment.
Projects are initiated by the services,
and service RDT&E funds are used
(although DDR&E must approve this).
Competitive bidding on items is re-
quired, although DDR&E is studying
how to fit this kind of requirement to
financial structures in other countries.
Programs are negotiated at the
DDR&E level. Defense Representative,
North Atlantic and Mediterranean
Area (DEFREPNAMA) acts as rep-
resentative in Europe, directly assisting
American industry in the European as-
pects of the program.
Objectives of DDR&E in getting into
such a program are threefold: 1) to
beef up the R&D effort on both sides;
2) to lessen logistics problems (for in-
stance, if both countries use the same
equipment, supplying one in the other's
country will be considerably simplified);
and 3) to enhance inter-operability and
even interchangeability of equipment. ■
Putting
the lid
on a big one
This top head is shown being lowered
onto one of the three 39-foot spherical
simulation chambers at the recently com-
pleted Space Simulation Test Facilities at
the General Electric Space Technology
Center, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.
CryoVac, a sub-contractor to the F. J.
Stokes Corporation. Philadelphia, de-
signed and installed the thermal shrouds,
heat sinks — like the one suspended under
the lid — cryopumps and associated cryo-
genic equipment including controls for
the facilities. "This isn't the first lid we've
helped put on a space simulation chamber
and it certainly won't be the last. We
helped place quite a few. In fact, the
cryogenic equipment in many of the
simulators now in existence or under
construction has been designed and built
by CryoVac. ■ CryoVac's experience goes
even beyond cryogenic systems how-
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design, fabrication and erection on many
programs. Why not take advantage of
this wealth of experience — write today.
Circle No. 13 on Subscriber Service Cord
119
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Circle No. 8 on Subscriber Service Card
DDR&E /research & technology
Materials Studies Stress Non-Metals
Shift away from metals means refractory, inorganic materials
efforts suffer; two-thirds of studies are done out-of-house
IDENTIFIABLE MATERIALS re-
search and technology programs in the
Defense Department are shifting in em-
phasis from metals to non-metals — at
the expense of refractories and inorganic
materials work.
Preliminary surveys aimed at estab-
lishing the current levels of effort indi-
cate a movement into organic and com-
posite materials even though specific
identification of the total materials area
is only about 50% accurate.
Since materials problems extend
thorough all modern weapons systems,
exact fundings of particular materials
development is not easily ascertained.
Dr. Earl T. Hayes, assistant Director
(Materials) in the Office of the Deputy
Director for Research and Technology,
DDR&E has identified about $100 mil-
lion in current materials programs and
estimates there is an equal amount in the
materials area funded through other
categories.
Specific areas of emphasis are pretty
much up to the individual services, but
knowledge of overall levels of interest
is a powerful management tool in
DDR&E since the funding has reached
a plateau and may even slightly decline
because of increasing overhead.
• Service breakdown — The sum to-
tal of DOD materials R&D is split be-
tween in-house programs and contracted
effort — with about 66% going to uni-
versities, industry and non-profit re-
search institutes.
Materials work within the services is
covered by 16 Navy, 19 Army and 4
Air Force laboratories. By far the
largest service lab is the Air Force
Materials complex at Wright-Patterson
Air Force Base — accounting for 80%
of the AF effort and about VS of the
entire DOD program. The Watertown
Arsenal is the Army's biggest with
about 25% of that service's work. The
Naval Research Lab is the largest single
Navy installation working in this field,
but materials work is rather evenly dis-
tributed among a number of other
facilities.
The Army and Navy farm out about
half of their materials research, while
the Air Force performs only about
20% of its work in-house.
The major concentration of metals
work in the Army is centered at the
Watertown Arsenal where programs
cover improved ferrous alloys for ord-
BERYLLIUM spacers for Minuteman are replacing aluminum. Beryllium Co., Cleveland, spacers are the first structural produc-
saving more than 50% per piece in weight. Fabricated by Brush lion units to be made from the lightweight metal.
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
121
LEFT: Minuteman motor cases are lined up before moving
through loading and curing lines at Air Force Plant #78, operated
by Thiokot Chemical Corp. Case construction, liner insulation
and nozzles for the ICBM were once the object of a crash materi-
als program. RIGHT: Materials and fabrication problems are
nance purposes. The Arsenal also con-
ducts most of the titanium work. There
is a great deal of effort in developing
processing techniques.
The light metals work is carried out
by the Frankford Arsenal together with
a heavy involvement in powder metal-
lurgy. Organic materials are handled
in the main by the Picatinny Arsenal
with Rock Island covering elastomers
for low-temperature radiation and in-
sulation applications. Redstone concen-
trates on ablative plastics.
Redstone programs in non-metallic
inorganics are pointed toward heat pro-
tection, nozzles, vanes and re-entry
bodies. The bulk of electronic materials
research is handled by Fort Monmouth
with most of work being in inorganic
non-metallics for semiconductors, ferro-
electrics and dielectrics.
Preliminary studies show that 38%
of the funded effort in materials is
presently in metals. While Hayes ad-
mits there are no figures available, he
feels the percentage in the past 10 or
20 years was more likely around 66%
for metallurgy.
• Current levels — Refractory metals
work constitutes about 9% of the
metals total, and Hayes sees this as de-
clining as greater demands are made
for superalloys in turbine applications
coupled with a resurgence of interest
in titanium.
Titanium — a major item in materials
R&D a decade ago— is finding increas-
ing usage in all three services. The re-
cently disclosed A-l 1 aircraft is one
major example, as is the titanium sec-
ond stage in the Minuteim. \ II missile.
Approximately 22% of the identi-
fiable DOD materials program is in or-
still being faced in the nozzle area, but progress is being made,
as evidenced by this manufacturing facility at Thompson Ramo
Wooldridge Electromechanical Div., Cleveland. A 120-in. nozzle
appears in background. This facility can handle parts measuring
up to 200 in. in diameter.
The Navy Materials Lab does simi-
lar work, but extends into other metals
and also develops programs in rein-
forced plastics for submarines and
hydrofoils, foam plastics, and polymers
resistant to high-temperature fluids.
The Naval Ordnance Lab (White
Oak) materials group is interested in
materials and processes which enter
into the construction of ordnance de-
vices, including tactical missiles. The
materials work is concentrated in
chemicals, elastomers, textiles and poly-
mers, magnetic materials, deep submer-
gence studies and semiconductor mate-
rials.
Lab programs include polymer and
reinforced plastic research dealing with
property studies, mechanics of failure in
reinforced plastics and glass/ resin inter-
face research. Studies into high tem-
perature and magnetic materials in-
volving ablation phenomena, alloy de-
velopment, improvement of magnetic
materials and development of nonmag-
netic alloy materials are also pursued.
The Naval Ordnance Test Station
(China Lake) is responsible for re-
search and development, engineering
testing and evaluation of materials used
in the fabrication of rockets, missiles,
underwater weapons and aircraft fire
control equipment. Major studies are
carried out in coatings, buoyant struc-
tural materials, heat barriers, propel-
lants and the application of ultra-sonics
to materials. Other programs cover
welding, plastics and polymers, high-
temperature metals and micromodules.
The major emphasis seems to be
in the optimization of heat barrier ma-
terials and on the development of ad-
ganics with the major concentration in
new plastics and polymers. The general
trend is toward higher temperatures.
The development of better ceramic
and graphite materials uses up about
1 1 % of the money, and 20% is de-
voted to producing improved electronic
materials.
The remaining 9% covers com-
posites, and this area, together with or-
ganics, is expected to grow at the ex-
pense of metals and the inorganic pro-
grams.
Hayes says this growth pattern re-
sembles that of the National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration's
materials effort where the emphasis has
been in organics.
These preliminary trends indicate to
DOD specialists that the next ten years
will see the emergence of a materials
science acting as a composite for all
of the classical groupings.
• Spheres of interest — In contrast
to the Army's procedure, Navy labs
do no contracting. This is handled by
the Office of Naval Research and the
Bureaus. The Naval Research Labora-
tory is the largest internal materials re-
search center with its work divided
evenly between basic and applied. NRL
conducts applied work in radiation
damage to metals, metallurgy of high
temperature heat transfer systems, physi-
cal metallurgy and the processing of
refractory metals and studies of weld-
joint behavior. It is under the Office of
Naval Research.
The NRL also handles work for
the Bureau of Naval Weapons in metal-
lic materials for armor and investigates
welding, heat treatment, fatigue and
radiation damage to ship steels for the
Bureau of Ships.
122
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
Why a Patented
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In Hypocycloidal printing the print
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pauses momentarily over the
paper, presses down, then moves
away smoothly.
Unlike ordinary printers, the Hypo-
cycloidal principle requires no
microsecond timing, no adjust-
ments, and avoids hammer
shocks.
Ordinary printers cannot achieve
Clary printing quality because they
employ "on-the-fly" printing
action . . . often producing mis-
alignment, smudging, incom-
plete characters, and an increase
of costly down-time.
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ELEVATED TEMPERATURE work is one of the largest problem areas in materials
research. Here General Electric scientist examines the relationship between liquid metals
and their containing structures in vacuums, and at design temperatures. Totally unknown
areas such as this are now common fields of basic and applied research in materials.
General Electric is also active in superconductivity work.
vanced propellants — both liquids and
solids — and the application of ultra-
sonic energy in the deformation of
structural materials.
On contract programs, the Bureau
of Naval Weapons materials cognizance
covers work in refractory metals, in
beryllium, in vanadium alloys, in frac-
ture mechanics and crack resistance,
and in corrosion studies.
Its organics work is in ablative plas-
tics, packaging, coatings and preserva-
tive compounds. Inorganic nonmetallic
work involves ceramic coatings, ra-
domes, properties of oxides and car-
bides, and the composite work covers
reinforced plastics, including hollow
glass fibers, the strengthening of metals
through alumina whiskers, transparent
plastics and high-viscosity ablating ma-
terials.
The Bureau of Ships contract effort
in metallurgy is confined to steel. The
electronics materials program is mov-
ing toward fuel cells but the vast sec-
tion of electronics materials in BuShips
is concentrated in a field outside of
materials per se.
• Air Force centralized — With the
exception of the internal work on elec-
tronic materials at the Cambridge Re-
search Lab, the entire applied materials
effort of the Air Force is conducted by
the materials section of Aeronautical
Systems Div. at Wright-Patterson AFB.
All other work is basic and carried on
by the Office of Aerospace Research,
Cambridge, Aeronautical Research Lab,
and Materials Central.
Air Force materials work covers six
broad areas. These are: load bearing at
higher temperatures, environmental
protection, higher structural strength/
weight, seals and sealants, energy trans-
fer fluids and advanced electromagnetic
applications.
The load bearing work includes re-
inforced plastics, superalloys, refrac-
tory metals and graphite bodies. En-
vironmental protection programs are
directed at heat shield research, insula-
tion— both high-temperature and cryo-
genic— and damping materials.
In the search for better structural
strength in lighter composites the re-
search involves glass fibers, sandwich
construction and the lighter metals such
as beryllium, titanium and aluminum.
Sealant work includes high molecular
weight polymers and other approaches
for space, high-temperature and radia-
tion environment applications.
• Basic research — Including the
funds the Advanced Research Projects
Agency uses in specified materials pro-
grams, the identifiable materials re-
search programs of DOD are split 46-
54 between basic and applied work.
ARPA's materials budget runs to
about $22 million a year and $16 mil-
lion of this goes into the DOD share
of the Interdisciplinary Laboratory
Program (IDL) in Materials Science.
This program supports a broad mate-
rials effort at a dozen major universities
across the U.S. A larger group of uni-
versities shares in the ARPA Equipment
Grant Program, which provides for the
purchase of vitally needed equipment
at institutions working under DOD re-
search contracts.
The IDL program was first imple-
mented in 1959 and is already bearing
fruit. One of the major objectives was
to increase the output of Ph.D's in the
materials field by approximately 75%.
A significant increase is already being
observed.
24 Circle No. 16 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
The IDL program, in essence, is
designed to break down within univer-
sities the interdepartmental walls, which
have separated the basic physical sci-
ences comprising the whole field of ma-
terials. The work statements in the con-
tracts signed by the 12 universities call
for theoretical and experimental studies
in solid-state physics, metallurgy, chem-
istry, ceramics, polymer science, surface
phenomenon and continuum mechanics.
The 12 institutions involved are
Cornell, Northwestern, University of
Pennsylvania, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Harvard, Brown, Chi-
cago, Stanford, University of North
Carolina, University of Maryland,
Purdue and Illinois.
Buildings have been constructed
under the program by Cornell, North-
western, Pennsylvania, MIT, Harvard
and Stanford. ARPA does not pay for
the buildings under the IDL, but em-
ploys a use-charge system — allowing a
10% per year recoupment by the in-
stitution until either the building cost
is reached or the contract ends.
• Long-range aspect — The program
recognizes that many of the scientific
investigations undertaken will run for
considerably longer than a year. The
contracts are written for four years of
support with an annual renewal review.
The yearly examination is more con-
sultative than directive since the mate-
rials problems under attack do not lend
themselves easily to finite delineation.
The program is administered by
Charles Yost, Director of Materials Sci-
ence, ARPA, for the DOD. Yost feels
the program has succeeded in aiding
the natural development of a recogni-
zable materials science in the U.S. The
work is largely directed toward solids,
with small efforts expended in liquids
and gases and some in necessary en-
gineering work. Although ARPA does
little active technical directing, it does
exercise complete financial control
over all aspects of the program.
A point to remember is that ARPA
funding represents only the DOD por-
tion of the program. Other government
agencies and the universities themselves
supply funds. Counting Fiscal '64 sup-
port, ARPA has invested close to $80
million since the inception of IDL.
• Crystal chaos — The second major
materials effort in ARPA is the Mate-
rials Preparation Program (MPP) —
directed at obtaining a precisely defined
material. In spite of the enormous
amount of solid materials work — both
basic and applied — going on in the
U.S., very little emphasis has been
placed on determining the nature of
a solid before working with it.
A prime example is the present elec-
tronics industry — an enormous segment
of the economy based on the ability of
a crystal grower to introduce crystal
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
Open House
for Creative Minds
Completion of RAC's new research center holds important
meaning for the organization itself and for the experienced
scientist or engineer seeking a home for his talents and room to
grow personally and professionally.
The research center's environment stimulates the creative in-
tellect and encourages interplay of ideas among RAC's topflight
professional staff. The new building also gives RAC the additional
space demanded by our rapidly increasing responsibilities.
RAC's work is scientific problem-solving on a global scale. We
apply operations research and systems engineering techniques to
the study and solution of major military problems and related
technical, political, and economic questions . . . with European
and Southeast Asia offices to supplement our efforts in this coun-
try. RAC's growth has created permanent career opportunities
of great potential for men and women who hold advanced degrees
in mathematics, statistics, a physical science, economics, or engi-
neering. A particularly urgent need exists for systems engineers.
Problem-solving at RAC is vital, challenging work . . . with
compensation that is fully equal to the importance of your assign-
ments. For further information, please send your resume to Mr.
John G. Burke, Professional Staffing, Research Analysis Corpo-
ration, McLean, Virginia (residential suburb of Washington,
D. CO- An equal opportunity employer.
Research Analysis Corporation
Circle No. 17 on Subscriber Service Card
imperfections in a controlled manner.
The only successful firms in that area
now are those that made a science out
of crystal growing instead of relegating
it to a service function.
The word "solids" in the MPP sense
covers everything crystalline and is not
specifically taken to be exclusively con-
cerned with electronics — as in "solid-
state devices".
The DOD effort to introduce some
order into this area centers in the Mate-
rials Preparation Program (MPP). The
fundamental science on which all solids
research depends stems from the avail-
ability of well-characterized, precisely
defined crystals. Secondly, the genesis
of all devices making use of solids is
traceable to the ability to grow crystals
in a controlled manner.
The ARPA program is the only
such effort and serves as the focal point
of the materials community.
MPP consists of four areas:
— Crystal growth techniques and the
relation between growth processes and
physical and chemical properties.
— The acquisition of precisely de-
fined crystals.
— Precise characterization and anal-
ysis of crystals.
— Information dissemination.
Seven specific material types were
listed as most important — alkali halides,
electronically active materials, metals,
superconductors, rare-earth metals, non-
metals and laser materials.
Alkali halides were selected as the
lead group to be used as a control of
techniques and characterization studies
since this is the best defined crystal-
lographic series. The Naval Research
Lab is handling this work.
Initial projects into electronically
active materials are being funded at
the RCA Labs in Princeton, N.J. The
metals work is designed to produce and
understand high purity metals with an
ultimate aim of developing higher tem-
perature and higher strength alloys and
compounds. Materials Research Corp.
is one firm in this area.
Superconductors — especially those
capable of operation above 3-4° K — are
being investigated at RCA. Westing-
house will be studying rare earths and
General Electric will be covering non-
metals.
ARPA's laser work is more a case
of observing than contracting, though
the agency was instrumental in develop-
ing the field in the first place.
• Numerous techniques — There are
a variety of crystal-growing meth-
ods. A partial list would include the
following major approaches.
— Crystal growing methods inde-
pendent of chemical reaction. These in-
clude methods based on crystallization
from a pure melt such as the Bridge-
man-Stockbarger method, the Czochral-
ski-Kyropolous method, the Boule or
flame fusion method, the ARC furnace
method, the horizontal zone method,
the vertical floating zone method, the
top molten slug method and the molten
pool method.
The other major sub-area is growth
from solution — isothermal growth, non-
isothermal solution growth, hydro-
thermal growth and the growth of
crystals from a molten flux. There is
also strain recrystallization and re-j
crystallization in a magnetic field.
— Crystal growing methods involv-
ing a chemical reaction. This area in-
cludes crystal growth from vapor phase,
during solid-state reactions, from solu-
tions of the ingredient and by electro-
deposition.
This partial list of methods points
out the large variety that exists and
that the physical and chemical proper-
ties of a crystal are completely depend-
ent on the growth method.
MPP contracts in this area are with
Pennsylvania State University (the only
educational institute in the program),
Materials Research Corp. and TYCO
Laboratories, Inc.
ARPA is trying to interest the Na-
tional Bureau of Standards in estab-
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additional data. ■ Scientific-Atlanta, Inc., P.O. Box 13654, Atlanta, Georgia 30324
Phone: 404-938-2930. TWX: 404-938-1322
Scientific-Atlanta.
126
Circle No. 18 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
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a
lishing itself as the national focal point
in the characterization and analysis
aspect of the MPP. The Oak Ridge Na-
tional Lab has established a Research
Materials Information Center for the
purpose of collecting and disseminat-
ing information on kinds of crystals
available and their properties.
The program is dynamic and the
current gap is in the metals and non-
metals areas. ARPA is aware that some
of the materials discovered or prepared
in the program may need additional
funding for development toward appli-
cations. The present attitude is to await
these developments and treat each on
its merits rather than by setting up a
specific program.
• Coupling movement — Both the
IDL and MPP efforts are idea-produc-
ing areas and the DOD is, by definition,
pragmatic. ARPA is shifting from pas-
sive to active in these programs. The
current thinking is directed toward
getting the DOD materials problems
into the mill — and to do this without
disturbing the original intent behind
the programs. Yost believes a coupling
is possible.
Technology proceeds in industry
while fundamental work is concentrated
in universities. Industry cannot afford
to take the risks inherent in long range
basic research while there is an inherent
ability within a university to do so. The
problem is to get the fundamental pro-
ducer into bed with the fundamental
user.
One way would be to hand the prob-
lem over to a not-for-profit organiza-
tion located in the geographical area
and allow it to serve as a coupling
point.
Another method is to give industry
the type of support inherent in the IDL
program, but with slightly greater direc-
tion towards specific DOD materials
problems. A mixing of IDL personnel
and industry researchers is already go-
ing on at RCA in a modest project.
The desired result is that each will
understand the other's problems — while
working on a DOD materials project.
There are two other approaches be-
ing contemplated. One is to have se-
lected personnel from DOD labs work
in university labs for several-month pe-
riods. This method is yet an idea but
the rationale is again to penetrate the
university work with some knowledge
of DOD problems.
A second method is to hold care-
fully planned meetings between univer-
sity personnel and DOD researchers.
The problem here is to achieve active
participation by all participants in a
discussion of applications rather than
by lecturing to each other.
The meeting method is not a shot-
gun approach. The fundamental work
represented by the university will be
related to the applied work represented
by the DOD lab personnel.
The mixture of talent and problems
initiated with the RCA contract is not
a profit-type contract, and RCA will be
supporting its own personnel. The con-
tract carries the standard patents and
proprietary information clauses, but the
whole project is something of an ex-
periment.
As the careful cultivation of the
materials field by ARPA continues,
there may be many such small efforts.
And while ARPA will respect the pro-
prietary rights of a firm, the feeling is
that the agency should not be delayed
by the red tape of a patent review. A
mutual trust must be developed in this
area, with ARPA being informed of de-
velopments as the work proceeds. In
return for this, the agency must be dis-
creet in handling the information, since
industrial firms will be extremely mind-
ful of commercial applications in the
future.
If this mutual trust is created and
the arrangement functions well, then
the pattern for future DOD research
contracts may be set — at least in the
basic areas where technology meets lab
and theory. B
MILLION
Coupling Capabilities
This flexible fuel coupling
cycled 2,000,000 times
without any evidence of
failure. It is typical of
On Mark's design, testing and
manufacturing capabilities.
On Mark's engineering
objectivity has played a leading
part in the development of
couplings for special hydraulic,
cryogenic, and electrical
applications. This specialized
capability is available to solve
your problems in these fields.
Write On Mark.
ON MARK COUPLINGS
1053 Colorado Boulevard, Los Angeles 41, Calif.
DIVISION OF PUROlATOR PRODUCTS, INC.
lissiles and rockets, March 30, 1964 Ci'cle No- 56 on Subscriber Service Card 129
Bugs in the fuel tank
For some time now, jet-powered airplanes have been
plagued with fuel corrosion damage. The culprit? Bugs'.
Bacteria, algae, fungi, yeast growths. These microscopic
beasts not only can stay alive in the fuel— they eat it! And
they have the rubbery tank lining material for dessert!
Result: Microbial sludge builds up. Fuel probes and fil-
ters are plugged. Skin and structures are eaten through,
causing leaks and weak spots.
The United States Air Force and the Petroleum Industry
have developed additives that have reduced the hazard
drastically. And Lockheed-Georgia researchers are con-
ducting a program to determine the basic mechanisms of
the microbial corrosion process. Lockheed's work, along
with other industrial and military programs, promises to
eliminate the problem in the near future.
Another example of the advanced aerospace research
now going on at Lockheed-Georgia Company
Lock heed -Georgia Company, Marietta. Georgia: A Division of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
DDR&E/research & technology
Propulsion Know-How Considered
Equal to Needs of Future Weapons
But a number of advanced programs are being readied in case
it is decided to proceed with development; three liquid concepts
are being pursued; Titan III and large solids are major efforts
A SET OF liquid and solid propul-
sion systems — ranging from large
boosters in both categories to upper
stage and space powerplants — are mov-
ing toward the development starting
line in the prevalent Director of De-
fense Research and Engineering man-
agement concept.
All are in the Advanced Develop-
ment cycle — which means they have no
specific mission, but are being guided
toward a state of readiness should a de-
velopment decision be made.
It also means the programs may
never reach development as technology
proceeds and mission studies change.
The idea is to develop these various
systems to the point where a rapid
phasing into development is possible.
Propulsion, in general, is one of the
less troublesome areas on the DDR&E
agenda. There are no crash efforts, and
the broad technology created since the
early days of ICBM development is
considered adequate to meet any de-
mands posed by foreseeable weapons
systems.
There is more activity in propulsion
systems designed to support manned
military operations in space, but it is
not tied to any definite mission at the
moment.
• Specific systems — There are three
recognizable liquid propulsion unit pro-
grams moving through the Advanced
Development category within DDR&E.
These include a high-energy upper stage,
a space-maneuverable system and an
advanced liquid booster engine.
The high-energy upper-stage work
is coordinated closely with NASA con-
cepts in the same area and the nature
Type of Hydride
RH
RHj
RH3
RH4
RH;i
RH-2
RH
Type of Oxide
R2O
RO
R2O3
RO-
RjOr.
RO:s
R2O7
RO4
Period
Group 0
Group IA
Group IIA
Group IIIA
Group IVA
Group VA
Group VIA
Group VIIA
Group VIIIA
0
1.008 N. 2
l\ Hydrogen
1
6.939 \ 2
Li \
3X Lithium
9.012 \ 1
v Be \
4 >v Beryllium
10.81 \ 2
\ B
5\ Boron
12.011 \ 2
\ C
g\ Carbon
14.007 \ 2
N \
y\ Nitrogen
15.9994>\ 3
0 \
8\Oxygen
19.00 \ 1
\ F X
g\ Fluorine
2
26.98 \ l
v Al \
13\A^um'num
35.453 \ 2
v C! \
j\ Chlorine
KEY
FUELS
OXIDIZERS
Atomic Weight
Atomic Number -
Atomic
Symbol
Number of Stable Isotopes
BASIC RESEARCH into advanced propulsion has all but exhausted the fuels side of the periodic table. Oxidizing elements are still
a major research problem. This work will be entirely service-handled by 1965, with ARPA phasing out.
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
131
T>SODIC CHART OF THE ELEMENTS
til IB U6 UIA iVA V* *M Vil*
• -
»ni Em Gm
u» nut ' wrn
I5U24 am"
Ll
«s.S
•34 ""95"
3« Am Cm
!42) 041) Q4T)
97 98~
Bk Cf
(247) 12*3!
Es
(254)
Fm Md'No
(S3) I2». W*
tc:
BORON
STANDS OUT
for superior
air-breathing propulsion
Of all the elements in the periodic table,
boron stands out for its ability to form
unusual high-energy compounds. Callery
boranes provide superior properties for
ignition and combustion with air, including:
high flame speed, high heating value per
unit weight or volume, pyrophoricity, and
thermal stability. Get in touch with Callery
for details on these boron -based products:
TRIETHYL BORANE
DIBORANE
PENTABORANE
ALKYLATED BORANES
Callery Chemical Company, Callery,
Pennsylvania. Telephone Evans City (Pa.)
.3520. Offices in Washington, D.C., and
Sherman Oaks, California.
of the investigation is classified. The
engines might involve hydrogen and
fluorine, and resemble similar work
funded by NASA involving the con-
version of the RL-10 to a fluorine unit.
The maneuverable upper stage work
is probably directed toward the pro-
pulsion problems associated with in-
spection satellites and other military
satellites demanding in-space propul-
sion. It is new in Fiscal 1965 and di-
rected toward component development.
The advanced liquid engine concept
is classified, but it is supposed to have
an operational performance greater than
that of the NASA-funded M-l, which
will reach thrusts up to 1.5-million lbs.
The M-l is designed for cryogenic pro-
pellants while the new DOD engine will
use storable fuels and oxidizers.
The large liquid engine is funded by
the Air Force, as are all the other liquid
units, and details are classified. But the
scanty facts revealed to date fit a new
engine development program announced
recently by Aerojet-General.
In this project, the company dis-
closed activity on a new high-energy
liquid rocket engine capable of single-
stage, earth-to-orbit missions. The en-
gine is being designed in two versions —
one storable and the other cryogenic.
The cryogenic version is not receiving
the funding attention devoted to its
storable cousin.
The Aerojet project is admittedly
not based on any high-energy propel-
lant breakthrough, but on an engineer-
ing hardware approach. However, the
CALLERY CHEMICAL C JMPANV
1 32 Circle No. 57 on Subscriber Service Card
HEAD OF a case liner machine moves into position within a Minuteman first stage.
The dark strips are lightweight slivers positioned opposite the grain star points. Pro-
pellant is not completely used in this area, and the slivers are a weight-saving innovation.
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
BIG-ROUND -TALL
...tailored to the nation's
space program at Douglas
HIGH VACUUM SPHERE WITH 30,000 CU. FT. CAPACITY in
the Space Simulator Building can create the vacuum equivalent of a
500 mile earth orbit. It will be man-rated, and can accommodate
full-size spacecraft up to 30 feet long.
STRUCTURES LABORATORY IS
UNIQUE in having a central control for all
test units. Its ceiling is 90 ft. high, and floor
slabs are 10 ft. thick reinforced concrete which
can bear 8 million pound axial loads. Complex
structural test programs can be conducted
while others are being prepared.
GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT SYSTEMS and sub-systems
are tested in this Systems Integration Laboratory. They are connected
to devices which simulate vehicle conditions for testing, making possible
complete integration of the space vehicle and its GSE equipment.
THE NEW DOUGLAS SPACE SYSTEMS CENTER in Huntington
Beach, California, gives the U.S. a balanced capability for the develop-
ment of manned spacecraft in a single industrial complex. Douglas-
owned, it is composed of 11 superbly equipped buildings. . .with
provisions for quadrupling its capacity.
Circle No. 58 on Subscriber Service Cord
DOUGLAS^
MISSILE S SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
PROBLEM:
Adverse weather conditions cause faulty opera-
tion of the sensing potentiometer in the Nose-
Wheel Steering. Mud, water, abrasive elements,
noise and vibration cause serious inaccuracies
in transmitting information.
SOLUTION:
G. L. Collins' A.C. or D.C. linear transducer! A
complete system, including a sealed pick-off
transducer for this application has been proven
successful. This system will fit most current
applications without redesign of the present
housing. All friction, noise or environmental
conditions are eliminated. The G. L. Collins
transducer can be used in either A.C. or D.C.
application.
EXPERIENCE:
Eight years of successful applications in Mili-
tary and Commercial Aircraft. The G. L. Collins
transducers are now being used on projects by
North American Aviation, Chance Vought, and
McDonnell Aircraft Corporation.
SPECIFICATIONS:
The system is designed for aircraft applications
and is operational on 28 volt-400 cycles, or
24 volt D.C. ■ Transducer pick-offs are
mounted with rod-end bearings ■ Infinite
resolution and wide temperature ranges
(— 120° F to 400° F) ■ Large displacement
measurements (Aircraft application: ± 1.5")
■ System designed to meet your specifications
(Requirement of MIL-E-5272C)
O
SIGNAL
CONTROL SYSTEM
□
TRANSDUCER
ACTUATOR
NOSE WHEELS
Write or Call: Engineering Dept. 634-6863
G. L. COLLINS CORPORATION
► 2620 E.Hullett Street, Long Beach 5, California
fCT- (213) NEvada 6-8141 • MEtcalf 0-3121 • TWX: 634-4095
134
Circle No. 40 on Subscriber Service Cord
unit is said to be capable of using high-
energy propellants.
Aerojet spokesmen say the unit is
designed along a modular concept and
that the hardware development permits
the high performance with a smaller
overall configuration. Thus, in opera-
tional use it would most likely be
clustered.
One aspect is known- — the engine
has a higher chamber pressure than cur-
rent booster units. This apparently
means means the chamber pressure is
anywhere from 1,000 psi — the current
level — to about 10,000 psi, the theoreti-
cal maximum with presently contem-
plated fuels.
In conventional liquid engine cycles,
6,000 psi is a more realistic chamber
pressure target. This is because the unit
must be pump-fed and the energy re-
quired to drive such pumps goes up at
an even steeper rate than the chamber
pressure. Therefore, some sort of com-
promise is necessary.
There are also difficult cooling prob-
er ST Nike-Hercules motor moves to
curing ovens at Thiokol's Longhorn, Tex.,
facility. Military tends to prefer solids be-
cause of handling, storability and reli-
ability factors.
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
Saturn . . . the dependable U booster of the space age
On January 29, NASA's Saturn SA-5 lifted
off from the pad at the John F. Kennedy Space
Center carrying the first live S-EZ second stage
and the heaviest payload ever orbited— more
than 37.000 pounds.
It thus established beyond a doubt the de-
pendability of Saturn I, and its fitness for the key
role it will play in our nation's space exploration
program.
The role of the upcoming Saturn IB inthe
NASA Apollo program will be to earth orbit
manned Apollo spacecraft vehicles for tests of
the rendezvous and docking methods to be used
in later manned lunar landing flights.
It is also the logical vehicle for all programs
where relief from the present weight and space
restrictions on payload are desired.
SPACE DIVISION
In fulfilling its role in the expanding national
space program CHRYSLER Corporation SPACE
Division — prime contractor to NASA for the
first stage of the Saturn I and IB vehicles— has a
continuing need for creative, experienced
engineers and scientists at all levels and in
many disciplines.
Chrysler activities on the Saturn I/IB are di-
vided among three pleasant Southern locations
where you will find a rewarding professional cli-
mate and congenial living conditions.
Send your resume, in confidence, to Person-
nel Dept. B-9 at the location of your choice:
P. 0. Box 26018, New Orleans, La. 70126
P. O. Box 857, Huntsville, Ala.
8880 Astronaut Blvd., Cape Kennedy, Fla.
An equal opportunity employer
CHRYSLER
CORPORATION
Circle No. 59 on Subscriber Service Card
TTP FAST!
GOES up
TACTICAL ANTENNA
SYSTEMS
TELESCOPING MASTS
This portable aluminum mast can be
transported by truck and easily set up in
the field. Telescoping sections are lifted
and automatically locked into positions
one at a time by air pressure, through
patented sequential valve system.
Available in standard sizes up to 150
feet.
ANTENNA
POSITIONERS
New elevation over
azimuth positioner
for fixed or trans-
portable commu-
nication systems.
Pointing accuracy is
± 1° in winds up to
30 MPH. Will with-
stand 125 MPH winds
with a 6 foot antenna.
ANTENNA
EQUIPMENT
A selection of antennas to meet system require-
ments and function as transportable units are
available. These systems, designed for quick
installation and relocation, utilize flexible Va"
HELIAX, air dielectric cable (1 or 2 Gc) or
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WRITE OR CALL
P. O. Box 807, Chicago, Illinois 60642
New York • Washington, D.C.
Boston • Dallas
Los Angeles • San Francisco
Toronto • Montreal
lems associated with higher chamber
pressures, and since the engine is using
storables, there is little in the way of
heat-removal capacity when compared
to that offered by cryogenic propellants.
But there are other methods.
The whole area of liquid rocket en-
gine development is slated for $10 mil-
lion in requested funds. Testing new
concepts in liquid rocket component
technology has $6.5 million, and $2.5
million is allocated to define the design
criteria and performance parameters for
a high-energy upper stage. The rest of
the requested money will provide for
ground testing of advanced propulsion
concepts applicable to the development
of a space-maneuvering propulsion sys-
tem.
• Solids work — The largest single
item in the vehicle, engine and com-
ponents area funded by DOD is the
Air Force's Titan III program. The
vehicle, consisting of two 120-in.-dia.
strap-on solid boosters tied to a Titan II,
storable-fueled, two stage core, is ex-
pected to be a many-mission workhorse.
The Titan III will be used to launch
payloads large enough to explore the
many unknowns in manned space work
— including a manned orbiting lab.
At the moment, the vehicle is justi-
fied primarily as a cost-savings program
and will remain an active project as long
as it meets this criterion. Indications
are that it will.
The next largest propulsion item
within the cognizance of DDR&E is the
Solid Propellant Motor Development
program. About $12 million is pro-
grammed in fiscal 1965 for the 156-in.
section of this effort. NASA is assum-
ing financial responsibility for the 260-
in. section since foreseeable military re-
quirements will be fully met with the
smaller-diameter motor.
DOD is managing both programs on
behalf of both itself and NASA.
There is little doubt in official circles
that the large solid program will suc-
cessfully demonstrate the feasibility of
such scale-up. Previous similar efforts
in solid technology have met with
marked success — specifically the Mm-
uteman program. The Titan 111 120-in.
diameter boosters (propellant load in
each of the five segments equals that
in 1.2 Minutemen) have been fired with-
out any propellant hitches.
The classified programs directed
toward development of high-accelera-
tion solid propellants in the Class 2 ex-
plosive-transport category of the Inter-
state Commerce Commission are near-
ing completion. This work is a back-up
to the high-energy double base propel-
lant effort at Hercules Powder in the
Sprint program. This propellant is in the
ICC Class 9 category — a much more
sensitive mixture.
The long range programs funded in
Circle No. 60 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
New space power- the hybrid
Better than three years ago, UTC recognized the
potential of the hybrid rocket motor and launched
a pioneering, company sponsored program
to make this power available.
The advantages to be gained: simplicity and reliability
of a solid, controllability of a liquid, low-cost, no
explosive hazard, higher specific impulse than a
solid, higher density than a liquid, wider propellant
selections, thrust modulation, stop-start capability —
the characteristics of an ideal propulsion system.
Past history of hybrid developments, however,
divulged some particularly knotty problems such
as poor combustion efficiency, very low burning
rates and non-uniform burning of the fuel.
Because of its rapid progress in solving these problems
during those early years, UTC gained the support of
the Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Air Force
and the Naval Bureau of Weapons, and reawakened
the interest of the entire propulsion industry.
Primary reason for the unequaled results obtained
by UTC in its hybrid rocket program is that company
scientists made as their first objective the study
of what happens inside such an engine, i.e.,
the basic phenomena of hybrid combustion.
Because of this advanced knowledge, UTC is now
developing a hybrid propulsion system with the
highest performance of any in the field employing
readily available chemicals; has in over 7,800 test
firings of hybrid rocket motors achieved reliability in
excess of 99.9%; demonstrated in numerous test
firings throttling and stop-start capabilities; designed
hybrid rocket configurations capable of performing
existing space missions at a cost of 30-40% less
than other propulsion systems in use today, and has
produced the only hybrid rocket motor that can
be test fired publicly because of its safety features.
Thus the initial establishment of a sound scientific
foundation by UTC, followed by an aggressive
development program, has brought the hybrid
rocket into the family of practical, predictable
and reliable space propulsion systems.
Scientists and engineers at UTC welcome
sophisticated propulsion challenges such as this—
and welcome others with quiet competence and
inquiring minds who seek such challenges.
UTC:
Rocket propulsion
capability over
the full spectrum
United Technology Center
SUNNYVALE. CALIFORNIA
u
DIVISION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION
R
Circle No. 48 on Subscriber Service Card
r
HOW HITCO - C
AND HITCO-G
MEET SOLID PROPULSION
INSULATION REQUIREMENTS
1. HITCO-C is a carbon material that has a
TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE OF 6600°F
and a PURITY of up to 99% CARBON.
2. HITCO-G is a graphite material that has a
TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE OF 6600°F
and a PURITY of OVER 99% CARBON.
These uniform carbon and graphite ablative
materials were developed specifically to meet
the extreme environmental conditions created
by some of the latest high energy solid propel-
lant systems. HITCO-C and HITCO-G materials
are immediately available as cloth, felt, cord-
age, or bulk fiber.
HITCO carbon and graphite ablative materials
have HIGH PURITY, CONTROLLED pH and
LOW SODIUM properties in addition to the
high tensile, warp and fill strengths that are
required to meet such severe conditions.
Where can your project use insulation mate-
rials offering a sublimation point of more than
6600°F. with low thermal conductivity?
Write for Hitco's new
report on HITCO-C,
HITCO-G and other
ablative materials-
Ask for REPORT
NO. MR 2470-1.
V 6
I KA AT PPIAI Q n
ft
MATERIALS DIVISION
H. I. THOMPSON FIBER GLASS CO
1600 WEST 135TH STREET, GARDENA. CALIFORNIA
the HIBEX category are directed toward
development of second-generation high-
acceleration solids.
• Nature of propellants — The
chemical propellant portion of the pro-
pulsion picture is centered in the As-
sistant Director (Chemical Technology)
under the Office of the Deputy Di-
rector for Research and Technology.
Dr. Jack T. Thurston currently holds
the position.
Thurston has been mainly concerned
with problems of chemical warfare, but
propellant chemistry is receiving more
and more attention.
Consistent with the prime purpose
of DDR&E, Thurston keeps close tabs
on propulsion research through the
three services, with emphasis on intel-
ligent coordination of effort.
Thurston's office does not get very
far into hardware, but stays with the
chemical end of propulsion research
and technology. The military is not too
enthusiastic about cryogenic propellants,
so the vast majority of research toward
new and improved chemical systems
concentrates more on solids, storables
and hybrids.
The main problem is to keep the
services from short-changing the re-
search area. There is a tendency to move
into hardware. The method of control
is to withhold segments of allocated
funding to the various branches to hold
them in line.
Since the services will assume all of
the high-energy chemical propellant
work now within the jurisdiction of the
Advanced Research Projects Agency by
1965, the Assistant Director for Chemi-
MANDREL is eased out of Nike-Hercules
sustainer motor at Thiokol-Longhorn. The
contractor-operated Army plant recently
shipped its 150,000th solid motor.
138
Circle No. 61 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
Valcor Aerospace Solenoid Valves
for extremes in temperature, corrosion and flow
Cryogenic
Series 446 Specifically de-
signed for liquid gas service.
A gate type floating-seal
valve. Direct acting with
straight line flow. All joints
are inert heli-arc welded to
guarantee mass spectrometer
leak tightness and structural
soundness in the most severe
applications. All steel con-
struction. No elastomers
used — anywhere.
Specifications: -^^mmmt^
Temperature range — 452°F to +600°F
Max. operating pressure. . .up to 2300 psi
Leakage liquid, Vfc cc/hr. maximum
Voltage 18-30 V. DC
Current 1.3 amps max. @ 30 V. DC
70°F
Dielectric 1000 volts RMS minimum
High Temperature
Series 420 for control of
metal vapors and molten
metals . . . typical examples
are liquid potassium, lithium,
cesium, sodium and others.
It is a floating, shear-seal
type with straight-through
flow. Valve may be activated
directly or remotely; pneu-
matically, electrically or
manually. Variable orifice fea-
ture. This unique design has
a proven record of reliability
in actual usage.
Specifications:
Temperature up to 2200°F
Max. operating pressure. . .500 psi. Higher pressures at
lower temperatures
Leakage external — zero
internal — 0.01% rated flow
max. Tighter control is possible
depending on application.
Ports available from Vi" to 1" O.D.
tubing
Nuclear
Series 427 Excellent
for high temperature,
vacuum and/or cor-
rosive service. This
valve series is a bel-
lows seal (diaphragm
type) pneumatically
operated 2-way shut-
off design. Its major
usage has been in nuclear
applications. The diaphragm
is a spring-loaded design.
Construction contains back
seating and secondary pack-
ing. Plug is replaceable.
Hexagon anti-torque section
prevents damage to the bel-
lows from possible twisting.
Specifications:
Temperature . . . . — 423°F to 1500°F
Leakage Internal (seat) Liquid: 1/10 cc/hr.
Gas: 1 cc/hr.
per 1/10" seat
diameter
With soft seal leakage
is bubble-tight.
End connections. . V4" to 1"NPT; socket weld or butt weld
Series 427 is but one of many Valcor series suitable for nuclear service.
High^Pressure/Flow
Series 387 De-
signed for high-
pressure, high-flow
pneumatic service
over a temperature
range of — 65°F to
+ 500°F. Coaxial
type. We believe this
valve series offers
the lowest pressure
drop of any poppet
valve. The unusual
bulkhead mount al-
lows the valve to
function through vi-
bration up to 20 G
and shock loads up to 40 G. The unique valve seat en-
ables the unit to withstand the erosive effect encountered
in high pressure, high flow pneumatic systems.
Specifications:
Pressure 100 to 5000 psi
Flow Cv of 6.9 with -12 port
Burst pressure. . .12,500 psi
Leakage 4 cc/hr. maximum
Voltage 18-30 V. DC
Current 1.0 amps maximum @ 30 V. DC 70°F
Dielectric 1000 volts RMS minimum
These are just four typical examples from a selec-
tion of thousands of solenoid valves available from
Valcor . . . every variation for every application
from the most creative, most
imaginative engineering minds
in the industry. Mail this coupon today.
VALCOR ENGINEERING CORP.
5362Carnegie Avenue; Kenilworth, New Jersey
Please send information on valves for:
□ Nuclear
□ High Pressure/Flow
□ Cryogenic
□ High Temperature
Name...- Position..
Company -
Address
City. State
Circle No. 62 on Subscriber Service Card
cal Technology will have an even larger
problem. ARPA funds this work
through the services so the money is
specifically earmarked. When the serv-
ices gain complete control, there will
not be any "sacred" funding in the
area.
• Chemical controversy — The de-
cision by DDR&E Director Dr. Harold
Brown to phase chemical propellant
research out of the Advanced Research
Projects Agency and into the different
services has caused some consternation
in the chemical industry.
The actual work involved is highly
advanced and consists of complex re-
search into the nature of propellant
chemistry. Programs cover fuel and ox-
idizer synthesis, thermochemistry, com-
bustion research and combustion in-
stability and high-temperature nozzles.
By far the largest effort has been in
synthesis.
The ARPA chemistry program had
three main objectives — to commence
and maintain a concerted effort in
chemical research, to directly coordi-
nate all propellant chemistry work and
to get the chemical industry involved.
A strong movement into the chem-
istry of propellants has been achieved,
and the greater part of the chemical in-
dustry has been using ARPA as their
focal point in DOD. ARPA's technical
direction speaks for itself (through fi-
nancial control, since the only real au-
thority in DDR&E is control of the
dollar).
The Periodic Table has been prac-
tically exhausted with respect to pos-
sible fuel combinations, but many criti-
cal problems remain with the oxidizer
elements.
There is some feeling among in-
dustry chemists that the services, be-
cause of their understandably parochial
outlooks, will not provide the type and
kind of direction that has been avail-
able in ARPA.
Several industry experts have termed
the move a step backward — as it might
well be, since the upper level of ex-
ecutive ability within DDR&E will then
lack adequate representation in basic
chemical research.
With the possible exception of
pharmaceuticals, the chemical industry
has always been the one major sector
of the business community with a long
standing and demonstrated faith in basic
research.
The Defense Department has had to
drag all others into adopting this view-
point over the years.
But this devotion to research has
often resulted in a deliberate avoidance
of federal interference. Most of the
DOD-sponsored chemical research work
has gone to areas outside of the clas-
sical chemistry industry. This has re-
sulted in the creation of a powerful and
advanced industrial complex foreign to
the historical chemical community.
The federal funding is thus altering
the shape of the chemical industry and
also siphoning off chemists from what
once was their natural area of industrial
employment. One west coast missile/
space firm employs more chemists west
of the Mississippi than any member of
the chemical industry in the same geo-
graphical area.
While the past attitude of the chemi-
cal industry as a whole may somewhat
weaken their argument against the shift
of advanced or high-energy propulsion
research from ARPA to the services,
there is some justification in the claim
of a loss of direction.
On the other hand, there is also the
basic premise behind all of ARPA's
actions — that its projects are only to
be carried to the point of military com-
petence and then shifted to the services.
The decision has been made, and
by 1965 there will be no high-energy
chemical work in ARPA. The chemical
industry is left with the job of finding
one of its technically competent ex-
ecutives willing to accept a position with
DDR&E, since the current Assistant
Director for Chemistry is scheduled to
leave DOD in the near future. ■
SPECIFY
SPACE
ORDNANCE
SYSTEMS
FOR ORDNANCE AND ORDNANCE-ACTUATED
COMPONENTS OR COMPLETE SYSTEMS
Space Ordnance Systems has available a wide range of electro-explosive
devices and ordnance-actuated mechanisms for use in missiles, aircraft
and spacecraft. These products include ordnance power cartridges and
related mechanical devices or systems. Broad technical capability allows
Space Ordnance to perform from initial requirement, through design,
testing, and manufacture of the final, functional unit.
ORDNANCE DEVICES
ORDNANCE MECHANISMS
Initiators*
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♦Meets AFMTCP 80-2 1 amp/1 watt 5 min. "No Fire" RF Requirement
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Pin Pullers
Ejectors
Thrusters
Band Releases
Bp
SPACE ORDNANCE SYSTEMS, INC.
ORDNANCE PRODUCTS • ORDNANCE - ACTUATED PRODUCTS
An Equal Opportunity Employer
RESEARCH
DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT
MANUFACTURING
133 PENN STREET, EL SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA 90246. 213-772-5461
140
Circle No. 63 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
Once in a blue moon some
other outfit may get
there a little faster. . .
but for the 1-o-n-g haul
nobody delivers freight
more consistently
on time
your best bet over the lo n g haul
DENVER CHICAGO TRUCKING CO., INC.
Call DC in Denver, Albany, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Colorado Springs, Dayton, Detroit, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Louisville, Milwaukee, Naugatuck (Conn.), North Bergen (N.J.),
Philadelphia, Phoenix, Portland, Pueblo, Rochester, St. Louis, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, South Bend, Springfield (Mass.), Syracuse, Toledo, Tucson, Washington, D.C. Or ... your local truckline.
Circle No. 64 on Subscriber Service Card
rockets with l/10,000th of a pound thrust?
\
Washington State is full of surprises!
Development of the world's smallest rocket for
1 satellite control and a major contract on Saturn V,
the world's most powerful rocket booster, are out-
standing examples of the research activities of two
Washington State firms.
Such startling contrasts are understandable in
view of Washington's prominence in aerospace
development. But a multitude of other research
activities range from the peacetime potentials of
atomic energy to the broad scope of research at the
industrial and university levels.
Washington's comfortable climate and stimulat-
ing life are partially responsible for attracting . . .
and holding . . . this vast complement of highly
trained scientific personnel. But research mostly
needs to be close to thought centers, both educational and industrial, where
a ready interchange of ideas is possible . . . where the research climate is as
good as the physical climate.
Washington State answers both those needs. Certainly it can answer yours
as well.
For an illustrated, fact-packed booklet on "The Surprising State, Washington" write on
your letterhead today to Washington State Department of Commerce and Economic De-
velopment—Industrial pivision. General Administration Building, Olympia, Washington.
Apollo payload is placed atop
a scale model of the Saturn V
booster preparatory to wind
tunnel tests.
Rob't. E. Rose, Director
Albert D. Rosellini, Governor
WASHINGTON
142
Circle No. 65 on Subscriber Service Card
-names in the news-
Ronald Sneddon: Named chief systems
engineer of the LTV Ling Electronics Div.
of Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., Anaheim.
Calif.
John R. Clark, Jr.: Appointed Washing-
ton, D.C. representative for Textron's Bell
Aerosystems Co.
Jack T. Gentry: Appointed chief execu-
tive officer of the Winchester Electronics
Div. of Litton Industries, Norwalk, Conn
Anthony M. Johnson, Jr.: Named mar-
keting manager of Korad Corp., Santa
Monica, Calif.
Dr. Walter C. Williams: Elected a vice
president of Aerospace Corp. and named
general manager of its Manned Systems
Div., El Segundo, Calif.
Sam C. Dominey: Appointed director of
the Apollo propellant gaging system pro-
gram at Giannini Controls Corp.'s Control/
Nucleonics Div., Duarte, Calif.
Dr. Wilbert A. Taebel: Joined the Re-
search & Development Div. of National
Beryllia Corp., Haskell, N.J.
Norman L. Harvey: Appointed manager
of the solid-state products unit of Varian
Associates, Beverly, Mass.
Joel E. Tuniarkin: Joined Operations
Research, Inc., Silver Spring, Md., as a
member of the associate staff, Management
Systems Div.
Andrew C. Marshall: Appointed vice
president-applications engineering of Hex-
cel Products, Inc., Berkeley, Calif.
Reynolds Marchant: Appointed govern-
ment representative for the Nuclear Prod-
ucts Dept. of the 3M Co., St. Paul, Minn.
Richard F. Trader: Joined the AeroChem
Research Laboratories, Inc., Princeton.
N.J., as manager-government contracts.
R. E. Reilly: Promoted to vice president-
finance of Ilikon Corp., Natick, Mass.
Albert J. Dinicola: Appointed general
manager of Marshall Industries' G. S
Marshall Co. Div., San Marino, Calif.
Joseph Philipson: Joined Haveg Rein-
hold, Inc., Santa Fe Springs, Calif., as a
consulting chemist.
Werner Escher: Named public relations
representative for Atlantic Research Corp..
Missile Systems Div., Duarte, Calif.
Richard W. Harbison: Appointed presi-
dent of Astek Instrument Corp., Armonk.
N.Y.
Owen J. Baggert: Appointed manager of
the Western Regional liaison officer of
Litton Systems, Beverly Hills, Calif.
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
Defense Center
In organization and basic purpose, the
Westinghouse Baltimore Defense Center
effectively parallels the agencies it
serves. It represents a unique concentra-
tion of defense and space contract capa-
bilities including Systems Management.
These capabilities embrace all environ-
Defense Center
ments, from undersea to deep space.
They include every activity, from research
and development to production. But the
greatest strength is the wealth of scien-
tific talent and technical skill in the West-
inghouse organization.
For specific information on how the
broad capabilities of the Westinghouse
Baltimore Defense Center can meet your
requirements, phone or write to: West-
inghouse Electric Corporation, P.O. Box
868, Three Gateway Center, Pittsburgh
30, Pennsylvania.
You can be sure if it's Westinghouse
W
Circle No. 66 on Subscriber Service Card
iiimipjiiFairAMii
NEW CONCEPTS IN ADVANCED FUEL BOOSTER PUMPS FOR
AEROSPACE . ... Small . . . Compact . . . Lightweight
NO. 70623 PERFORMANCE:
450 PPH AT 24 PSIG MIN,
AND ZERO FLOW AT 31 PSIG
MAX-USING FUEL PER MIL-
F-5572 (AVIATION GAS) SP.GR.
.72 AT 80° ± 10"F. POWER
INPUT: 27 VDC, 7.5 AMPS
MAX. DUTY CONTINUOUS.
WEIGHT 3.0 LBS MAX.
NO. 70291 PERFORMANCE:
750 PPH AT 8 PSI MIN. DIS-
CHARGE PRESSURE USING
MIL-J-5624, SP.GR. .78. POW-
ER INPUT: 27 VDC, 5.2 AMPS
MAX. NOMINAL SYSTEM VOLT-
AGE 28 VDC. DUTY CONTINU-
OUS. LENGTH 5.25". WIDTH
5.25". WEIGHT 3.0 LBS.
* NO. 71126 PERFORMANCE: . C?fM
'470 PPH AT 25 PSIG MIN,
AND ZERO FLOW AT 31 PSIG
MIN— USING FUEL PER MIL-
J-5624 JP-4 SP.GR. .78 AT - H
f 80° ± 10T. POWER INPUT: «
28 VDC, 8 AMPS MAX. DUTY 1 ^JSi
CONTINUOUS. WEIGHT 3.5 V , * T
LBS MAX. LENGTH 6.59" MAX -T 4fl
—MOTOR DIA. 3.05" MAX. ^^^£P
Write for complete data
Put ADEL's unique "diversified capabilities" to work on your special
fluid system requirements . . . from basic design to production.
ADEL
DIVISION • GENERAL METALS CORPORATION
10777 VANOWEN STREET, BURBANK, CALIFORNIA
Mineola, Long Island • Wichita • St. Petersburg • Wash
Washington, D.C.
Circle No. 67 on Subscriber Service Card
IN TODAY'S ELECTRONICS MARKET . . .
What Is Your True Worth?
You'll never know unless you contact the nation's largest elec-
tronics placement service.
Cadillac Associates represents all of the country's leading elec-
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With Cadillac, you are represented by men conversant in your
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OF CHARGE. Client companies pay all costs.
MILITARY COMMUN. SYST. MGR $20,000
For military radio commun. syst. Engineering.
PHYSICIST $18,000
Anol. of military electronic commun. concepts.
CONTROL SYSTEMS $15,000
Design, analysis of syst. for satellites.
COMMUNICATIONS DESIGN ENGR $15,000
For single— sideband equipment.
DESIGNERS $12-25,000
Exper. in logic, transistor, inertial guidance, thin
film, re-entry radar or missile syst.
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CADILLAC
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29 E. Madison Bldg., Chicago 2, Illinois
Financial 6-9400
"Where More Electronics Executives Find
Their Positions Than Anywhere Else in the
World."
Earl R. Hinz: Named director, airborne
systems, mobile systems directorate at the
San Bernardino, Calif., operations of the
Aerospace Corp.
Maj. Gen. Moody R. Tidwell, Jr.
(USAF Ret.): Appointed vice president of
Malaker Laboratories, Inc., High Bridge,
N.J., to serve in the Washington, D.C. area.
Vance J. Carpenter: Appointed head of
the Optical Systems Dept. of Bausch &
Lomb, Inc., Rochester, N.Y.
Dr. Donald R. Allen: Appointed senior
staff engineer and technical assistant to
the manager of missile engineering for
Beech Aircraft Corp., Wichita, Kan.
Stanley J. Golembiewski: Joined Inter-
national Resistance Co.'s Instrumentation
and Systems Div., Philadelphia, as man-
ager of logic systems.
Michael W. Pulscak: Joined Operations
Research, Inc., Silver Spring, Md., as an
associate management engineer in the
Management Systems Div.
Edward Hoover: Appointed director of
engineering at Correlated Data Systems
Corp., Glendale, Calif.
Robert C. McCray: Elected president
and treasurer of Worcester Valve Co., Inc.,
Worcester, Mass.
William T. Rush: Appointed industry
advertising and sales promotion manager
of Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh.
Fred W. O'Green: Promoted to presi-
dent of the Guidance and Control Systems
division of Litton Industries, Beverly Hills.
Edwin F. Carey, Jr.: Appointed man-
ager of international requirements for Gen-
eral Dynamics/Electronics, San Diego.
John Severance: Named technical news
manager of Raytheon Co.'s public rela-
tions department, Lexington, Mass.
John P. Delaney: Appointed manager-
market planning for Federal Electric Corp.,
Paramus, N.J.
John F. Antoniazzi: Named assistant
division general manager of The Machlett
Laboratories, Inc., Springdale, Conn.
Charles F. Cooper: Appointed manager
of marketing for Kaiser Steel Corp., Oak-
land, Calif.
Robert C. Smith: Appointed patent
attorney for the Bendix-Pacific Div. of
Bendix Corp., North Hollywood.
Lee W. Topham: Joined the staff of
Wiancko Engineering, Pasadena, Calif., as
assistant to the general manager.
Raymond A. Ballweg, Jr.: Named cor-
porate director-data systems engineering
for Fairchild Stratos Corp., Rockville, Md.
William D. Summers: Appointed Los
Angeles district sales manager for TRW
144
Circle No. 68 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
Capacitor Div. of Thompson Ramo Wool-
dridge.
Harold D. Shelley: Named sales engi-
neer for telemetry and surveillance equip-
ment at Vitro Electronics, Silver Spring,
Md.
Warren G. Knieriem: Appointed cor-
porate director for quality control and reli-
ability for Garrett AiResearch, Los An-
geles.
Dr. Norman E. Friedmann: Promoted
to president of ITT Data and Information
Systems Div., New York City.
Dr. Harold A. Rosen: Appointed man-
ager of the communications satellite labor-
atory of Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City,
Calif.
Dr. Martin H. Bloom: Named head of
the department of aerospace engineering
and applied mechanics at the Polytechnic
Institute of Brooklyn, N.Y.
M. E. Forgey: Appointed product sales
manager-electronic systems for the Los
Angeles Electronics Div. of Electronic
Specialty Co.
John A. Roberts: Appointed director of
marketing for the Magnetic Core Corp.,
Newburgh, N.Y.
James H. Raport: Appointed corpo-
rate vice president of International Recti-
fier Corp., El Segundo, Calif.
Leo W. OHila: Appointed general man-
ager for the eastern division of Wyman-
Gordon Co., Worcester, Mass.
Donald H. Pile: Named Air Force re-
quirements engineer for sensor products
at General Dynamics/Electronics, San
Diego.
John M. Malone: Elected vice presi-
dent-sales of Tung-Sol Electric, Inc., New-
ark, N.I.
W. L. Duval: Named director of the
Douglas Missile and Space Systems Div.'s
Sacramento, Calif., Test Center.
Robert A. Huff: Named manager of
product publicity for Electronic Associates,
Inc., Long Branch, N.J.
Dr. Milton G. Holmen: Named director
of personnel for System Development
Corp., Santa Monica, Calif.
John M. Meyer, Jr.: Named manager
of Washington operations for Aerojet-Gen-
eral Nucleonics, Washington, D.C.
Robert L. Wehrli: Elected executive
vice president and director of Robertshaw
Controls Co., Richmond, Va.
J. Frederick Medford: Appointed chief
reliability engineer for aerospace systems
engineering at Douglas Missile & Space
Systems Div., Santa Monica, Calif.
Gerald J. Wubbenhorst: Elected vice
president of finance for the Kollsman In-
strument Corp., Elmhurst, N.Y.
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
Pressure
transducers
with
space-
proven
pedigrees
Space-proven in virtually every U.S.
missile and rocket program, Wiancko
pressure transducers meet the most
exacting requirements for accuracy,
linearity, weight, pressure range, and
resistance to shock, vibration, and
temperature extremes.
The performance of these blue ribbon
products exceeds the tightest specs.
One typical winner is a high-level
DC-DC pressure transducer weighing
less than 6 ounces, yet offering a
linearity less than ±0.25 percent of
full range and a temperature error
less than 0.02 percent per °F, with
continuous resolution, low hyster-
esis, input voltage regulation, input/
output isolation, and extremely low
output impedance.
Reflecting 18 years of continuous
specialization in pressure instrumen-
tation, Wiancko transducers are
among the highest reliability items
in the aerospace field as a matter
of actual record. If your transducer
application needs a thoroughbred
that combines technical elegance
with real stamina, these Wiancko
space-pedigreed units are just what
you are looking for. Get the full de-
tails from Mr. Bob Backus, Manager
of Field Engineering, Wiancko Engi-
neering, 225 North Halstead Avenue,
Pasadena, California. Telephone
MUrray 1-4471. A Division of Tamar
Electronics, Inc.
sm uuiRncKo
THE MANY WORLDS OF TAMAR . A
MERICAN GYRO/ ECONOLIT e/ STODDARt / WIANCKO
Circle No. 69 on Subscriber Service Card
SCIENTIST
with Advanced Degree for
AEROSPACE
COATINGS RESEARCH
The infant field of aerospace coatings is
receiving intensified consideration at IITRI
and promises an attractive future for an
aggressive, self-starter who can blend labora-
tory and promotional work at the project
leaders' level. The man selected for this
demanding new work should be interested
in the application of physico-chemical prin-
ciples to the general area of non-metallic
coatings research.
To qualify, applicants must be thoroughly
competent in spacecraft thermal-control coat-
ings and in space environment effects on
materials. A strong knowledge of the follow-
ing is highly desirable: absorption and emis-
sion mechanisms, optics of highly reflecting
coatings, high-temperature phenomena in
polymers, thermal-resistant coatings (insula-
tion, intumescent, etc.), and optical and
radiometric measurements techniques. We
will consider sound experience in lieu of an
advanced degree.
IITRI is an independent organization whose
growing staff of over 1700 assists industry
and government by conducting research pro-
grams encompassing virtually all phvsical and
life sciences and their related technologies.
In addition to the opportunity to work on
challenging programs, and pursue projects of
a personal interest, IITRI offers an excellent
salary (competitive with industry) and unu-
sually fine fringe benefits.
Inquiries are invited. Please write details,
including salary requirements, to Mr. George
Zima ... or contact our representative at
the ACS Meeting in Philadelphia, April 5-10.
IIT
Research
Institute
10 West 35th St., Chicago 16, Illinois
An Equal Opportunity Employer
UNIVERSITY OF *
SOUTHERN jk
CALIFORNIA «
AEROSPACE |
SAFETY DIVISION m
Presents a series of BBj
professional courses ^
in aerospace systems =
safety management
for aerospace indus-
try personnel in-
volved in systems management safety, relia-
bility, design, human factors and testing. Inter-
disciplinary relationships, fundamental prin-
ciples and applications are covered.
SCHEDULE OF COURSES:
SPACE VEHICLE SYSTEMS SAFETY
MANAGEMENT, June 1-12, 1964
HUMAN FACTORS IN SYSTEMS
SAFETY MANAGEMENT, October
12-23, 1964
MISSILE ACCIDENT PREVENTION
AND INVESTIGATION, November
9-20, 1964
AEROSPACE SYSTEMS SAFETY
ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT,
January 11-22, 1965
AEROSPACE ORDNANCE SYSTEMS
SAFETY MANAGEMENT, February
15-26, 1965
For information write to Dr. John M.
Rogers, Aerospace Safety Division, Uni-
versity of Southern California, Los An-
geles, California, 90007.
146
Circle No. 70 on Subscriber Service Card
contracts-
AIR FORCE
$5,000,000 — Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., Moun-
tain View, Calif., for further work, refine-
ment and manufacture of electronic security
systems for guarding Minuteman ICBM sites
throughout the U.S.
$1 ,700,000 — Aerojet-General Corp., Sacramento,
Calif., for continued fabrication of stage II
Minuteman rocket motors.
$1,600,000— General Electric Co., New York City,
for test operations at the Atlantic Missile
Range, Fla.
$1,200,000— General Motors Corp., AC Spark
Plug Div., Milwaukee, Wis., for Titan II
guidance system computers and component
parts.
ARMY
$2,500.000— Melpar, Inc., Falls Church, Va., for
chemical agent warning and detection studies,
and construction of prototype instrumenta-
tion to improve existing detection and alarm
systems.
$1,700,000— Raytheon Co., Lexington. Mass., for
Hawk missile system engineering services.
Work to be performed at Andover, Wayland
and Bedford, Mass.
$1,177,000— Varian Associates, Palo Alto, Calif.,
for repairs of VA-87 klystron tubes.
$208,438 — Aircraft Armaments, Inc., Cockeys-
ville, Md., for modification kits for Sergeant
missile trainers.
$100,000— California Computer Products, Inc.,
Anaheim, Calif., for design, development and
fabrication of an automatic checkout subsys-
tem for use in MAIDS (Multipurpose Auto-
matic Inspection and Diagnostic System).
NAVY
$9,600,000— Varo, Inc., Garland, Tex., for manu-
facture of the LAU-7, a missile launching sys-
tem used on both Navy and Air Force war-
planes.
$2,100,000— General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass.,
for Polaris guidance system test sets.
$1,100,000— Reeves Instrument Co., Garden City,
N.Y., for work on components related to sub-
marine fire-control systems.
North American Aviation's Autonetics Div.,
Anaheim, Calif., for supplying Ship's Inertial
Navigation Systems (SINS) for Polaris sub-
marines (undisclosed amount).
NASA
$2,000,000— Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.,
Sunnyvale, Calif., for construction of a data-
reduction complex for the Manned Spacecraft
Center at Houston.
$670,000— SPACE Corp., Dallas, for manufacture
of ground-support equipment for the Saturn
missile program.
Moore and Hanks Co., Inc., El Monte, Calif., for
construction of a conventional clean-room at
the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center,
Ala. (undisclosed amount).
U.S. ARMS CONTROL AND
DISARMAMENT AGENCY
$215,000— Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., Moun-
tain View, Calif., for conducting three non-
related studies of technical aspects involved
in the enforcement of possible arms control
and disarmament agreements dealing with mis-
siles and space.
DEFENSE SUPPLY AGENCY
$110,000 — Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., Seneca
Falls, N. Y. , for electronic tubes and com-
ponents.
$72,747— Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., Woburn,
Mass., for silicon diodes EI A Type 1N1132,
and semiconductor devices, Type 1N78 (two
contracts).
MISCELLANEOUS
$4,500,000 — Radiation Inc., Melbourne, Fla., from
Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., for
telemetry equipment for NASA's Lunar Ex-
cursion Module.
$2,700,000— Marquardt Corp., Van Nuys, Calif.,
from Ling-Temco-Vought's Aeronautics Div.,
for continuation of advanced nuclear propul-
sion technology in support of the Air Force's
LASV program.
ADEL DIV., GENERAL METALS CORP 144
Agency — Page B. Otero Co.
AEROSPACE DIV., REINFORCED PLASTICS
DEPT., RAYBESTOS-MANHATTAN, INC. 41
Agency — Gray & Rogers, Inc.
AIRESEARCH MFG. CO., THE GARRETT
CORP 6§
Agency — J. Walter Thompson Co.
AMERICAN AIR FILTER CO 58
Agency — Zimmer, McClaskey, Lewis Inc.
AMERICAN GYRO, A DIV. OF TAMAR
ELECTRONICS, INC 61
Agency — Donald S. Smith Assoc.
ANDREW CORP 136
Agency — Frank C. Nahser, Inc.
BASIC CARBON CORP 90
Agency — Scheel Adv. Agency Inc.
BECKMAN INSTRUMENTS, INC., OFFNER
DIV 98
Agency — Erwin Wasey, Ruthrauff & Ryan, Inc.
BEECH AIRCRAFT CORP 22, 23 1
Agency — Bruce B. Brewer & Co.
BELL AEROSYSTEMS CO., DIV. OF BELL
AEROSPACE CORP., A TEXTRON CO. . . 50, 51
Agency — Comstock & Co.
BENDIX CORP., THE, BENDIX-PACIFIC DIV. 91
Agency — John B. Shaw Co., Inc.
CADILLAC ASSOC., INC 144
Agency — E. H. Brown Adv. Agency
CALLERY CHEMICAL CO 132
Agency — Ketchum, MacLeod & Grove, Inc.
CANOGA ELECTRONICS CORP 3 |
Agency — Jordan Adv., Inc.
CAPE, INC 116
CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO., INDUSTRIAL
DIV., DEFENSE PROUCTS DEPT 100
Agency — N. W. Ayer & Son, Inc.
CHICAGO BRIDGE & IRON CO 34
Agency — Ladd, Wells & Co , Inc.
CHRYSLER CORP., SPACE DIV 135
Agency — Bauerlein, Inc.
CLARK EQUIPMENT CO., DEVELOPMENT
DIV 85
Agency — Marsteller Inc.
CLARY CORP., MILITARY PRODUCTS DIV. . . 124
Agency — Chudacoff & Margulis Adv., Inc.
G. L. COLLINS CORP 134
Agency — R. H. Gibb Adv.
COLORADO DIV. OF COMMERCE &
DEVELOPMENT 16
Agency — William Kostka & Assoc , Inc.
COMPUTER CONTROL CO., INC 42
Agency — de Garmo-Boston, Inc.
COMPUTER SCIENCES CORP 81
Agency — Hal Stebbins Inc.
CONSOLIDATED ELECTRODYNAMICS
CORP 20, 21
Agency — Hixson & Jorgensen, Inc.
CRYOVAC INC 119
Agency — Jay H. Maish Co.
DEFENSE ELECTRONICS, INC 19
Agency — Compton Jones Assoc.
DENVER CHICAGO TRUCKING CO., INC. 141
Agency — Campbell-Mithun, Inc.
DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT CO., INC 133
Agency — J. Walter Thompson Co.
DUMOD CORP., THE 78
DYNAMICS RESEARCH CORP 86
Agency — Technical Marketing Assoc , Inc
nissiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
Advertisers' Index
ESTERLINE ANGUS INSTRUMENT CO., INC. 15
Agency — Caldwell, Larkin & Sidener-
Van Riper, Inc.
EX-CELL-0 CORP., FLIGHT & SPACE DIV. . . 49
Agency — LaRue & Cleveland, Inc.
F 6 M SYSTEMS CO 149
Agency — Don L. Baxter, Inc.
GENERAL MICRO-ELECTRONICS INC 57
Agency — Sturges & Assoc.
GRAPHITE PRODUCTS DIV./GREAT LAKES
CARBON CORP 7
Agency — Davis, Parsons & Strohmeier, Inc.
GRUMMAN AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING CORP. 62
Agency — Fuller & Smith & Ross Inc.
GRUMMAN AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING CORP. 95
Agency — Newmark, Posner & Mitchell, Inc.
HAWS DRINKING FAUCET CO 77
Agency — Pacific Adv. Staff
HI-TEMP MATERIALS MACHINING, INC. . . 108
Agency — Molner & Co.
HOUSTON INSTRUMENT CORP 68, 69
Agency — Cooley & Pate Inc.
HUGHES AIRCRAFT CO 2, 96, 97
Agency — Foote, Cone & Belding
HYDRODYNE DIV. OF DONALDSON CO., INC. 94
Agency — West Assoc.
IIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE 146
Agency — Deutsch & Shea, Inc.
INLAND MOTOR CORP., A SUB. OF
KOLLMORGEN CORP Ill
Agency — S. Gunnar Myrbeck & Co.
INTERNATIONAL STEEL CO., LINDSAY
STRUCTURE DIV 117
Agency — Keller-Crescent Co.
ITT DATA & INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIV. 52
Agency — Deutsch & Shea, inc.
ITT SURPRENANT INC., A DIV. OF INTER-
NATIONAL TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH
CORP 25
Agency — West, Weir & Bartel, Inc.
JAMES, POND & CLARK, INC 18
Agency — Weir Adv., Inc.
KERN INSTRUMENTS INC 77
Agency — Richmond Adv. Service Inc.
LOCKHEED ELECTRONICS CO., A DIV. OF
LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORP 15
Agency — West, Weir & Bartel, Inc.
LOCKHEED-GEORGIA CO., A DIV. OF
LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORP 130
Agency — Foote, Cone & Belding
LYCOMING DIV.-AVCO CORP 73
Agency — Benton & Bowles, Inc.
MARTIN CO., DIV. MARTIN MARIETTA
CORP 24
Agency — Ball & Davidson, Inc.
MARTIN CO., DIV. MARTIN MARIETTA
CORP 92
Agency — Ketchum, MacLeod & Grove, Inc.
MCDONNELL AIRCRAFT CORP 150
Agency — John Patrick Starrs, Inc.
MELPAR, INC., A SUB. OF WESTINGHOUSE
AIR BRAKE CO 4
Agency — Lewis, Dobrow & Lamb
MILITARY SYSTEMS DIV., MAGNETIC
CONTROLS CO 17
Agency — John Gompper & Assoc.
MINNESOTA MINING & MANUFACTURING
CO., MAGNETIC PRODUCTS DIV 120
Agency — MacManus, John & Adams, Inc.
MINNESOTA MINING & MANUFACTURING
CO., MINCOM DIV 38
Agency — Reach, McClinton & Co., Inc.
MITRE CORP., THE 107
Agency — The Bresnick Co., Inc.
ON MARK COUPLINGS, DIV. OF PUROLATOR
PRODUCTS, INC 129
Agency — Monaham, Johnson, Benson
PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS, INC.,
GUIDED MISSILES RANGE DIV 12
Agency — Deutsch & Shea, Inc.
PESCO PRODUCTS DIV., BORG-WARNER
CORP 89
Agency — Penn & Hamaker, Inc.
PHELPS DODGE ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS
CORP 112
Agency — Smith, Dorian & Burman, Inc.
REEVES SOUNDCRAFT, DIV. OF REEVES
INDUSTRIES INC 67
Agency — The Wexton Co., Inc.
RESEARCH ANALYSIS CORP 125
Agency — S. G. Stackig, Inc.
ROCKBESTOS WIRE & CABLE CO., DIV. OF
CERRO CORP 118
Agency — Marsteller Inc.
SCIENTIFIC-ATLANTA, INC 126
Agency — Consumer & Industrial
Marketing Corp.
SOCIETE EUROPEENNE DE TELEGUIDAGE . 123
SONOTONE CORP., BATTERY DIV 114
Agency — Doherty, Clifford, Steers &
Shenfield, Inc.
SPACE-GENERAL CORP., A SUB. OF
AEROJET-GENERAL CORP 104
Agency — D'Arcy Adv. Co.
SPACE ORDNANCE SYSTEMS, INC 140
Agency — Lynn-Western, Inc.
SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABS., A SUB. OF
THOMPSON RAMO WOOLDRIDGE INC. . . 10
Agency — Fuller & Smith & Ross Inc.
SPERRY FARRAGUT, DIV. OF SPERRY RAND
CORP 70
Agency — Lavidge, Davis & Newman, Inc.
SPERRY GYROSCOPE CO., INFORMATION &
COMMUNICATIONS DIV., DIV. OF
SPERRY RAND CORP 26
Agency — Reach, McClinton & Co., Inc
H. I. THOMPSON FIBER GLASS CO.,
MATERIALS DIV 138
Agency — Getz & Sandborg, Inc.
UNITED AIRCRAFT PRODUCTS, INC.,
AEROSPACE DIV 8, 9
Agency — The Leonard Rattner Co.
UNITED TECHNOLOGY CENTER, DIV. OF
UNITED AIRCRAFT CORP 137
Agency — Cunningham & Walsh Inc.
UNIVAC DIV. OF SPERRY RAND CORP. . 64
Agency — Daniel & Charles, Inc.
UNIVERSAL MATCH CORP., GOVERNMENT
PRODUCTS GROUP 82
Agency— G. M. Basford Co.
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,
AEROSPACE SAFETY DIV 146
VALCOR ENGINEERING CORP 39
Agency — Keyes, Martin & Co.
VERNITRON CORP 74
Agency — Harold Marshall Adv. Co., Inc
VICKERS INC., DIV. OF SPERRY RAND
CORP 37
Agency — Gray & Kilgore, Inc.
VITRO CORPORATION OF AMERICA 46
Agency — Buchen Adv., Inc.
WASHINGTON STATE, DEPT. OF COMMERCE
& ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 142
Agency — Richard R, Harris, Inc.
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP 143
Agency — Ketchum, MacLeod & Grove, Inc
WIANCKO ENGINEERING, A DIV. OF TAMAR
ELECTRONICS, INC 145
Agency — Donald S. Smith Assoc.
CLASSIFIED
— THERMOCOUPLES —
Made out of phenolic, graphite,
molybdenum, tungsten, etc. to 5000°
F range with microsecond response
times — operates while eroding or
ablating. Write NANMAC CORP., 140
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Contract Services Available
Engineering services available on contract.
Graduate personnel at competitive rates.
($10.00/hr average, senior level) Request
Brochure : B&EP, Box 689, Falmouth, Mass.
M/R BUSINESS OFFICES
Washington, D.C. 20005—1001 Vermont Ave-
nue, NW; STerling 3-5400
A. C. Boughton, National Sales Manager
Kenneth C. Blanchard, Director of Re-
search and Marketing
New York, N.Y. 10017-20 East 46 Street,
YUkon 6-3900
Paul B. Kinney, Eastern Advertising Man-
ager
Paul N. Anderson
Beverly Hills, California 90210—9301 Wilshire
Blvd.; CRestview 4-8791
Edwin J. Denker, Jr., Western Advertising
Manager
Ronald L. Rose
Detroit, Michigan 48237—21990 Greenfield
Road, Oak Park, Mich.; 547-8880
Michael Rouff
Chicago, Illinois 60601—1 East Wacker Dr.,
Room 1522; 321-1444
Charles E. Durham, Jr.
Miami, Florida 33022— P.O. Box 890, Holly-
wood, Fla.; Wilson 7-6072
R. P. Caldiero
London, W.I., England— 44 Conduit Street;
REgent 4714
American Magazine Group
Geneva, Switzerland— 10 Rue Grenus; Ge-
neva 321044
Paris, France— 11 Rue Condorcet: TRU 15-39
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
147
The Revolution: Part I
SIGNIFICANT CHANGES now taking place in
U.S. military policy and in the U.S. military or-
ganization will have a broad impact on the missile/
space industry. It is not an exaggeration to say that
these changes constitute as much of a revolution for
the industry as was the change wrought by the advent
of the ballistic missile.
The firms, both large and small, which foresee
this coming revolution and adjust to it are those
which will survive as the producers of this nation's
next generation of weapons. For the others, quite
simply, there will be no room in the industry.
To understand this development, one need only
look to the industrial evolution that gave birth to
the missile/ space industry after World War II, an
evolution which has seen it grow to rival the auto-
motive industry in size.
The missile/ space industry includes among its
most successful companies those aircraft firms which
saw the necessity for diversification into the nuclear,
electronic and propulsion fields. It contains major
electronics firms which found in missiles and space
a need for a competence and knowledge unrequired
by the aircraft industry. It includes companies, both
large and small, which found in this new industry a
requirement for new technologies and which met
the need.
Once again, a moment of decision is at hand.
As a thorough study of this annual Dept. of De-
fense issue will reveal, the emphasis in advanced
planning in the Pentagon is shifting from the large
strategic systems to the needs of non-nuclear tactical
warfare. This shift comes as no surprise to those who
follow military strategy closely — but its significance
to the industry should not be overlooked.
Decisions as important as those which diversified
the prime airframe manufacturers must be made
again in order to apply the technologies subsequently
developed to the new situation.
Systems-oriented primes, largely concerned until
now with intercontinental ballistic weapons, must de-
termine how to bring their varied technology to bear
on smaller weapons.
Lesser firms must find ways to stake a significant
claim in a market where their greater flexibility to
adapt is an advantage and where the shift to smaller
systems restores a competitive edge which the mam-
moth ICBM's denied them.
Firms in the Midwest, with a steadily declining
share of the industry market in recent years, will
find that once again their production know-how be-
comes important as the emphasis shifts back from
research and development to production.
Dr. Eugene C. Fubini, deputy director of De-
fense Research and Engineering, puts it this way:
"The times when people spent their own money to
develop a weapon and made their profit out of the
production of a successful design seemed, and still
seem, far, far away. But these times may be returning,
at least in a portion of our effort."
What is that portion of our effort and what has
made it so important that it can affect the structure
of the industry? The answer is a complex one and it
requires first a look at the foreign policy to which
Secretary of Defense McNamara so closely relates
the U.S. defense budget.
There is now considerable confidence at the top
levels of the Pentagon in the U.S. superiority in
nuclear strategic weapons and in the intelligence
which assures us of that superiority.
There is sufficient confidence in that edge, and
sufficient acceptance of a nuclear stalemate, so that
we are engaged in what might be called a unilateral
non-armament in this field. That is, we will not de-
velop and deploy new nuclear strategic weapons until
the Soviet Union gives us some reason for doing so.
Soviet deployment of an anti-ICBM system, for
example, might result in a decision to procure AMPS,
the advanced manned penetration aircraft, or LASV,
the nuclear-powered low-altitude unmanned super-
sonic vehicle. Russian failure to deploy such a system,
conversely, might keep these projects in an early
development stage with only "back burner" funding
against the day they might be needed.
Acceptance of a nuclear stand-off of the present
nature therefore would mean that funding in the
strategic package would provide only for improve-
ments in present systems — improved penetration aids,
terminal guidance, greater range, decreased vulner-
ability— together with sufficient emphasis in the re-
search field to seek, or to guard against, techno-
logical breakthroughs which could alter the power
balance.
Mutual acceptance of this situation by the
Soviet Union and by the United States, even if un-
expressed, means a corresponding emphasis on the
importance of tactical non-nuclear weapons. Because
there is nothing to suggest that the Soviets do not
intend to continue their activity in this area — indeed,
all evidence points to just the opposite conclusion.
THAT IS THE CURRENT TREND of Pentagon
thinking. The new emphasis is on tactical systems
and on the need to bring advanced technologies to
bear on the requirements of these systems.
As Dr. Fubini expresses it: "New, unmatched
challenges appear in this area; we find that we have
a lot of things to do. In certain areas we even need to
recover some ground because we have retrogressed
from where we were in World War II. We need to
use our ingenuity and our intelligence to deter and, if
necessary, to win these wars as well. Not enough
revolutionary technical thinking has been devoted
to these conflicts despite the fact that enemies still
may well wish to challenge us in this field."
This emphasis on tactical systems, many of which
are described in these pages, perhaps is the most
significant message of this annual issue.
It presents to company management both great
challenge and great opportunity. But, for the slow
of foot, it is as much of an opportunity to fail as it
is to succeed.
William J. Coughlin
missiles and rockets, March 30, 1964
ROCKET MOTOR TEST FACILITIES
Titan lll-C .Rocket Motor Test Facility — Edwards AFB, Calif.
Solid Rocket Motor Surveillance Facility — Hill AFB, Utah.
Rocket Test Facilities 1-A, 1-B and 2-A— Edwards AFB.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL TEST FACILITIES
NASA Saturn Checkout Facility— Huntsville, Ala.
USAF Sonic Fatigue Test Facility — Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio.
Redstone Arsenal Missile Environmental Test Facility — Huntsville, Ala.
LAUNCH COMPLEXES AND RANGE FACILITIES
Athena Checkout — Firing Range Facility — Green River, Utah.
Titan II Launch Complex — Little Rock, Ark.
RESEARCH AND INSTRUMENTATION SHIPS
Conversion, Victory Ship to USN Technical Research Ship AG-167.
Conversion, Victory Ship to USN Technical Research Ship AG-168.
INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS . . .
F&M Systems Company supplied instrumentation sys-
tems for the above projects. These programs are indicative
of the reliance placed on F&M by leading prime contractors
and government agencies. The Company's experience in
data acquisition-analysis-recording, measurement -control,
and audio-video-data communications systems is utilized in
many of the nation's critical space and military programs.
F&M Systems accepts total responsibility — criteria
design through checkout — for all types of instrumentation
systems. F&M is staffed with skilled designers, engineers, and
constructors and is led by experienced and practical man-
agers. Highest quality systems and economical on-time
delivery are assured by F&M's unique ability to conduct
"in-house" every phase of the instrumentation program.
F&M Systems Co. is a division of Fischbach and Moore,
Incorporated — one of the world's largest electrical con-
tractors. Write for 32 page illustrated brochure describing
F&M Systems capabilities and current programs.
F&M SYSTEMS CO. (w)
m A DIVISION OF FISCHBACH AND MOORE. INCORPORATED V_L/
P.O. BOX 26329 AREA CODE 214, HA 81573 DALLAS, TEXAS 75226
Career opportunities for competent engineers . . . with an equal opportunity employer
CircU No. 53 on Subscriber Service Card
A unique blend of management skill, creative design,
manufacturing know-how, and complete spacecraft engineering and
production facilities have been capped with experience in manned
space flight and lifting/ballistic reentry programs at McDonnell.
Prime contractors for NASA's Mercury and Gemini manned orbital spacecraft
and the USAF Research and Technology Division's ASSET winged reentry research spacecraft.
ST. LOUIS
See the Mercury and Gemini Spacecraft in the McDonnell exhibit in the Missouri Pavilion at the New York World's Fa
Circle No. 54 on Subscriber Scrvico Card
Navy Speeds
Drive for
New Tactical
Missile
Ex -RAF Thors
Become Boosters
S-Band System
Urged for Apollo
Latest Program
Plans for Gemini
Grumman Unveils First
LEM Test Model
FIRE EATER
cools hot head problems for keeps!
Scotch'"' brand Heavy Duty Instrumentation Tape is the
name. And it takes hot recorder heads in stride by resisting
tape surface temperature as high as 250°F! Shrugs off the in-
tense, localized heat that higher tape speeds and tensions
build up at recording heads. Keeps the magnetic record
straight by minimizing rub-off, pro-
tecting against drop-outs.
What's more, "Scotch" Heavy Duty
Tapes, with a special high-potency
oxide and binder formulation, out-
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Conductivity is greater, too. 1000
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aiBiBiaiBiaiaiBisiaiall'
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16 different heavy-duty constructions meet all requirements,
even involving extremely high speeds, short wavelengths.
TECHNICAL TALK Bulletin No. 3 discusses effects of fric-
tional heat on tape performance as well as heavy-duty oxide
and binder formulations. Free. Write 3M Magnetic Products
Division, Dept. MBW-44, St. Paul 19, Minn.
magnetic Products Division
gin
Circle No. 1 on Subscriber Service Card
C IB A
Here is Where
Filament Winding Progress
Begins
Pre-Preg Machine. Pre-impregnated roving can be
fabricated under rigidly controlled conditions.
Filament Winding Machinery. Versatile, advanced
equipment is used by CIBA for checking systems,
patterns, and properties.
A unique Technical Service Laboratory
for Filament Winding
In these modern facilities and with the latest technology, the problems
of the customer become the problems of CIBA. To aid customers either
entering or who are established in the field of filament winding,
CIBA has taken another forward step by establishing a completely equipped
laboratory for developing workable epoxy resin systems and techniques
essential to progress in this bright and promising new industry.
Whether the system preferred is wet winding or pre-preg, whether
the application is military or commercial, whether the product
is large or small, CIBA filament winding laboratory facilities
are geared to provide practical assistance. If you are in
the business of filament winding or simply would
like to know more about this promising new field, write:
CIBA Products Company
Fair Lawn, New Jersey
CIBA
First in Epoxies
CIBA AralditeS Epoxy Resins. In U.S.A. and Canada CIBA produces
basic resins onlyj to be formulated for intermediate and end uses.
Circle No. 7 on Subscriber Service Card
Hydrostatic Burst Equipment. Tests pressure ves-
sels, pipe and subscale missile cases at room
and elevated temperatures.
9:07 Request for missile
9:08 Action!
A new telephone communications network is playing
a vital role in support of U. S. aerospace power around the
globe. Called the Air Force Logistics Command Operations
Network (AFLCON), it is tailored to exacting military needs.
AFLCON is used to maintain stockpiles of all materials
needed to support aircraft and missile bases by linking
Logistics Command Headquarters with the principal sup-
ply centers.
Specially designed consoles and switching units
quickly handle emergency calls by commanders, confer-
ence calls among key groups, and alerts in a military crisis.
At a glance, visible signals tell which circuits are busy.
Push-button controls monitor all circuits and permit calls
to be challenged for the priority network. And within
seconds, telephones in the offices or residences of key
officers can be connected individually or in conference
to local circuits or to one or more of the network stations.
Automatically all messages are recorded for replay
whenever needed. During actual operations, other built-in
speakers are used to monitor the various network circuits.
AFLCON is a unique system custom-designed for a
specific need. The development of such specialized com-
munications is an example of the Bell System's ability
to coordinate the skills of engineering and manufacturing.
So too, in its primary function, is the Bell System
constantly improving the communications network which
must serve a growing nation. And in doing so, it is also
strengthening the defenses of the nation.
BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM
American Tel. & Tel. Co. /Western Electric Co.
Bell Telephone Laboratories / 21 Operating Companies
missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Volume 14, Number 14
April 6, 1964
Editor
William J. Coughlin
Managing Editor
Reed Bundy
Senior Editors
Charles D. La Fond Electronics
William Beller Engineering
Associate Editors
Lawrence J. Curran Assistant Managing Editor
Heather M. David Space Medicine
Michael Getler Electronics
Russell Hawkes Industry
John F. Judge Advanced Materials
Robert L. Parker Copy Editor
Rex Pay Electronics
Hal Taylor NASA
James Trainor Military
Contributing Editors
David A. Anderton, Warren Burkett,
Robert Lindsey, Robert Twiss
Friedrich Schonbach Art Director
Donald Strickland Assistant Art Director
Eleanor Cobey Editorial Assistant
Suzanne Montgomery Editorial Assistant
BUREAUS
LOS ANGELES. . . .9301 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills
Willard E. Wilks Bureau Chief
NEW YORK 20 East 46th Street
Michael Getler
CAPE KENNEDY 507 Orange Ave.
Chris Butler Merritt Is., Fla.
PARIS 11 Rue Condorcet
Jean-Marie Riche
GENEVA 10 Rue Grenus
Frank G. McGuire
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Dr. Peter Castruccio Alexander Satin
Conrad H. Hoeppner Vice Adm. H. Sanders {ret.)
Richard F. Gompertz
James W. Claar
Publisher
A. C. Boughton National Sales Manager
Paul B. Kinney Eastern Advertising Manager
Edwin J. Denker, Jr Western Advertising Manager
Kenneth C. Blanchard . Marketing & Research Director
John N. Carlin Director of Circulation
Paddy Nelson Circulation Promotion
R. Virgil Parker Production Manager
Barbara Wiener Advertising Services Manager
Published each Monday with the exception of the
last Monday in December by American Aviation
Publications, Inc., 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington, D.C., 20005. Cable Address: AMERAV.
Printed at Judd & Detweiler, Inc., Washington, D.C.
Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.
Copyright 1964, American Aviation Publications, Inc.
Subscription rates: U.S. and Possessions, Canada, and
Pan American Postal Union Nations: 1 year, $5.00, 2
years $8.00, 3 years $10.00. All other foreign: 1 year
$15.00, 2 years $25.00, 3 years $35.00. Air freight to
Europe: 1 year $20.00, 2 years $30.00, 3 years $40.00.
Single copy prices: regular issues 50 cents each;
special issues $1.00 each. Subscriptions are solicited
only from persons with identifiable commercial or
professional interests in the missile/space industry.
Subscription orders and changes of address should be
referred to Circulation Fulfillment Mgr., Missiles and
Rockets, 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20005. Allow 4 weeks for change to become
effective and enclose recent address label if possible.
President Wayne W. Parrish
Senior Vice President Louis C. James
Vice President Fred S. Hunter
THE COVER
First Lunar Excursion Module test model
is shown at Grumman Aircraft Engineer-
ing Corp., along with mockups of descent
engines. Engines are being developed in
parallel competition by North American's
Rocketdyne Div. (mockup at left) and
TRW Space Technology Laboratories.
Decision on engine will be made later this
year. See story, p. 26.
APRIL 6 HEADLINES
AEC Anxious for Green Light on LASV Development 10
Fubini Defends DDR&E Against 'No New Systems' Charge 10
Navy Pressing for New Close-Support Missile 14
Senate Group Attacks Weapon Procurement Practices 15
Titan ll/Gemini Poised for First Unmanned Launch 16
NASA Asking $33 Million for Apollo Backups 16
Project Fire Shot To Assist Apollo Mission 20
SPACE SYSTEMS
NASA/Grumman Review Intended To Freeze LEM Design 26
SPACE VEHICLES
Douglas Converting Thor Missiles into Boosters 31
ADVANCED MATERIALS®
Beryllium Gets Nod as Minuteman Spacer Material 34
SPACE ELECTRONICS f
Motorola Proposes Apollo Communications Refinement 42
Sandia Memory Elements Highlight IEEE Exposition 44
IEEE Hears Detailed Project West Ford Report 46
DEPARTMENTS
Letters 7
The Countdown 9
The Missile/Space
Week® 10
Technical Countdown 25
The Industry Week 41
Products & Processes 50
Contracts 51
Names in the News 52
When & Where 53
Editorial 54
47,560 copies this issue
t U.S. Reg. Pdg.
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
We gave them our best -but they wanted more
We had given our customers the
world's finest oscillograph. It was
accurate, rugged and reliable beyond
compare — and it could simultaneously
produce 26 different channels of test
data. But progress was demanding a
new standard.
The race for space was making the
field of dynamic measurement increas-
ingly complicated. Every day brought
new temperature, pressure, velocity
and acceleration tests. An oscillograph
was urgently needed that could do
everything CEC's "Old Faithful" could
do — and do it with twice as many
recording channels.
But how do you double the recording
capacity of an oscillograph — design
it to accept all photographic media
(conventional paper, film and print-
out-paper) — and still keep it small
enough to be practical? Our engineers
had an immediate answer: "We aren't
sure." After many months of constant
development, trial and error— they still
weren't sure.
Then came their final answer: "We've
got it." That was more than eight years
ago. Now the world's first "universal"
oscillograph is a trusted friend to virtu-
ally every installation where advanced
oscillography is required.
This is a "graphic" example of how
customer demands are setting new
standards — and will continue to set
them. And it explains why CEC has
remained the leader in the development
and production of all phases of data
recording.
It's also the reason why CEC maintains
a network of 22 sales and service
offices throughout the nation. To
expedite application engineering; and
to help train customer personnel in
the use of advanced instrumentation.
CONSOLIDATED ELECTRODYNAMICS
A SUBSIDIARY OF BELL & HOWELL /PASADENA, CALIF, 91109
INTERNATIONAL SUBSIDIARIES: WOKING, SURREY, ENGLAND
AND FRANKFURT/ MAIN, GERMANY
Circle No. 8 on Subscriber Service Card
A new must"
for engineers
•3p. *. _ J
L .:-
r— i-'
ffi I ; _ ...
L " "
Measuring 2l" x 27", and schemati-
cally arranged, the new CEC chart
covers in detail each instrument in
the four categories shown below.
This includes basic specifications,
cross-reference tables to aid in
selection of instrumentation, and
information on how to use combi-
nations of the various instruments
to meet specific needs. In addition,
the chart describes the finest support
equipment for dynamic measuring
and recording in industrial and
military applications.
Sensors and Pickups
Chart shows the 43 available
for pressure, vibration,
acceleration.
Signal Conditioners
Chart shows 11 basic Mr^V.i?|
types and where they
may be required.
Magnetic Tape
Chart shows 8 analog
and digital recorder/
reproducers with support
equipment.
Direct Readout
Chart shows 5 re-
cording oscillo-
graphs, 33 galvan-
ometers and where they can be used.
Also support equipment.
Please write today while sufficient
copies are still available. Ask for
CEC Chart DM-37-X28.
CONSOLIDATED ELECTRODYNAMICS
A SUBSIDIARY OF BELL & HOWELL /PASADENA. CALIF. 91109
INTERNATIONAL SUBSIDIARIES: WOKING. SURREY, ENGLAND
AND FRANKFURT/ MAIN. GERMANY
Circle No. 9 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
letters-
Canoga Radar Tracking
To the Editor:
We were indeed pleased at the interest
shown by M/R in our Editar-Radar Long-
Range Tracking System, described in your
special electronics section (Feb. 17, p. 31).
In view of the general technical excel-
lence of the article, we are reluctant to
call to your attention two points which
should be brought to the attention of your
readers to avoid creating a wrong impres-
sion.
First, the title of the article states that
"accuracy of Canoga radar tracking sys-
tem is 6 feet in 30,000 miles." The word
"resolution" should be substituted for "ac-
curacy." The Editar does indeed provide
data with a resolution of 6 ft., but the
accuracy of a radar system is affected by
many factors other than the granularity of
the ranging system. Since Canoga's design
responsibility was limited to the ranging
system, we can make no claims for overall
radar accuracy.
Secondly, the writer was attributed with
the view that a "digital computer could
replace the present Editar." Lest the gen-
eral reader gain the impression that in
Editar we created a boondoggle, we must
hasten to state that Editar and the general-
purpose computer are not interchangeable.
About half of the original Editar system
comprised what would amount to a special-
purpose digital computer. It is this portion
which could be replaced by the general-
purpose computer, and such a step would
indeed provide Editar with a flexibility not
possessed by the original system. At the
time Editar was designed, however, a suit-
able general-purpose computer was not
available. In any case, the target tracking
section of Editar, which provides it with
its excellent dynamic capabilities, is its key
element and will be used in future systems.
Finally, may we point out that Editar
has not automated the radar operator out
of a job. Editar does, however, relieve the
operator of having to manually adjust the
tracking servo bandwidth as tracking con-
ditions change.
I. H. Werlin
Manager, Digital Products
Canoga Electronics Corp.
Canoga Park, Calif.
Polaris Guidance
To the Editor:
This is written to comment on certain
statements made by Mr. Frederick J.
Howard in his letter to the editor (M/R,
March 16, p. 5).
1. The Polaris Guidance Shipping Con-
tainer was designed by private industry
(General Electric ) .
2. The guidance system Mr. Howard
had reference to is the first-generation
Polaris Guidance System.
As far as MIT's past record in system
engineering is concerned, the excellent
performance of the Polaris Guidance is a
matter of public record and details of its
performance are available to anyone with
a need-to-know.
Samuel A. Forter
Associate Director
Instrumentation Laboratory
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Cambridge
To the Editor:
If you can't print a more worthwhile
defense of your usually inane editorials
than Mr. Howard's letter, I suggest you
cease publication of that particular depart-
ment of Missiles and Rockets. Mr. How-
ard's letter is the first illustration I can
recall which evaluates the performance of
a guidance system development on the
totally absurd basis of its transit case
weight. Anyone even remotely associated
with guidance systems would recognize the
Polaris guidance development as a most
significant technological breakthrough.
A. Daniel Eliason
Fort Worth, Tex.
Apollo G&N
To the Editor:
In an article in the March 16 issue
("New Apollo Guidance System Could
Become Standard for Future," p. 28),
reference was made to a "mountain of
paper work" existing in the Apollo Guid-
ance and Navigation program. This state-
ment is not only misleading in its inference
but particularly unjust in light of the facts.
The Guidance and Navigation program,
under the design cognizance of MIT's In-
strumentation Laboratory, was the first
Apollo program to introduce the micro-
film-punched-card method of information
retrieval for its technical documentation.
This requirement was conceived and im-
plemented over two years ago by MIT, but
was only recently made a requirement by
NASA for other areas of the Apollo pro-
gram. To date, all of the technical docu-
mentation in use on the Apollo Guidance
and Navigation program, including all de-
sign, test, production, operation, mainte-
nance and qualification communication, is
filed in a space no larger than a small chair.
In addition, MIT's Instrumentation
Laboratory has evolved and introduced,
in both the Polaris and the Apollo pro-
grams, information management systems
and techniques of such acknowledged value
that they have already been emulated.
I would also like to point out that the
goal in an industry hard-pressed for profits
should be continually to seek more effi-
cient methods of managing the vast
amounts of technical data needed for to-
day's complex systems. The solution is not
to avoid the problem by eliminating the
communication. That would not postpone
the problem until it became catastrophic.
MIT, as a non-profit organization, has
been in the forefront of information sys-
tem development.
Jack B. Goldman
Cambridge, Mass.
WE'RE PUTTING A NEW PIONEER TOGETHER AT STL
About the only similarity between the old and new Pioneer is
the name. When it is launched in early 1965, the new vehicle will
gather a much broader range of space data than did Pioneer V—
but with only slight increase in weight. The Pioneer's newfound
efficiency results from many design advances that allow more
room for scientific payload. Maximum power from the 10,000-
cell solar array (1| is assured by sun sensors (2) and a reorienta-
tion nozzle (3] which keep spin axis normal to sun line. Thermal
design is simplified by mounting all electronic equipment (4) on
a single shelf (5| above the heat control louvres (6). These are
just a few of the improvements built into the new Pioneer by STL.
Today STL is busy on many space projects that mean new job
opportunities for engineers and scientists. STL is prime contrac-
tor for NASA's OGO and Pioneer programs, and for the Air
Force-ARPA tandem nuclear detection satellites. STL is develop-
ing the variable-thrust descent engines for Apollo and Surveyor
lunar landings. And STL continues Systems Management for the
Air Force's Atlas, Titan and Minuteman programs. These and
other space and missile activities create immediate openings in:
Theoretical Physics, Systems Engineering, Radar Systems, Exper-
imental Physics, Applied Mathematics, Space Communications,
Space Physics, Antennas and Microwaves, Inertial Guidance,
Analog Computers, Solid State Physics, Computer Design, Tele-
communications, Digital Computers, Guidance and Navigation,
Electromechanical Devices, Engineering Mechanics, Applied
Aerodynamics and Propulsion Systems.
For information about Positions in Cape Kennedy or Southern
California, including STL's new Capistrano Test Site, write
STL Professional Placement, One Space Park, Department B-4,
Redondo Beach, Calif. TRW is an equal opportunity employer.
TRW
SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES
THOMPSON RAMO WOOLORIOGE INC.
The Countdown
WASHINGTON
Apollo Price Tag Hits $4.8 Billion
NASA now estimates the total cost of the Apollo space-
craft at $4.8 billion — with more than 50% still to be funded
after Fiscal 1965. The latter includes $1.3 billion for the
Command and Service modules, $455 million for the Lunar
Excursion Module, $192.6 million for the guidance and
navigation system, $12.7 million for instrumentation and
scientific equipment, and $541 million for spacecraft sup-
port.
AF Studies Military Fallout from Apollo . . .
The Air Force has conducted a study — scheduled to go
to the Joint Chiefs of Staff about April 1 — on the benefits
to the military of NASA's Apollo program. Of special in-
terest are the space agency's experience with long-lived
guidance systems, large boosters, and man in space — partic-
ularly in the Gemini project.
. . . And U.S. ICBM Posture
Air Force's Ballistic Systems Division is now engaged in
a comprehensive study of the U.S. ICBM force — its qualita-
tive role, its reliability and its vulnerability. The in-depth
analysis is to be completed within two to three weeks. An-
swering questions about ICBM reliability, BSD commander
Maj. Gen. W. Austin Davis says all U.S. ICBM's have met
or exceeded their specific operational requirements and that
"the facts are that the ballistic missiles today can do their
mission."
Committee Insistent on SNAP Flight Funds
The Joint (Congressional) Committee on Atomic En-
ergy is expected to vote money for flight tests of the SNAP-
10A nuclear reactor, despite the recent Air Force with-
drawal— apparently under pressure from the Budget Bureau
—of flight-testing requirements (M/R, March 2, p. 24).
Committee vice chairman Rep. Chet Holifield (D-Calif.)
has again affirmed that he is "pushing very hard" for flight
funds.
Thresher Loss Delayed Subroc
One of the untoward consequences of the sinking of the
submarine Thresher last year was a delay in operational
evaluation of the Goodyear Subroc antisubmarine missile.
Thresher was specially outfitted for testing the missile; after
it was lost, SSN Plunger had to be refitted for the tests. Now,
however, Subroc evaluation is nearly complete and the mis-
sile will be installed on 31 ships — including all nuclear at-
tack subs — beginning in 1965.
Lance Using New Warhead Principle
In addition to nuclear and chemical warhead capability,
the Army's LTV Lance missile will have a conventional war-
head of unique design. Rather than a single large high-ex-
plosive charge, the highly accurate surface-to-surface weapon
will employ a large number of "bomblets" — 1 ,000 individual
HE charges which are dispersed over the target and improve
both lethality and area coverage.
MMRBM Backers Live and Kicking
West Coast supporters of the Mobile Medium Range
Ballistic Missile continue to hope that Congress will take an-
other look at its cutback of the program. The Air Force still
believes there's a strong requirement for the weapon. BSD
commander Maj. Gen. W. Austin Davis admits that the pic-
ture is dark right now, but he says, "the fight is not over.
There is a very good chance we will have an MMRBM de-
velopment program."
INDUSTRY
New Support Contract Policy at MSFC
Marshall Space Flight Center is starting a new policy
toward support contractors which could spread throughout
the agency. Officials have served notice that in the future
each laboratory at the center will have only one major con-
tractor in the support area, rather than several performing
different functions, as is the current practice. All such cur-
rent contracts will be phased out and new bids requested.
This does not preclude a prime contractor's subcontracting
part of the support services.
Atlas-Centaur Foiled by Panel Troubles
The Atlas-Centaur launch scheduled at Cape Kennedy
April 8 is off at least until April 14 because of failure of
three West Coast tests of insulation panel jettisoning. It's
believed that the helium purge that keeps the panels from
freezing to the stage has not been uniform. Launch won't
be okayed until there are three successful jettison tests.
Minuteman Circuits Available to All
The range of 18 circuits supplied for the Improved
Minuteman digital computer by Texas Instruments Inc., of
Dallas, can now be bought as catalog items at prices varying
from $22 to $170 — thanks to increased production yields.
In the first quarter of this year TFs production of the inte-
grated circuits reached an average of just over 45,000 per
month. Toward the end of the quarter, production capabil-
ity for another 12,000 a month became available. The situa-
tion contrasts sharply with mid-1963, when production ran
far behind customer requirements. Cecil P. Dotson, TI vice
president in charge of Semiconductor Components, says
yields are now averaging 15-20%.
INTERNATIONAL
Worldwide ComSat Battle Lines Drawn?
Sixteen European and British Commonwealth govern-
ments are reported to have agreed to join in an interna-
tional satellite communications system, as proposed by the
U.S. ComSat Corp., only if the system is internationally con-
trolled and permits all member nations to participate in
design and construction of satellites and launch vehicles.
ComSat Corp. wants to have a free hand in running any
international system. Representatives of the 16 nations —
believed to include most if not all of the ELDO countries —
reportedly reached the agreement at an unpublicized meet-
ing in London and will take this stand at the Washington
conference this month.
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
9
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Fhe Missile /Space Week
Tory ll-C Termed 'Flyable'
The only requirement remaining
for development of an unmanned nu-
clear-powered low-altitude supersonic
vehicle capable of nuclear bombing
over a global range and under enemy
radars is a program go-ahead, ac-
cording to AEC spokesmen.
AEC left no doubt of its feelings
on this at a Nevada test site press
briefing on the Tory II-C reactor.
The reactor, described as "flight
capable" by AEC, will undergo a
series of full-power tests starting
this spring.
Dr. Harry Reynolds of Lawrence
Radiation Laboratory, one of the
chiefs of the Pluto program to de-
velop a reactor for a nuclear ramjet
system, told Missiles and Rockets
the Tory II-C reactor was "flyable.
If we had a missile for it, it would
fly." He expressed confidence the
forthcoming tests would support this
feeling, pointing out that the smaller
Tory II-A test reactor, tested in 1961,
proved the technical feasibility.
"We would use Tory II-C if we
had to fly a test vehicle in as short
as possible a time," Reynolds told
M/R. "If we had a little more time,
we would make improvements, and
if we had more time, up to a year,
we would use Tory III." Very little
work, even on paper, is being con-
ducted on Tory III at this time, he
said.
Shots of the Week
NASA-supplied Scout rocket vehi-
cles carried aloft two foreign pay-
loads Mar. 25 and 27. The first Ital-
ian Shotput probe was launched on
the 25th from a mobile platform
anchored off the coast of Kenya in
the Indian Ocean. Shot was prepara-
tory to an Italian effort (Project San
Marco) to put a satellite into polar
orbit. A Scout was also used to
launch Britain's Ariel II (UK2)
satellite from Wallops Island, Va.,
Mar. 27. Shot was second in a series
of three to make investigations in
and above the ionosphere.
• NASA test pilot Air Force
Maj. Bob Rushworth flew the X-15
rocket plane from Edwards AFB,
Calif., Mar. 27 in a test to determine
the effect of shock waves on photo-
graphs taken by a camera traveling
3,000 mph.
• The Soviet Union launched
Cosmos 27 on the 27th. Shot was the
third in the Cosmos series this year.
Period is 88.7 minutes; apogee, 237
km; perigee, 192 km.
• The Air Force on the 31st sent
a Nike-Javelin off in the wake of a
Minuteman ICBM launched 30 sec-
onds before from Cape Kennedy.
The Javelin was to gather data on
missile exhaust. Firing was the
opener in a 16-shot series in the
study.
• A further exhaust study shot
was conducted Apr. 1 when an Atlas-
ABRES was launched from Cape
Kennedy carrying with it a General
Electric re-entry vehicle and two
scientific passenger pods. One pod
fired two small rockets backward
along the Atlas exhaust plume to
study infrared radiation character-
istics. The other contained eight
scientific experiments to study the
ionosphere, the magnetosphere and
radio frequency noises for extrater-
restrial sources.
DDR&E Criticism Refuted
More than 300 projects or mili-
tary system "starts" have been ini-
tiated under the McNamara-Brown
Pentagon administration, Dr. Eu-
gene Fubini, Asst. Secretary of De-
fense and Deputy Director of DDR&
E told a meeting of the Washington,
D.C., chapter of the American Insti-
tute of Aeronautics and Astronaut-
ics. Answering industry and public
criticism that no new systems have
been started in the past three years,
Fubini showed the audience a nine-
page classified list of new projects.
Noting that its contents were
classified, he said that there were
approximately 35 projects listed on
each page. Fubini countered the no-
new-systems criticism with the ques-
tion "How many systems has indus-
try finished?"
"We'll give you (industry) a new
system for every one you finish," he
offered, noting that he feels that
DDR&E's list of completions will be
at least as impressive as industry's
under current Pentagon policies.
RAM Due for Launch
NASA has scheduled the launch
of a 250-lb. instrumented Radio
Attenuation Measurement (RAM)
spacecraft on a suborbital flight
from Wallops Island, Va., no sooner
than Apr. 7.
The experiment is one in a series
to study the problem of communicat-
]Q Circle No. 10 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
ing through the ionized plasmas
created when a spacecraft re-enters
the Earth's atmosphere at high ve-
locities.
The ionized plasmas generated
by a re-entering spacecraft can act
as a shield to completely black out
communications.
The RAM flight experiments are
being made to gather data on the
properties and behavior of the ion-
ized plasma and to develop tech-
niques to solve the communications
blackout problem.
Space Chamber Test Completed
Five men who were confined for
30 days in a space environment simu-
lation chamber at the Boeing Co. in
Seattle (M/R, Jan. 27, p. 28)
emerged April 1 in apparently ex-
cellent health. They are now under-
going medical tests.
NASA's Dr. Eugene Konecci
said, however, that levels of microbe
toxicity were much higher than antic-
ipated, and this may point to prob-
lems in the future. In the Boeing
experiment, charcoal filters and burn-
ers were used to counter the threat.
Boeing research specialist Robert
Page said that in general all systems
performed very well, although there
were some difficulties with the closed
shower cycle.
New Space Group Convenes
The newly created Science and
Technology Advisory Committee for
Manned Space Flight convened Mar.
30 for the first time at the John F.
Kennedy Space Center.
The committee will function in
advisory capacity to Dr. George E.
Mueller, NASA Associate Adminis-
trator for Manned Space Flight. It
will advise on the scientific and tech-
nological content of the manned
space flight program and on methods
of obtaining maximum utilization of
scientific and engineering talent and
knowledge required for the successful
accomplishment of the manned space-
flight program.
Rocketdyne Gets F-l Pact
Rocketdyne Div. of North Ameri-
can Aviation Inc. has been awarded
a contract valued at $158,466,800 for
the production of seventy-six F-l
engines.
The contract definitizes a letter
contract signed by NASA with the
firm in June 1962 under which $31
million has already been paid to the
company.
The F-l engines will be used to
power the Saturn V booster.
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
Haul high is your goal?
Ours are out of sight— in the labyrinth of space.
But your opportunities are a tangible reality, here
and now, at North American's Space and Infor-
mation Systems Division.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Conduct analysis of lunar spacecraft structural
components involving all the tools of structural
analysis including matric techniques. Determina-
tion of internal force distribution in redundant
structures such as shells, and laminated compos-
ites due to aerodynamic forces, inertia and tem-
perature. Perform analyses of spacecraft struc-
tures requiring the disciplines of elasticity, elastic
stability of shells and thermal stress. BS or higher
in A.E., C.E., or applied Math with strong
structural analysis background.
Generate design criteria on spacecraft and launch
vehicle considering entire load spectrum of
ground handling, launch, orbital rendezvous, space
flight, re-entry, and landing. Make preliminary
design analysis of spacecraft structures involving
determination of basic load path, strength char-
acteristics and effective trade-off studies. BS in
engineering with five or more years experience
in preliminary structural design analysis.
Spacecraft structural load analysis including
evaluation of dynamic loads through the entire
load spectrum— pre-launch, lift-off, boost, separa-
tion (abort), docking, re-entry, landing, and
recovery. BS in Aero, ME, and five to ten years
experience in aerospace structural loads and
criteria.
STRUCTURAL SCIENCES
Advanced aerospace engineering research
positions are available in Structural Sciences to
perform original research studies on complex
structural problems related to advanced aerospace
vehicles. Emphasis will be placed on thermal
buckling, stress distribution, and behavior of
composite structures.
Interested? Contact
MR. B. O. GRINDLEY
ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC EMPLOYMENT
12214 LAKEWOOD BLVD.
DOWNEY, CALIFORNIA
All qualified applicants will receive cpnsideration for employ-
ment without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin.
SPACE AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION
The Northrop RP-76 is the world's
most experienced target for high-performance missiles.
Hi
And it has the lowest cost per mission of any missile target system.
That makes it a natural prey for the Hawk.
die RP-76 provides the most effective exercise for
he Hawk missile short of combat. To a Hawk, it
ooks, flies and maneuvers like an enemy plane. Yet,
mlike most realistic targets, it can be destroyed with-
>ut prohibitive cost.
Northrop has provided complete RP-76 target servi-
ces for U.S. and NATO forces in the United States,
the Pacific and the Far East. This target service in-
cluded all flight operations, launching, control, track-
ing, scoring, repair and maintenance.
Past experience and proven performance make the
RP-76 the most realistic enemy the Hawk could
encounter tyORTHROP RP-76
Deployment by 1971-72 . . .
Navy Presses for New Missile
Nor den wins guidance system contract for close-support weapon
for amphibious landings; development to cost $75 million
A NEW SHIP-TO-SHORE missile
system for close support of amphibious
landings moved one step closer to real-
ity March 3 1 with the signing of a con-
tract for development of the weapon's
guidance system.
Under terms of the still-unan-
nounced contract, the Norden Div. of
United Aircraft Corp. will build and
deliver five guidance packages to the
Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns
Hopkins University, presently handling
the program for the Navy's Bureau of
Weapons.
Three of the systems will be flight-
tested this year as passengers aboard
Sergeant missiles. If the flight test pro-
gram is successful, the Navy hopes to
enter program definition on the close-
support weapon early next year, with
approval for development following in
time for the Fiscal '66 budget. The sys-
tem is being carried as a line item in
the FY '66 program.
Development is expected to cost
more than $75 million. Navy officials
refused to speculate on the procurement
costs, but one estimate puts the total
buy at approximately 400-500 missiles,
at a unit cost of $40,000-50,000.
Deployment of the system is not
expected before 1970, and more likely
1971-72.
• Terrier-limited missile — One of
the primary requirements for the weapon
is that it be compatible with Terrier
shipboard installations — launchers, mag-
azines and loading systems.
The Navy has 25 ships equipped
with Terrier, one with both Talos and
Terrier and 13 ships either under con-
struction or approved for construction
or conversion. Most of these ships are
frigates or cruisers.
To be compatible with Terrier
launch equipment, the close support
weapon could be 12 in. dia., 15 ft.
long (27 ft. if a booster is used to in-
crease range) and could weigh as much
as 3,000 lbs.
The missile will use solid propellants
and a high-explosive warhead. It will
have a range of at least 30 miles.
by James Trainor
• Stringent accuracy a hurdle —
One of the requirements that has de-
layed development is the precise ac-
curacy specified. Although APL has
been working on the system since 1959,
it was not until late last year that they
felt the accuracy requirements could be
met with a reasonably low-cost guidance
system.
In November, the Navy requested
proposals from industry for a low-cost
guidance package that could meet its
accuracy requirements and at the same
time would not require an expensive
development program.
After evaluating the 12 proposals
received, BuWeps and APL reduced the
number to three. The three proposals
were so close, one official noted, that
final selection hinged on which one
promised the least risk both in terms
of development and cost. Pre-award sur-
veys were also conducted to verify cost
estimates.
• Inertial platform details — Nor-
den's inertial platform centers around a
low-cost, single-degree-of-freedom, rate-
integrating gyro. Nicknamed the "jitter-
ing jewel" because jewels are used in
the bearing mechanism, the floated gyro
can absorb a high degree of vibration
and shock. Weighing only one pound,
the gyro operates between temperatures
of 40° and 160°F without temperature
control, and has a short-term random
drift rate (1 a) of 1.5°/hr. The special
output axis bearings are used to reduce
friction, improve performance and re-
duce cost.
Production cost of the inertial plat-
form is expected to be $10,000-12,000.
The Norden contract for five systems
runs for one year and is valued at
about $570,000.
• Guidance problems — Three prob-
lems contribute to the guidance diffi-
culty: position of the ship relative to
the shore, accuracy of the inertial guid-
ance system and the requirement for
terminal guidance.
Determining ship location relative to
the shore and maintaining that reference
can be solved with present navigational
techniques without resort to new equip-
ment, Navy officials feel. The accuracy
of this determination is one of the rea-
sons the guidance system must be ex-
tremely accurate to compensate for
ship location errors.
The Sergeant flight test program at
White Sands will provide data on guid-
ance system performance.
Finally, the Navy plans to build a
breadboard model of an acquisition ter-
minal guidance command link and dem-
onstrate its performance. By eliminating
the man in the system, the Navy hopes
to avoid the difficulties the Army en-
countered with Lacrosse.
The system developed by APL
would involve a command link that
would acquire the missile anywhere
within a cone approximately a mile in
diameter at 30,000 ft. Position of the
target would be determined by a for-
ward observer and cranked into the
command link so that final corrections
could be transmitted to the missile be-
fore impact. The breadboard demon-
stration is likely to involve acquisition
of a target aircraft carrying guidance
components for the missile system.
• Filling the gap — With the urgency
of the fleet air defense requirement af-
ter World War II, close support re-
quirements were neglected. Now, there
is general recognition that more atten-
tion must be paid to amphibious sup-
port. Improved guns are now being
developed and the close support weapon
is also being pursued to rectify this
situation.
One of the obstacles to develop-
ment of the missile system is the Direc-
tor of Defense Research and Engi-
neering's insistence that the Navy look at
the Army's Lance for the solution to its
requirements. Navy officials, however,
feel that Lance is not accurate enough,
and is spin-stabilized, which precludes
terminal guidance, uses storable liquid
propellants not suitable for shipboard
storage, and is not compatible with ship-
board launch systems. ■
14
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
Unearned profits charged . . .
Senate Report Urges New
Missile Buying Approach
SENATE INVESTIGATORS have
asked the President to appoint a high-
level study group to "reassess the gov-
ernment's procurement practices." They
charged that large unearned profits have
been collected by major weapons sys-
tem contractors.
In a highly critical report, the Per-
manent Subcommittee on Investigations
of the Senate Government Operations
Committee called for a thorough re-
examination of the basic relationship
between the government and big mis-
sile manufacturers. It suggested that
Congress should consider changes in
laws and regulations "that will permit
the most economical method of acquir-
ing weapons systems."
The group indicated that some sort
of government administration of the
missile industry might be necessary. It
pointed out that at different points in
time it had become necessary to create
utilities commissions for the administra-
tion of monopolies in gas, water, elec-
tricity and the like "in order to operate
in the best interests of the public."
Later, "similar problems were solved
for the telephone and air transportation
industries."
"The subcommittee believes that in
the weapons industry, insofar as acquir-
ing complete systems is concerned, a
similar point in time has been reached.
Ways must be found again to protect
the public and at the same time to re-
ward by adequate profits the efficient
operation of these necessary monopo-
lies," the report said.
Although the report questioned ac-
tions of the companies and branches
of the armed services who participated
in the missile programs studied, it em-
phasized that the basic criticism was
with the method of procurement.
The committee also made clear that
it did not intend to "impute any unlaw-
ful act or unconscionable conduct to
the companies or individuals mentioned.
These missile systems were bought under
the methods then available."
• Defenders — Dissenting views
were voiced by Sen. Carl T. Curtis (R-
Neb.) and Sam J. Ervin, Ir. (D-N.C).
Curtis said that it appeared to him "that
the staff of the committee approached
the problem of pricing too much on the
by Heather M. David
basis of ordinary subcontracting of
standard items by a broker." He also
spoke in favor of the systems manager
concept, and "the savings to the govern-
men that were realized."
Ervin defended the high profits
mentioned in the report, saying "in the
very nature of things it is inevitable
that contractors and subcontractors en-
gaged in the development of missiles
and other weapons for national defense
for a single customer under these cir-
cumstances and hazards and uncertain-
ties should receive profits substantially
in excess of those who produce stable
goods for sale to the general public."
Members of the subcommittee ap-
proving the report were Chairman John
L. McClellan (D-Ark.) and Sens.
Henry M. Jackson (D-Wash.), Ed-
mund S. Muskie (D-Me.), Thomas J.
Mclntyre (D-N.H.), Daniel B. Brew-
ster (D-Md.), Karl E. Mundt (R-S.D.),
and Jacob K. Javits (R-N.Y.).
The three missile systems chosen
for extensive probing were Nike, Bo-
marc and Atlas (although the report
made no specific recommendations on
Atlas). Hearings were held during
April and May, 1962, and the 155-page
report has been two years in the making.
• Nike — The investigating group
attacked the weapons system manager
method of procurement, the absence of
competition, and the Armed Services
Procurement Regulations (ASPR).
Because the Army itself lacks skills,
the subcommittee said, it has "aban-
doned" to industry the management as
well as the development and produc-
tion of weapons of a new or advanced
concept. This led to contractors making
decisions which should have been the
Army's.
Once the contractor is selected, no
competition is introduced into the sys-
tem, and this "removes normal safe-
guards against large profits and weak-
ens the Government's negotiating posi-
tion."
Also, while the ASPR system "may
be equitable for a vast number of pro-
curements where the contractor has
been competitively selected, it leaves
much to be desired in the negotiation
of a contract for a new weapon system
where it is known by the negotiators
that a substantial portion of the pro-
gram will be subcontracted."
The Nike program, the report said,
is "an example of advantages accruing
to the contractor in both unreasonably
high profits and unwarranted control
over the program." The subcommittee
concluded that the 19-year relationship
with Western Electric Co. was retained
because: 1) inadequacy of Army tech-
nical and administrative forces and in-
ability to manage missile systems pro-
curement "left them unable to fill the
breach of any threatened Western Elec-
tric pullout"; 2) meetings between West-
ern Electric officials and civilians at
the Secretary of the Army level "ham-
strung" Army procurement officers from
accomplishing a "breakout" or direct
procurement of subsystems from the
producers; 3) vesting of program man-
agement in Western Electric enabled
them to refuse breakout; and 4) "West-
ern Electric resisted any attempt by the
Government to break out and thus elim-
inate pyramided profits to be paid to the
prime contractor and, in some instances,
to middlemen like Douglas (Aircraft
Co.)."
In a statement accompanying the
report, Chairman McClellan said that
Western Electrics in-house effort was
$399 million, with $1 billion either sub-
contracted or purchased. "Western Elec-
tric, however, took a profit of $112.5
million, which represents a profit of
7.9% of the total costs of the program."
However, he added, compared with what
Western Electric actually performed,
the profit percentage is 31.3%.
Douglas Aircraft Co., performing
SI 03 million of the tasks in a subcon-
tract, farmed out $496 million. Its profit
related to its own in-house effort was
44.3% . the report charged.
The committee also said that the
government paid excessive profits on
the Nike system because of inept Army
administration of the program. "Top
technical personnel at Redstone Missile
Command admit they did not have the
capacity to manage the Nike system dur-
ing the period 1951-61; they do not
have it now; and they will not have it if
and when the . . . Nike antimissile
missile program comes along."
• Bomarc — The subcommittee said
the Air Force had prematurely forced
Boeing into an incentive-type contract
which Boeing initially opposed.
It charged that excessive profits were
realized because cost underruns were
attributable to "overestimation rather
than Boeing efficiency."
The subcommittee hastened to add
that it was not in favor of cost-plus-
fixed-fee contracts, but that recently
promulgated ASPR's calling for early
use of incentive contracts hinged to
timeliness and quality, as well as cost,
are "a step in the right direction." ■
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
15
Checking compatibility . . .
First Gemini Mission Is Key
To Initial Two-Man Flight This Year
NASA also discloses decision to try in future missions
to achieve direct rendezvous— a possible space 'first'
SPACE AGENCY officials have an-
nounced initiation of the first phase of
Project Gemini and revealed plans for
direct rendezvous and other tricky dock-
ing operations for the two-man space-
flight series.
NASA scheduled the first, un-
manned, flight for April 7, but slippage
to April 14 was considered possible.
The orbital flight from Cape Kennedy
is the first step in the drive to orbit
two men by the end of this year.
At the same time, officials said
plans now call for attempting later in
the program direct rendezvous — launch-
ing a vehicle from Earth to dock with
another shortly after orbital insertion.
This eliminates the need for the so-
called "chasing" orbit, in which one
vehicle slowly overtakes another. It also
involves complicated guidance and
launch problems, and has obvious im-
plications for possible future anti-satel-
lite weapons that would require a simi-
lar rendezvous capability.
If achieved early enough, direct
rendezvous could be a Space-Age first
for the United States. The Soviet Un-
ion attempted the same mission on Jan.
16, 1963, but missed by three miles.
Other rendezvous exercises which
the space agency wants to perform in
later flights include counting down of
two vehicles simultaneously and launch-
ing them in close proximity to each
other, docking tests duplicating the type
envisioned for the Apollo lunar flights,
and tests to simulate malfunctions dur-
ing which the two vehicles might be
coupled without the use of radar.
• Progression — The first flight in
the series, however, will be mainly a
spacecraft and launch vehicle compati-
bility check.
If unsuccessful, it will be followed
by a full-system ballistic flight in mid-
summer and then the first manned
Gemini flight late this year.
If unsuccessful, the first flight will be
repeated, using a backup spacecraft,
probably near mid-year.
Gemini missions begin against the
background of a nine-month slippage in
schedule and a total cost almost three
times higher than the early estimates.
When the program was announced in
1962, the first launch was scheduled for
mid- 1963 and the cost was estimated at
about $400 million. Total cost is now
set at $1.2 billion, with $185.2 million
required to complete the program in
Fiscal Year 1966.
The project — with primary emphasis
on its manned orbital rendezvous and
long-duration missions — now calls for
1 2 flights. The first manned flight will be
a simple three orbits. The second flight
will extend to four days, and the third
to seven days. Rendezvous tests will
begin with the sixth mission; then the
space agency plans to alternate the long-
duration missions of up to two weeks
with the rendezvous docking experi-
ments.
Three flights are scheduled this
year. Four are planned for 1965 and
five for 1966.
• No recovery — The upcoming un-
manned flight, designated Gemini Titan
I (GT-I), will be launched from Com-
plex 19 at Cape Kennedy at an azimuth
of 72 degrees. The McDonnell Aircraft
Corp. Gemini capsule and the second
stage of the Martin Titan II launch ve-
hicle will be placed together into an
elliptical orbit with an apogee of about
183 miles and a perigee of about 99
miles.
by Hal Taylor
No recovery is planned. Orbital life-
time is expected to range from hours to
weeks.
The orbiting combination will be
tracked by NASA's worldwide network
of tracking stations until the electrical
power on the spacecraft is depleted
about the end of the first orbit.
The GT-I measures 108 ft. in height.
The first stage is 70 ft., including en-
gines. The second stage is 19 ft. high.
The spacecraft and adapter add another
19 ft.
The Titan II Gemini launch vehicle
(GLV) first and second stages are 120
in. in diameter. Diameter of the adapter
is 120 in. at the base and 90 in at the
top. The spacecraft has a 90-in. base di-
ameter and a 31 -in. diameter at the top.
Launch weight of the vehicle and
spacecraft is 300,000 lbs. The GLV
weighs approximately 293,000 lbs., and
$33 Million of NASj
NASA has earmarked at least $33
million of its Fiscal Year 1965 budget
request for development of alternate
systems for Project Apollo.
Another $15.9 million will be spent
both in-house and with industry to im-
prove various systems for the launch
vehicles and spacecraft for the U.S.
manned lunar landing program.
The funding breakdown was given
to the House Space Committee by Dr.
George E. Mueller, NASA Associate
Administrator for Manned Space
Flight.
16
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
McDONNELL technician checks equipment that will monitor first Gemini flight.
the spacecraft and adapter weigh ap-
proximately 7,000 lbs.
• Spacecraft — The Gemini space-
craft is similar to the basic shape of the
earlier one-man Mercury spacecraft. It
is, however, 15!/2 in. wider in diameter
at the base and 12Vi in. longer, and it
contains 50% more volume than Mer-
cury.
Gemini consists of two major as-
semblies, a re-entry module and an
adapter section.
The re-entry module includes a
nose fairing, a rendezvous and recov-
ery section shaped like a truncated cone,
a re-entry control section and the cabin.
The latter is located between the re-
entry control section and the adapter.
It is covered by heat-resistant shingles
and has pressure bulkheads at each end.
There are two hatches on top of the
cabin to provide for entry and egress
of astronauts.
Five separate equipment bays, out-
side pressure areas, are designed for
mounting equipment which does not
require pressurization and for com-
ponents having self-contained pressuri-
zation.
The adapter section for GT-1 will
be used simply to join the spacecraft
to the launch vehicle. In later flights, it
will contain equipment and will be
jettisoned prior to re-entry.
• Instrumentation — GT-1 will con-
tain two instrumentation pallets which
replace the crew couches used in manned
missions. Pressure transducers, tempera-
ture sensors and accelerometers will be
mounted on the pallets so that flight data
can be telemetered to the ground sta-
tions.
A total of 104 measurements —
covering temperature, acceleration and
pressure — will be telemetered during the
flight. Instrumentation on Pallet 1 weighs
212 lbs.; on Pallet 2, 188 lbs. In addi-
tion, 892 lbs. of ballast is mounted on
the pallets.
Other spacecraft instrumentation in-
cludes environmental control, cooling,
communications and electrical systems.
The environmental control system
will be used to establish and maintain
a differential pressure between the in-
terior of the cabin and outside atmos-
phere.
The cooling system consists of a
series of coldplates installed on the
instrumentation pallets in the cabin.
Equipment requiring cooling is mounted
directly on the coldplates.
The communications system includes
a C-band radar beacon, phase shifter,
dc-ac inverter, three C-band antennas,
three telemetry transmitters and a UHF
antenna. The system will serve as an
instrumentation signal and spacecraft
position link between the spacecraft and
the ground.
The electrical system basically is
one main battery, several control relays
and interconnecting wiring. It supplies
power for all instrumentation and com-
munications components.
• Goals — Some primary objectives
of GT-1 are to:
— Demonstrate structural compati-
bility of spacecraft and launch vehicle
from lift-off through orbital insertion.
— Determine heating conditions dur-
ing launch on both spacecraft and
launch vehicle.
— Demonstrate launch vehicle per-
formance and qualify the vehicle sub-
systems for future flights.
— Demonstrate structural integrity
of spacecraft from launch through or-
bital insertion.
— Demonstrate ability of the launch
vehicle and ground guidance systems
to accurately achieve orbital insertion
conditions. ■
Y '65 Budget for Apollo Backups
Some $19 million of the funds al-
lotted for backup systems will be spent
in the spacecraft area. This includes an
Apollo afterbody heat shield, a manned
space vehicle guidance computer, com-
munications and telemetry system de-
velopment, electrical power systems and
Earth landing systems.
Alternate development in the launch
vehicle area includes cryogenic systems,
reduction of fuel and oxidizer leakage,
fuel tank bulkhead, alternate guidance
components, large structures fastening,
welding and forming development,
launch support and checkout. A total
of $10 million will be spent on those
systems.
A $4-million alternate-development
budget for propulsion also has been re-
quested. More funding will be given to
sensing and abort implementation sys-
tems, ignition systems, S-IC stage retro-
motors, landing impact attenutation sys-
tems, fuel tank pressurization, a radia-
tion-cooled reaction-control engine and
an ablatively cooled reaction-control
engine.
Funds for improving various sys-
tems include $1.2 million for spacecraft,
$3 million for launch vehicles, $8.2 mil-
lion for propulsion and $3.5 million for
launch operations.
Other potential backup systems have
been recommended by various NASA
field centers and are currently under
consideration by Manned Space Flight
officials.
Final decision is not expected, how-
ever, until Congress completes action
on the FY '65 budget request and offi-
cials have a better idea of how much
money will be available.
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
17
News
Briefs
Silicones help simulate space . . .
Fairchild Camera and Instrument Cor-
poration's Defense Products Division
has a 3,000 cubic foot test chamber at
Syosset, Long Island. It is used to simu-
late the environmental pressure at alti-
tudes of 380 miles . . . vacua in the
range of 4 x 10",J mm Hg.
Dow Corning® diffusion pump fluid is
used in the six 32-inch diffusion pumps
to achieve the desired test chamber
pressure level. Silicone diffusion pump
fluid offers superior resistance to oxi-
dation; will not decompose or lose
pumping properties; recovers 15 to 20
times faster than conventional fluids
after exposure to air; eliminates the
need to cool pumps before releasing
vacuum; is chemically inert.
Dow Corning also produces a line of
coolants for space chambers and other
test facilities. Some resist radiation.
CIRCLE No. 22 ON READER SERVICE CARD
AEROSPACE NEWS from Dow Corning
New silicone ablative material bonds
in place... is lightweight... flexible
DOW CORNING® 325 Ablative Material
has been selected by McDonnell Aircraft
Corporation for the heat shield on NASA's
Gemini spacecraft. There are numerous
reasons, including:
Lightweight — for equivalent volume it
weighs about one half as much as rigid
reinforced plastics used for ablative
applications.
Flexible — supplied as a pourable liquid,
Dow Corning 325 ablative material can be
cast or molded . . . cures to a rubbery solid.
Thermally induced stresses which tend to
destroy rigid materials are absorbed by the
elasticity of this new material.
Bonds — Dow Corning 325 ablative mate-
rial will bond to many metals, plastics and
ceramics . . . has excellent shear strength.
Cured pieces can be bonded to substrates
with adhesives. New Dow Corning 325
ablative material will bond to already cured
sections of the same material, and to most
materials used for honeycomb.
Swells — when exposed to heat fluxes that
cause it to char, Dow Corning 325 abla-
tive material swells, thus increasing the
effective thickness of the shield.
CIRCLE No. 21 ON READER SERVICE CARD
High strength, tear resistant silicone rubber ...
Silastic® 950U rubber is a silicone stock designed for
applications in aircraft, space vehicles and ground
support equipment. This 50-durometer silicone rubber
provides high tensile strength, 1400 psi minimum; tear
strength of 175 psi or better; a brittle point of —178 F;
good heat stability at 500 F. This stock shows all the
properties typical of silicone rubber and is designed to
meet the requirements of the following military and
commercial specifications: MIL-R-5847D, Class III,
Grade 50; MIL-STD 417, TA 510 and TA 512; AMS
3345; and SAE-ASTM TA 510 and TA 512. Parts
made from this material are available from many com-
panies fabricating rubber parts to meet the specialized
requirements of aerospace applications.
For further information about materials mentioned
here ... or our capability to provide you with tailor-
made materials designed specifically to meet your
requirements, write Dept. 6204, or call Aerospace
Materials Department, Dow Corning, Midland, Mich.
Dow Corning
CIRCLE No. 23 ON READER SERVICE CARD
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
ENGINEERS FOR
ADVANCED MISSILES
AND SPACECRAFT
Unusually interesting positions
exist for qualified engineers who can
perform on a variety of high interest
aerospace vehicle studies and who
have a capability for proposal prepa-
ration.
Responsibilities for the area will
include: Preparation of preliminary
concepts, structural and component
installation designs for proposals
and advanced studies in missilesand
spacecraft programs; performance
of weight, balance and inertia
studies; providing written proposal
materials.
Experience in aircraft or missile
structural design is essential, with a
working knowledge of preliminary
stress analysis, effects of extreme
environment, and applicable mate-
rials. Applicants should be gener-
ally familiar with various vehicle sub-
systems, particularly in the propul-
sion and attitude control areas.
Qualifications should include a
B.S. degree from an accredited uni-
versity with 5 to 10 years applicable
experience.
Please airmail your resume to:
MR. ROBERT A. MARTIN
Head of Employment
Hughes Aerospace Divisions
11940 W. Jefferson Blvd.
Culver City 54, California
Creating a new world with electronics
HUGHES
An equal opportunity employer.
Eh
'29
1
Ik? ' ' jM
Returning at 25,000 mph . . .
Project Fire Shot Seeks
Re-entry Data for Apollo
NASA this week will make an at-
tempt to gather data on high-speed
re-entry conditions vital to the U.S.
manned lunar landing program.
This information will be gathered
during the flight of the Project Fire
spacecraft.
The heavily instrumented 200-Ib.
payload — scheduled for launch from
Cape Kennedy no earlier than April 6
— will make direct measurements of re-
entry heat at speeds of about 25,000
miles per hour, slightly higher than
the anticipated velocity of the Apollo
spacecraft when it re-enters the Earth's
atmosphere from the Moon.
Ballistic flight of the Project Fire
spacecraft, to be launched by an Atlas
D booster, is expected to last 32
minutes. This includes a 21 -minute
coast period during which the vehicle
will be oriented in
the correct entry
attitude.
At 26 minutes
after lift-off, the
Antares II solid
rocket will be fired
to bring the space-
craft back to Earth
at the desired ve-
locity. Impact will
be some 5,000
miles downrange in
the South Atlantic.
The spacecraft
will reach an apo-
gee of 500 miles
during the flight.
The data on re-
entry conditions
will be gathered by
radiometers that
will measure ra-
diation and 250
thermocouples to
measure heating. It
will be sent back
to Earth by on-
board transmitters.
• Window nar-
rows— Launch win-
dow is chosen to
provide total dark-
ness at 400,000
ft. in the re-entry
area. On April 6, the launch window
is between 3:33 p.m. and 9:03 p.m.
EST. By mid-April, the window begins
to diminish rapidly; it closes entirely
by April 21.
The spacecraft consists of the Atlas
D launch vehicle, built by General
Dynamics/ Astronautics; the re-entry
package, developed by Republic Avia-
tion Corp.; and the velocity package,
built by Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc. The
Antares II was produced by Hercules
Powder Co.
GDA, in addition to launch vehicle
responsibility, also was in charge of
overall integration of all subsystems and
systems involved in Project Fire,
The instrumented re-entry package
is a blunt-faced vehicle with a conical
afterbody, 26 in. in diameter and 21
in. long.
CLAMSHELL
HEAT SHROUD^./
59.60 DIA. SHELL
RE-ENTRY
PACKAGE (R/P)
RE-ENTRY PACKAGE
ADAPTER (R/P A)
SPIN ROCKETS (THREE)
ANTARES II
MOTOR
V/P SHELL
SUB SYSTEM SHELF
• GUIDANCE
• DESTRUCT
• REACTION CONTROL
• TELEMETRY
• IGNITION
V/P -
SEPARATION PLANE
-V/P ADAPTER
PROJECT Fire spacecraft and velocity package adapter.
20
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
In the blunt end of the re-entry
package are three beryllium calorime-
ters (devices for measuring absorbed
heat) interleaved with three phenolic-
asbestos ablative heat-protection layers.
The first, third and fifth layers are
beryllium calorimeters instrumented to
provide temperature readings from
which the total heating rates will be de-
termined. The second, fourth and sixth
layers are heat shields. All but the last
two layers will be burned away or
jettisoned during the 45-second flight
through the high re-entry heating period.
• Re-entry procedure — Choice of
the layer design was dictated by the
fact that beryllium will survive only
seconds of intense re-entry heat. As a
result, a series of calorimeters will be
BUSINESS REPLY MAIL
NO POSTAGE STAMP NECESSARY IF MAILED JN THE U. S.
POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY:
missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
1001 VERMONT AVENUE, NORTHWEST
WASHINGTON, D. C, 20005
COMMAND
PER FOR MAN C
i RS Electronics is
ic-te control of the
chleved with RSE's
;ars the MIL desig-
nd Receiver Model
1301A and Model
, compact airborne
p Corporation under
ombines solid state
jes of specially de-
issiles and rocket
3 Years $
2 Years $8.
1 Year $5.0
1
PLEASE INDICATE YOUR
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INDUSTRY
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range operations
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Propellants
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COMPAN
ZONE STATE
irne gyro to provide
/ill also control line-
□ business? isic package weighs
high x 7'A" wide x
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e complete commu-
division of pilotless aircraft
ist of a coder, trans-
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card completely Additional postaee is required if mailed outside the U. S. A.
tion caused oy me piasma sneam; a
time-code generator to indicate elapsed
time starting from liftoff; and a cooling
system.
The Project Fire flight will also
mark the first use of a NASA tracking
telespectrograph on Ascension Island.
It will be used to take a spectrographic
record of the re-entry. ■
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
\adio Control Set or
other RSE equipment to satisfy special requirements,
write to:
RS ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
A Division of Pacific Industries, Inc.
795 Kifer Road, Sunnyvale, California • Phone: (408) 739-3230
Circle No. 11 on Subscriber Service Card
23
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
ENGINEERS FOR
ADVANCED MISSILES
AND SPACECRAFT
Unusually interesting positions
exist for qualified engineers who can
perform on a variety of high interest
aerospace vehicle studies and who
have a capability for proposal prepa-
ration.
Responsibilities for the area will
include: Preparation of preliminary
concepts, structural and component
installation designs for proposals
and advanced studies in missilesand
spacecraft programs; performance
of weight, balance and i
studies; providing written p
materials.
Experience in aircraft or
structural design is essential,
working knowledge of preli _
stress analysis, effects of e:'
environment, and applicable
rials. Applicants should be
ally familiar with various vehic
systems, particularly in the f
sion and attitude control area;
Qualifications should inc
B.S. degree from an accredite
versify with 5 to 10 years app
experience.
Returning at 25,000 mph . . .
Project Fire Shot Seeks
Re-entry Data for Apollo
NASA this week will make an at-
tempt to gather data on high-speed
re-entry conditions vital to the U.S.
manned lunar landing program.
This information will hp oatheroH
area. On April 6, the launch window
is between 3:33 p.m. and 9:03 p.m.
EST. By mid-April, the window begins
to diminish rapidly; it closes entirely
missiles and rockets
3 Years $10
2 Years $8.00
1 Year $5.00
PLEASE INDICATE YOUR
PRINCIPAL FIELD OF WORK
Rates shown above are for U. S., Possessions, Canada and Postal Union Nations.
Other countries
2 years 130
J 3 years $35
1 year $20 [
_ 2 years $25
Send bill later
1 year $15. Air Freight to Europe: [ ] 3 years $40
] Check enclosed 1 Purchase order attached.
Please airmail your resume to:
MR. ROBERT A. MARTII
Head of Employment
Hughes Aerospace Divis
11940 W. Jefferson Blvd.
Culver City 54, California
Creating a new world with electronic*
INDUSTRY
Missile frame
Power plants
Support systems
Components
Consultants, R&D
Missile base
range operations
Propellants
Metats, Materials
GOVERNMENT
Army
Navy
Air Force
NASA
AEC
Other U.S.
Govt.
□ Foreign
: Other
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HUGHES
AEROSPACE DIVISIONS
An equal opportunity employer.
BUSINESS REPLY MAIL
NO POSTAGE STAMP NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE U. S.
First Class
Permit No.
2455-R,
Washington, □. C.
POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY:
missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
lOOl VERMONT AVENUE, NORTHWEST
WASHINGTON, D. O, 20005
to tartn by on-
board transmitters.
• Window nar- 70 0 D
rows — Launch win-
dow is chosen to
provide total dark-
ness at 400,000
ft. in the re-entry PROJECT Fire spacecraft and velocity package adapter.
V/P ADAPTER
20
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
In the blunt end of the re-entry
package are three beryllium calorime-
ters (devices for measuring absorbed
heat) interleaved with three phenolic-
asbestos ablative heat-protection layers.
The first, third and fifth layers are
beryllium calorimeters instrumented to
provide temperature readings from
which the total heating rates will be de-
termined. The second, fourth and sixth
layers are heat shields. All but the last
two layers will be burned away or
jettisoned during the 45-second flight
through the high re-entry heating period.
• Re-entry procedure — Choice of
the layer design was dictated by the
fact that beryllium will survive only
seconds of intense re-entry heat. As a
result, a series of calorimeters will be
used, one during the earliest portion of
the re-entry, one when heating rises to
a peak, and the third near the end of
the heating period. Two of the ablative
protection layers will be jettisoned at
programmed times to expose a fresh
calorimeter to the hot-gas region.
Within the re-entry package are
three radiometers. Two will measure
total radiant energy; the third is a com-
bination total and spectral radiometer.
Radiant energy will be admitted to the
instruments through three fused quartz
windows. One is located at the center
of the forward face, in what scientists
call the stagnation region, the second
near the -corner of the front face, and
the third on the conical afterbody.
The combination total and spectral
radiometer is designed to measure the
radiant eaergy in such a way that ex-
perimenters can gather information on
the chemical composition of the gases
in the radiant region. It will scan radia-
tion at the stagnation point over a
wavelength range from 2,000 to 6.000
Angstrom units.
The conical afterbody is built of
sheet aluminum and glass fiber covered
with a phenolic asbestos laminate. In
addition to the primary Project Fire
instruments, it contains: data acquisi-
tion and processing electronics; two
solid-state telemetry transmitters; a de-
layed data system that tape-records re-
search measurements during the radio
blackout period for transmission 45
seconds later; a C-band beacon for
radar tracking; an attitude-sensing sys-
tem consisting of three rate gyros and
five linear accelerometers; pressure sen-
sors; an electronic device attached to
the realtime telemetry transmitter to
gather information on signal attenua-
tion caused by the plasma sheath; a
time-code generator to indicate elapsed
time starting from liftoff; and a cooling
system.
The Project Fire flight will also
mark the first use of a NASA tracking
telespectrograph on Ascension Island.
It will be used to take a spectrographic
record of the re-entry. ■
COMMAND
PERFORMANCE!
by transistorized
RADIO CONTROL SET
Command flight control equipment by RS Electronics is
setting new reliability standards. Remote control of the
Navy's KD2R-5 drone shown here is achieved with RSE's
Radio Receiving-Control Set which bears the MIL desig-
nation AN/ARW-79.
This set consists of an RSE Command Receiver Model
2624AT, proportional Decoder Model 1301A and Model
1805W Accessory Decoder if required.
These components comprise a single, compact airborne
package designed and built for Northrop Corporation under
U.S. Navy contract. This equipment combines solid state
reliability with the packaging advantages of specially de-
signed printed circuit boards.
Model 2624AT/1301A
Operated in conjunction with an airborne gyro to provide
automatic flight stabilization, the unit will also control line-
of-sight flights without the gyro. The basic package weighs
only 4 lbs. 13 oz. and measures 7Vs" high x 7W' wide x
5V4" deep.
In addition, RS Electronics can provide complete commu-
nications links for the remote control of pilotless aircraft
and missiles. A typical link would consist of a coder, trans-
mitter, airborne receiver and decoder.
For complete specifications on this Radio Control Set or
other RSE equipment to satisfy special requirements,
write to:
RS ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
— — — A Division of Pacific Industries. Inc.
795 Kifer Road, Sunnyvale, California • Phone: (408) 739-3230
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
Circle No. 11 on Subscriber Service Card
with missile or space booster experience (especially related
to programs which have utilized the Douglas THOR)
Douglas offers you broad management opportunities in
the following areas:
OPERATIONS— relating to business management of
technical programs.
PROJECT — relating to customer contact and the satis-
faction of customer requirements in the development of
technical programs.
PROGRAM EXTENSIONS -relating to the develop-
ment of new concepts for R&D programs.
D,
You will participate in some of the most vital defense
and aerospace programs of the next decade, including
THOR, DELTA, SATURN, MORL, ZEUS and many
development programs of wide scope and importance.
We are particularly seeking individuals with leadership
ability for highly responsible positions. Applicants should
be qualified in an engineering discipline related to
aerospace or electronics.
For full information, please send resume to Mr.
A. E. Snodgrass.
An equal opportunity employer
MISSILE Si SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
2700 Ocean Park Boulevard, Santa Monica, California
Technical Countdown
MATERIALS
Oxidation-Resistant Graphite Perfected
Additives of zirconium, boron and silicone to graphite
result in a composite with improved strength, hardness and
oxidation resistance, report scientists at Union Carbide Corp.'s
Carbon Products Div. Developed under a contract from the
Air Force Materials Lab., the composites provide a protective
coating through oxidation of the additives at the troublesome
temperature levels where the graphite is prone to destructive
oxidation. The coatings are self-healing and even re-form
in place after punctures are made by particle impacts. The
additives, in the form of powdered zirconium diboride and
silicon, are blended with graphite particles and a binder. Im-
pregnated shapes are formed at 4,000 psi and 4,100° F.
Composite density is above 3 g/cc and flexural strengths up
to 25,000 psi have been measured at 3,600° F.
Sodium-Cooled Nozzles Pass 6,200° F.
An approach to high-pressure, high-temperature nozzle
assemblies using sodium as a coolant is now past the demon-
stration phase at Allegany Ballistics Lab. Hercules Powder
Co. engineers ran a sodium-jacketed nozzle assembly for 38
seconds in a firing test with chamber pressures above 290
psi with exhaust gas temperatures above 6,200° F. The
sodium method extends the ability of current nozzle mater-
ials into the near-7,000° F. range — the area where high
energy, high acceleration propellants function. The nozzle
assembly was described as flightweight by Hercules experts
and an advanced double-base propellant was used in the test
at the Hercules-operated Naval facility.
PROPULSION
Bell Fires High Pressure F/H Engine
A fluorine-hydrogen propellant combination exceeded
95% of the theoretically possible performance in a recent
test firing by Textron's Bell Aerosystems Co. The engine
generated 40,000 lbs. rated altitude thrust with a chamber
pressure in the 500 psia range. The high pressure essentially
means the engine is attaining high performance with mini-
mum weight. Combustion was described as smooth and stable
in the company-sponsored test firing. The test is the latest
development in over eight years of Bell-supported fluorine
propellant research and development.
Aerojet's Big Solid Plant On Stream
Live propellant flowed from the continuous mix segment
of Aerojet-Genera! Corp.'s Big Solid Booster plant in Dade
County, Fla., during initial shakedown operations. The pro-
pellant processing step is the first leg of checking out the new
plant. Subscale motors will be loaded next month for test
firings at the firm's Sacramento, Calif., facilities. The plant
will also use batch mixing equipment in preparing the 260-in.-
dia. solid rockets for test firing next year (M/R, Dec. 2,
1963, p. 29). The massive motor case program at Sun Ship-
building and Dry Dock Co., Philadelphia, is nearing the tool-
ing completion phase. Two of the 18% nickel-steel cases are
being fabricated by Sun under contract to Aerojet for delivery
in the fall of 1964 under the Air Force/NASA Large Solid
Demonstration Program.
Titan III Thrust Termination Tested
A test of the thrust termination and command destruct
systems used on the Titan Ill-C booster rockets was success-
fully conducted at Edwards AFB, Calif., and, according to
the Air Force, "confirmed operation of both systems." Two
of the 120-in. solid motor segments were fired for 10 seconds.
Thrust was terminated by blowing two ports in the forward
closure, releasing the internal pressure generated by the
burning propellant. A destruct signal detonated a strip of
primacord which ruptured the rocket case.
ELECTRONICS
Pinhead-Size Diodes Built
Hughes Aircraft Co. scientists now claim the ultimate
in discrete diodes — a glass-encapsulated element measuring
0.060 in. in diameter. The junction itself measures 0.020 in.
in width (or about the size of a typed period). Employing
dual glass seals, the diode — called Microglass — represents
the connecting link in microminiaturization between minia-
ture diodes and integrated circuits, according to Hughes.
Now in production, Hughes says it is aiming for a production
capacity of over one million diodes per week.
Incoherent-Light Tracker in Development
A high resolution, microwave-modulated, optical Dop-
pler radar using an incoherent light source is under develop-
ment at the Hallicrafters Co. in Chicago. Scientists there feel
this is the first practical employment of high-intensity light
for measuring precise target velocity in space. Also, they
point out, the use of incoherent light bypasses many of the
problems inherent in the use of a laser beam (scattering, in
particular) . The Hallicrafters approach employs the dynamic
crossed-field electron multiplier invented at the University of
Illinois. The system reportedly will provide very high signal
sensitivity and high amplification.
ASTRONAUTICS
Steerable Chute Proposed For Gemini
A glide ratio of better than 2:1 was shown by a steerable
parachute in wind-tunnel tests at NASA's Ames Research
Center. Developer of the parachute, Northrop Ventura,
Newbury Park, Calif., is proposing it to NASA for later
phases of the Gemini program. Looking quite conventional,
the steerable parachute has a leading edge stiffened with
fabric. When two gores are lifted on the trailing edge, they
give an outflow of air that makes the chute go forward.
SPACE MEDICINE
Dehydration a Factor In Blood Pooling
Researchers at the Lankenau Hospital, Philadelphia, con-
clude that the blood pooling problem, or "orthostatic hypo-
tension," suffered by both astronauts Walter Schirra and Gor-
don Cooper, could be due as much to dehydration as to
weightlessness. The subject studied showed a marked increase
in the effect after a period of bed rests when he was also
dehydrated.
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
25
space systems
LEM Design Is
Nearly Frozen
Review of test model establishes final
configuration before building metal mockup
ASTRONAUT descends into LEM TM-1 through overhead
hatch. Forward docking hatch is visible, as is rendezvous radar.
Bethpage, N.Y. — The first of nine
Lunar Excursion Module test articles
(LTA's) for ground testing is now
scheduled for completion here in one
year.
A NASA/ Grumman Aircraft En-
gineering Corp. review of the full-scale
wood-and-metal TM-1 LEM test model
ended March 27 at a four-day round of
meetings. The test model had been com-
pleted earlier in March.
Objective of the review was to estab-
lish a design freeze on LEM to allow
construction of the all-metal M-5 LEM
mockup, which will contain all equip-
ment details of the final LEM design.
The M-5, which next fall will undergo
a similar review to that conducted on
TM-1, will be the last LEM model
built before completion of the first LTA.
The TM-1, reflecting what is ex-
pected to be the last major configuration
change in LEM (the removal of two
of the four propellant tanks in the ascent
stage and the introduction of a stand-up
astronaut-restraint system for the cock-
pit—M/R, Feb. 10, p. 15) is now the
representative vehicle upon which final
detail design will proceed. TM-1 also re-
flects the new LEM triangular window
design, which replaces the four windows
of much larger area in earlier mockups.
• Scope of review — The review was
aimed at pinning down some 30 differ-
ent areas of LEM design. Key items in-
cluded: location and shape of display
panels; display arrangement; cockpit
arrangement; crew support; portable
back-pack location, donning, and re-
charging positions; waste-management
equipment location; ingress and egress
procedures; zero-g restraints; environ-
mental control system equipment lo-
cations; antenna locations; scientific
equipment bay descent stage location;
docking drogue storage; and landing
gear design.
Though the review was aimed at
freezing details in these areas, certain
evaluations will continue to get partic-
ular attention — e.g. ingress, egress,
and cockpit operating procedures for
space-suited astronauts. Astronauts are
expected to spend time at Grumman in
the next few months ironing out these
questions.
Use of a rope suspended from the
module is being demonstrated by space-
s.uited astronauts at Bethpage, and the
technique may be included in operating
procedures as an alternate or backup
to ladder exit and entry. Engineers here
point out that it would cut weight, can-
not be damaged in landing, and will
always hang vertically when deployed,
eliminating the risks of ladder use if
the vehicle is tilting or damaged in
landing.
Grumman engineers will also now
begin to run antenna pattern tests on
another LEM mock-up, a screen model
built for this purpose, based upon the
antenna locations of the TM-1.
In this configuration, the X-band
rendezvous radar is mounted on top
and forward on the vehicle, the steerable
S-band communications antenna is on
top and aft, and two VHF antennas are
mounted high on the vehicle and diag-
onally opposite.
The X-band landing radar is now
mounted on the aft right hand quadrant
of the descent stage, but engineers feel
this location may still change.
• Landing gear uncertainties —
Though the design of the LEM landing
gear (M/R, July 15, p. 22) still suffers
from lack of data from unmanned
probes aimed at the lunar surface,
both NASA and Grumman officials ex-
press confidence in what they classify
as a highly conservative gear design to
meet the most extreme conditions pre-
dicted on the basis of current knowl-
edge.
If anything, they feel that any future
changes in gear design may allow weight
reductions, if successful probes indi-
cate a less imposing surface than the
current design anticipates. Reductions
in landing gear weight could increase
LEM's ability to lift some 100 lbs. of
lunar samples off the surface.
The major design decision left in
the program is the choice of the descent
stage engine now in parallel develop-
ment at North American Aviation's
Rocketdyne Div., and the Space Tech-
nology Labs. A decision is expected be-
fore years's end, possibly in the fall.
Project engineers report the choice will
be difficult in that both engines show
major advancements in throttleable sys-
tems.
The TM-1 descent stage (metal) is
now being instrumented here and will
undergo thermal environmental tests
within the next few weeks. Altitude
facilities for descent engine testing are
being built at both contractor locations,
and will reportedly be available in May.
The Bell ascent stage for LEM is also
now being instrumented in preparation
for environmental tests this month at
the Arnold Engineering Test Center,
Tullahoma, Tenn. ■
26
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
It's automated . . . it's integrated . . . it's operating at Rohr
This in-line production facility for fabricating very large space frame structures is in full production at Rohr. . .
featuring aircraft type tooling and optical alignment. It moves raw stock thru a complex of modern machines
and processes to final precision pre-assemblies that reduce field erection time and add integrity to the total
structure. The "pad" saves us materials handling time and lowers customer cost. And it shortens delivery dates
for many types of major structures such as antennas, towers, and geodesic radomes. For the full space struc-
tures story at Rohr write or call: Manager, Antenna Division, Dept. 49
Rohr Corporation, Chula Vista, California, P.O. Box 1147.
These Rohr antennas demonstrate the scope of manufacturing capability here:
85-foot XY, 15-foot radio telescope, 30-fooi Az, El, 85-foot Az, El, 210-foot tracking antenna.
ANTENNA
DIVISION
RO H R
COR PORATI O IM
Circle No. 2 on Subscriber Service Card
BET YOU NEVER EXPECTED
TO FIND WESTERN
WAY UP THERE...
AND WAY DOWN THERE...
Circle No. 3 on Subscriber Service Card
.so far into space and hydrospace activities.
But there we are. With launcher drives, radar drives, and control surface drives. With helicopter transmissions
and accessory drives and hoists. With shock isolation systems tor missile launching sites. And with dynamic
positioning units for ships, floating platforms, and oceanography vessels.
Anywhere there's a need for a piece of machinery to transfer power and motion, Western's Precision Products
Division can do the job. Just tell us the problem. We'll design the answer and build the equipment. Both.
It will be done in a well-equipped, well-organized plant. It will be done by highly skilled and experienced people.
It will be done precisely and economically. And it will be done on schedule.
We'd like to tell you the whole story on our space age capa-
bility. Just write to PRECISION PRODUCTS DIVISION, Western
Gear Corporation, Box 192, Lynwood, California, and ask for
more information. Or, if you prefer, call us at Area Code 213,
NEvada 6-0911 ... or cable westgear, Lynwood, California.
WeSTGR
GEAR CORPORATION
Circle No. 3 on Subscriber Service Card
dual-axis autocollimator
Kollmorgen Model K222 combines 0.1 second of arc sensitivity . . . ease of
use ... freedom from eye strain.
Demonstrably superior! No other manual autocollimator on the market today
. . . imported or domestic . . . offers you so many operating advantages.
Simultaneous measurement of vertical and horizontal angles eliminates errors
or delays inherent in 90° rotation of instrument or eyepiece. Both measure-
ments in the same plane ... no parallax! Each axis has its independent
micrometer ... no compromise with accuracy.
Largest objective lens aperture (1.8 in.) available on an NAS barrel and
full correction of lens for spherical and chromatic aberration permit accurate
measurements over a field of view of 26 minutes of arc. Maximum working
distance is 150 feet.
Illuminated fine adjustment scale utilizes eyepiece readout to eliminate
constant refocusing of the viewing eye and resultant eye fatigue. This
illumination also permits instrument use in total darkness. Since readouts
are located outside the instrument's field of view, micrometer adjustments
are always 'honest' ... not influenced by any observer's natural tendency
to resolve fractional splits in his favor. Micrometer scale divisions are seconds
and tenths of seconds; one minute per revolution.
A demonstration will convince you that the Kollmorgen Model K222 Dual-Axis
Autocollimator provides the quickest, easiest way to align, square, erect or
position structures, machinery and their components to the highest order of
accuracy available in a standard commercial instrument.
Informative 12-page bulletin contains complete data on Model K222 and
other new Kollmorgen optical tooling instruments: Single-Axis Manual and
Dual-Axis Automatic Autocollimators, Dual-Axis and Line-of-Sight Alignment
Telescopes, Pointing Interferometer and all required accessories. Write for
this bulletin today . . . 347 King Street, Northampton, Mass.
CORPORATION
NORTHAMPTON, MASSACHUSETTS
Circle No. 4 on Subscriber Service Card
THOR still bearing RAF markings arrives at Douglas Tulsa Div. for conversion. CONVERTED Thor at checkout stand.
space vehicles
Former RAF Thors Made into Boosters
Air Force says it's saving up to $150,000 per launch through
first 'swords-into-plowshares' missile program at Douglas-Tulsa
Tulsa, Okla. — The Air Force re-
ports that it is saving $100,000-$150,-
000 per space launch by making launch
boosters out of Douglas Thors that
formerly saw service as operational
missiles in Britain.
First converted Thor put to work
was utilized in the initial ASSET (Aero-
thermodynamic/ elastic Structural Sys-
tems Environmental Tests) launch on
Sept. 18, 1963; the second ASSET
firing on March 24 used a two-stage
converted version. So far, more than
20 of the 64 missiles, including backup
vehicles, put on operational duty in the
United Kingdom beginning in early
1959 have been ordered converted in
the LVIIB program at Douglas Air-
craft Co.'s Tulsa Division.
AF Space Systems Division esti-
mates that a converted booster costs up
to $150,000 less than a new (SLVII)
vehicle off Douglas's assembly line in
Santa Monica, Calif. Under the Doug-
las contract, the old Thors are returned
to "new" condition as boosters. "The
only difference between these and new
ones is use of the original Block I
engines with 150,000 lbs. thrust," an
SSD spokesman says.
Engines undergo complete overhaul
by San Bernardino Air Materiel Area
by Willard E. Wilks
(SBAMA), some by North American
Aviation's Rocketdyne division. All are
hot-fired at Rocketdyne's Neosho plant
before going in to the pipeline that re-
turns them to Tulsa for reinstallation,
not necessarily in the same vehicles
from which they were removed. Block
II engines would fit the converted vehi-
cles, but the original engines are used
to hold down cost.
Time also was a prime consideration
in the Air Force decision to go ahead
with the conversion program in Decem-
ber, 1962. "There were programs that
couldn't wait, and this filled the gap,"
a spokesman said. ASSET was one such
program. Most of the converted vehicles
have been slated for classified programs.
Programmed lead time necessary
for a converted booster is three to four
months less than that for a new vehicle,
which runs up to 18 months. Main fac-
tor in the time saving is the engine;
overhaul is faster than waiting for a new
one.
• Heavy demand — All of the for-
mer Royal Air Force missiles, less some
fired in RAF combat training launches
at Vandenberg AFB, are expected to
be converted eventually. Meanwhile.
the balance remains in storage at
SBAMA.
"We are not ordering conversions
until firm requirements for these re-
turned missiles are specified," an of-
ficer said. "However, we have fairly
firm requirements for all of them. We've
just completed a study to determine
their potential use. and the report shows
there are twice as many requirements
as there are available Thor missiles."
Air Force spokesmen, noting that
the program is "the first swords-into-
plowshares conversion involving mis-
siles of this size," say phased-out Atlas
missiles also are expected to be con-
verted to launch vehicles at some future
date.
"This program has proved that it is
possible to take a complex vehicle that
was designed as a weapon and convert
it to peaceful uses at a substantial sav-
ing and without sacrificing reliability.
We can expect that there will be more
of this."
• Flexibility afforded — So far, none
of the current group of converted Thors
has been slated for use by NASA,
which wouldn't be expected to order
any unless confronted with a need to
cut launch vehicle lead time.
Nevertheless, the LVIIB program
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
31
ENGINE reinstallation is completed following conversion.
permits some flexibility that helps both
Air Force and NASA. SSD has no firm
commitments to begin with for all
vehicles undergoing conversion. It gets
some indications from the Dept. of
Defense or NASA as to requirements
and given numbers of vehicles, but no
certain information as to program con-
figuration.
However, it can start conversion of
a given missile into an LVIIB. Then,
when it receives firm word as to re-
quirement, it can divert from the Doug-
las assembly line an SLVII to NASA;
the Air Force, which has programs
that can use 1 50,000 lbs. of thrust, will
take the LVIIB. NASA thus gets an
SLVII that otherwise would go to the
Air Force, and the Air Force gets an
LVIIB faster.
NASA has used some of the Thors
in an earlier batch returned from Eng-
land. When the fifth SM-75 squadron
scheduled to be sent to the United
Kingdom was cancelled, NASA took
the vehicles for its Delta programs; the
first 12 NASA Delta vehicles used con-
verted SM-75's.
• Reliability upgraded — The Tulsa
Div., which currently has 22 of the
SM-75 missiles in its plant, some still
bearing RAF markings, converts the
vehicles to a standard configuration —
the LVIIB — which can be varied to
meet different mission configurations
ordered by SSD, including some requir-
ing addition of a second stage.
With the exception of the Block I
engine, the LVIIB vehicles are identical
to the SLVII launch vehicles, SSD said.
"Reliability is upgraded from that
of missile to launch vehicle, and they
are required to meet the same reliability
standard as the new SLVII vehicles
coming off the Douglas assembly line,"
a spokesman said.
"Some components that are in the
SM-75 can be retained. As many parts
as possible are refurbished and go back
into the vehicle. But those parts that
are not common to the SLVII are re-
placed in order to bring what was a
missile up to launch vehicle configura-
tion. The main items not changed are
the tanks, on which there are no modi-
fications."
The LVIIB is equipped with the
mechanical and electrical interface nec-
essary to take an Agena D second-stage
vehicle, although not all of the boosters
are slated to use a second stage. It also
is equipped with an on-board telemetry
system, necessary in R&D work, which
the SM-75 does not have. It can be
equipped with an airborne guidance sys-
tem if the using program requires it.
Also modified is the transition sec-
tion to equip the vehicle with second-
stage instead of warhead capability. All
of these modifications make the LVIIB
identical to the SLVII.
• LVIIC's for ASSET— The ASSET
program is utilizing two converted
Thor configurations. The LVIIB is con-
verted to an LVIIC for both single-stage
and two-stage ASSET flights. The
LVIIC's for both single and dual-stage
have airborne guidance packages, retro-
rockets for separation to avoid bumping
the payload, and interface and transition
stage. On the two-stage ASSET vehicle,
the second stage is the first (liquid)
stage of the Delta vehicle.
In actual practice, the Douglas con-
version team has found it can configure
the vehicles for different missions con-
currently with achieving the standard
configuration.
J. P. Rogan, Tulsa division general
manager, admitted, however, that "we
had to back up on four birds before we
and SSD learned we could do this. Now,
for example, SSD can order a standard
vehicle less the forward section. In other
words, mission-oriented changes might
be the standard configuration plus or
minus some things."
• Conversion guides — During the
conversion process, the Tulsa team in-
spects, overhauls and modifies. But since
reliability rather than serviceability is the
main aim, the conversion work involves
more than the "inspect and repair as
necessary" process applied in aircraft
overhaul and modification, in which the
division has considerable experience.
Cost saving is emphasized through-
out the entire process, but never at the
expense of reliability. All components
must be returned to the original design
specifications, meaning return to zero-
time in the case of time-significant com-
ponents. The refurbishment portion of
the work takes a minimal approach, yet
insures new-product reliability.
Many of the modifications are basi-
cally updating changes — replacement of
components such as switches, relays and
other standard items that might have
been designed 5-10 years ago — with
newer, more reliable parts. Since many
of these involve a change in engineering
design requirements, they are classed as
modifications.
• Why Tulsa? — Rogan says Doug-
las decided to have the conversion work
performed by its Tulsa division, even
though it had virtually no Thor experi-
ence, because it had personnel and a
system experienced in "rebuilding old
equipment."
"The trick of knowing how to take
something apart, knowing what portions
to replace, doing it at the lowest pos-
sible price without downgrading relia-
bility, is rather unique," he says. "I've
seen manufacturers of new equipment
who couldn't do this. They are used to
working only with new stuff, and not
within a limited work scope."
In determining what had to be done
to the returned missiles and the cost, the
division — after first sending some key
personnel to gain experience on the West
Coast Thor production line — disassem-
bled a number of vehicles considered to
be "the most pad-weary."
Examination showed the missiles to
be in surprisingly good condition. To
date, signs of corrosion have been found
in only one LOX tank. This was in an
area smaller than 10 sq. in., and refur-
bishers were able to locally clean this
spot, mechanically and chemically, to
restore the required LOX clean con-
dition.
In only one missile has structural re-
pair been necessary. This was in the pro-
pulsion section where both skin and sub-
structure had been damaged. Repair was
made by splicing the skin and replacing
all stringers in the damaged substruc-
ture. ■
32
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
©AMPEX CORP. 19G4
Ampex has three new recorders. And the FR-1400 is all of them.
The FR-1400 is like having three recorders. Only
better. One recorder offers you these capabili-
ties: Direct performance— 250 Kc, 500 Kc, 1.5
Mc. FM-20 Kc, 400 Kc, 500 Kc. PDM-IRIG
standard. Plus serial PCM up to 2000+ bpi,
using new Frequency Shift Modulation tech-
nique—which overcomes base line shift and
pulse droop. Plug-in, modular electronics make
this wide variety of operational techniques pos-
sible. The transport and electronics are electri-
cally switchable. And the recorder is compatible
to old standards for 100 Kc Direct and 10 Kc
AMPEX
FM. The FR-1400 features integral shuttle, and
high-speed automatic search. It offers 7 or 14
tracks. It has plug-in heads, and reversible tape
guides, for easy change-over between ^ and 1
inch. Heads retract in fast forward, rewind and
stop. Little wonder that the FR-1400 is becom-
ing the standard recorder for the major missile
and satellite tracking ranges. And that it's the
recorder used in the Apollo, Saturn and deep
space programs. For complete details, write
Ampex Corporation, Redwood City, California.
Sales and service offices throughout the world.
Circle No. 12 on Subscriber Service Card
advanced materials
Beryllium Picked for Structural Job
Lightweight metal approaches status of standard load-bearing
aerospace material in Minuteman application at Brush Beryllium
Cleveland — The introduction of
beryllium as a structural component
on the Air Force Minuteman ICBM is
the first major penetration of the high-
temperature, lightweight metal into the
broad market area of load-bearing ap-
plications.
Brush Beryllium Co. regards a $2-
million contract for the production of
Minuteman spacer elements as in indi-
cation that the metal is achieving its
ultimate market — a standard aerospace
structural material.
Fabricating difficulties have been
major obstacles, but development of
manufacturing techniques by Brush in
forming and joining is winning ac-
ceptance among aerospace designers.
The high cost of the metal is still
a determining factor. Recent develop-
ments in non-structural applications —
such as a high-enegry solid propellant
additive — may help reduce all beryllium
product prices.
Even the problem of raw materials
supply has been solved with the dis-
covery of large domestic deposits
around Topaz Mountain, Utah. Previ-
ously, the ores had been imported from
South America and Africa. A domestic
supply is a necessity for any increasing
usage in defense programs.
Beryllium has long been an attrac-
tive metal for aerospace applications be-
cause of its resistance to high tempera-
tures, its light weight (only hydrogen,
helium and lithium precede it in the
periodic table), rigidity and strength.
But previous experience in working
with other light metals is not usually
applicable to beryllium. It is brittle,
abrasive and it can be a health hazard
if certain standard precautions are not
taken.
• Work other than spacers — In ad-
dition to the new spacer work. Brush
has a host of other contracts, primarily
by John F. Judge
in the non-structural area. These in-
clude components and parts for solar
cell boards, brakes, mirrors, radiator
condensors. Saturn actuators and bulk-
heads, Gemini heat shingles, compressor
blades, discs and shafts and the Apollo
guidance frame.
In-house development covers built-
up gimbals, pressure vessels, control
rods for aircraft and a beryllium-Rene
41 sandwich. The firm anticipates fund-
ing for beryllium elements in the
PRODUCTION VS. PRICE
The following data, compiled by Brush, reflect the
projected prices of basic beryllium products vs. ex-
pected production rates in the foreseeble future. If Be
powder became a standard additive for operational
solid rocket weapon systems, production would in-
crease by orders of magnitude.
BERYLLIUM
BLOCK
BERYLLIUM POWDER
1000 lbs. /year
$/lb.
1000 lbs. /year S/lb.
750
$60
300 $50
1,000
55
400 40
1,250
45
500 30
1,500
35
600 25
2,000
30
1 ,000 20
MMRBM guidance and control system.
Titan III truss and guidance tubes,
Sprite, Mariner D, Minuteman Mark 12
nose cones F-l 1 1 control rods and the
vertical stabilizer section of the F4H.
The potential of the metal has led
Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. to
create a complete beryllium fabricating
shop. The Lockheed facility was estab-
lished to furnish structural skin panels
for satellite vehicles and has succeeded
in reaching a production-line opera-
tion in both sheet and block beryllium.
The toxicity problem has been suc-
cessfully met through application of
standard industrial hygienic procedures.
Beryllium handling and fabricating
areas are dust controlled at Lockheed
and in all Brush facilities.
• Spacer specs — The spacer is an
inter-stage connector on the Minute-
man. It joins the guidance and control
section with the re-entry vehicle .While
the spacer contains equipment asso-
cited with re-entry, the unit itself does
not penetrate the atmosphere.
The spacer consists of a shell, four
longerons, four ball-lock access doors,
an electrical interface access door and
miscellaneous non-beryllium parts.
The shell is a ring-rolled cylinder
with a maximum wall thickness of
0.160-in. and a minimum of 0.080 in.
The shell develops a guaranteed cir-
cumferential tensile strength of 65,000
psi and an axial tensile of 50,000 psi.
Its minimum tensile yield strength in
the circumferential direction is 38,000
psi and is 37,000 in the axial.
The four longerons are hot-formed
by Brush from 0.055-in. cross-rolled
beryllium sheet. The formed longeron
parts are brazed at their forward ends
to a bulkhead machined from hot-
pressed block. The brazed joints develop
a shear strength of 12,000 psi at room
temperature.
The longeron assemblies are joined
to the skin by adhesive bonding and
riveting. The bonding agent is Shell's
Epon 951, and commercial rivets are
used. The assembled spacer measures
about 32 in. across and 11 in. deep.
The work is being performed under
contract to the Lycoming Division of
Avco Corp., with actual fabrication be-
ing handled on a production basis at
Brush's Haywood, Calif., plant.
• Fabrication techniques — Manu-
facturing developments in six key areas
led to the first structural use of the
metal. These areas are complex sheet
forming, ring rolling, chemical milling,
zinc brazing, drilling and bonding.
34
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
Looking for a parts and components source?
A substantial manufacturer
with a reputation for superior quality?
Now add Caterpillar to the top of your list
A longtime defense supplier of complete vehicles
and power plants, Caterpillar now offers to manu-
facture components or parts— to your specifications
—on a subcontract basis.
This new manufacturing role makes sense for
two good reasons.
(1) Caterpillar is one of the largest manufacturers
of diesel engines in the United States. Because
Caterpillar builds its engines from the block up, it
is a major manufacturer of engine components.
The same is true, of course, with other vehicle
components — undercarriage parts, power train as-
semblies and structural body shapes. We build a lot
of them, consuming enough steel to place us in the
top fifteen steel users.
(2) Caterpillar parts have an established repu-
tation for long performance life— earned by the qual-
ity built into them. Gears, for example, are crown-
shaved for longer life ... floating "duo cone" seals
provide positive sealing ... our forged crankshafts
are induction-hardened and shot-peened for great
strength.
Quality control is a way of life at Caterpillar. It's
the only certain assurance of meeting the perfor-
mance standard each component is assigned before
production is begun.
THIS QUALITY CONTROL TESTING DEVICE
uses an air gauge to determine the accuracy
of boring work. It checks with precision the
relationship between crankshaft bore, cam-
shaft bore and dowel holes. By anyone's
standards, it's a sophisticated device for
quality control work today.
THIS BROCHURE
describes the full range of parts and com-
ponents Caterpillar can manufacture for you
and also describes our production facilities.
MAINTAINING .0005 OF AN IN. TOLERANCE
on production-line machining isn't startling
in an era of micro-miniaturization. It is close-
tolerance work for machining large metal
components, such as this 87-lb. gear. But it's
routine for Caterpillar — one of the leading
manufacturers of products made of steel.
Send for a copy today.
Department 505, Industrial Division,
CaterpillarTractor Co., Peoria, Illinois 61611.
CATERPILLAR
Caterpillar and Cat are Registered Trademarks of Caterpillar Tractor Co.
Caterpillar Tractor Co., General Offices, Peoria, Illinois • Caterpillar Americas Co., Peoria, Illinois • Caterpillar Overseas S.A., Geneva • Caterpillar of Australia Pty. Ltd., Melbourne - Caterpillar
Brasil S.A., Sao Paulo * Caterpillar Tractor Co. Ltd., Glasgow • Caterpillar of Canada Ltd., Toronto - Caterpillar France S.A., Grenoble - Caterpillar (Africa) (Pty.) Ltd., Johannesburg
Circle No. 13 on Subscriber Service Card
ABOVE: Beryllium spacer attached to ex-
perimental Minuteman G&C housing de-
veloped by Brush in conjunction with
North American's Columbus Div. for
NAA Autonetics. LEFT: Brush Product
Engineering Manager Bryce King inserts
itainlees steel thermal expansion ring into
early spacer design. BELOW: Elec-
tronically controlled drilling operation
puts precise holes in spacer. Holes are
drilled undersize and chemically milled to
final dimensions. Besides cutting 50%
from weight of former aluminum spacer,
beryllium structure needs no ascent heat
protection. Operational temperatures reach
about 500°F.
Sheet forming was in a relatively
crude state as little as two years ago.
Simple bends and some complex curves
could be fabricated. Brush worked up
a process consisting of hot forming the
sheet in closed dies at 1000°F in air.
The key control step is to eliminate hot
tension in the dies by always keeping
the workpiece in compression. Fairly
sophisticated parts can be manufac-
tured with this method.
A cooperative program with the
Ladish Co., a forging firm in Cudahy,
Wis. in ring-rolling beryllium pieces
weighing less than a pound began more
than two years ago. The technique has
been refined to the point of turning out
a basic spacer shell weighing 8.27 lbs.
from material weighing about 55 lbs.
This is contrasted with the 2,500 lbs.
of starting material that would be
necessary if machining from block was
the only approach.
The scale-up from small rings to
the Minuteman spacer size posed the
major problem. The basic material is
a vacuum hot-pressed billet that is
trepanned to a heavy-walled ring. The
ring is shipped to Ladish while Brush
converts the remaining cylinder into a
number of smaller beryllium products.
Brush has adapted chemical milling
to suit the peculiar needs of a beryllium
fabricator. New masking techniques
and etchants were developed, together
with a process for recovering the metal
from the used solutions. Extremely
close tolerances have been achieved.
A zinc brazing process is used to
establish the structural joint between
the forward bulkhead and the longerons.
Brush developed a zinc braze which is
used at 800° to 850° F rather than
the 1700° needed for silver-based
brazes.
The low temperature permits crea-
tion of a sound joint in air without
adversely influencing the mechanical
properties of the beryllium. Proper fix-
turing is the key. Brush progressed
through several longeron designs and
is now concentrating on a two-piece
approach.
Drilling beryllium has always been
a difficult task because of the metal's
brittle nature. The major problem is
break-out occurring during drill pene-
tration.
Brush now uses a Tornetic drilling
unit that electronically regulates the
torque and feed rates during drilling,
minimizing operator error. The spacer
has 276 holes and each one has to be
near-perfect. In practice, the holes are
drilled slightly undersized and the
chemical etching process brings them to
final dimensions. Brush developed the
drilling method in conjunction with the
drill manufacturer, and came up with a
new drill bit designed specifically for
EXPERIENCED AEROSPACE
STRUCTURAL ■ PROPULSION
MECHANICAL ■ RELIABILITY
»
FLUIDS ■ STRUCTURAL
ELECTRICAL/ ELECTRONIC
STANDARDS
FLIGHT TEST INSTRUMENTATION
STABILITY, GUIDANCE & CONTROL
i RADAR, RFI, INFRARED, AND OPTICS .
AERODYNAMICS "OPERATIONS RESEARCH
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS — STRESS,
LOADS, DYNAMICS
MANY OTHER POSITIONS ARE
ALSO AVAILABLE FOR QUALIFIED
ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS
General Dynamics/Fort Worth, pioneer in the tech-
nological development of the Southwest, has many
projects involving atmospheric and space vehicles
currently underway. These projects present expand-
ing opportunities for creative engineers and scientists
in many disciplines. ■ In the nation's second-largest
concentration of aerospace industries, Fort Worth is
a wholesome city-on-the-grow. Fashionable, high
quality homes are available close to General Dynamics
. . . nearly all residential areas are less than 20
minutes away. Driving is easy; traffic density is low.
A system of freeways from all directions lead directly
to the ample parking facilities of General Dynamics.
The air is clean and fresh ... no fog, smog, smoke
or soot. More than 100 parks cover a total of about
5,000 acres. Entertainment is abundant. There is a
fine zoo, a famed botanic garden, swimming pools,
tennis courts, baseball diamonds, picnic facilities,
horseback riding, Southwest Conference and NFL
football, bowling, Casa Manana theater-in-the-round,
sports car races and the world's largest indoor rodeo
. . . the Southwestern Exposition and Fat Stock Show.
Six large lakes are within minutes from downtown . . .
three inside the city limits. Fort Worth has one of the
nation's better school systems. Several major colleges
and universities are located in the area including
Texas Christian University, Arlington State College
and Southern Methodist University. ■ To take ad-
vantage of the opportunities offered, write Mr. J. B.
Ellis, Industrial Relations Administrator-Engineering,
General Dynamics/Fort Worth, P. 0. Box748-M, Fort
Worth, Texas. An equal opportunity employer.
GENERAL. DYNAMICS FORT WORTH
Circle No. 14 on Subscriber Service Card
H
HONEYWELL
INSTRUMENTATION
MILITARY
EDITION
Number 1-MI
ElectroniK 16 Recorder Introduced
PHILADELPHIA — Honeywell's
Philadelphia Division has introduced
the ElectroniK 16 potentiometer, a strip-
chart recorder offering many standard
features now optional on other recorders.
"The ElectroniK 16's modular design
concept, along with a number of cus-
tomer-oriented features that make it
convenient to install, maintain and use,
makes it the easiest to work with re-
corder on the market today," said W. A.
Forsyth, military market manager for
Honeywell's Industrial Products Group.
"For example, the instrument mounts
directly into a 19-inch relay rack with-
out using adapters. It has a new, high-
performance, transistor servo-measuring
unit. Chart-changing time has been re-
duced to less than a minute. And we
can supply an optional pre-loaded chart
transport that permits charts to be
changed in approximately 10 seconds."
Mechanical layout of the recorder is
such, Forsyth said, that most available
options and accessories have their own
unique location on the chassis. This
permits the customer to later add fea-
tures previously available only as fac-
tory-installed or not possible at all if
certain other options also were desired.
Analog, Digital Data System
Cuts Time, Cost for Raytheon
SUDBURY, Mass.— Data that once
would have taken six technicians at
Raytheon's Space and Information Sys-
tems Division here two weeks to record
and plot is now being reduced in two
hours by one man.
Behind this 168 to 1 time compres-
sion is an automatic Honeywell analog
and digital data processing system. De-
signed and built as an Air Force mod-
ernization facility from standard com-
ponents by Honeywell's Special Systems
Division, it can record, for selective
playback and readout, up to 230 chan-
nels of data from 1 1 remote test areas.
Raytheon lab manager Elmo Pacini checks
Honeywell Model 1108 Visicorder oscillo-
graph as it monitors wave shape of 24
channel vibration test data.
The analog portion of the system re-
ceives data from one shock test area and
five vibration test rooms. The digital
system handles temperature, barometric
pressure and air flow data from five
climatic environmental test chambers.
Primary inputs for the analog record-
ing sub-system are 24 accelerometer sig-
nals, recorded simultaneously on two-
inch FM tape. Wave shapes can be
monitored with a Honeywell Model
1108 Visicorder oscillograph. Also re-
corded are shake table frequency, vibra-
tion servo control output and voice for
a total of 27 analog channels.
The playback sub-system, using the
same Honeywell tape transport as the
recording network, plots rectified ac-
celeration level vs. frequency on an X-Y
plotter in log-log or log-linear form.
The digital system scans at 100 points
per minute, measures, linearizes, digi-
tizes and records up to 200 inputs from
thermocouples, turbine flow meters and
pressure transducers.
Information is fed into a Honeywell
ADRT 3200 data logger having an in-
cremental tape recorder. This recorder
stores up to 72 hours of 200-channel
data on one 2400-foot roll of half-inch
tape.
Circle No. 15 on Subscriber Service Card
Operator makes setting on Adjustable
Range Unit, optional equipment with two-
pen ElectroniK 16 strip-chart recorder.
"All adjustments can be made simply
by sliding the chassis forward," Forsyth
noted. "The ink supply can be refilled so
easily that the instrument's recording
operation is not interrupted. The elec-
trical span and zero controls are made
entirely by precision potentiometers
specifically designed by Honeywell for
this function. And a new type of cam-
operated backset switch has been cre-
ated, again with simplicity of adjust-
ment and stability of operation in mind."
The ElectroniK 16 is currently avail-
able in single-pen, two-pen and multi-
point models. Among the options avail-
able are an Adjustable Range Unit, chart
supply indicator, retransmitting slide-
wires and event markers. The multi-
point recorder has an option whereby
any combination of 1 to 24 inputs can
be selected by positioning appropriate
buttons, and another option giving plug-
board selection of alarm points.
WRITE FOR COMPLETE DETAILS
Honeywell
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS GROUP
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 19144
HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL
Sales and service offices in principal cities of the
world. Manufacturing in United States, United King-
dom, Canada, Netherlands, Germany, France, Japan.
The Industry Week6
Industry Facilities
Eadiation Incorporated has begun operation
of a new Physical Electronics Facility in Palm
Bay, Fla. The 40,000-sq.-ft., million-dollar build-
ing will house RI capabilities in semiconductor
packaging and encapsulating techniques, includ-
ing glass, metal, ceramics and plastics. . . . CCI
Inc.'s Murdoch Machine and Engineering Co.,
Irving, Tex., has put into operation a honeycomb-
bonding facility. The 115,000-sq.-ft. plant is lo-
cated on a 10-acre site near Ft. Worth's Greater
Southwest International Airport. Murdoch spe-
cializes in the machining and processing of intri-
cate profiles in limited-run missiles and aircraft.
. . . Philco Corp.'s new microelectronics manufac-
turing facility at Lansdale, Pa., is scheduled to be
fully operational and in volume production by
June. The 100,000-sq.-ft. building, along with its
equipment, represents a $4.5-million investment
in the production of TTL microcircuits and in
Micrologic and Milliwatt Micrologic circuits cov-
ered by the firm's cross-licensing agreement with
Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp. Plans
call for the production of 50,000 circuits a month
by the end of 1964 and an eventual capacity of
100,000 circuits a month by mid- or late-1965.
. . . Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., has
placed in operation a new hypersonic test facility
in Buffalo, N.Y. The High-Energy Shock Tunnel
has a 96-in. test section, employs a 30,000-psi
heated-hydrogen driver, and has the following
capabilities : stagnation temperature, 8,000° K;
test section velocity, to 18,000 fps; Mach number
range, 5-30. . . . Thermal Dynamics Corp., Leba-
non, N.H., has made available an entry simulation
facility for hyperthermal testing studies on a
contractural basis. Thermal's plasma equipment
is said capable of simulating various ranges of
altitude, gaseous mixtures, temperature and veloc-
ity required to duplicate actual re-entry condi-
tions. Capabilities include: temperatures, to
18,000° F; velocities, to 17,500 mph; altitudes,
to 300,000 ft. . . . The Ventura Div. of Northrop
Corp. has opened a 10,000-sq.-ft. facility in Albu-
querque, N.M., to provide expanded scientific sup-
port of nuclear energy programs and missile test-
ing. Special emphasis will be placed on design of
radiation-resistant electronics components and
circuits.
New Activities
United States Steel Corp. and National Dis-
tillers and Chemical Corp. have formed an equally
owned company, Reactive Metals, Inc., to produce
titanium sponge and metal and to fabricate fin-
ished mill products. Production facilities of RM
will consist of ND's existing special metal facili-
ties in Ashtabula and Niles, Ohio. . . . David M.
Ellner & Assoc., a firm specializing in executive
search and recruitment, has been established in
New York. The firm will be active in the fields of
aerospace, data processing , chemistry, pharmacy
and finance. Ellner icill have field offices in Los
Angeles and Zurich. . . . Scientific Data Systems,
Santa Monica, Calif., has formed a Hybrid Com-
putation Group to work on hybrid computer sys-
tems and analog and digital simulation tech-
niques. The group will also work with the SDS
DES-1 Differential Equation Solver, a general
purpose digital computer that is programmed
using analog techniques. . . . Cleveland Instru-
ment Co., a subsidiary of The Bendix Corp. has
become the Cleveland Instrument Plant of Ben-
dix's Micrometrical Div., Ann Arbor, Mich. The
acquisition gives the Micrometrical Div. a com-
plete line of instruments for measuring surface
texture, geometry and extremely small linear
dimensions.
Mergers and Acquisitions
Hewlett-Packard Co., Palo Alto, Calif., has
announced completion of negotiations with
Mechrolab, Inc., a manufacturer of medical and
scientific instruments, to purchase the assets of
that firm. Mechrolab is located in Mountain View,
Calif. . . . Ling -Temco-V ought, Inc., Dallas, has
consolidated parts of its Astronautics Div. with
its LTV Vought Aeronautics Div. Move ivas said
to be an effort "to improve overall corporate effi-
ciency and reduce operating costs."
PERT Goes Civvy
Booz, Allen & Hamilton, a member of the
Government-Industry team that created PERT
(Program Evaluation and Review Technique) for
use in the Polaris program, reports that the tech-
nique is coming into its own in commercial work.
BA&H reports there is a marked increase in non-
defense applications of the technique. In 1959,
the company reports, 81% of firms using PERT
applied it exclusively or partly to Government
work, but by the end of 1963 half the companies
surveyed were using PERT only for commercial
work. Another 35% were using it for both com-
mercial and Government work.
Firms Cited for Assist to Small Business
Small Business Administration head Eugene
Foley has congratulated 28 major Government
contractors for expanding contracts with small
business to more than $9.4 million under a co-
operative, industry-wide subcontracting program
initiated by SBA last May. Under current pro-
curement regulations, contractors must set up
small business subcontracting programs on all
Government prime contracts worth more than
$1 million — as well as on subcontracts valued in
excess of $500,000. Foley described the procure-
ments rules' requirements in this area as "bare
minimums," and said SBA has been working to
encourage industry to do more than the rules
require. As a result of SBA efforts, Foley reports,
"28 of the Government's biggest contractors
agreed with SBA's plan and have fully cooperated.
. . . They actively seek small business sources of
supply from SBA and from military contracting
officers without regard to dollar limits of their
prime contracts."
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
41
Motorola Proposes Combining Apollo
Communications into Single System
Use of one S-band for rendezvous, tracking and voice communications
offers reduced weight and cost, increased reliability and range
Scottsdale, Ariz. — Unification of
rendezvous, tracking and voice com-
munication into a single S-band system
would cut weight and costs, and boost
reliability in spacecraft of the Apollo
type, claim officials at the Military Elec-
tronics division of Motorola, Inc.
Rendezvous could be accomplished
over distances greater than one thou-
sand miles. In its proposed form, the CW
S-band system would bring the two
spacecraft within 50 ft. of each other,
and docking would be carried out vis-
ually.
Using the single S-band carrier, ren-
dezvous, tracking, data transfer and
voice communications could be accom-
plished simultaneously between space-
craft. The same equipment would pro-
vide communication between spacecraft
and Earth at lunar distances.
To give the capability of rendezvous
to each spacecraft and to improve relia-
bility, the S-band transponders on board
the vehicles would be modified and
by Rex Pay
duplicated in the command and service
modules (CSM) and the Lunar Excur-
sion Module. Range and range-rate
equipment that is basically a scaled-
down version of the Goddard Space
Flight Center R&RR equipment would
be added, together with angle trans-
ducers on the S-band antennas.
• Redundancy breeds success — The
increased redundancy indicates a
0.999967 probability of succes for a 14-
day mission (four days on the moon).
This does not take account of necessary
repairs made by exchanging modules be-
tween duplicated sets of equipment.
For successful rendezvous, only one
ranging equipment and two transpond-
ers (one in each spacecraft) need be
operative.
Original concepts for LEM and
CSM electronics seem to have resulted
from separate teams of communication,
tracking and rendezvous designers, each
producing a separate optimized system.
Each of these systems required its own
antenna, and each required duplication
for reliability.
Already the move toward a unified
system has been made by putting deep-
space and near-Earth tracking and com-
munications into a single S-band system
instead of S-band, C-band and VHF.
Motorola suggests that extension of
this principle to give the S-band equip-
ment the rendezvous capability would
be both logical and desirable. Use of
such unified equipment would be partic-
ularly valuable for a logistics vehicle
that makes repeated rendezvous with a
space station.
The proposed system would make in-
creased use of equipment that is already
on board. It would provide a range ac-
curacy of ±10 meters, and a range-rate
accuracy of 0.1 meter per second. Ex-
pected accuracy of sensor angular meas-
urement is 0.06 degree.
• CSM hardware — Basic equipment
RANGING
EQUIPMENT
14#
"S"-BAND
TRANSPONDER
21 #
"S"-BAND
TRANSPONDER
21 #
"S"-BAND
TRANSPONDER
14#
"S"-BAND
TRANSPONDER
14#
RANGING
EQUIPMENT
14#
Rendezvous and communications with two-way tracking could be provided by S-band system with redundant transponder.
42 missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
LEM TRANSPONDER RATIO -
240
221
APOLLO TRANSPONDER RATIO
220 FOR _240
239 RENDEZVOUS 221
FOR
EARTH TRACK
UNIFIED
"S'-BAND
EQUIPMENT
UNIFIED
"S'-BAND
XMTR
TARGET
SPACECRAFT
INTERCEPTOR
SPACECRAFT
Overall rendezvous and tracking link requires shaft-angle encoders and modified monopulse equipment to extract angle information.
on the CSM would be a modified S-band
transponder with 750 milliwatts of trans-
mitted power output, an end-fire array
with a gain equivalent to a four-foot
parabolic antenna and an omni-direc-
tional antenna. The LEM equipment
would be similar except that a steerable
antenna with a gain equivalent to a
two-foot antenna would be used.
The pilot of the interceptor space-
craft searches for the target vehicle by
manually controlling the antenna. On
acquiring the target, the pilot switches
to automatic track. At the same time, a
carrier frequency is transmitted that is
phase-modulated by range tones. This
signal is received through the omnidirec-
tional antenna of the target aircraft,
processed by the on-board equipment
and re-transmitted at a different carrier
frequency.
In turn, this signal is received by the
interceptor and demodulated. Range is
measured by comparing the phase of re-
ceived tones with that of the transmitted
tones. Range rate is measured from the
Doppler frequency on the carrier. Angle
information is read out from shaft-angle
encoders on the antenna.
A computer utilizes the relative posi-
tions of the two vehicles to generate the
required velocity commands for rendez-
vous.
The phase delay of the ranging side
tones is directly proportional to the two-
way range between the interceptor and
target spacecraft, plus equipment delays.
The range-tone output consists of a
163.84-kc subcarrier modulated by low-
frequency ranging tones in a pseudo-
random sequence. The 163.84-kc fre-
quency is used to measure the finest in-
crement of range. Lower frequency tones
are used to resolve ambiguities.
A data conversion unit converts the
phase difference between the transmitted
and received tones into the digital for-
mat required by the spacecraft com-
puter.
For Doppler frequency measure-
ment, frequency coherence is maintained
from the interceptor transmitter to its
receiver. The output of the Doppler ex-
traction unit consists of the two-way
Doppler frequency plus a bias frequency.
Again, these data are converted to a
digital format.
Pointing of the antenna is achieved
with a highly-modified phase-monopulse
system.
• Key to workability — The feasibil-
ity of the system depends on the capa-
bility of the CSM transponder to oper-
ate at two coherent transponder ratios
and at two separate frequencies. The
implementation is claimed to be simple,
calling for only a small addition to the
transponder.
The transponder receives, amplifies
and emodulates the tones on a carrier
whose frequency is 240/221 times the
received frequency, if the LEM is the
target, or 220/239 times the received
frequency if the CSM is the target. The
first frequency ratio is that used for uni-
fied S-Band operation. The second is
specific to rendezvous.
For unified S-band operation of the
transponder, the incoming S-band signal
is received at 110.5 times the receiver
VCO frequency. In fact the receiver
VCO frequency is phase-locked to the
incoming signal at 1/110.5 times the
received frequency. The transmitted
frequency of the transponder is obtained
by multiplying the VCO frequency by
120. This gives the required unified S-
band ratio.
To get the rendezvous ratio, the
transponder must receive at 119.5 times
the VCO frequency and transmit at 1 10
times the VCO frequency. This is
achieved by changing the final multiplier
in the mixer/ local oscillator chain to
XI 3 instead of XI 2.
The receiver will then phase lock to
an incoming signal that is 119.5 times
the VCO frequency.
The choice of a ratio of 220:239
instead of the true inverse (221:240)
eliminates problems of coherence and
simplifies the Doppler extraction proc-
ess, says Motorola. Use of a dual-fre-
quency VCO and a dual filter before the
loop-phase detector provides the dual-
frequency capability. Transponder fre-
quency ratio is controlled by turning on
the appropriate multiplier power am-
plifiers.
• One CSM tracks another — A
modification of the lunar rendezvous
equipment would allow one CSM to
track another at a range of 250,000
miles at an accuracy slightly below that
of rendezvous.
To carry out this tracking, both
spacecraft would use 20-watt traveling-
wave-tube amplifiers. Pseudo-random
noise would replace the range tones,
and PN code correlation would be used
on board the target spacecraft.
This capability could be used for
translunar on-board trajectory determi-
nation and tracking before re-entry. The
system could also be of value for Earth-
orbital rendezvous, particularly with
manned orbiting space stations, which
may require long rendezvous paths. ■
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
43
Houi high is
your goal?
Ours are out of sight— in
the labyrinth of space.
But your opportunities
are a tangible reality, here
and now at North Amer-
ican's Space and Informa-
tion Systems Division.
Test Program Planning
Establish test objectives and I
evolve test operations plans and
schedules to support booster
test programs. Conduct evalu-
ations of field test data and pre-
pare test reports. Provide field
test support and configuration
control for flight test vehicles.
Engineering Test Operations
Test conductors and booster
operations systems specialists.
Develop field test procedures
and schedules. Conduct static
firings and systems checkout,
pre-launch and launch opera-
tions on large liquid fuel rocket
booster stages. Monitor and
evaluate test results, maintain
systems configuration and pre-
pare engineering reports and
recommendations.
These are professional engi-
neering positions. To qualify as
a Sr. Test Engineer or a Systems
Specialist you must have a
technical degree and several
years applicable experience in
one of these areas:
GSE & Stage Electrical Systems
GSE & Stage Mechanical Systems
Propulsion Systems
Automatic Checkout Systems
PAM FM/FM & PCM Telemetry
Test Instrumentation
Interested? Please Contact:
MR. 8. D.MORLAY
ENGINEERING AND
SCIENTIFIC EMPLOYMENT
12214 LAKEWOOD BLVD.
DOWNEY, CALIFORNIA
All qualified applicants will receive
consideration for employment without
regard to race, creed, color, or national
SPACE AND INFORMATION
SYSTEMS DIVISION
NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION /iM£
Sandia Development
Tops IEEE Hardware
by Charles D. LaFond
New York — New ferroelectric mul-
ti-remanence memory elements, devel-
oped by Sandia Corp. for use with nu-
clear weapon systems, may offer a
means for greatly increasing computer
memory capacities and at the same time
simplify the logic circuitry.
Although still in early development,
the new elements may prove ideal for
use in spacecraft guidance and naviga-
tion computers, developers claim. Early
experiments have indicated that the ce-
ramic employed is relatively insensitive
to high-energy particle irradiation, high
electromagnetic fields and severe tem-
perature variations.
Described in their paper, "Polycrys-
talline Ferroelectric Multi-Remanence
Memory Elements," at the recent Inter-
national Convention of the Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineers here
(Mar. 23-26), the ceramic element is
capable of storing data in at least ten
stable states.
Conventional bi-remanence memory
devices, the authors pointed out, that
are now in broad computer use are
capable of storing information in only
two stable states (and thus are capable
of only storing two digits).
In effect, then, said authors C. E.
Land, G. W. Smith and I. D. McKinney,
the multi-remanence memory element
would permit the use of a decimal num-
ber or system for arithmetic processes
rather than the often cumbersome or
inconvenient binary system.
Configurations already produced in
breadboard form reportedly have been
capable of providing continuous, non-
destructive readout.
• IEEE convention summary — The
current slowdown in the defense sys-
tems market apparently has had a di-
rect effect on the electronics industry.
Attendance decreased for the second
straight year.
Speculations concerning the drop
were varied and probably represented
the accumulation of causes contributing
to the decline. Some pointed the finger
at a general tightening of controls on
expense accounts, others at reduced
travel budgets resulting from generally
lower profits in the industry.
Others felt that the drop from an
expected 75,000 to 66,650 may simply
have been the result of an attempt by
management to send only those engi-
neers that might benefit most through
their attendance.
The attendance squeeze certainly
was not reflected in the number or size
of exhibits. A sellout, as usual, the
Coliseum and the New York Hilton
Hotel bulged with the products of 1,179
exhibitors strung out over 2Vz miles.
Footsore and weary engineers
trudged back and forth over four floors
through corridors created by more than
$20 million worth of equipment at the
two exhibit areas.
"Gee-Whiz" advances in the state of
the art were noticeably lacking this year.
Instead, new or expanded product lines
in the field of microcircuitry were over-
whelming in their variety.
In the 64 technical sessions, gener-
ally sparse audiences were subjected to
312 papers, too often delivered in halt-
ing monotones. A symposium, however,
discussing the impact of microelectronic
integrated circuits drew a standing-
room-only audience (M/R, Mar. 30,
p. 13).
• Material advance — Key to the
Sandia advance in memory elements was
the development of a new technique
for hot-pressing piezoelectric ceramics.
(Credit for the technique is given by
Sandia to G. H. Haertling of the Mate-
rials Research Division.) The material,
rhombohedral, lead -zirconate - titanate
ceramic, so far has been formed into
two-terminal bar or disc resonators.
Data storage is achieved, the authors
said, by applying a fixed number of
voltage pulses of sufficient magnitude
44
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
How General Dynamics/Electric Boat precision-cleans
missile launching-tube components for Polaris subs!
PROBLEM: Pneumatic launching-tube sys-
tems for the Polaris, involving miles of pipes,
tees, valves, unions, etc., must be kept scrupu-
lously clean at all times, according to Electric
Boat. In an environment of high air pressure,
the most minute organic contaminants could
support a dangerous explosion. The previous
cleaner was rated only 83 to 88% effective in
removing a known hydrocarbon contaminant;
also it had to be heated to 160°F. before use.
SOLUTION: All launching system compo-
nents are now cleaned in an ultrasonic bath
of Freon fluorocarbon solvent, both ini-
tially and during subsequent maintenance.
Freon scores 100% every time on the hydro-
carbon contaminant test, and works perfectly
at ambient temperature.
Electric Boat continues, "Besides cleaning
effectiveness, Freon has high purity, extreme-
ly low toxicity, nonflam inability and ease of
handling. Then, it's noncorrosive to metals
and generally inert to plastics and elastomers —
so Freon is ideal for cleaning when many dif-
ferent materials of construction are involved.
Also, Du Pont supplied us with plenty of re-
search data, which saved us time because we
didn 't have to run extensive analyses ourselves. ' '
We'd be happy to show you how Freon
can improve your own cleaning operation.
First send the coupon or Reader Service Card
for our new booklet on cleaning!
FREON
<mm>
Name.
BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER UVING . . . THROUGH CHEMISTRY
MAIL COUPON FOR NEW
BOOKLET ON CLEANING
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.)
Freon Products Division
N-2420MR-4R,Wilmington 98, Delaware
Title
Company.
Address
Please send new booklet on Freon solvents for
precision cleaning.
I am interested in cleaning
□ I would like Du Pont to send a cleaning specialist.
Circle No. 16 on Subscriber Service Card
Saf-T-Climb — the only 100% positive safe
climbing device — prevents falls from any
vertical structure, above or below ground.
And, Saf-T-Climb is simplest to install, sim-
plest to use — even on convex and concave
structures. Galvanized, aluminum or stainless
Saf-T-Notch Rail attaches rigidly to structure.
Worker wears belt snapped to manganese
bronze Saf-T-Lok Sleeve with patented locking
pawl that limits falls to 6-inch maximum.
Widely approved;
proven in use for
over 12 years.
For informative
brochure write:
AIR SPACE DEVICES, INC.
Safety Tower Ladder Division
Dept. 2J, 5428 Vineland Ave.
N. Hollywood, Calif. 91603/TR 7 0314
and duration to switch a small percent-
age of the ferroelectric domains. The
approach effectively causes a polariza-
tion change in the material in small
increments; the resulting condition is
stable and detectable by the small-signal
response of the element.
The latter is sensitive to the state of
polarization, and the response is indica-
tive of the information state. The ele-
ment itself is interrogated with a small
signal. The polarization state is unaf-
fected and readout is non-destructive.
Stability of access points, the au-
thors stressed, is extremely important
and data stored at a fixed point or level
can be found indefinitely at precisely
that point.
The authors stressed that while they
have only concerned themselves with
ten storage levels or states so far, a
memory element could easily have
"hundreds" of access points.
Further, they foresaw no indication
that data storage could not be achieved
in each grain of material. ■
MIT Panel Dissects
West Ford at IEEE
by Michael Getler
New York — First large scale tech-
nical presentation covering all major
aspects of Project West Ford, the long-
range passive space communications
system in which an artificial belt of or-
biting microwave dipoles has been cre-
ated some 2,000 nautical miles above
the Earth, was presented at the Interna-
tional IEEE meeting here.
Sixteen scientists from MIT's Lin-
coln Laboratory, headed by West Ford
Project Chief and Associate Head of
the Communications Div., Walter E.
Morrow, Jr., took part in the six-paper
session last week.
With active military space commu-
nications systems still being studied and
debated within DOD, Project West Ford
is gaining considerable favor with some
DOD planners as an attractive route for
secure long-range military communica-
tions (M/R, Mar. 30, p. 84).
Whereas the orbital features of the
program have always been of interest,
the briefing here laid considerable stress
upon the advancements in the ground
space communications environment that
have come about due to the push on the
West Ford experiment.
For example, the project has ad-
vanced the state of the art considerably
in development of high-average-power
X-band transmitter tubes, starting with
use of a Varian 5-kw klystron, and
progressing through a 40-kw GE multi-
ple-beam klystron into Varian devices
exceeding 100-kw capacity. The latter
will be used with the new Haystack
antenna at the Laboratory's complex in
Massachusetts for further West Ford ex-
periments (M/R, March 23, p. 26).
Development of 300-kw tubes is also
being pressed.
Low-noise front ends have also been
built into both 60-ft. dishes, one in
Camp Parks, Calif, and the other in
Westford, Mass., which now make up
the West Ford system.
The dish at the Massachusetts site
uses a Hughes open-cycle, helium-cooled
maser amplifier, which has reportedly
brought overall system temperature
down to a "highly respectable" 60°K.
The need for low-noise systems is
made clear when scientists point out
that despite high transmitted powers,
the 0.15-degree antenna beams are look-
ing at a common volume in the belt at a
2,000-n.-mi. range, which contains only
about ten thousand 0.0007-in.-dia. di-
poles, an amount that sounds decep-
tively large, but in fact represents a
reflecting mass of less than 1 gram of
copper.
• Other advances — Also, major
gains are cited in development of signal
processing equipments for handling sig-
nals carried on "a dispersive channel,"
one that introduces two kinds of distor-
tion into a signal, one being due to
multipath time-delay problems and the
other due to Doppler frequency smear-
ing.
Scientists also point to state-of-the-
art gains resulting from efforts to ap-
proach theoretical surface tolerances for
4£ Circle No. 17 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
Pershing, the Army's most powerful
weapon, is now operational with
trained, combat-ready Army crews.
It is part of our defense arsenal.
Standard. Field tested. G.I.
Behind Army's Pershing is the
most successful test record of any
missile ever fired from the Cape. It
has successfully undergone rugged
field testing by Army troops in
Alaska, Panama, and the mountains
and deserts of New Mexico.
Delivery date of the first tactical artillery
equipment was met a month ahead of
schedule.
Cost reduction procedures provided more
than $20 million in additional equipment
services at no increase in contract cost and
have saved the government more than $2
million in the past year.
Under the direction of the U.S. Army,
Martin is the prime contractor for Pershing.
i
V
At Martin, systems management means the best possible product in the shortest possible time at the lowest possible cost.
MA ft I
Circle No. 18 on Subscriber Service Card
SENIOR STAFF EXPANSION:
SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS
room for
achievement
at
U~2 C
Projects: Opportunities at all technical staff levels to work
with a group which, during 1963, participated in aerospace
projects and studies connected with lunar logistics vehicles,
computer concepts, micrometeoroid-measurement cap-
sules, MODS, global-range missiles, MORL, SSGS, GEMINI
and other large-scale space-vehicle guidance systems.
Opportunities: Expansion of the senior staff at the IBM
Space Guidance Center* in Owego, N. Y., and of groups at
Huntsville, Ala., and Los Angeles requires people skilled in
the advanced technologies implicit in these R&D areas:
Creative Mathematics
Operations research and analysis
Space navigation (trajectory and orbital analyses)
Systems synthesis
Advanced Systems Design
Manned space flight
Inertial guidance
Reconnaissance data acquisition and processing
Flight control systems
Communications systems
Advanced Equipment Design
Electronic sensors (radar processors)
Optical sensors
Advanced aerospace computers:
• Organization
• Design automation
• Logic design
• Thin film circuits
• Input/Output devices
• Integrated circuits (semiconductor physics)
Qualifications: A scientific or engineering degree in any one'
of a broad range of disciplines, with related experience in
one or more of the areas listed above.
IBM is an Equal Opportunity Employer.
Please write, outlining your qualifications and interests, to:
R. R. Hayden, Manager of Employment, IBM Space Guid-
ance Center, Dept.604RI, Owego, N.Y. 13827.
::The Space Guidance Center was built on a 700-acre site in 1957 to
contain IBM's burgeoning defense and space efforts. Current projects
include: TITAN II and III, SATURN I and V, GEMINI and MOL.
dishes of this size and precision pointing
capabilities at short wave-lengths.
The 60-ft. paraboloid antennas at
both sites use Cassegrain feeds. While
simultaneous two-way transmission can
be carried on between the sites via the
belt, the California station is used pri-
marily as a transmitter with a 40-kw CW
capability at 8,350 mc. The East Coast
site operates at 7,750 mc.
Stable solid-state oscillators and mul-
tipliers form the exciter carrier and re-
ceiver local oscillator signals. Frequency
translation from an IF of 60 mc up to
X-band in the exciter and back down to
60 mc in the receiver is achieved using
crystal mixers and waveguide filters.
• Global communications capabili-
ties— In a broad discussion of the West
Ford system concept, Morrow told the
IEEE audience that continuous global
communications — with single-hop cir-
cuit lengths of 10,000 km possible —
could be achieved with two orbital belts
(equatorial and polar) at altitudes of
about 5,000 km.
Based on what has been learned from
the West Ford experiment, he reported
that scattering cross sections of 3,000
square meters per kilogram at 8,000 mc
can be achieved with dipoles having
diameters in the order of 3 x 10"3 cm.
The dipole bandwidth is of the order of
7% or about 500 mc.
A continuous ring of orbiting dipoles
can be formed from a single satellite
dipole dispenser within one or two
months if the dipoles are dispensed
with a distribution of velocities up to
a few meters per second. An initial ring
thickness of 10 to 30 kilometers is
achieved. Differential solar radiation
perturbations are expected to produce
a gradual increase in the ring thick-
ness. However, it is expected that a use-
ful lifetime of several years can be
achieved through proper selection of
orbit and dipole design.
The detailed radio propagation
characteristics will depend upon the
beamwidth of the ground antennas and
the spread in orbital velocity of the
dipoles. With antennas of about 20
meters aperture, multipath time delay
distortion of 100 to 300 microsec. can
be expected, Morrow reports. The
spread in velocities of the dipoles as
they pass through the common volume
of the antennas can be expected to pro-
duce variations in the detailed multipath
structure at rates of 200 to 1,000 per
second.
Modulation-demodulation techniques,
which do not require detailed knowl-
edge of the received signal phase, are
desirable because of the rapid channel
variations. Digital modulation tech-
niques have been devised that permit
reliable digital transmission over such
disturbed channels with a ratio of en-
48
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
ergy per bit to noise power per cycle
of as small as 10 db.
• Dual-role tests — The experiments
performed to date with West Ford,
which was placed into orbit last May 9
with first radar observation of the di-
poles on May 12, have been aimed at
physical characteristics measurement
and communications capabilities.
In physical measurement, both mon-
ostatic experiments and bi-static propo-
gation experiments have been run.
In a typical monostatic radar experi-
ment, an antenna beam is pointed at a
constant co-latitude on the belt and then
slowly scanned across the belt to ob-
tain a "slice;" data is obtained across a
48-mi. range gate in sixteen 3-mi. -range
boxes. Other experiments involve beam
scanning along the belt in a wide arc
for orbit parameter estimation. Often a
pair of runs 12 hours apart is made to
obtain data on two quadrants of the
orbit.
Bi-static experiments usually involve
transmission of CW or phase-shifted
signals from West to East via the belt.
These permit direct measurement of
path loss; cross section in the common
volume of the two interecting antenna
beams may then be inferred.
Several successful estimates of belt
orbital parameters have been made, ac-
cording to the Lab, which agree closely
with predictions. X-band radar measure-
ments and vacuum chamber lab tests in-
dicate that 25-60% of the launched di-
poles were actually dispensed in orbit.
Measured variation of dipole density
around the orbit showed the anticipated
initial dense region near the dispenser
and the increasing uniformity of dipole
density around the orbit with time.
• Deployment error — The failure to
deploy more of the dipoles is attributed
to the timing of the initial radio com-
mand, which according to the Lab, was
sent later than intended. The delay al-
tered the angle at which the Sun's rays
illuminated the dipole package from 90
degrees to the package spin axis to 19
degrees thereby altering the major heat
input path and subsequently overstress-
ing the packages at the center hub.
The growth or dispersion of the
West Ford belt with time is determined
initially by the differential dispensing
velocities, but the dispersive effects of
sunlight pressure and the Earth's equi-
torial bulge begin to dominate after
several months, the scientists report.
The initial orbital parameters were
chosen so that sunlight pressure would
cause the perigee height of the dipoles
to decrease monotonically at an average
rate of 3.7 kilometers per day, with the
bulge action insuring a favorable orbit
orientation. Radar measurements of ac-
tual changes to date agree with previ-
ously calculated ones to within experi-
mental errors, the Lab reports.
We just shipped a 4096 words of 28 bits
militarized core memory system in it.
Our new SEMS-3R is probably the most compact core memory
of its speed and capacity available anywhere. It measures
a mere 63/)" by 4V2" by 57/8" That includes
the memory stack plus driving, sensing and control circuits.
The SEMS-3R story is bigger than just miniaturization.
Environmentally, here's a memory system that operates under
MIL shock, vibration, humidity and wide temperature
excursions. It's rugged. It's reliable. And, it
handles up to 220,000 random memory cycles per second.
Two versions are available. One covers —55
to +100°C. The other covers -25 to +75°C.
Both operate as stated without
being heated or cooled.
May we send more information on
this fast, rugged, reliable,
little big memory that fits
where others fear to tread?
Memory Stack
electronic memories inc.
12621 Chadron Avenue, Hawthorne, Californ
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
Circle No. 19 on Subscriber Service Card
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS
PHYSICISTS
MATHEMATICIANS
O MAKE
EACH
POLARIS
COUNT
The Applied Physics Laboratory,
The Johns Hopkins University,
seeks talented engineers and sci-
entists willing to roll up their
sleeves and tackle the Polaris
Weapon System. The objective:
to make each Polaris count!
APL has prime responsibility for
the operational evaluation of this
weapon system, concentrating at-
tention on the navigation, fire
control, and launch sub-systems
as well as the missile itself.
Staff members establish test pro-
grams, monitor tests at Cape
Kennedy and aboard submarines,
collect and analyze test data, and
provide performance values to op-
erational military planningagencies.
Career appointments are available
immediately at A PL's facilities in
suburban Washington, D.C., giving
you a choice of city, suburban or
country living. The area offers
many benefits including excellent
residential areas, complete service
and recreational facilities, and
good public and private schools.
There are seven universities at
which staff' members can continue
their education with APL financial
support.
Direct your inquiry to :
Mr. W. S. Kirby,
Professional Staffing
Applied Physics Laboratory
The Johns Hopkins University
8643 Georgia Avenue,
Silver Spring, Maryland
(Suburb of Washington, D. C.)
An equal opportunity employer
• 3-year orbit — These results lend
credence to the prediction that most of
the dipoles will re-enter the atmosphere
within three years, according to the Lab,
and that no individual dipole will remain
in orbit for more than five years.
Two types of bi-static communica-
tions experiments have been carried out,
both involving West Coast transmission.
The first involved measurement of
the bi-static scattering function of the
belt. The transmitted signal consisted of
a continuous carrier bi-phase modulated
by a maximal length-shift register se-
quence; shift periods of 5, 10, 15 and 20
microsecs. were used. Correlation detec-
tion of the received signal in 20 time-
staggered channels provided resolution
of multipath into 20 range cells of width
equal to the shift period.
Behavior of the scattering function,
according to the lab, has been substan- 1
tially as predicted. The spectral width I
of the received signals (Doppler spread)
has increased from about 500 cps shortly
after launch to about 2 kc four months
later. For certain path geometries, the
mean Doppler frequency varied mono-
tonically with propogation delay. Ex-
cept during the initial dispensing phase,
the multipath spread has been limited,
primarily by the beam dimensions, to
about 100 microsec.
In the second type of experiment,
digital data are transmitted by binary ,
frequency shift keying with frequency I
hopping to counteract intersymbol inter-
ference. Initially, rates around 20,000 1
bits/sec. were achieved, and PCM voice
was transmitted. As the belt spread, the
rate decreased, dropping to about 50
bits/ sec. four months after launch. ■
New Product of the Week:
Laser Microwelder
A laser welder, designed for micro-
welding operations on an assembly line,
has been introduced by Hughes Air-
craft Co.'s Electronic Products Div.
The Model 500 utilizes a pulsed ruby I
laser to achieve bursts of highly con-il
centrated energy. Beam energy is ad- 1
justable from 0. 1 to 2.0 joules per pulse, jj
Repetition rate is 12 pulses per minute
at 1 joule or 9 pulses per minute at 2f
joules. Pulse duration is 0.5 to 1.5 milli-
seconds.
The unit offers either manual am
automatic firing control. Weld spot size i
is adjustable from 0.005 to 0.020 in. 3
Beam energy is reproducible to within
±3%. The unit accepts regular llOvfl
ac, with a peak current draw of 20
amps. Average power input from maxi-
mum repetition rate is 350 watts. Flash-
lamp expectancy is 10,000 shots.
Circle No. 151 on Subscriber Service Card
Computer Transistors
Fairchild Semiconductor has intro-
duced two computer transistors — one a
silicon PNP device and the other a
film driver.
The epitaxial PNP device, the 2N
3304, has a Ts of 30 nanoseconds max-
imum at a 10/10/10 ma condition. The
ft of the device is typically 500 mc at
10 ma and 5v. Saturation voltage is
0.1 5v maximum with L at 10 ma and
K at 0.1 ma.
The film memory core driver is also
silicon Planar epitaxial and is designated
the 2N 3303. The device has a maxi-
mum turn-on time of 15 nanoseconds, a
maximum turn-off time of 25 nanosec-
onds with a collector current of 1 amp
and a base current of 100 milliamps.
Saturation voltage is 0.7v.
Circle No. 152 on Subscriber Service Card
Interference Analyzer
The Model EMC-10 interference
analyzer, for use in the 20-cps to 50-kc
frequency range, is being marketed by
Electro-Metrics Corp.
The solid-state instrument features
all-electronic tuning, making possible
automatic scan without mechanical
drive. This fulfills MIL-STD-826 specifi-
cations.
Circle No. 153 on Subscriber Service Card
50 Circle No. 20 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
contracts
AIR FORCE
$16,908,746 — Electronic Specialty Co., Los Angeles, for radio receiver com-
ponents.
$9,000,0000— General Electric Co., Philadelphia, for work on the Mark 12
re-entry vehicle program.
$3,900,000 — North American Aviation, Inc., Space and Information Systems
Div., Downey Calif., for manufacture of modification kits related to
Hound Dog missiles.
$3,745,000 — Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Sunnyvale, Calif., for continued work
on a satellite control network.
$3,500,000 — Boeing Co., Seattle, for production of equipment related to
Minuteman ICBM's.
$2,387,042 — Radio Corp. of America, Moorestown, N.J., for production of
spare parts for radar equipment.
$2,333,282 — Adler Electronics, Inc., New Rochelle, N.Y., for communica-
tions network.
$2,250,000 — Martin Marietta Corp., Denver, for installation of modification
kits in Titan I nuclear missiles.
$2,189,425 — General Precision, Inc., San Marcos, Calif., for components of
navigational computer sets.
$2,000,000— Litton Systems, Inc., Woodland Hills, Calif., for inertial naviga-
tion system components.
ARMY
$11,969,880 — Model Engineering & Manufacturing Corp., Huntington, Ind.,
for radio equipment.
$6,000,000 — Internationa] Business Machines Corp., for rental of computer
systems at various Army installations.
$3,905,448 — Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del., for loading and es-
sembling various missile components, propellants and explosives.
$3,635,484 — Raytheon Co., Lexington, Mass., for work on guidance and con-
trol system for the Hawk missile.
$1,900,000 — Genera] Dynamics Corp., Stromberg-Carlson Div., Rochester,
N.Y., for production of electronics equipment.
Anaheim, Calif., for Hawk
$1,900,000— Northrop Corp., Nortronics Db
missile steering mechanisms.
$1,161,864 — Martin Marietta Corp., Orlando, Fla., for modification kits for
Pershing missiles.
$1,000,000 — Burroughs Corp., Detroit, for production of classified elec-
tronics equipment.
$800,000 — Tamar Electronics, Inc., American Gyro Div., Los Angeles, for
airborne test equipment to be used with Lance missiles.
$712,402— Sperry Rand Corp., Sperry-Utah Div., Salt Lake City, two con-
tracts for work related to Sergeant missiles.
$181,835 — Hayes International Corp., Birmingham, Ala., for additional work
on the Pershing missile trainer program.
NAVY
$49,300,000 — Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Sunnyvale, Calif., for pro-
duction of Polaris A3 missiles.
$3,463,000 — Sperry Rand Corp., Sperry Gyroscope Div., Great Neck, N.Y.,
for various engineering services.
$2,805,000 — Texas Instruments Inc., Dallas, for work on guidance control
for the Shrike missile.
$120,000 — Tung-Sol Electric, Inc., Newark, N.J., for power supply con-
verters.
NASA
$158,000,000 — North American Aviation, Inc., Rocketdyne Div., Canoga
Park, Calif., for 71 F-l rocket engines for the Saturn V.
$1,300,000 — Telecomputing Services, Inc., for further operation of com-
puters and data-transmission equipment at Michoud Operations, New
Orleans, La.
$129,273 — Martin Marietta Corp., Baltimore, for research on non-linear dif-
ferential equations and control theory.
$121,204 — Hayes International Corp., Birmingham, Ala., for a hydraulic test
pumping system.
$100,000 — General Precision, Inc., Link Div., Binghampton, N.Y., for main-
tenance and service of Gemini simulators and other training devices at
the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston.
GRAPHITE for aerospace applications can be
machined to almost any shape imaginable — and to
extremely fine tolerances. The above illustration
indicates a few of the basic graphite shaping possibil-
ities. We have many advanced machine tools at your
command — some especially designed to our specifica-
tions for highly sophisticated graphite work.
Tell us what you want machines to do to graphite for
you. We have the machines that can do it — superbly.
WRITE FOR FREE BOOKLET: Graphite For
Diversified Industrial Applications"
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
GREAT LAKES CARBON CORPORATION
18 EAST 48th STREET-. NEW YORK. N Y 10017 - OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES
Circle No. 24 on Subscriber Service Card ^"J
36 PAGES
FREE
OF CHARGE
Worth
writing
for
ADM-30, "Detection and
Analysis of Contamina-
tion" outlines the meas-
urement of particulate
contamination with Milli-
pore filters as applied to
hydraulic fluids, air, fuels,
lubricants, solvents, gar-
ments, surfaces and other
aerospace and industrial
fluids. To get a copy of
this manual, write to
Millipore
FILTER CORPORATION
200 Ashby Rd., Bedford, Mass.
Millipore® filters are cellulose
plastic porous membranes made in
twelve pore-size grades trom S
microns down to 10 millimicrons- In
microti I (ration or analysis, all matter
larger than the filter pore sine is
screened Irom fluids and retained
on the filter surface.
Circle No. 25 on Subscriber Service Card
ELECTRONICS
MARKETING MANAGER
Los Angeles
Major aerospace manufacturer, na-
tion's first industrial firm devoted
exclusively to missile and space tech-
nology, has an outstanding opening for
an Electronics Marketing Manager
with a record of successful performance
in electronics subsystem and develop-
ment sales to DOD, NASA and prime
customers. The applicant we seek is
now marketing at the $20 million level,
but has the capability and aspiration
for the $50-$100 million level. He has
a degree in EE or Physics, with ex-
tensive experience in government elec-
tronics, including engineering and/or
general management. He is bright,
personable, a good communicator, and
capable of working well with people.
His duties will include leading and
motivating a group of skilled technical
marketing men, evaluating product
lines, with responsibility for staffing,
training, budgeting, and forecasting.
He will personally participate in some
of the nation's major space programs.
We seek a highly competent indi-
vidual for this important position.
Salary is commensurate with ability
and all replies will be treated in con-
fidence. Submit resume, including
salary history, to
BOX # 102, Missiles & Rockets Magazine,
1001 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Washington,
D. C. 20005
An Equal Opportunity Employer
names in the news
MILLER
Dl PIETRO
RUTHERFORD
PILE
Richard B. Miller: Named director of
personnel and administration for the Space
Systems Div. of Fairchild Stratos Corp.,
Washington, D.C.
William J. Moreland and Damon Van
Utt: Elected vice presidents of Giannini
Controls Corp., Duarte, Calif.
George DiPietro: Appointed vice presi-
dent of Vacuum Industries, Inc., Somer-
ville, Mass.
Robert L. Vader: Appointed vice presi-
dent of engineering and research for Lock-
heed Aircraft Service Co., Ontario, Calif.
R. J. Rutherford: Elected a vice presi-
dent of Vapor Corp., Chicago.
Donald H. Pile: Named Air Force re-
quirements engineer for sensor products at
General Dynamics/Electronics, San Diego.
Jonas M. Shapiro: Elected president of
Manson Laboratories, Inc., Stamford, Conn.
Dennis M. Colbert: Appointed vice
president and technical director of Brooks
Research, Inc., East Rochester, N.Y.
John B. Bradfield: Appointed controller
for D. B. Milliken Co., Arcadia, Calif.
Roger E. White: Jointed Ling-Temco-
Vought, Inc., Dallas, as marketing manager
of its Temco Aerosystems Div.
Norman Pollack: Appointed director of
engineering at Victory Electronics, Inc.,
Syosset, N.Y.
Lyman E. Wood: Appointed regional
director of military and space relations for
the Electronic Instrumentation Div. of
Lear Siegler, Inc., Anaheim, Calif.
J. W. Cohoe: Named advertising man-
ager-industrial products for Ex-Cell-O
Corp., Detroit.
Frederick M. Bender: Named vice pres-
ident of the Instrument Div. of Sunbeam
Electronics, Fort Lauderdale, Fla.
Homer T. Menders: Appointed corpo-
rate public relations representative for
Eitel-McCullough, Inc., San Carlos, Calif.
Dr. John Madigan: Jointed Zenith Ra-
dio Corp., Chicago, as a division chief in
the solid state research group.
Henry M. Ross: Elected vice president-
marketing of Aero Geo Astro Corp., Alex-
andria, Va.
James A. Paine: Promoted to area sales
manager for the Western United States for
Motorola Semiconductor Products, Inc.,
Hollywood, Calif.
Dwight E. Johnson: Appointed man-
ager, southeastern region, for the Defense
Marketing organization of the UNIVAC
Div. of Sperry Rand Corp., Cocoa Beach,
Fla.
Gregg R. Walden: Promoted to director
of commercial marketing of C-E-I-R Inc.,
Arlington, Va.
William J. Slawson: Appointed general
sales manager for The Arnold Engineer-
ing Co., Marengo, 111.
Ray W. Macdonald: Elected executive
vice president of the Burroughs Corp.,
Detroit.
George B. Achtmeyer: Appointed di-
rector of manufacturing at Sperry Gyro-
scope Co., Great Neck, N.Y.
Gilbert E. Mandell: Appointed product
manager of the Power Tube Dept. of the
Du Mont Electronic Tube Div. of Fair-
child Camera and Instrument Corp.,
Clifton, N.J.
A. J. Vick: Named director of market-
ing for ITT Kellogg Communications Sys-
tems Div. of International Telephone and
Telegraph Corp., Chicago, 111.
Robert M. Jones: Elected vice president
of government engineering for Admiral
Corp., Chicago, 111.
John A. Caves: Appointed treasurer of
Lear Jet Corp., Wichita, Kan.
S. E. Gewin: Appointed general sales
manager of the Bristol Co., Waterbury,
Conn.
Robert V. Van Trees: Promoted to ex-
ecutive representative for the Cubic Corp.,
Dayton, Ohio.
52
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
EMPLOYMENT
ENGINEER
EE, ME or ELECTRONIC
Civil Service
Starting Salaries of
$8,690, $9,980 or $11,725
per annum
Experience required in Shipboard Anti-
submarine warfare (specifically ASROC)
and/or Gun Fire Control Systems. Position
requires some travel.
Write to — Mrs. L. Lachman
NAVAL WEAPONS
SERVICES OFFICE
c/o Industrial Relations Department
Naval Air Engineering Center
Philadelphia, Penna. 19112
An Equal Opportunity Employer
CLASSIFIED
— THERMOCOUPLES —
Made out of phenolic, graphite,
molybdenum, tungsten, etc. to 5000°
F range with microsecond response
times — operates while eroding or
ablating. Write NANMAC CORP., 140
Crescent Rd., Needham Heights, Mass.
M R BUSINESS OFFICES
Washington, D.C. 20005—1001 Vermont Ave-
nue, NW; STerling 3-5400
A. C. Boughton, National Sales Manager
Kenneth C. Blanchard, Director of Re-
search and Marketing
New York, N.Y. 10017-20 East 46 Street;
YUkon 6-3900
Paul B. Kinney, Eastern Advertising Man-
ager
Paul N. Anderson
Beverly Hills, California 90210-9301 Wilshire
Blvd.; CRestview 4-8791
Edwin J. Denker, Jr., Western Advertising
Manager
Ronald L. Rose
Detroit, Michigan 48237—21990 Greenfield
Road, Oak Park, Mich.; 547-8880
Michael RoufT
Chicago, Illinois 60601 — 1 East Wacker Dr.,
Room 1522; 321-1444
Charles E. Durham, Jr.
Miami, Florida 33022— P.O. Box 890, Holly-
wood, Fla.; Wilson 7-6072
R. P. Caldiero
London, W.I., England— 44 Conduit Street;
RE gent 4714
American Magazine Group
Geneva, Switzerland— 10 Rue Grenus; Ge-
neva 321044
Paris, France— 11 Rue Condorcet; TRU 15-39
—when and where-
APRIL
22nd Annual Meeting, National Aerospace
Services Assn., International Inn, Wash-
ington, D.C, Apr. 6-7.
IEEE Rubber and Plastics Industry Confer-
ence, Sheraton-Mayflower Hotel, Akron,
Ohio, Apr. 6-7.
Solar Energy Symposium, University of
Florida, Gainesville, Apr. 6-7.
Pricing and Negotiating Prime and Sub-
contracts in the Defense and Aerospace
Industries Seminar, sponsored by the
Contract Management Institute, Palmer
House, Chicago, Apr. 6-10.
IEEE International Conference on Non-
linear Magnetics, Shoreham Hotel,
Washington, D.C, Apr. 6-8.
ASME Design Engineering Conference
and Show, McCormick Place, Chicago,
Apr. 6-9.
ISA Measurement and Control Instrumen-
tation Div. Symposium, Floridian Hotel,
Tampa, Apr. 8-10.
48th Annual Meeting, Federation of Amer-
ican Societies for Experimental Biology,
Conrad Hilton Hotel, Chicago, Apr.
12- 18.
IEEE Symposium on Microelectronics,
Chase-Park Plaza Hotel, St. Louis, Apr.
13- 15.
Institute of Environmental Sciences, An-
nual Technical Meeting and Equipment
Exposition, Sheraton Hotel, Philadel-
phia, Apr. 13-15.
American Power Conference, sponsored by
IEEE and Illinois Institute of Technol-
ogy, Sherman Hotel, Chicago, Apr. 14-
16.
IEEE and ASME Intranational Conference
and Exhibit on Aerospace Electro-Tech-
nology, Westward-Ho Hotel, Phoenix,
Ariz., Apr. 19-25.
ASTME Annual Meeting, Convention and
Exposition, Detroit, Apr. 20-24.
Seminar on Nonlinear Partial Differential
Equations in Mathematical Physics,
sponsored by Air Force Office of Sci-
entific Research, Army Research Office,
and American Mathematical Society,
Hotel New Yorker, New York City,
Apr. 20-23.
FOR SALE
Executive Residence on Clear Lake op-
posite entrance to Manned Space Craft
Center, Houston, Texas.
Texas Finest, Modern, Luxurious, 4
bedroom home complete with swimming
pool, air-conditioning, 2 marble fireplaces,
master bedroom 24' x 36' with large mir-
rored dressing room, large library, pan-
eled living room 24' x 36', panel bar, panel
and mirror dining room, large linen closet,
all modern kitchen with deep freeze,
washers, ovens, 2 deep water wells, com-
plete sprinkling system, caretakers cot-
tage, 4 car garage, private boat dock with
1100' on Clear Lake completely concrete,
bulkheaded.
On five acres, cyclone fenced, 3 of
which ideal for hotel, apartment house
or office building.
Recently sold for $485,000.00 now avail-
able by unusual circumstances owner in
Switzerland, contact A. D. Lee, 219 Chim-
ney Rock, Houston 24, Texas, HO-8-6262.
Advertisers' Index
AIR SPACE DEVICES, INC., SAFETY
TOWER LADDER DIV 46
Agency — Forbath Adv.
AMERICAN TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH
CO 4
Agency — N. W. Ayer & Son, Inc.
AMPEX CORP 33
Agency — Cunningham & Walsh Inc.
APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY, THE
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY 50
Agency — S. G. Stackig, Inc.
BASIC CARBON CORP 10
Agency — Scheel Adv. Agency, Inc.
CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO.,
INDUSTRIAL DIV 37
Agency — N. W. Ayer & Son, Inc.
CIBA PRODUCTS CO., DIV. OF CIBA
CORP 3
Agency — Briggs & Varley Inc.
CONSOLIDATED ELECTRODYNAMICS
CORP 6, 7
Agency — Hixson & Jorgensen, Inc.
DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT CO., INC 24
Agency — J. Walter Thompson Co.
DOW CORNING CORP 18, 19
Agency — Church & Guisewite Adv.,
Inc.
E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO.,
FREON PRODUCTS DIV 45
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine
& Osborn, Inc.
ELECTRONIC MEMORIES INC 49
Agency — Faust/Day Adv.
GENERAL DYNAMICS/FORT WORTH .. 39
Agency — <Blenn Adv., Inc.
GRAPHITE PRODUCTS DIV. /GREAT
LAKES CARBON CORP 51
Agency — Davis, Parsons & Stroh-
meier, Inc.
HONEYWELL 40
Agency — Aitkin-Kynett Co. Inc.
HUGHES AIRCRAFT CO ..20
Agency — Foote, Cone & Belding
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES
SPACE GUIDANCE CENTER 48
Agency — Benton & Bowles, Inc.
KOLLMORGEN CORP 30
Agency — Horton, Church & Goff, Inc.
MARTIN CO., DIV. MARTIN MARIETTA
CORP 47
Agency — Ketchum, MacLeod & Grove,
Inc.
MILLIPORE FILTER CORP 52
Agency — Culver Adv., Inc.
MINNESOTA MINING & MANUFACTUR-
ING CO., MAGNETIC PRODUCTS DIV. 2
Agency — MacManus, John & Adams,
Inc.
NAVAL AIR ENGINEERING CENTER,
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS DEPT 53
Agency — B. K. Davis & Bro. Adv.
Service
NORTHROP CORP 12, 13
Agency — Doyle, Dane, Bernbach, Inc.
ROHR CORP 27
Agency — Lane & Huff/ Adv.
RS ELECTRONICS CORP., A DIV. OF
PACIFIC INDUSTRIES, INC 23
Agency — Bonfield Assoc., Inc.
SONOTONE CORP., BATTERY DIV 55
Agency — Doherty, Clifford, Steers
& Shenfield, Inc.
SPACE & INFORMATION SYSTEMS
DIVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN
AVIATION, INC 11, 44
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine
& Osborn, Inc.
SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABS., A SUB. OF
THOMPSON RAMO WOOLDRIDGE INC. 8
Agency — Fuller & Smith & Ross Inc.
SPERRY GYROSCOPE CO., ELECTRO OPTICS
GROUP, DIV. OF SPERRY RAND CORP. 56
Agency — Reach, McClinton & Co., Inc.
WESTERN GEAR CORP., PRECISION
PRODUCTS DIV 28, 29
Agency — MacManus, John & Adams,
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
53
The Revolution: Part II
WE DISCUSSED last week the revolutionary im-
pact on the missile/space industry which will
result from the shift in military emphasis from
strategic to tactical systems. Closely linked to this
is the evolving acceptance by the military services
of Secretary McNamara's reorganization of the
Pentagon.
This acceptance is by no means complete, but
there is such strong indication of a new mood in
the Pentagon that it deserves comment.
There can be no denial of the fact that the ar-
rival of Mr. McNamara on the scene was greeted
with less than all-out enthusiasm by the men in
uniform in the Dept. of Defense.
A number of civilian secretaries previously had
tried to cope with the Augean task laid down by
Congress when it decreed that there should be uni-
fication of the massive but thoroughly divided struc-
ture of the military establishment.
The leaders of the Air Force, Army and Navy
had an unquestionably fine record behind them on
the field of battle. They could point with pride to
new projects in development which indicated a
thorough-going awareness of current military need,
and they could overwhelm any civilian organization
with their knowledge of strategy and tactics.
"We know better than anyone what is needed
to fight a war," became an accepted statement of
fact that usually ended arguments concerning hard-
ware.
The Air Force in particular, toughened by its
battle for separate recognition and its victory over
the "battleship admirals" of the Navy, was riding
high. With the vociferous Air Force Association
stridently backing its demands, the newest of the
services moved into a position of complete domi-
nance.
Its B-36's, B-47's and B-52's were effectively
keeping the peace. Its cigar-chewing Gen. Curtis
LeMay not only welded Strategic Air Command into
one of the most effective military units of all time but
made himself a public hero while doing so. Its jets
had written a brilliant new chapter in fighter war-
fare over Mig Alley. To top it off, the Air Force
had walked off with the strategic missile assignment
in a head-on clash with the Army.
Little wonder then that a civilian Secretary of
Defense regarded the junior service as the most
awesome of the three he was expected to subordi-
nate. The Navy and the Army, however, continued
to give a good account of themselves when it came
to bucking civilian domination of the Pentagon.
It should be understood that the high officers
in the Pentagon, without exception, acknowledged
the need for civilian control of the military establish-
ment. But in most cases it was felt that this civilian
authority rested across the Potomac, on Capitol Hill
and in the White House, and most certainly was not
required to make its presence felt in the halls of
the Pentagon itself. The actual running of the mili-
tary establishment, it was agreed, most properly be-
longed in the hands of the military.
Then Robert S. McNamara became Secretary of
Defense. This changed the name of the game. For
the first time, the military services were dealing with
a man capable of doing just exactly what Congress
had instructed him to do — unifying the Pentagon
into a single effective military establishment.
He ran immediately into service opposition. But
McNamara was well aware of the powers with which
Congress had armed him and he proceeded to use
them most effectively, employing management tech-
niques brought with him from industry. Backed by
such able assistants as Comptroller Charles Hitch,
he pushed quickly ahead with cost effectiveness pro-
grams, unified procurement in selected areas, and
instituted other financial reforms which the services
found difficult to resist — as much because of the
logic of the reforms as because of the unquestioned
power of the Secretary to proceed in this direction.
One of the most effective of the new McNamara
management techniques was the organization of the
Pentagon's fighting strength in terms of program
packages. This now well-known approach meant,
for example, that all strategic programs of the vari-
ous services were regarded for budgetary, develop-
mental and operational purposes as a single package
— that is, Polaris submarines were considered simul-
taneously with Air Force B-52's, Skybolts, and the
ICBM's.
Almost instinctively, the services resisted this,
partly because the overwhelming clarity and logic
of program packaging made it all too evident that
some projects already in existence or in the planning
stage actually were surplus to the nation's military
needs. McNamara swung the budget axe vigorously.
During this period, the new Secretary proceeded
to present his case on the Hill and in the White
House with such clarity and such devastating finan-
cial detail that any effort of the military chiefs to
appeal to these sources met with little success.
AS THE SERVICES found themselves forced to
: acknowledge the success of the McNamara re-
organization, first in the financial area and then to
a lesser degree in the technical area, they also found
themselves forced more and more to their only re-
maining high ground: "We know better than anyone
else what we need to fight a war."
Here, initially, there was some logic on the side
of the services. There was, and still is, some concern
as to whether the Directorate of Defense Research
and Engineering is capable of nurturing, selecting
and bringing to operational fruition the hardware the
military needs to fight future wars. The hardest battle
of all was, and still is, fought in DDR&E.
In recent months, however, knowledgeable ele-
ments in the services have begun to work more
closely with DDR&E. For good or bad, the Mc-
Namara reorganization is here to stay. Therefore,
most agree, the best thing to do is to play the game
by the new rules. The importance of this to industry
should not be underestimated.
William J. Coughlin
missiles and rockets, April 6, 1964
Birds of a feather!
(they all rely on Sonotone nickel-cadmium batteries)
Name an airline. Any airline. It's probably using Sonotone rechargeable sintered-plate, nickel-cadmium batteries.
For example, you'll find Sonotone batteries are on Delta, Eastern, TWA, National, United, Northeast, Northwest,
Pan American, KLM, Swissair, Lufthansa and over 30 additional airlines.
Why do all of them rely on Sonotone batteries? Long life — years of service with thousands of recharges possible.
Reliability — sure starting in either sub-zero or tropical weather. Ease of maintenance — costs cut as much as
60%, according to airline operating figures. Constant voltage — flat voltage output over 90% of total discharge
time. Light weight. Safety. Ruggedness. Long shelf life. High surge power. Rapid recharge.
Whatever your power need — whether it's a rocket or a shaver — there's probably a Sonotone sintered-plate, nickel-
cadmium cell or battery to do the job. Let Sonotone help you out. For com- . i^te*
plete information, just drop us a line, stating your application and power SOnOtOllB D3lt6riBS r|[
requirements. We'll be glad to. supply you with the technical data you need, portable power for progress UU
Battery Div., Dept. B.98-44, Sonotone Corp., ElmsforrJ, N.Y • Aircraft. Missile and Satellite Batteries . Power Supplies • Battery cnarpers . Audio Products • Hearing Aids
Circle No. 5 on Subscriber Service Card
Newest light. Several months ago Sperry announced the first new direction-sensing device in 50 years
—the traveling wave ring laser. This achievement "broke ground" to make future sea, air and space guidance
systems less complex, less costly . . . more reliable. □ Today, under United States Air Force sponsorship,
Sperry ring laser development has taken giant strides forward, and in a short time.
Pictured above is the most recent version — a lightweight ring laser which measures
less than a foot across. Through counter-rotating beams of coherent light, it detects
rotation rate. □ If your current project involves the problem of measurement, why
not talk it over with us? Another laser achievement may be just over the threshold.
ELECTRO OPTICS GROUP, Sperry Gyroscope Company, Great Neck, New York.
SPFHRY
DIVISION OF
SPERRY RAND
CORPORATION
Circle No. 6 on Subscriber Service Card
I
issiles and roc
E WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
APRIL 13, 1964
A
r;
to
s
s
Gemini Off
To A Good
Start-
A Special
Report
Hughes, RCA
Still in AADS-70
Titan III Buy
Decision Urged
Ranger Probe
Planned in House
First Gemini Launch
*iL %n wc-ie-t
1
Engineer- Astronaut team
conducting mission motion
studies in Gemini cabin.
MCDONN*11
A unique blend of management skill, creative design,
manufacturing know-how, and complete spacecraft engineering and
production facilities have been capped with experience in manned
space flight and lifting/ballistic reentry programs at McDonnell.
MCDONNELL
Prime contractors for NASA's Mercury and Gemini manned orbital spacecraft
and the USAF Research and Technology Division's ASSET winged reentry research spacecraft.
ST. LOUIS
See the Mercury and Gemini Spacecraft in the McDonnell exhibit in the Missouri Pavilion at the New York World's Fair.
Circle No. 1 on Subscriber Service Cord
IF YOU HAVE ANY COMBUSTIBLE GAS
OR TOXIC VAPOR PROBLEM
-BIG OR LITTLE, NEW OR OLD-
SEE WHAT MSA CAN DO
We really mean the word any. There's hardly any
toxic or combustible gas problem that MSA has
not tackled— and solved.
Some are solved by means of intermittent de-
tection of the hazard using MSA portable instru-
ments. We make over 60 types. They are widely
used to measure a vast number of toxic or explo-
sive substances.
Other problems call for MSA permanent in-
struments to stand continuous guard. They can
monitor common hazards like carbon monoxide,
or exotic missile fuels and oxidizers. Sample one
or a number of points. Pick out one gas in a
complex mixture. Even detect parts per billion.
You name the hazard. Chances are MSA has
instrumentation to help control it.
As important to you as the wide selection of
MSA instruments is the skill and experience nec-
essary to arrive at the right solution. That is a
capability that MSA has been perfecting for near-
ly forty years. We'd like to put it to work for you.
Please send your request to the Instrument Divi-
sion, Mine Safety Appliances.
Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15208.
HE [J
M-S-A Combustible Gas Analyzer
For use with any flammable gas
or vapor from O to 100% LEL.
Monitors from 1 to 16 locations.
M-S-A Explosilarm
Low-priced combustible
gas alarm for single point
monitoring.
M-S-A Carbon Monoxide
Analyzer
Detects hazardous CO
concentrations in air from
as many as eight areas.
M-S-A Thermatron!
Analyzer
Monitors hydrogen in
inert atmospheres.
M-S-A Universal Tester
Portable sampler measures over
toxic gases, vapors, mists, dusts.
M-S-A Billion-Aire
Trace Gas Analyzer
Measures toxic gases
or vapor as low as
parts per billion.
M-S-A Lira" Infrared Analyzer
Compact, economical analyzer;
applications include CO, COj,
chlorinated hydrocarbons
Circle No. 2 on Subscriber Service Card
Saturn . . . the dependable 0 booster of the space age
On January 29, NASA's Saturn SA-5 lifted
off from the pad at the John F. Kennedy Space
Center carrying the first live S-EZ second stage
and the heaviest payload ever orbited— more
than 37,000 pounds.
It thus established beyond a doubt the de-
pendability of Saturn I, and its fitness for the key
role it will play in our nation's space exploration
program.
The role of the upcoming Saturn IB inthe
NASA Apollo program will be to earth orbit
manned Apollo spacecraft vehicles for tests of
the rendezvous and docking methods to be used
in later manned lunar landing flights.
It is also the logical vehicle for all programs
where relief from the present weight and space
restrictions on payload are desired.
SPACE DIVISION
In fulfilling its role in the expanding national
space program CHRYSLER Corporation SPACE
Division — prime contractor to NASA for the
first stage of the Saturn I and IB vehicles— has a
continuing need for creative, experienced
engineers and scientists at all levels and in
many disciplines.
Chrysler activities on the Saturn I/IB are di-
vided among three pleasant Southern locations
where you will find a rewarding professional cli-
mate and congenial living conditions.
Send your resume, in confidence, to Person-
nel Dept. B-9 at the location of your choice:
P. 0. Box 26018, New Orleans, La. 70126
P. 0. Box 857, Huntsville, Ala.
8880 Astronaut Blvd., Cape Kennedy, Fla.
An equal opportunity employer
CHRYSLER
CORPORATION
Circle No 3 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Volume 14, Number 15
April 13, 1964
Editor
William ). Coughlin
Managing Editor
Reed Bundy
Senior Editors
Charles D. La Fond Electronics
William Beller Engineering
Associate Editors
Lawrence J. Curran Assistant Managing Editor
Heather M. David Space Medicine
Michael Getler Electronics
Russell Hawkes Industry
John F. Judge Advanced Materials
Robert L. Parker Copy Editor
Rex Pay Electronics
Hal Taylor NASA
James Trainor Military
Contributing Editors
David A. Anderton, Warren Burkett,
Robert Lindsey, Robert Twiss
Friedrich Schonbach Art Director
Donald Strickland Assistant Art Director
Eleanor Cobey Editorial Assistant
Suzanne Montgomery Editorial Assistant
BUREAUS
LOS ANGELES. . . .9301 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills
Willard E. Wilks Bureau Chief
NEW YORK 20 East 46th Street
Michael Getler
CAPE KENNEDY 507 Orange Ave.
Chris Butler Merritt Is., Fla.
PARIS II Rue Condorcet
Jean-Marie Riche
GENEVA 10 Rue Grenus
Frank G. McGuire
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Dr. Peter Castruccio Alexander Satin
Conrad H. Hoeppner Vice Adm. H. Sanders (ret.)
Richard F. Gompertz
James W. Claar
Publisher
A. C. Boughton National Sales Manager
Paul B. Kinney Eastern Advertising Manager
Edwin J. Denker, Jr Western Advertising Manager
Kenneth C. Blanchard. Marketing & Research Director
John N. Carlin Director of Circulation
Paddy Nelson Circulation Promotion
R. Virgil Parker Production Manager
Barbara Wiener Advertising Services Manager
Published each Monday with the exception of the
last Monday in December by American Aviation
Publications, Inc., 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington, D.C. 20005. Cable Address: AMERAV.
Printed at Judd & Detweiler, Inc., Washington, D.C.
Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.
Copyright 1964, American Aviation Publications, Inc.
Subscription rates: U.S. and Possessions, Canada, and
Pan American Postal Union Nations: 1 year, $5.00, 2
years $8.00, 3 years $10.00. All other foreign: 1 year
$15.00, 2 years $25.00, 3 years $35.00. Air freight to
Europe: 1 year $20.00, 2 years $30.00, 3 years $40.00.
Single copy prices: regular issues 50 cents each;
special issues $1.00 each. Subscriptions are solicited
only from persons with identifiable commercial or
professional interests in the missile/space industry.
Subscription orders and changes of address should be
referred to Circulation Fulfillment Mgr., Missiles and
Rockets, 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20005. Allow 4 weeks for change to become
effective and enclose recent address label if possible.
President Wayne W. Parrish
Senior Vice President Louis C. James
Vice President Fred S. Hunter
THE COVER
Gemini/ Titan-l , the first unmanned
launch of the two-man McDonnell cap-
sule by the Martin Titan II, lifts off
Launch Complex 19 at Cape Kennedy
April 8. The shot was described as a
"story book" flight, boosting chances for
a manned Gemini orbit before the end
of this year. See M/R's special report
beginning on p. 12.
APRIL 13 HEADLINES
Hughes, RCA Named To Continue AADS-70 Studies
AEC Will Close Two Weapons Plants by Mid-1966
Strike Delays Cape Kennedy, MILA Construction
GT-1 Shot Brightens '64 Manned Flight Hopes
Titan III Procurement Decision Must Come Soon
House Space Committee Plans Ranger Probe
Senate Group Expected To Restore NASA Funds
Aerojet Developing 'Universal' Liquid Engine . . .-.
10
10
10
12
14
15
16
16
GEMINI SPECIAL REPORT:
Compiled under the direction of NASA Editor Hal Taylor
GT-1 Shot Brightens '64 Manned Flight Hopes 12
Launch Schedule Includes Six Rendezvous Missions 22
Early Experiments Stress Military Adaptability 24
Reliability Emphasized in Titan II Launch Vehicle 26
Spacecraft R&D Cost Will Exceed $700 Million 28
MISSILE PROPULSION
Thiokol Lays Groundwork for Tactical Systems
SPACE MEDICINE
Space Station Contaminant Control Under Study
DEPARTMENTS
32
35
Letters
6
Contracts/ Procurements
38
The Countdown . . . .
9
Products & Processes
40
The Missile/Space
Week®
10
Names in the News
44
Technical Countdown
21
When & Where
45
The Industry Week
37
Editorial
46
47,531
copies
this issue
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
engineers • scientists
NEW CAREER
POSITIONS
at Fast Moving
Atlantic Research Corporation
The continued expansion at Atlantic Re-
search Corporation has created several
new career opportunities in the Washing-
ton, D.C. area, including the following:
STAFF ENGINEER
(Technical Surveillance)
To assume responsibilities for tech-
nical surveillance and trouble shoot-
ing of rocket manufacturing opera-
tions including inert (metal and plas-
tic) components, solid propellant
grains and motor assemblies on a
major tactical motor production pro-
gram. Includes field service, value
engineering, technical product engi-
neering responsibilities. Requires B.S.
chemical or mechanical engineering,
with minimum of 5 years applicable
experience.
PROPULSION DESIGN ENGINEER
Provide specialized design and/or
analytical support for proposed or
existing rocket motor development
programs. Duties include rocket or
vehicle optimization studies, definition
of propellant and hardware require-
ments, grain design, internal ballistics,
transient heat transfer analyses, ele-
mentary stress analyses, design of
filament wound motor cases, advanced
nozzle design, and miscellaneous de-
sign and analytical studies. B.S. engi-
neering, physics, or mathematics; three
to five years diversified experience in
rocket development field. Requires
good mathematical background, and
familiarity with computer techniques.
PROJECT ENGINEER
To assume overall production manage-
ment of Areas Sounding Rocket Sys-
tem. Responsibilities include: Produc-
tion customer liaison; production pro-
gram management and coordination;
resources management; production
E fanning, scheduling, and monitoring;
udgeting, cost control, and reporting;
and proposals and costing. Requires
B.S. or M.S. engineering with two
years minimum experience (emphasis
on production oriented training and/or
experience).
DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
ENGINEER
To plan and direct challenging pro-
grams in area of solid propellant
development and evaluation. Requires
knowledge of theoretical performance
analysis combustion characteristics,
laboratory and pilot plant processing,
internal ballistics and static firing
evaluation. Applicant should offer
creativity, technical writing ability
and supervisory skill. M.S. or Ph.D.
in chemical engineering with 1 to 5
years applicable experience.
Send resume to: Director,
Professional Personnel, Dept. 460
Atlantic Research
CORPORATION
Alexandria, Virginia
22314
(Suburb of
Washington, D.C.)
An equal opportunity employer
letters
Rand Role in ECAC
To the Editor:
I noted your article on the tri-service
Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis
Center ("Two Documents will Assist ECAC
in Solving Military RFI Problems," M/R,
March 9, p. 17). I thought you might be
interested in knowing that ECAC is an out-
growth of work originally performed be-
tween the years 1952 and 1959 at The
RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, on
problems of signal interference in Europe
and the United States, and the effects of
such interference on operational systems.
In particular, the concept of an electro-
magnetic compatibility center is largely due
to A. L. Hiebert, and the present existence
of an ECAC is a credit not only to his
original research but also to his persistence
in bringing the problem to the attention of
government authorities.
The philosophy of operation and de-
tailed technical planning were stimulated
to a great extent by Hiebert, who served
as scientific advisor in establishing the
Center.
Brownlee Haydon
Communications
The RAND Corp.
Santa Monica, Calif.
Defending Alma Mater
To the Editor:
The editorial in the March 23 M/R
("Alma Maters or Madams?") reads as
though it had been hastily written by an
irresponsible junior on your staff, rather
than by you.
From the smart-aleck title thru the out-
dated, fragmentary and inconsequential
statistics to the unwarranted singling out
of MIT and Cal Tech for attack, your
writer's deceptive generalities are most un-
worthy of a "spokesman for the industry."
The sweeping generalizations of your
writer's peroration are reminiscent of the
McCarthy hearings, as they damn all uni-
versities with immoral guilt by associa-
tion. Of the two outstanding institutions
attacked, I have factual knowledge of only
one. I believe that a careful inquiry will
show that your writer's loose charges
against the Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology are totally unfounded.
Don't you think you should tender a
telegram of apology to its respected Presi-
dent, Dr. Julius A. Stratton?
Dabney H. Maury
MIT 1922
Sunnyvale, Calif.
Cost of Cost Reduction
To the Editor:
In your editorial, "The Cost of Cost
Reduction" (M/R, Feb. 24), the Adminis-
tration's present approach to cost reduc-
tion in the aerospace industry was viewed
with alarm.
This concern would be justified if the
majority of deductions and assumptions
expressed were valid. Fortunately, they are
not.
Please remember that the aerospace
industry grew quickly, under its prime
objective of developing and producing an
effective retaliatory weapons capability in
the shortest possible time. Time was of
prime importance then — not costs.
In these early days, the state of the
art necessitated use of cost-plus-fixed-fee
contracts. These, in turn, tended to relegate
industrial economy measures to a second-
ary role in our race for weapon and space
superiority. \
Industry has recognized this, and, in
its quest for profit improvement, has estab-
lished cost reduction programs to increase
profits through elimination of unnecessary
costs.
Long before the Administration's request
for frugality, value engineering organiza-
tions had sprung into operation throughout
industry. Current Administration attempts
to add momentum to existing industrial cost
reduction efforts are part of an obligation
— in the Administration's role as customer
— to obtain full value in goods and services
received.
Nowhere in the Administration's recent
communications to industry do I find the
implication of gross negligence within the
industry which you emphasize.
DOD's seven pages of guidelines merely
propose minimum cost reduction program
criteria. Emphasis throughout is placed on
DOD's intent to rely upon, and fully utilize,
the contractor's present internal manage-
ment system for planning, executing, vali-
dating and reporting results.
While reporting methods proposed may
appear excessive in most cases, adequate
control of a contractor's internal cost re-
duction program will require greater cur-
rency than the semiannual interval sug-
gested.
The law of diminishing returns may
apply in cost reduction efforts, but cannot
logically be cited as a reason to de-empha-
size cost reduction, as you imply. An
athlete can overtrain and become less effi-
cient, but seldom does he use that possi-
bility as an excuse to de-emphasize train-
ing and restrain enthusiasm.
Your allusion to "clever" management
as necessarily unethical is completely un-
founded— indeed, somewhat imprudent. At
General Dynamics/ Astronautics, for ex-
ample, claimed savings are audited for
validity by our Internal Audit Department,
thus precluding any possible attempts at
"artificial cost cutting."
Industry's goal of profit improvement
through pre-eminence in cost avoidance
and cost reduction has received major
impetus through the Administration's en-
try into, and enthusiasm for, cost reduc-
tion programs.
Knowledge that it is dealing with a
"careful shopper" can hardly compromise
industry's incentives to profit in a free
enterprise system.
W. J. Ridge
Cost Reduction Staff
General Dynamics/
Astronautics
San Diego, Calif.
6
Circle No. 4 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
-
SOME PEOPLE MIGHT SAY WHAT THIS COUNTRY NEEDS IS A GOOD 5 CENT. .
V
. . . HYPERGOLIC PROPELLANT
■
9PS
I .
IF THEY KEEP USING DIMAZINE THEY'RE LIABLE TO GET IT
Before 1954, about ten dollars per pound. When we be-
gan making it, nearly five dollars. As volume increased,
down to a dollar. On volume contract, now 50 cents. If
we make a 100 million pounds a year and sustain it,
price (with amortization) would be 20 to 30 cents. With
several common oxidants, only 8 to 15 cents.
We're willing. And the record shows we're able.
Dimazine already is a key reliability factor in Titans II and
III, and in Delta and others.
[7n FMC CORPORATION
WW INORGANIC CHEMICALS DIVISION
BSH . 633 THIRD AVENUE, NEW YORK 17. N.Y.
"Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine: "UDMH". Stable, storable, stoppable, re-startable. Lots of basic and corollary advantages: smooth, trouble-
free performance in thrust chambers and critical engine sub-systems; compatible with ordinary carbon steels; resists thermal and catalytic (con-
tamination-induced) decomposition. All described in a booklet. Care to read it? Drop a line to Dept. 1821A.
The Countdown
WASHINGTON
No Extra Gemini Pad Just Yet
NASA has dropped plans for a second Gemini-Titan II
launch pad at Cape Kennedy. The Air Force has concurred
in the decision despite its plans to use Gemini as a supply
vehicle for the Manned Orbiting Laboratory {MOL).
New DOD Tracking Station Operating
A Defense Dept. tracking station has been established
and is now operating in the Seychelles Islands in the western
Indian Ocean — some 1,000 miles northeast of Zanzibar,
where a NASA tracking station is being closed at President
lohnson's orders (see p. 11). Because of the location of
he new DOD station, however, there's a major communica-
ions problem between it and the rest of the DOD network.
A special hard-line communications system will have to be
installed on the island before full use of the station can be
made. Meanwhile, there are unconfirmed reports that a
U.S. tracking ship may be sent to the Zanzibar area to replace
the closed station.
Lewis Looks for Propulsion Facility Builder
Lewis Research Center is asking for bids on construction
of its Space Propulsion Facility. The installation, to be com-
pleted early in 1967, will be used for evaluation and de-
velopment testing of complete spacecraft, as well as nuclear-
electric power generation and propulsion systems.
MOL Will Utilize In-Orbit Assembly
Air Force plans for MOL include assembling a number
of the manned laboratories to make them very large ex-
perimental stations. At present the estimated lifetime of
MOL is from 40 to 70 days. But AF planners expect to add
a propulsion system to the large laboratory to keep the
station in its intended orbit and operating indefinitely.
Hunter Leaving Space Council
Max S. Hunter, a member of the National Aeronautics
and Space Council's staff, is leaving on April 17. He is ac-
cepting a position with Bellcom — NASA's systems engineer-
ing group for the Apollo program.
Committee Sticks to Moon Target Date
A resolution to extend the national deadline for getting
a man on the Moon from the end of this decade to "before
1975" is expected to die in the House Space Committee.
Chairman George P. Miller (D-Calif.) says he hasn't been
asked to take action on it, and he sees no reason for calling
it up.
INDUSTRY
STL Studying Mid-Course Detection
Space Technology Laboratories, under contract to the
AF System Command's Ballistic Systems Div., has deter-
mined that ballistic vehicles can be spotted during the mid-
course phase of flight through detection of the rarefied
residue accompanying the vehicle. Solar radiation will be
scattered by this gaseous residue and can be detected. Two
systems — a satellite-based downward-looking detector operat-
ing in the ultraviolet range and an airborne system operating
at altitudes of 25-30 kilometers in the visible or near-ultra-
violet range — were studied.
Boeing Saturn V Share Nears Half-Billion
A $5,943,930 contract modification providing for addi-
tional mission support in the Saturn V first-stage rocket man-
ufacturing program has been awarded by NASA to the
Boeing Co.'s launch systems branch. It calls for further
research, development, documentation, quality assurance and
mission planning. The supplemental agreement increases the
total value of Boeing's Saturn V work to $463,71 1,368.
SSD's New Home Strictly Private
Spokesmen for the Air Force Systems Command's Space
Systems Div. want to clarify an item ("SSD Move May
Celebrate 10th Birthday") in the March 30 Countdown.
They want it understood that SSD will not share its new
El Segundo site with Aerospace Corp. The new facility will
be "totally and exclusively" SSD, even though it "just so
happens" that Aerospace has set up shop across the street.
INTERNATIONAL
Franco-Pakistan Space Pact Reached
France and Pakistan have signed an agreement to co-
operate in space research. As a consequence, the Paki-
stan Upper Atmosphere and Space Research Committee
(SUPARCO) will work closely with the Centre National
d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES).
AF May Yank Saigon Metsat Station
The first weather satellite read-out station to be set up
in support of a combat operation may be withdrawn if
\'imbus doesn't provide better pictures than those now
being received from Tiros VIII. The station was set up at
Saigon's Tan Son Nhut airport last December, primarily
for use with the Nimbus satellite due to be orbited this
spring It is part of a program in which Air Force weather
forecasts are relayed to U.S. and Vietnamese intelligence
officers to aid in planning operations against the Viet Cong.
However, interim trial exercises with Tiros VIII have so far
yielded no operational success. In the first few weeks, ap-
propriate grid overlays for identifying picture locations in
Viet Nam were not available. When they arrived, local radio
interference problems cropped up and voice transmissions
were jamming the satellite frequency. Before this inter-
ference began, pictures were identifiable but accuracy was
marred by a scalloping effect apparently caused by Tiros VIII
spinning. This would not be a factor with the Earth-oriented
Nimbus.
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
9
The Missile/ Space Week
AADS Competition Narrowed
Hughes Aircraft Co. and Radio
Corp. of America have been selected
by the Army to develop high-risk
components for the Army Air De-
fense System-1970's (AADS-70).
Eliminated from the competition was
Raytheon.
The three firms had been conduct-
ing tradeoff and cost/ effectiveness
studies for the Army Missile Com-
mand over the last several months.
The results of these studies were
presented to the Army staff March
30 and the Hughes and RCA ap-
proaches were selected for further
development.
Teamed with Hughes are Doug-
las Aircraft Co. and FMC Corp.
Beech Aircraft Co. is the other prin-
cipal member of the RCA team.
The 15-month contracts will con-
centrate on specific components in
critical technical areas — principally
target acquisition and missile guid-
ance systems — with sufficient system
engineering to provide a basis and
direction for the component develop-
ment effort. DOD budget for FY '65
included $5 million for component de-
velopment of AADS-70. Some $2 mil-
lion has been spent to date on the
program.
AADS-70, which is designed to
provide air defense for the field army
and to protect Nike-X sites from an
air-breathing weapon threat, would
replace on a "selective" basis Hawk
and Nike-Hercules batteries. One of
the principal drawbacks to the sys-
tem is its high development cost —
estimated in excess of the total
Hawk-Hercules development pro-
grams. A combination of complete
mobility and an across-the-board
capability of coping with any threat
to the field army made the original
AADS-70 concept unacceptable from
a cost/ effectiveness standpoint. The
trade-off studies which led to the
selection of Hughes and RCA were
designed to answer DDR&E cost/
effectiveness objections.
IBM Unveils New Computer
Poughkeepsie, N.Y. — The first
major redesign of the "basic internal
architecture" of IBM computers in a
decade was announced here last week
by IBM board chairman Thomas J.
Watson, Jr.
The result of the three-year devel-
opment program within the firm is
the new System/360, a single comput-
ing system spanning the performance
range of virtually all current IBM
computers, with nearly twice the
capabilities of the most powerful
computer previously built by the firm.
The system makes major use of
new microelectronic circuitry now
being turned out at IBM's nearby
East Fishkill plant, and is the first
"commercially available" data proc-
essing system whose design is based
upon use of the microcircuits, accord-
ing to the firm.
Deliveries of the smaller configur-
ations are scheduled to begin in the
third quarter of 1965. Larger models
will appear in the first quarter of
1966.
In the IBM logic circuits (M/R,
Aug. 26, p. 28), silicon transistor and
diode active element chips 0.028 in.
square and coated in a 60-millionth
of an inch thick protective glass film,
are attached to a 0.5-in. ceramic sub-
strate, which has the circuit and re-
sistor pattern screened on. Connec-
tion of the active elements to the
circuit module is accomplished with
copper pellets, 0.005 in. in diameter,
positioned in holes etched in the glass
film and then diffused with solder and
conductive metals.
Logic circuit switching speeds in
the system range from 300 to 6 nano-
seconds, more than twice the speed
previously available in IBM comput-
ers.
Expansion of facilities at Fishkill
to nearly 1-million sq. ft. and the
introduction of fully automated man-
ufacturing procedures by next fall
are expected to yield an initial an-
nual production rate in the "millions
of modules." The modules, while used
primarily for the System/ 360, are
also expected to be used in other IBM
programs in the aerospace field.
First LLRV Rolled Out
Bell Aerosystems Co. rolled out
the first of two Lunar Landing Re-
search Vehicles it is building for
NASA at its plant in Buffalo.
The vehicle will be delivered to
the space agency's Flight Research
Center at Edwards AFB, Calif., this
week ; however, actual flight tests are
not expected before late this summer.
In the interim, special FRC instru-
mentation, telemetry, radar altime-
ter, Doppler radar, horizontal refer-
ence, and special panel displays will
be installed and checked. The gimbal-
mounted General Electric CF-700
turbo-fan engine, which at full power
lifts the LLRV from the ground and
at a reduced power setting simulates
five-sixths of Earth's gravity, is ex-
pected to be installed in June.
Initial flights will shake down the
system and test handling capabilities.
Second round will simulate lunar
landing trajectories through the final
1,500-1,000 ft. of altitude at velocities
to 60 mph.
The second vehicle will be com-
pleted at Bell next week. It is re-i
ported that the LLRV may be modi-
fied later for two-man operation.
Two Weapons Plants To Close
By mid-1966 the Atomic Energy
Commission plans to close two weap-
ons assembly, modification and re-
pair plants. One is at San Antonio,
Tex. and the other, in Clarksville,
Tenn.
Part of an AEC consolidation
program, the closings are expected
to result in savings of $3 million
annually, principally through the
elimination of about 700 jobs at the
two sites. The work will be shifted
to plants in Burlington, Iowa, and
Amarillo, Tex.
Strike Hobbles Cape
The Army Corps of Engineers
says that labor walkouts have caused
delays affecting some $110 million of
the $250 million in construction work
at Cape Kennedy and the Merritt Is-
land Launch Area.
Some 460 ironworkers who had
walked off their jobs after their con-
tract with the Patrick AFB contrac-
tors association expired at midnight
March 31 began returning to work
last Wednesday. In Washington, Wil-
liam E. Simkin, vice chairman of the
Missile Sites Labor Commission, an-
nounced that they were going back
to work at the Commission's request
pending further efforts to reach a
settlement through negotiations in
Washington beginning April 9. Sim-
kin said he was hopeful that the
high-level talks in the capital would
produce an agreement shortly.
Negotiations at the Cape broke
down last Tuesday night, after con-
tinuous night-and-day sessions. By
that time, some 500 additional work-
ers in other crafts had been sent
home for lack of work as a result of
the ironworkers' absence.
At mid-week, the Corps reported,
10
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
three projects at Merritt Island were
shut down. These included the Ken-
nedy Space Center headquarters
building, the central instrumentation
building and the main cafeteria. All
were in early stages of construction,
and concrete could not be poured for
their foundations until reinforcing
steel bars were put in place — a job
performed by the ironworkers.
The Vertical Assembly Building
in the Cape's Saturn Complex had
been shut down for six straight days.
At Complex 39, half of the work on
Pad A and the crawlerway was af-
fected.
The Engineers spokesman said
the $34.1 Titan III construction pro-
gram was "really hurting badly."
Particularly hard hit was Pad 40,
one of the man-made "hills" in the
Banana Eiver. Work there had to
halt at the three-quarter mark in the
erection of the mobile service tower
— a structural steel construction.
Shots of the Week
NASA's first Gemini space cap-
sule was carried into orbit by a
modified Titan II booster April 8.
Launch was from Cape Kennedy's
Launch Complex 19 at 11:00 a.m.
EST (see story, p. 12).
• Also on the 8th, Air Force Capt.
Joe Engle flew NASA's X-15 rocket
plane to an altitude of more than 33
mi. and a speed of 3,477 mph.
• The Air Force on April 7 suc-
cessfully fired a Minuteman ICBM
from Cape Kennedy. The 5,000-mi.
flight into the South Atlantic was
the eleventh straight success for
Minuteman.
• The Navy's USS Henry Clay
successfully launched a Polaris A2
while submerged off the coast of
Florida April 6. The shot was the
first launched by the newly commis-
sioned submarine.
• The Soviet Union on April 4
launched Cosmos 28, which carried
scientific instruments for continued
space study.
• An Atlas-F ICBM exploded on
the launch pad at Vandenberg AFB,
Calif, on April 3.
• The Soviet Union launched a
space probe called Zond I on April 2.
Navy Dedicates Missile Station
The U.S. Naval Ship Missile Sys-
tems Engineering Station was dedi-
cated recently at Port Hueneme,
Calif. The new Bureau of Weapons
field installation — nicknamed Ne-
mesis— is to provide technical and
engineering assistance to the Special
Navy Task Force for Surface Mis-
sile Systems and the Navy Bureaus
in all aspects of Navy ship-guided
missile weapons systems.
The station is presently concen-
trating its efforts on in-service en-
gineering of the 3-T's — Tartar, Talos
and Terrier — and the development of
new systems. The station is also
participating in the development of
standardized maintenance procedures
including an integrated maintenance
plan for surface missile systems.
Established last July, the station
has a complement of 450 military
and civilian personnel.
Third MM Wing Operational
The 150-missile Minuteman wing
at Minot AFB, N.D., was declared
operational April 2 in a brief cere-
mony in which the AF Systems Com-
mand turned the complex over to the
Strategic Air Command. Under the
command of Col. G. F. Friederichs,
the 455th Strategic Missile Wing
joins Malmstrom AFB, Mont., and
Ellsworth AFB, S.D., as operational
SAC Minuteman bases. This brings
to 450 the number of operational
solid-fueled Minuteman ICBM's.
Tracking Station Evicted
President Johnson has ordered
the prompt removal of NASA's Zan-
zibar space tracking station. The de-
cision resulted from a request by
Abeid Karume, President of the Zan-
zibar People's Republic, that the sta-
tion be moved by the end of April.
Negotiations are underway to re-
locate the station in the same general
area, probably elsewhere in Africa.
Motor Case Exceeds Design
Thiokol Chemical Corp.'s design
approach to the 156-in.-dia. filament-
wound segmented solid rocket case
passed a major milestone when a sub-
scale case hydroburst at 490 psi be-
yond design limits. The segmented
case was roughly the size of the
Minuteman second stage and was
fabricated and tested by B. F. Good-
rich. Failure occurred at the center
joint at a total pressure of 1,980 psig
or an equivalent hoop stress of 372,-
000 psi. Thiokol's Rocket Operations
in Utah designed the metal shim-
glass layer joint, which acts like a
fully filament-wound connection. All
design concepts of the full-scale 156-
in. case were incorporated in the 44-
in. x 8-ft. test case, and the large
chamber winding will start sometime
in July. The 156-in. program is part
of the Air Force glass case project
funded and directed by the Air Force
Manufacturing Technology Div. of
the Research and Technology Div.
One for the lab
and
One for the road
Here are two of the most de-
manded recorder/reproducers
in industrial or military use
today. Reason: CEC's six-foot
VR-2800 laboratory recorder
(left) and compact VR-3300
portable recorder (right) share
some unique advantages. They
both provide outstanding
performance. They both
incorporate interchangeable
electronics.
Whatever your instrumenta-
tion needs, consider these
advanced features of the
VR-2800 and VR-3300:
• Complete 7 or 14 channel re-
cord/reproduce systems.
• Six speeds, from 1% to 60 ips.
• 100 cps to 200 kc; 0-20 kc with
wideband FM techniques.
• Direct, FMandPDM electronics.
• Records data at V2 the speed
required for conventional
recorders.
• Uniform tape tension at all
recording speeds.
• All components immediately
accessible from the front.
• Solid-state electronics through-
out.
For more facts about these ex-
ceptional recorders, call or write
CEC for Bulletins 2800V-X4
and 3300 V-X 4.
CEC
Data Recorders Division
CONSOLIDATED ELECTRODYNAMICS
A SUBSIDIARY OF BELL & HOWEll/PASAOENA, CALIF. 91109
INTERNATIONAL SUBSIDIARIES: WOKING, SURREY, ENGLAND
AND FRANKFURT/ MAIN. GERMANY
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
Circle No. 5 on Subscriber Service Card
11
GEMINI/special report
Gemini Gets Off to Good Start
Odds improve for manned flight this year; spacecraft for
second, manned flight due for delivery by end of quarter
Cape Kennedy— An almost com-
pletely successful first flight of the
Gemini spacecraft sharply increases the
chances for a manned U.S. spaceflight
before the end of this year.
GT-1, placed in Earth orbit on April
8, proved the structural integrity of the
Titan II launch vehicle and its 7,000-Ib.
Gemini payload.
There was also no indication of
the "Pogo" vibration problem which
plagued earlier Titan II development
flights and which threatened to delay
the Gemini program.
A NASA spokesman said the agency
was pleased with the Titan II perform-
Special Report on Gemini
THIS REPORT on the first
launch in the Gemini program was
compiled under the direction of
NASA Editor Hal Taylor. In ad-
dition to the launch story on these
pages, it includes (beginning on
page 22) articles on the Gemini
program schedule, experiments,
launch vehicle and launch com-
plex, and spacecraft developments.
McDonnell
launcli vehicle
'S Gemini Spacecraft No. 1 is shown being mated to Martin Titan II
at Cape Kennedy. Second craft is now being tested at St. Louis.
ance, adding that "it was well within
the limits for manned space flight."
Space agency officials can now turn
their attention to full systems testing
during the ballistic flight of GT-2 in
August or September.
• Fighting chance — The spacecraft
for the second flight is now at McDon-
nell Aircraft Corp., prime Gemini con-
tractor, for final checkout and testing.
It is slated for delivery to Cape Ken-
nedy near the end of this quarter, i
12
missiles and rockets, April 13, ) 964
If GT-2 successfully meets its launch
date and no technical problems develop,
the space agency will have about four
months to prepare for the manned
flight.
While this is a very tight schedule,
NASA officials have a fighting chance
to meet it.
GT-1 was hailed as a "story book"
flight by Gen. Ben I. Funk, commander
of the Air Force Space Systems Divi-
sion, which was responsible for devel-
opment of the Titan II launch vehicle.
• One-second slip — There were no
holds for either technical or weather
reasons during the long countdown.
Lift-off came at 11:00:01 EST, only
one second later than planned.
The Titan II reached a top velocity
of 25,786 miles per hour, about 21 ft.
per second faster than planned. As a
result, the Gemini spacecraft and the
second stage of the Titan II were placed
in an orbit with a perigee of 99.6 mi.
and an apogee of 204 mi.
This was slightly higher than the
planned orbit of 100-mi. perigee and
185-mi. apogee, but space agency offi-
cials said it was well within the accept-
able tolerances for the flight.
No indication was given as to the
cause of the higher velocity pending
review of telemetry data from the
flight.
Orbital period for GT-1 was 89.27
minutes; expected lifetime was 3Vi days,
plus or minus one day. Telemetry from
the spacecraft stopped after the first
orbit because the batteries were pro-
grammed to provide power for only an
hour and a half.
There was no attempt to recover the
spacecraft during the GT-1 flight. The
Gemini-Titan II combination had a
height of 108 ft., with the launch vehicle
89 ft. long and the Gemini spacecraft
and adapter 19 ft. high.
Its total weight was approximately
300,000 lbs. The spacecraft accounted
for about 7,000 lbs. and the Titan II
for about 293,000 lbs.
• Steps (o come — Gemini has been
called the "bridge" between Project
Mercury, the first U.S. manned space
flight series, and Project Apollo, this
nation's manned lunar-landing program.
The spacecraft is designed to orbit
two astronauts for periods up to two
weeks, serving as a test bed for systems
and subsystems which may be used on
the Apollo spacecraft, as well as pro-
viding a means for the accomplishment
of Earth-orbital rendezvous.
The program calls for a total of 12
flights, including two unmanned mis-
sions and six rendezvous missions.
GT-2 will be a ballistic flight in
which the spacecraft will reach a top
altitude of 87 nautical miles and will
impact some 1,S50 miles down-range.
The flight, lasting about 19 minutes, is
designed to qualify the spacecraft sub-
systems. Another major objective will be
the demonstration of the spacecraft's
re-entry heat protection. It also will pro-
vide a training exercise for recovery
methods and forces prior to the GT-3,
the first manned flight.
GT-3 will be a relatively simple
three-orbit mission. Planned orbital pa-
rameters are a perigee of S7 miles and
an apogee of 161 miles.
• Crewing up — Space agency offi-
cials told a press conference shortly
after the GT-1 flight that the two-man
astronaut team for the first flight will
be selected in a few weeks.
The team could be selected from
the group of astronauts who played im-
portant roles in GT-1. They include the
capsule communicator, Tom Stafford,
and Frank Boiman, who served as the
Malfunction Detection System (MDS)
console monitor.
Four of the original astronauts —
Virgil "Gus" Grissom, Walter Schirra.
Donald K. Slayton and Alan Shepard —
were inside the mission control center.
Other astronauts were briefed on the
tlight by Neal Armstrong, one of their
number.
• Tracking — GT-1 was tracked suc-
cessfully by six network stations partici-
pating in the flight. The stations are lo-
cated at Cape Kennedy: Bermuda; Au-
stralia; Point Arguello. Calif.; White
Sands, N.M.; and Eglin Air Force Base,
Fla. For the later manned flights in the
program, all of the 1 8 tracking stations
in the network will be used, including
two tracking ships. ■
(Special Report continues on page 22).
"BRAINS" of Gemini-Titan II launch vehicle shown being assembled at Martin-
Baltimore. Second-stage package includes radio guidance. Malfunction Detection
System (MDS) units, batteries for power during orbit and flight control system.
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
13
House subcommittee told . . .
Titan III Buy Must Be Decided
To Avoid Cost Hike, Reliability Drop
by James Trainor
DEFENSE OFFICIALS must de-
cide by the third quarter of this year
the number of Titan III Standardized
Space Launch Vehicles to be produced
if they are to avoid increased unit costs
and a reduction in system reliability.
If a production go-ahead is not re-
ceived then, Robert B. Demoret, pro-
gram manager for Titan HI applications
and growth told a Congressional sub-
committee, "many talented personnel
will be lost and production line equip-
ment may be moved or modified."
Equally critical, Demoret stressed,
were the long leadtimes involved in pro-
curement of components, fabrication of
vehicle tanks, final assembly of the
boosters and the time required for test
and checkout of each flight article.
Unit production costs reportedly are
being based on the procurement of a
minimum of 25 full Titan III-C vehi-
cles. The development flight program
consists of 17 vehicles — five core Titan
III- A configurations and 12 Titan III-C
versions. First flight of the modified
Titan II core will take place late this
year with the first full Titan III-C launch
scheduled for late 1965 or early 1966.
Core vehicle launches will take place
from a converted Titan I stand (P-20)
at Cape Kennedy.
• Payload space available — As part
of the flight test program, Titan III-C
vehicles are scheduled to be launched
into low Earth orbits with large pay-
loads, including simulated space sta-
tions. These payloads could weigh as
much as 25,000 lbs.
Demoret also made a strong pres-
entation of the Titan III-C potential for
fulfilling NASA missions. Noting that
the Defense Department flight-test pro-
gram requires the launch of several
Titan III-C vehicles to the vicinity of
the Moon to proof-test the system, he
pointed out that "these flights could
well be used to launch live Surveyor
payloads to the Moon. This would save
considerable money for the Surveyor
program, since the total cost of the
boosters would be borne by the 624A
Program" (AF Designation for Titan
III).
Titan III-C could put 5,000 lbs. into
an escape trajectory. Surveyor weight
is 2,150 lbs. The spacecraft is sched-
uled to be launched in 1965 by an
Atlas-Centaur. NASA officials are not
too receptive to the suggestion that
they use the Titan III. They feel that
they have all the capability they need
for Titan Ill-type missions in Centaur
and Saturn IB.
The flight-test program also calls for
several test satellites to be injected into
synchronous equatorial orbits. "It is
expected," Demoret said, "that one or
more active communications satellites
will be used during these tests to take
advantage of the free ride." Payload
capability of Titan III-C to 24-hour
orbit is 2,100 lbs.
Final tests of the Titan III opera-
tional capability will consist of launching
two full vehicles from the same pad
in less than two weeks to prove out
the turn-around capability of the Inte-
grate-Transfer-Launch system. Tests of
the quick-reaction, long-hold ability of
the military space booster will also be
conducted.
In his presentation to the House
Manned Space Flight subcommittee at
the Martin-Denver plant, Demoret
argued the case for consideration of the
Titan III for NASA's Voyager mission.
"Although Titan III is incapable of
meeting the full 6,000 to 7,000 lb. pay-
load desired for the Voyager mission,
it could meet desired instrumentation
requirements with two flights instead of
one. The low cost of the Titan III makes
such considerations practical," he
added.
• Growth potential — In the most
lucid presentation to date of the Titan
III growth potential, Demoret listed
several areas in which payload per-
formance could be improved to meet
military requirements:
— An increased number of segments
in the strap-on 120-in. solid motors in
Stage O;
— A new high-energy transtage;
— An increased diameter for the
core vehicle;
— Use of thixotropic propellants in
the core vehicle;
— Substitution of 156-in. solids for
the 120-in. motors.
The present Titan III uses two five-
segment solid motors. By increasing this
number to six or seven segments, the
low Earth orbit capability of the launch
vehicle would be boosted by about 30%
— from approximately 25,000 lbs. in a]
lOO-n.-mi. orbit to 32,500 lbs. The es-
cape payload would be increased from
5,000 lbs. to 7,000— about 40% .
Approximately the same increase in
low-orbit performance can be achieved
by substituting a high-energy transtage.
Improvement in escape payload capabil-
ity would be more than 100%. DOD
has requested $2.5 million in FY '65
"to define the design criteria and per-
formance parameters for a new high-
energy upper stage." In addition, about
$7.5 million will be spent on advanced
liquid engine development. The most
promising approaches involve combina-
tions of liquid fluorine and liquid hydro-
gen or liquid fluorine and hydrazine.
By increasing the diameter of the
core vehicle from 10 to 13 ft., struc-
tural strength would be added to the
overall vehicle, and with greater pro-
pellant loading, the low-orbit capability
could be increased by 40% to approx-
imately 35,000 lbs.
• Advantages of thixotropics —
Thixotropic propellants — jellied sub-
stances with metallic particles (in this
case aluminum) suspended in them —
greatly increase the propellant density
and specific impulse of liquid engines.
By making the Titan III oxidizer (nitro-
gen tetroxide) thixotropic, the low orbit
performance of Titan III would again
be increased approximately 40% .
Finally, by substituting 156-in. solid
motors in the zero stage and tailoring
the manner in which the thrust changes
during burn, the Titan III low-orbit
capability would be increased 70% and
the escape payload by 100%. Con-
trolled burning would minimize the
changes required of the core vehicle,
Demoret noted. Modification of the ITL
complex would be required to handle
the larger diameter strap-on motors.
Combinations of these improve-
ments would lead to even greater Titan
III capabilities. ■
14
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
Webb letter precipitates it . . .
House Space Committee
Slates Ranger Probe
THE HOUSE SPACE COMMIT-
TEE will launch a full-scale investiga-
tion into the Ranger program and the
relationship between Jet Propulsion
Laboratory and the National Aeronau-
tics and Space Administration.
The action was triggered by a letter
written to the chairmen of the House
and Senate space committees by NASA
Administrator James E. Webb pointing
up a number of criticisms of JPL's
handling of the Ranger 6 spacecraft.
Webb told the space committees that
"detailed analyses of the Ranger 6 flight
and the associated procedures and tests
indicate there were a number of de-
ficiencies in design, in construction and
in the testing of this spacecraft."
House Space Committee Chairman
George P. Miller (D-Calif.) told Mis-
siles and Rockets last week that he
has asked Rep. Olin Teague (D-Tex.),
chairman of the NASA Oversight Sub-
committee, to fully investigate the mat-
ter. Teague further indicated that Rep.
Joseph Karth (D-Minn.) would head
the Oversight Subcommittee in conduct-
ing the probe. Karth's space sciences
and applications subcommittee has reg-
ularly handled the Ranger program.
• Karth's approach — Karth told
M/R the investigation would attempt
to find out the reasons for the critical
NASA report and to establish where
the responsibility for the Ranger 6 fail-
ure lies. The report will be the second
delving into JPL's handling of the
Ranger program. The first, the Kelley
report, is classified.
The group will compare the two re-
ports to see if the areas of criticism are
similiar. Karth pointed out that "some
lessons should have been learned and
necessary changes made" after the Kel-
ley report.
The space committee heads all em-
phasized, however, that they would not
start criticizing before they get clarifi-
cation.
Karth indicated that the probe will
look closely at the NASA management
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
by Heather M. David
team responsible for the Ranger proj-
ect. "We must make sure that all the
people who have responsibility share in
it in both good and bad," he said.
The Minnesota Congressman said
that it is very unlikely that any recom-
mendation to shift the Ranger program
to another group would result, since
there are only three spacecraft remain-
ing in the program and they are too
far advanced in development to make
a switch.
The testing phase will probably re-
ceive the most attention. It was specifi-
cally mentioned in Mr. Webb's letter
and reportedly figures significantly in
the Kelley report as being an area need-
ing considerable improvement. Karth
said this was "one area where we under-
stood significant changes would take
place, and if what we read is accurate,
they have not."
• Motivation a problem — NASA
Oversight Subcommittee Chairman
Teague indicated he was interested in
seeking out constructive changes that
could be made to improve JPL's per-
formance. He said that in general, he
favored action that would "strengthen
existing ties, and those which would im-
prove JPL performance."
Teague told reporters that the pro-
gram might be suffering from a "mu-
tual lack of appreciation" between
NASA and JPL. He emphasized that
NASA needs JPL to accomplish its
work.
Chairman Miller told M/R that the
issue "points up more than ever the ne-
cessity for more and deeper research
in the field of electronics, and for the
center that has been proposed." Miller
said that JPL "should be congratulated
on the fact that it could hit the Moon in
the area planned" and commended JPL
work on the Mariner fly-by program.
• The letter — Webb's letter to the
space committees outlined the findings
of the special board directed by Earl
D. Hilburn, deputy associate NASA ad-
ministrator for industry affairs, which
reviewed the Ranger 6 mission failure.
Although the report will remain
classified because of technical details
relating to vehicles and systems that in-
volve the military, these findings were
disclosed:
— "The most likely but not conclu-
sively proven explanation for the failure
was an unscheduled turn-on of the tele-
vision equipment for 67 seconds, simul-
taneously with the unscheduled turn-on
of channel 8 telemetry at the time of
booster engine jettison approximately
two minutes after launch. . . . Earlier
tests indicated that if the TV had been
turned on during this time . . . arcing
and corona discharge would almost cer-
tainly have destroyed both television
channels." Webb said, however, that
there is some doubt as to the veracity
of this explanation.
— "The two video systems were
more complex than required and were
not completely redundant. They in-
cluded a number of common compo-
nents in which a single failure would
lead to the disablement of both tele-
vision systems.
— "The possibilities of failure were
increased as a result of practices em-
ployed in the design and construction
of the spacecraft. Vulnerability to haz-
ards— such as short circuits resulting
from foreign particles contacting ex-
posed terminals, a large number of
critical control circuits which were
routed through the umbilical, unvented
and unsealed electronic boxes — was not
held to the lowest levels within the pres-
ent state-of-the-art.
— "During testing, the ground test
equipment was linked to the spacecraft
by a multiplicity of wires, and thus the
tests did not simulate true spaceflight
conditions where the only tie between
the spacecraft and its ground control
systems is through radio communica-
tions. It appears possible that these test
equipment connections may have ob-
scured potentially dangerous situations
which could have enhanced accidental
triggering of critical control circuits.
— "The directional antenna required
for transmitting pictures from both TV
channels was not system-tested with the
high-powered TV transmitters.
— "Because of reluctance to risk
possible damage to the space vehicle,
pre-launch systems verification was not
complete. . . . Operation of the entire
TV subsystem had not been verified
within 12 days of the launch."
Webb said that NASA was finish-
ing detailed plans for modifications to
eliminate circuits and components held
"most likely" to have caused the Ranger
6 failure and others potentially vulner-
able or least reliable. He said RA-7
would have a rigorous testing program,
resulting in a launch readiness in late
June, although no specific date is set. ■
15
Supplemental in jeopardy .
Prospects for NASA FY '65
Fund Restoration Brighten in Senate
SPACE AGENCY hopes for resto-
ration of some funds cut from the Fiscal
Year 1965 budget request look prom-
ising, but it now appears that the Na-
tional Aeronautics and Space Adminis-
tration will receive only about half of
its $141 million FY '64 supplemental
request.
The Senate Aeronautical and Space
Sciences committee is expected to finish
marking up the FY '65 authorization
bill this week, and in the process should
restore funds in several areas deleted by
the House Science and Astronautics
Committee (M/R, Mar. 16, p. 12).
The minimal size of the initial cut
($110 million) and the probability that
the Senate will restore perhaps half this
amount, has apparently hurt chances for
the agency to receive the full supple-
mental bill request. "It is generally un-
derstood that a good part of the funds
they were asking for in the supplemental
are provided in the full bill, and that if
they got this, they wouldn't need the
supplemental," one Congressman said.
• Senate action — In considering
NASA's budget, Space Committee
Chairman Clinton P. Anderson (D-
N.M.) said the committee has been very
concerned about the NASA propellant
program. Sen. Richard B. Russell (D-
Ga.) has again been pressing the agency
on its plans for the 260- and 156-in.
solid-motor programs in the belief that
a "hiatus" has set in.
Chemical propulsion has also been
a concern, Anderson said. The Senate
Space Committee is therefore expected
to uphold the House actions in adding
$1 million for solid and $3 million for
advanced liquid propellant research.
• Space Sciences — Anderson indi-
cated he regarded some aspects of the
unmanned space probes in the lunar and
planetary group as essential, and that
he hoped that some of these funds
would be restored.
The House cut the Orbiting Solar
Observatory program by $2.5 million,
the Orbiting Geophysical Observatory
by $6.5 million, and the Orbiting Astro-
nomical Observatory by $7 million. Sur-
veyor, which was cut $12 million by the
House, was described by Anderson as
an "extremely effective" program.
NASA has told the committee that
it will accept a $5 million cut in the
Lunar Orbiter program on the basis that
procurement could begin with FY 1 966
funds.
• The logjam — While the Space
committee will move along on marking
up the bill, Anderson said that it would
probably be June before the bill can be
brought to the Senate floor because of
the Civil Rights debate.
The House Independent Appropria-
tions subcommittee has already heard
NASA witnesses on the FY '65 ap-
propriations bill, and will start marking
up its bill shortly. Staff sources said the
subcommittee hopes to get the bill ready
by the middle of May.
The House, however, cannot vote
on the appropriations bill until the Sen-
ate has voted on the authorization and
a conference has been held between
House and Senate committee members
to determine the final amount.
The House Independent Offices sub-
committee also has indicated that it
will consider the supplemental bill at
the same time it considers the appropri-
ations for the next year. The delay
brought about by the Civil Rights issue
may also contribute to the demise of
the supplemental, since the fiscal year
may have ended before action can be
taken.
In previous years, supplemental re-
quests were handled by a special Defi-
ciencies subcommittee. This year, how-
ever, this subcommittee was abolished
by House Appropriations Committee
Chairman Clarence Cannon (D-Mo.)
resulting in a situation in which all sup-
plementals are delayed until considera-
tion of the next fiscal year funds. ■
Aerojet Developing 'Universal' Liquid Engine
A SECOND-GENERATION "Universal"-type liquid booster engine is well into com-
ponent development at Aerojet-General under Air Force funding from the Rocket Pro-
pulsion Labs at Edwards AFB, Calif. The high-pressure engine concept involves a staged
combustion cycle which eliminates venting of exhaust products used in the pumping
cycles. With chamber pressures in the 2,000 to 4,000 psia regions, the components have
been tested on existing Aerojet facilities at the firm's Liquid Rocket Plant, Sacramento,
Calif. Building-block approach allows tailoring to any number of specific mission con-
cepts. Current designs are based on existing storable propellants, but both cryogenics and
advanced slorables can be used. Various altitude-compensating nozzles have been studied,
but primary emphasis has been on forced-deflection configurations such as the one shown.
In this configuration, altitude compensation is achieved by air passing between the com-
bustors into the center portion. Leading contributor to the new engine is Dr. Rudi Beichel,
manager of the Research and Technology Div. at the Liquid Rocket Plant. Best guess
at the time for a complete prototype-configuration test-fir"mg is about four years from
now — assuming that current funding is maintained. Program funding was not disclosed,
but it probably is consuming a major share of the $6.5 million allocated by the Air Force
to liquid rocket technology in Fiscal Year 1965 (M/R, March 30, p. 131).
16
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
THE PRACTICAL MEN AND THE ROCKET ENGINE Today's giant rocket engines have existed for
ages. But only in imagination, for tangible construction awaited a new breed: the practical engineers of aerospace.
These are men who never stop their search. Through thousandfold testing, their engines grow ever simpler, more
reliable. And knowledge is born. How to improve components— or eliminate. How to group engines for compound
power— then match that power with a single new engine. And then, at what would be the final step, they begin
again. Testing. Simplifying. Perfecting. Then seeking beyond perfection.
In this constant quest, the men of NAA's Rocketdyne Division are playing a leading role. Their engines have
launched most of America's satellites and space vehicles, and will power man's journey to the moon.
Throughout the aerospace industry, men like these— men of a practical bent— are constantly at work in every
scientific field. Their mission: creating operational systems from purest theory.
These are the practical men— transmuters of ideas to reality in the Age of Space.
North American Aviation is at work in the fields of the future through these divisions: Science Center,
Atomics International, Autonetics, Columbus, Los Angeles, Rocketdyne, Space & Information Systems.
Now-telemetry data with a British accent
from an international satellite with an assist by Westinghouse
Westinghouse helped build the NASA-
coordinated international satellite, Ariel II.
It houses three experiments devised by
British scientists.
The first will record remote galactic noise
from above the ionosphere in thefrequency
range of 0.75 to 3.0 mc for radio wave
analysis.
The second experiment will measure
ozone distribution in the upper atomos-
phere, which meteorologists believe affects
the heat balance of the earth.
By measuring the size and flow of micro-
meteoroids, the third experiment will aid
metallurgists in eliminating erosion of
spacecraft hulls.
Westinghouse Defense & Space Center
helped build the satellite and integrated
all subsystems, complete with solar power
systems and coding equipment, under the
direction of NASA's Goddard Space Flight
Center. Ariel II was launched into orbi
from Wallops Island, Virginia, successfull
beginning its year-long mission in space
e
it
You can be sure if it's Westinghouse
W
Circle No. 14 on Subscriber Service Card'
Technical Countdown
ELECTRONICS
Magnetic Field Affords New Radio Path
Tests with high-powered radar have shown that the
Earth's magnetic field can provide a stronger VHF com-
munications channel than meteor trails. When a condition
of specularity with the plane of the magnetic field is ob-
tained, two stations can communicate by using the field as
a mirror. That is, the angle of incidence of the radiation to
the plane of the field must equal the angle of reflection.
Studies of this mode of propagation have been carried out
by Smyth Research Associates, San Diego, Calif., who have
prepared sets of graphs and tables that show conditions for
specularity at various points around the Earth. The work
was carried out under contract with the Air Force Rome
Air Development Center.
Avco Closing MHD-Reactor Gap
A new "hot-electron" magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)
generator developed by the Avco-Everett Research Lab has
been operated at a gas temperature of 2,900°F and is seen
as a significant step toward closing the gap in operating
temperature requirements between nuclear power sources
and MHD generators. MHD generators have generally re-
quired far higher operating temperatures than those avail-
able from nuclear reactors. The new generator, which uses
a technique of non-equilibrium ionization to produce the
"hot electrons" from a gas of comparatively low temperature,
is believed to be the first operated at under 3,000°F. New
experimental reactors reportedly now can operate at up to
2,200°F. Thus, closing the gap further could lead to efficient
mating of the two techniques, still judged to be from 5 to 10
years away, for commercial, military and space power ap-
plications. Space use in a SNAP-50 type program would just
be marginal, says Avco scientists, reporting that the advan-
tages lie beyond this point into the megawatt range. Avco
continues to receive Air Force Ballistic Systems Div. support
for the project.
Low-Angle Position Fixing Studied
Feasibility of using radio signals from satellites close
to the horizon for position fixing has been studied by Smyth
Research Associates, San Diego, Calif. Under a recently
completed contract with the Air Force Rome Air Devel-
opment Center, SRA found that when a satellite is less than
1 degree above the horizon, random errors due to the at-
mosphere and ionosphere can be quite sizeable. Below 0.5°
the angle of arrival of the signal sometimes can not be
measured, because atmospheric ducting of the signal takes
place. During the tests, the angle of arrival of satellite sig-
nals was measured to within 0.1 milliradians (20 arc sec-
onds) by a sea-interferometer antenna at Point Buchon,
Calif. Doppler shift of the satellite signal and orbital com-
putations gave an independent means of fixing satellite
position.
Solar Wind Origin Modeled
A new theory that evaporation of the solar corona is
responsible in large measure for the origin of the solar
wind is being developed by Dr. Had K. Sen, a research
scientist in Space Physics at the Office of Aerospace Re-
search-Cambridge Research Labs. Sen evolved a simple
physical theory explaining how electrons and protons of the
solar winds escape the corona. The key feature is that elec-
trostatic forces balance the solar gravity at a critical alti-
tude in the corona. The result is effectively weightless protons.
Sen's formulations show the mass loss to be about 500,000
tons/ sec. and less than solar mass losses by radiation. The
critical altitude is set at four solar radii and Sen considers
only protons. Other simplifying assumptions include a spher-
ically symmetrical corona, steady state outward flow and no
effect on flow from coronal magnetic field and rotation.
PROPULSION
Thiokol Cites Propellant Breakthrough
The successful firing of a 1,000-lb. motor containing a
high-burning-rate, high-performance propellant and repre-
senting a multiple increase in size over any such previous
test firing is being termed a breakthrough by its developers,
Thiokol's Alpha Div. The predicted level and thrust time
trace was obtained in the January 23, 1964, test. The TX-
380 rocket motor used a Class II propellant and indicates
that the even higher burning rate solid formulations reached
in Huntsville lab tests can be incorporated in large motors.
MATERIALS
APT Seminars Scheduled at IITRI
A series of seminars in Automatically Programmed Tools
(APT) and numerical control technology will be held at the
Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute in Chi-
cago starting on May 21, 1964. The program will be di-
rected toward manufacturing and engineering executives,
production supervisors and technical staff members, N/C
part programmers and college instructors. The first seminar
will cover symbolic control technology. Other seminars will
follow during the rest of the year.
Solar Pressure Attitude Control Studied
The feasibility of controlling satellites through solar pres-
sure is being investigated by scientists at the aerospace divi-
sion of the Westinghouse Defense and Space Center. Work-
ing under funds from NASA's Langley Research Center,
the Westinghouse researchers are studying the effect of
using special coating materials of varying sensitivity to solar
pressure. Satellite solar exposure could be handled through
the effects of the Earth's magnetic field on a signal-actuated
magnetic coil.
Linde Using Largest Hydrogen Trailers
Liquid hydrogen deliveries to NASA prime contractors
in the western states are receiving the cryogenic liquid in
13,200-gallon semi-trailers built by Union Carbide's Linde
Division. The trucks route the hydrogen from Linde's 60-ton-
per-day plant in Sacramento, Calif. The semi-trailers are
1,000 gallons larger than any comparable over-the-road
equipment. The Linde patented insulation limits normal
evaporation loss to less than 0.4% of capacity per day.
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
21
GEMINI/special report
Six Rendezvous Missions on Schedule
Total of 12 flights planned for project, but it may well become
continuous; first two-week manned mission slated for late '65
THE SPACE AGENCY plans to
fly six different rendezvous missions in a
Project Gemini launch schedule ex-
pected to extend at least into 1967.
The rendezvous missions, which call
for the mating of the spacecraft with the
Agena D upper stage, are all designed to
simulate the docking requirements of
Project Apollo.
The flights now are slated to end in
1 966, but a tight launch schedule calling
for four flights in 1965 and five in 1966
is almost certain to slide into 1967.
Rendezvous techniques that will be
practiced include combined automatic
and manual control, a completely op-
tical approach, an automatic rendezvous
completely controlled by the on-board
computer and ground tracking stations,
direct ascent simulating the Apollo
lunar mission, emergency rendezvous
procedures for Apollo astronauts in case
of an abort after launch from the lunar
surface, and post-docking maneuvers.
At the same time, NASA officials
expect that new requirements develop-
ing in the next two years will extend the
useful lifetime of the two-man space-
craft into the end of this decade.
This would be in addition to the
planned use of Gemini as a supply ve-
hicle for the Air Force's Manned Orbit-
ing Laboratory (MOD program in
1968-69.
Dr. Robert C. Gilruth, director of
the Manned Spacecraft Center, said
recently that the space agency has no
plans now to continue Gemini beyond
the current 12-fiight program. He
pointed out, however, that when the
X-15 rocket program began nobody
foresaw that it would make 100 flights.
"It is entirely possible that Gemini will
be continuous," Gilruth said.
• Tentative program — While offi-
cials have not yet nailed down the order
of the rendezvous and long-duration
missions, preliminary plans have been
formulated.
The flight program, which began
with launch of the GT-I spacecraft into
orbit last week, will continue in mid-year
with the ballistic flight of GT-2. Plans
call for GT-2 to reach a maximum alti-
tude of 87 n.mi. The flight will last
about 19 minutes and will have a range
of approximately 1,850 mi. The flight
will have on board all equipment which
will be required for manned missions,
and will place particular emphasis on
qualifying the heat protection and re-
covery systems. The spacecraft will be
DOCKING trainer in which astronauts
spacecraft with Agena was recently deli]
picked up by U.S. Navy recovery forces.
GT-3, the first manned flight, is
scheduled for late this year or early in
1965. The three-orbit mission, with an
87-mi. perigee and a 161-mi. apogee,
will involve the first controlled re-entry
test.
Operational missions will get under
way in 1965 with GT-4, which is sched-
uled to last four days. The spacecraft
will be inserted into an initial orbit of
161-mi. apogee and 87-mi. perigee.
Later the orbit will be circularized at
161 nautical miles, which is required for
long-duration missions.
Primary purpose of the flight —
scheduled for late in the first quarter
of 1965 — is to investigate the effects of
prolonged periods of spaceflight on the
astronaut. It may also involve prelimi-
nary phases of extravehicular activity,
such as cabin depressurization and open-
ing the hatch.
GT-5 will have the same initial
orbit, which also will be increased later
into the circular 161-mi. path around
the Earth. The flight will last seven days,
continuing the progressive buildup to
a full two-week
manned flight. Ex-
travehicular activi-
ties will continue
and the first ren-
dezvous evaluation
test will be made
with a pod ejected
from the Gemini
spacecraft.
The first actual
Gemini rendezvous
mission will be
made with GT-6,
slated for the third
quarter of next
year. Its primary
objective will be to
prove that rendez-
vous can be accom-
plished.
• Two-step
launch — The
Agena D will be launched by the Atlas
booster. Following launch vehicle burn-
out, the Agena will fire and power itself
into orbit.
The Agena can wait in orbit for the
rendezvous maneuvers for about five
days, but it is planned to launch Gemini
in about 24 hours. The launch window
for Gemini, in order to get it in close
proximity to the Agena, lasts for several
minutes every 24 hours, but it can be
extended up to four hours by adjusting
the Agena's orbit.
According to the determination of
the window, the Gemini vehicle will be
launched. Launch-timing and mid-
course corrections will be such that the
can practice joining
ered by McDonnell.
22
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
manned spacecraft will be placed in
close proximity to the Agena with the
Gemini vehicle in an 87-161 mi. orbit.
The astronauts will control the vehicle
in an approach made in accordance with
instructions from ground tracking sta-
tions and into a terminal docking posi-
tion with the Agena.
As the Gemini closes to within 250
mi. of the orbiting Agena, the manned
spacecraft will be guided toward its tar-
get by the astronaut, using the on-board
radar and computer systems and con-
trolling the spacecraft maneuvers man-
ually.
Adjustments for the orbital path can
be made, in the case of Agena, from
either the ground control stations or
the spacecraft. Similar adjustments will
be made for the spacecraft manually —
either from the on-board radar informa-
tion or from ground tracking — in order
to successfully complete the rendezvous.
After using the radar system aboard
the Gemini to close within about 20 mi.,
the astronauts should be able to see the
high-intensity, flashing light aboard the
Agena for optical tracking.
• Docking — The two vehicles, mov-
ing through space at some 18,000 mph,
will have a difference in speed of one
to two miles per hour. Final docking
procedures will be accomplished by ac-
tivating the propulsion units aboard the
manned craft for the contact. The space-
craft will use small thrusters of 25 and
100 lbs. of thrust with hypergolic pro-
pellants — not the hydrogen peroxide
employed for Mercury spacecraft. In-
struments mounted on the Agena dock-
ing adapter will permit the astronauts to
observe the "health" and safety of
Agena — fuel pressures, quantities — be-
fore making contact.
The astronauts will be able to see
the Agena straight ahead of the Gemini
through the flat glass of the windows in
their hatches. An index bar of the space-
craft will engage the "V" notch or slot
in the docking collar on the end of the
Agena. The collar area will be fitted with
both solid and buffer areas. Upon con-
tact with the cone of the Gemini craft —
if the match has not started perfectly —
both craft will turn slightly and con-
form. If the Agena is bumped away, the
astronauts will merely set up for an-
other attempt. Pulse jets will give the
Gemini a small "kick" at a time.
During the latching part of the
docking phase, when clamps inside the
Agena collar grab the Gemini nose cone
and pull it into a latched position — the
electrical wires will be connected auto-
matically. Facilities aboard the Gemini
spacecraft will enable the pilot to start
the Agena propulsion system.
Since the Gemini will nose into the
collar end of the Agena, the Agena
thrust will be provided from the opposite
end; this will cause the astronauts to be
propelled backward when using Agena
power for maneuvering. The "eyeball
out" forces will be less than 2 g's and are
not considered a problem.
• Later missions — GT-7 will be the
first attempt at a two-week-long manned
flight. Again the spacecraft will move
into the 161-mi. circular orbit. The
mission is scheduled for the last quarter
of 1965, but slippage into 1966 is pos-
sible.
Rendezvous missions will resume
with GT-8, in early 1966. During this
flight, the astronauts will attempt for the
first time to achieve the docking man-
euver with the Agena D without the aid
of automatic equipment such as the
radar. Approach and hook-up will be
under complete optical control of the
astronauts.
GT-9 will feature the directly oppo-
site approach — a completely automatic
rendezvous using radar computer mode.
This consists of the interrogator, which
is the rendezvous radar in the space-
craft, and a beacon, the transponder
located in the Agena target vehicle.
Tracking data consisting of range,
range rate, elevation and azimuth is
provided to the computer. Resultant
commands to the propulsion system
bring the spacecraft in close proximity
to the Agena. Final docking will be mon-
itored optically by the astronauts.
GT-10 will mark the first rendez-
vous missions directly applicable to
Project Apollo. The flight will utilize
the direct ascent mode, in which the
Gemini will mate with the Agena
shortly after the spacecraft is inserted
into orbit. This mode will be used by
the astronauts in the Lunar Excursion
Module to dock with the Apollo space-
craft's Command and Service Modules,
which will be orbiting the Moon.
The next rendezvous test will be
flown on GT-11. This will practice the
LEM abort procedures, including the
emergency procedures to be used if
trouble crops up and the LEM fails to
hook up with the orbiting Command
and Service Modules during the first
attempt.
The Gemini spacecraft and the
Agena D will be placed in widely dif-
ferent orbits. Both propulsion systems
will be used to bring them into orbits
close enough to achieve the rendezvous.
The last rendezvous test will practice
post-docking maneuvers in which the
Gemini will disengage from the Agena
and then attempt to hook up with it
again. ■
23
MAJOR GEMINI PROGRAM CONTRACTORS
Guidance
Propulsion
Prime
Guidance
Propulsion
Prime
Guidance
Propulsion
COMPANY
Martin Marietta Co.
AC Spark Plug
Aerojet-General
TITAN II
ATLAS
General Dynamics/Astronautics
Burroughs Corp.
General Electric Co.
Rocketdyne
AGENA
Lockheed Aircraft Corp.
Minneapolis-Honeywell
Bell Acrosystems
GEMINI SPACECRAFT
I Aircraft Corp.
LOCATION
Denver, Colo.
Flint, Mich.
Sacramento, Calif.
Paoli, Pa.
Syracuse, N. V*.
Canoga Park, Calif.
Sunnyvale, Calif.
Minneapolis, Mir
Buffalo, N.Y.
St. Louis, Mo.
MAJOR SPACECRAFT SUBCONTRACTORS
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Reaction control and OAMS
Battery, fuel cell
Fuel cell — reactants supply
Landing systems, parachute
Data transmission
Magnetic tape
Rendezvous radar and transponder and indicator
Attitude control and maneuver electronics, rate-
gyro-package
Horizon sensor
Attitude display
Inertia! measuring unit, guidance platform, part of
guidance system
Digital computer and guidance system integration
(includes manual data insertion unit, part of
guidance system, including velocity indicator)
Environmental control system
UHF voice t/r
UF voice t/r
Voice control center
Digital command system
Retrograde rocket
Ejection seat
COMPANY
Rocketdyne
General Electric Co.
AiResearch Manufacturing Co.
Northrop /Ventura
Electro-Mechanical Research
RCA
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
Minneapolis-Honeywell
Advanced Technology
Lear, Inc.
Honeywell Regulator
IBM
AiResearch Manufacturing Co.
Collins Radio Co.
Motorola, Inc.
Thiokol Chemical
Weber Aircraft
LOCATION
Van Nuys, Calif.
West Lynn, Mass.
Los Angeles
Newbury Park, Calif.
Sarasota, Fla.
Camden, N. J.
Baltimore
Minneapolis
Boston
Mountain View, Calif.
Grand Rapids, Mich.
St. Petersburg, Fla.
Oswego, N.Y.
Los Angeles
Cedar Rapids, la.
Scottsdale, Ariz.
Elkton, Md.
Burbank, Calif.
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
GEMINI/special report
Military Adaptability Has Early Priority
Defense Department proposed 10 of 17 experiments scheduled
for first three manned flights; GT-2 fo probe re-entry blackout
FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS on the
early Gemini missions are primarily
designed to answer the militarily im-
portant question of how well an astro-
naut can observe and photograph orbit-
ing as well as ground-based objects.
Of the 17 experiments to be flown
on the first three manned Gemini mis-
sions, 10 have been proposed by the
Dept. of Defense.
The early experimental program also
includes a NASA attempt, scheduled for
the second unmanned flight this summer,
to solve the problem of radio communi-
cations blackout during re-entry.
Space agency experiments on the
manned flights will probe such areas as
visual acuity, Earth field measurements
and airglow horizon, Zodiacal light,
synoptics terrain and synoptic weather
photography. An additional 17 experi-
ments are being considered for flights
in 1966 or later.
All of the experiments were pro-
posed by either DOD, private institu-
tions or the NASA Panel on Inflight
Scientific Experiments (POISE).
• Fighting blackout — Scientific as-
pects of the program will begin on
GT-2, with investigation of a potentially
useful technique for creating radio win-
dows in the high-temperature plasma
surrounding spacecraft during re-entry
into the atmosphere
The experiment was initiated by
NASA's Langley Research Center,
which proposes to break through the
ionized sheath enveloping the spacecraft
during re-entry and "blacking out" com-
munications by spraying water into the
slip-stream to neutralize the charged
particles. The test, in a 70-lb. self-con-
tained unit, will be stowed in one of
the aft landing skid wells. Approxi-
mately 30 lbs. of water under pressure
will be squirted from two nozzles for
about 10 seconds.
On GT-3, a study will be conducted
to determine whether there is any re-
lationship between the effects of weight-
lessness and radiation on human cells.
There also will be an evaluation of the
effects of weightlessness on the growth
of sea urchin eggs.
The two experiments are called
"Synergistic Effect of Radiation and
Zero G on White Blood Cells," (POISE
74) and "Effects of Sub-gravity on
Cellular Phenomena," (POISE 80).
The military tests will begin with the
second and third manned flights, GT-4
and GT-5. Details of the DOD and
NASA experiments to be flown on those
flights follow:
• Visual Definition of Objects in
Space, DOD 1. This experiment will
study the astronaut's ability to photo-
graph a "selected object" while com-
pensating for its relative motion using
spacecraft attitude control. An "off-the-
shelf" camera will be used with an opti-
cal system "superior" to that used on
Mercury flights. A special adapter may
have to be designed to mate the optics
with the camera housing. Equipment
weighs 25 lbs.
• Visual Definition of Terrestrial
Features, DOD 8. An extension of DOD
1 to include Earth objects. This experi-
ment "will provide a comparison of
what the man says he can see and what
the camera actually verifies."
• Radiation Measurements. A dual
study by Manned Spacecraft Center
(MSC) and DOD 11 is designed to
provide basic data through measure-
ments of dose rates in trapped radiation
at orbital altitudes, and resultant dosage
on biological substitutes for man.
A proton-electron spectrometer will
be mounted in the spacecraft to measure
proton flux in the lower Van Allen belt,
and electron flux in an artificial belt re-
maining from high-altitude nuclear de-
vices exploded in 1962. Both belts dip
into Gemini's orbital path over the
South America-South Atlantic region.
Proton data may verify or modify theo-
ries on the formation and behavior of
the lower Van Allen belt. Electron data,
added to Mercury flight measurements,
may verify predictions on decay of the
artificial belt.
Radiation dosage at several points
within the spacecraft will be measured,
using tissue-equivalent ionization cham-
bers and scintillation counters. Dosage
exposure points simulate surface of the
skin and two millimeters below it. Each
counter consists of a tissue-equivalent
scintillating plastic detector coupled with
a photomultiplier tube and a "memory
unit." Equipment for this experiment
weighs a total of about 25 lbs.
• Synoptic Weather Photography,
POISE 43, is a continuation of cloud
photography performed during Mercury
24
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
flights for the U.S. Weather Bureau. The
astronaut probably will use the 70-mm
Hasselblad camera with an 80-mm
lens to "selectively" take color photo-
graphs of cloud formations. The
Weather Bureau is particularly inter-
ested in tracking cloud systems during
subsequent orbits to show their develop-
ment over a period of time. The cam-
era and film will be stowed in the cabin.
• Synoptic Terrain Photography,
POISE 92, is an experiment proposed
by the Goddard Space Flight Center to
obtain high-quality, small-scale photo-
graphs of select areas and features along
the orbital path for enhancing geology,
geography, geophysics and oceanog-
raphy. The astronaut will probably use
the same equipment as in POISE 43
cloud photography.
• Electrostatic Charge Measure-
ments, an experiment initiated by MSC,
proposes that if an electrostatic ootential
exists on the surface of the spacecraft,
it should be investigated before rendez-
vous flights are attempted. A high poten-
tial built up rapidly through frequent use
of thrusters in an environment where
"leak off' may be relatively slow could
arc on approach of another vehicle. A
dynamic electrometer, weighing about
5 lbs., will measure the charge.
• Radiometric Measurements, DOD
4, and Radiometric Observation of Ob-
jects in Space, DOD 9, will be handled
as one experiment. The Air Force study
is designed to provide basic data on
radiant energy from space, specifically
"sky background" in the ultraviolet,
visible and infrared range. The intensity
of radiation emanating from "objects"
in space will be measured as a function
of wavelength and compared with sky
background measurements. The astro-
naut will make calibrations and scaling
adjustments. Special equipment weigh-
ing 160 lbs. will be mounted in the
adapter, where it will be rotated out-
ward from the sides of the equipment
section after the spacecraft is in orbit.
• Astronaut Visibility, DOD N-l,
submitted by the U.S. Navy, and Visual
Acuity, POISE 41, submitted by S. Q.
Duntley of the Scripps Institute, will be
combined into one experiment. It ex-
plores the astronaut's ability to discrimi-
nate ground objects by naked eye from
orbiting altitudes. The astronaut will
perform tasks in flight which will be
compared with carefully controlled lab-
oratory tasks performed before launch
and after recovery. The experiment in-
tends to "ascertain how visual capabili-
ties may vary during flight." Optical
properties of the target and the atmos-
pheric effects on those properties will be
carefully monitored to make the astro-
naut's visual acuity the only variable to
be measured.
Two instruments will be used: a
photometer to measure light scatter in
the spacecraft window, and a standard
vision tester resembling "a pair of bulky,
thick snow goggles." The tester has ad-
justment knobs, similar to vision devices
optometrists use to fit lenses. It will be
used to determine how small an object
can be recognized and at what distance.
Equipment weighs 1 lb.
POISE experiments 43 and 92 will
be repeated on GT-5 with a special
70-mm general-purpose camera de-
signed by MSC. This same camera will
be used also for the following POISE
experiments:
• Cloud-top Altitude Spectrograph,
POISE 42. The instrument will supply
basic data on a new technique to be
used by the National Weather Satellite
Center of the U.S. Weather Bureau for
determining the altitudes of high cirrus
and low stratus formations from weather
satellites. Oxygen absorption at a wave-
length of 7,600 Angstroms will indicate
path length of reflected light from cloud
tops. By orienting the spacecraft, the
astronaut will make vertically aligned
spectograms using a small, hand-held
spectograph with diffusion grating.
The spectograph is essentially a
camera-back fitted with an optical sys-
tem which disperses the solar radiation
sufficiently to record the 7,550-7,750-
Angstroms spectral region with a reso-
lution of 20 Angstroms per millimeter
on Kodak high-speed infrared film. Sev-
eral spectrograms will be made of the
Sun to determine absorption properties
of the spacecraft window. The device
weighs about 3.8 lbs.
• Visual Definition of Objects in
Proximity in Space, DOD 2, will em-
ploy the same camera and optical system
as in DOD 1 and 8. The astronaut's
ability to control and maneuver the
spacecraft around a nearby "object""
(Rendezvous Evaluation Pod) in space
will be studied from the photographs he
takes of it. The Air Force is studying
the operational techniques which may
be required for the "logistics, rescue
and/ or maintenance" missions support-
ing its Manned Orbital Laboratory
(MOL).
GEMINI PROGRAM FUNDING
(In millions of dollars)
FY 1962 54.8
FY 1963 2881
FY 1964 383.8
FY 1965
Spacecraft 168.9
Titan II 66.9
Allai 19.5
Agena 24.9
Gemini Support 28.2 308.4
COST TO COMPLETE AFTER FY '65 1 85.2
TOTAL 1,220.3
The REP is designed to check out
the operation of the rendezvous radar
system aboard the spacecraft before the
first Agena flight. It may be used also
for DOD 1 experiment on GT-4. The
pod carries an L-band radar transponder
and two xenon, high-intensity flashing
lights, duplicating the equipment aboard
the Agena. It is stowed in the equipment
section of the adapter from which it is
ejected to one side and to the rear of the
spacecraft, placing it into a lower-energy
elliptical orbit with an out-of-plane com-
ponent. Orbital forces will move the
pod down, underneath and ahead of the
spacecraft. The REP weighs 70 lbs.
• Airglow Horizon Photograph)',
POISE 49, and Zodiacal Light Photog-
raphy, POISE 12, investigate two dim-
light phenomena which are best ob-
served outside the Earth's atmosphere.
Data an "airglow" will provide further
information on the solar-energy conver-
sion processes occurring in the upper
atmosphere. Photographs of the Zodi-
acal light will help scientists to deter-
mine the light's exact origin, geometric
distribution, and its usefulness in study-
ing solar radiation and flare activity.
"Airglow" appears as a faint band
of light several degrees above the Earth's
horizon. Present theories hold that it is
caused by the excitation of air mole-
cules and atoms by extra-terrestrial en-
ergy, presumably the Sun. It consists of
a weak continuum in the visible spec-
trum and has three distinct colors —
yellow from the sodium D lines and
green and red lines, the latter two being
attributed to "forbidden" transitions in
the energy states of atomic oxygen.
Time exposures on color film will be
made using an MSC 70-mm general-
purpose camera.
The nature of Zodiacal light is be-
lieved to be sunlight reflected from free
electrons and large dust particles in the
ecliptic plane, distributed outward from
the Sun in interplanetary space, or in
geocentric orbits about Earth. The astro-
naut will make a series of time exposures
in the ecliptic plane shortly after sunset
or before sunrise, holding the spacecraft
relatively stable in attitude to capture
the faint pyramid of light. Originator
Dr. E. Ney, University of Minnesota,
is designing and building a special cam-
era to be used for Zodiacal light pho-
tography.
• Tri-axis Flux-gate Magnetometer.
An MSC study, the magnetometer will
be operated with the proton-electron
spectrometer used in GT-4 radiation
measurements. It will trace the strength
and direction of the Earth's magnetic
field lines along each of three mutually
perpendicular axes at spacecraft posi-
tion. These values, in turn, will facilitate
interpretation of radiation data collected
throughout the orbital flights. ■
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
25
GEMINI/special report
Titan II Carefully Groomed for New Role
Removal of weapons system restrictions enables gains
in reliability assurance; 'Pogo' vibrations now within limits
DIAGRAM OF assembled launch vehicle
and spacecraft. Equipment bay contents
include malfunction detection system, bat-
teries, radio guidance system and autopilot.
A SERIES OF modifications and an
intensive reliability assurance program
highlighted the manufacturing, testing
and pre-Iaunch activity on the Titan II-
Gemini launch vehicle.
Already a highly reliable weapons
system, the Titan II vehicle went
through an extremely rigid re-examina-
tion in its conversion to a man-rated
system by its fabricator, the Martin Co.,
and the GT-1 launch is still only a part
of this approach.
The prime system changes include
redundant electrical power and flight
control systems, a malfunction detec-
tion complex designed to warn the astro-
nauts of launch vehicle failures requir-
ing an abort and the incorporation of
the radio guidance system used so suc-
cessfully on the Mercury program.
The elimination of the weapons sys-
tem aspects posed basic mission differ-
ences for the vehicle, and Martin de-
signers were quick to take advantage of
them. For instance, the GLV is not pro-
grammed for long storage in the fueled
condition. Elimination of this and other
such criteria — no matter how minor —
were exploited in raising the reliability
assurance factor as much as possible.
Retro-rockets and vernier rockets
were eliminated due to the more posi-
tive control and guidance systems in-
corporated throughout boosted flight.
There was also a simplification of tra-
jectory tracking requirements neces-
sary for range safety because of the
new Missile Tracking Measurement
(MISTRAM) system.
The Titan II "Pogo," or longitudinal
vibration, problem, which made head-
lines several months ago has been com-
pletely solved with respect to the GLV
— and supplied some basic approaches
to the answers to the problem with all
liquid rocket boosters. The oscillation
amplitude is now below the 0.25-g
limit imposed by NASA because of the
deleterious effect high forces in this
mode have on astronaut ability.
Modifications in this area include
the installation of an oxidizer standpipe
and a fuel surge chamber or piston ac-
cumulator.
• Powerplants — The first- and sec-
ond-stage propulsion systems generate
430,000 and 100,000 lbs. respectively.
Both stages use Aerozine-50 and N2O1
as propellants. Thrust vector control is
through engine gimballing. All are Aero-
jet-General engines — two in the first
stage and the single second-stage.
The propellants are hypergolic, with
engine starts achieved through solid-
charge hot gas initiation. The turbo-
pumps then operate on a bootstrap basis
utilizing pump-discharged propellants.
Thrust chamber cooling is handled
by circulating fuel in the chamber walls'.
A dry-jacket start eliminates pre-filling
the combustion chambers. A portion of
the hot gases generated in the starting
sequence is used to pressurize the first-
stage fuel tank. Hot gas flow is re-
strained until the bootstrap sequence is
in operation. Propellants are injected in
a manner that provides film cooling on
the walls of the combustion chamber in
addition to the regenerative method.
• Launch facilities — The Gemini
launch area at Cape Kennedy — Com-
plex 19 — has a unique launch vehicle
erector design. The erector moves the
launch- vehicle first stage into the launch
position from the horizontal and also
houses nine hydraulically operated work
platforms cradled around the complete
booster.
The 138-ft.-high structure is topped
by a complete white room, which is
environmentally controlled and used to
service the upper stage and the space-
craft.
The 140-ton erector is lowered to
the horizontal position about 30 min-
utes prior to the actual launch. The
26
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
LAUNCH COMPLEX 19
PERSONNEL DECONTAMINATION BLDG
READY BLDG-
TRONAUT RECOVERY AREA
BLOCKHOUSE
•SECOND STAGE ERECTOR (LOWERED)
-LAUNCH VEHICLE ERECTOR
WHITE ROOM
CABLEWAY-
- AIR CONDITIONING SHED
N
-UMBILICAL TOWER
-SPACECRAFT CRANE
-PROPELLANT DISTRIBUTION SHELTER
-OXIDIZER TRANSFER LINES
OXIDIZER DISPOSAL UNIT-
FUEL FARM-
FUEL TRANSFER LINES
. SKIMMING BASIN
• FUEL VAPOR DISPOSAL UNIT
I
entire structure can be deluged with
water while in the erect position in
case of fire.
The white room is maintained at
72°F and 50% RH and houses four
distinct levels. This area alone weighs
25 tons. A five-ton bridge crane is con-
tained within its confines.
A second-stage erector, located next
to the large erector, is used only for
preliminary checkout or static firings
of the upper stage. The 102-ft. um-
bilical tower feeds signals, power, pro-
pellants, nitrogen gas, air condition-
ing and communications to the entire
launch vehicle-spacecraft combination
until the moment of launch.
Fuel is pumped into both stages
simultaneously, and then the oxidizer
is loaded. The operations are sequential.
Both ingredients are pumped from
nearby tank farms.
The vapor disposal complex uses
electrically driven fans and a 100-ft.-
high vent stack to disperse vapors from
the vehicle tanks, fuel lines and fuel
farms.
The complex 19 blockhouse, lo-
cated 600 ft. west of the stand, con-
tains the master sequence console on
the lower of its two floors. This unit
performs a host of checkout and count-
down functions that occur too rapidly
for manual procedures.
The sequencer has the ability to
stop the countdown if an improper or
out-of-tolerance response is noted in
any system. A large portion of the re-
maining area on the same floor is taken
up with 123 racks, cable terminal
boards, cable junction boxes, timing
units, switchboards, air compressors
and pumps and other equipment.
The second floor houses instrumen-
tation racks and consoles including all
aspects of telemetry, landline and re-
cording equipment. Major booster sub-
system control and monitoring occupy
one section and the remaining area is
devoted to spacecraft communication,
guidance, aero-medical, environmental
controls, maneuvering and the white
room TV monitors.
The flight monitoring and separate
viewing room for a limited number of
dignitaries is also part of the second
floor complex. ■
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
27
GEM INI /special report
Spacecraft s R&D Cost
Will Top $700 Million
instant
space
Chances are that at this moment, some-
where in the United States, a team of
engineers is creating instant space. In a
space simulation chamber, they are dupli-
cating the incredible cold, vacuum, solar
heat and radiation of the spacial environ-
ment. ■ In the chamber, a man-made
space vehicle is making a simulated trip
through the environment. It is being sub-
jected to the spacial phenomena prior to a
launch, not only to determine its capabili-
ties, but to answer questions regarding
future spaceflights. ■ To achieve the ultra
low temperatures required, an extensive
cryogenic array is necessary. Because of
its experience in space-age cryogenics,
dating back to the first space simulation
programs, CryoVac has furnished the
cryogenic systems in most of the space
simulators in existence today. Cryo-Vac's
experience includes systems engineering
studies, research and development and
the actual design, fabrication and erection
on countless space simulation programs.
This experience is at your disposal — why
not take advantage of it? ■ Inquiries from
qualified scientists and engineers regard-
ing employment opportunities are invited.
COLUMBUS 12. OHIO
Circle No. 6 on Subscriber Service Cord
28
SPACE AGENCY officials estimate
that the total research and development
cost of the Gemini spacecraft will reach
over $700 million.
Spacecraft R&D represents well over
50% of the estimated total cost of $1.2
billion for the 12-flight program.
Through Fiscal Year 1965, NASA
has earmarked $656 million for the
spacecraft. With $187 million set as
the funding needed in FY '66 to com-
plete the program, total price tag for
the two-man capsule will easily surpass
$700 million.
Most of the R&D funds will be spent
with McDonnell Aircraft Corp., prime
contractor for the spacecraft. The space
agency says officially that the contract
is worth about $458 million, but it
could be higher by the time the program
is completed.
Under the terms of the contract, the
firm is delivering twelve flight space-
craft. Spacecraft No. 1 was recently
launched from Cape Kennedy. Space-
craft 2, 3 and 3a are in final stages of
assembly and equipment installation at
the firm's plant in St. Louis. Three other
spacecraft are now on the assembly line.
In addition to the flight craft, Mc-
Donnell is also supplying 10 non-flying
spacecraft, a complete flight quality
spacecraft for simulated space missions
in an environmental chamber, an elec-
trical systems test unit for integrated
testing of engineering models of elec-
trical and electronic equipment, a com-
patibility test unit, two mission simula-
tors, a docking trainer, three system
trainers, nine docking adapters for the
Agena target vehicle and specialized
aerospace ground equipment.
All of the non-flying equipment is
scheduled to be delivered by the middle
of this year.
• Contrast with Mercury — R&D
funding for the Gemini spacecraft is
almost twice the total $384-million cost
of this country's first manned space-
flight series, Project Mercury.
Gemini, however, is a far more com-
plex and sophisticated space vehicle
than the relatively simple Mercury craft.
It also provides a two-week orbital ca-
pability and the opportunity to practice
rendezvous missions prior to the U.S.
manned landing on the Moon.
The Gemini provides 50% more
volume than Mercury and at 7,000 lbs.
weighs about twice as much. Gemini
GEMINI ADAPTER section moves toward space chamber at McDonnell for test of
radiator's ability to reject waste heat from spacecraft.
will be about IV2 ft. in diameter at the
base, as compared to Mercury's 6-ft.
base diameter. The spacecraft and
adapter section have a height of 18% ft.
One of the major engineering changes
is the inclusion of a space between the
outside of the pressurized crew com-
partment and the external surface of
the craft. The area houses instrument
packages, electronics gear and landing
gear. This construction also serves ef-
fectively against micrometeorite damage.
Only the systems directly connected
with the crew are housed inside the
crew compartment — within the pressur-
ized area. These include the environ-
mental control system, ejection seats,
food and waste equipment, microphones,
speakers, the three main instrument pan-
els and guidance control.
Use of the modularized approach
will cut checkout time for each space-
craft to four months, compared to seven
months for Mercury.
Another innovation for the Gemini
spacecraft is an airborne, manual-feed
electronic digital computer weighing
57.6 lbs. and requiring only about one
cubic foot of space. Designed as a gen-
eral-purpose, binary and serial machine
with a fixed-point arithmetic operation,
this computer — under contract by Inter-
national Business Machines Corp. — is
one of the major subsystems for Gemini
rendezvous and docking missions. It
serves as the key system for the complex
inertial guidance system. It operates like
an IBM 704 and is capable of taking
4,096 bits of programmed information.
• Adapter — The adapter section
houses the fuel cells, the main oxygen
supply, the maneuvering control sys-
tem and the retrorockets. The section
itself is 90 in. long, 90 in. in diameter
at the top (base of the spacecraft) and
120 in. in diameter at the lower end
(top of the launch vehicle).
Fuel cells are one of the new devel-
opments in the Gemini program; these
will provide the main source of elec-
tricity and part of the water supply dur-
ing orbital flight. The cells combine
oxygen and hydrogen to produce elec-
tricity and water.
Water from the fuel cells and per-
spiration collected during the flight will
comprise the water supply. Perspiration
will be condensed out of the air and
will be purified when passed through
charcoal for deflavoring of odor. Excess
water will be discharged into space via
a water boiler.
An array of silver-zinc batteries is
contained within the spacecraft to pro-
vide power (since the adapter section
will be jettisoned) for the re-entry, land-
ing and post-landing phases of the mis-
sion. These batteries also serve as an
emergency power source, for up to IV2
orbits, during the orbital phase. ■
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
Yes, in effect that's just what Kidde reaction control systems provide. As secondary
propulsion systems they steer space vehicles by making course corrections and veloc-
ity and attitude adjustments. ■ Specifically, Kidde's Aerospace Division has devel-
oped highly responsive and reliable systems for SYNCOM, ASSET and SATAR. What's
more, Kidde designed and is supplying highly successful reaction control equipment
for SCOUT and LITTLE JOE II. ■ Kidde can call upon a broad range of capabilities in
the development of advanced aerospace systems. Among them are:
monopropellant and bipropellant technology . . . integrated cryogen-
ics .. . hot and cold gas valving . . . mechanical and electromechani-
cal actuation. In addition, Kidde offers a broad line of sophisticated
and proven aerospace products, a few of which are shown below.
■ For further information call or write Aerospace Division, Walter
Kidde & Company, Inc., 420 Main Street, Belleville, N. J.
of capabilities in
K
Kidde
lb*. Control
valves and
Ballscrew
assemblies for
thrust motors y-rt -'-Vt- sg"''* ~: operation under
from 2 to / ** extreme environ-
600 lb. mental conditions,
Circle No. 7 on Subscriber Service Card
31
missile propulsion
Future Tactical Missiles
May Draw on Bullpup Technology
Thiokol beginning second generation liquid engine effort in
APPLE program; seeking simplicity with high performance
by John Judge
Bristol, Pa. — Pre-packaged liquid
engines will be a strong contender for
the propulsion element of future tactical
weapon systems.
Using the design, manufacturing and
reliability ability acquired in the Bullpup
series of packaged liquid engines, the
Reaction Motors Division of Thiokol
Chemical Corp. is developing second
generation concepts with improved per-
formance characteristics in a bid for
the propulsion sections of the next fam-
ily of tactical rockets.
An in-house project dubbed APPLE
(Advanced Propulsion Packaged Liquid
Engine) — started in October, 1963, at
RMD — is geared to the establishment
of a broad technological base applicable
to any next-generation tactical missile.
The main objectives cover advanced
interhalogens and hydrazine fuels, total
impulse over 200,000 lb. -sec, firing
durations greater than 200 seconds, mul-
tiple restart during sustainer operation
and command termination on both boost
and sustainer phase.
In addition there are targets of con-
tinuous sustainer throttling (5-10:1),
thrust vector control, greater than five-
year storage over a —75° to 175°F
temperature range, variable demand
pressurization and an operational re-
gime covering —65° to 200°F.
There are also high-speed aircraft
external-carry considerations involving
thermal cycling and the ever-present
demand of low RF attenuation.
All of these advanced objectives are
to be met without sacrificing the essen-
tial simplicity of current pre-packaged
liquid hardware.
• Applesauce — In outlining these
objectives, Arthur Sherman, RMD Di-
rector of Preliminary Design compared
the current and. potential ability of the
packaged liquids with both hybrids and
solids — with the observation that hy-
32
brids lag technically and solids cannot
meet some of the thermal cycling stand-
ards.
Applied work is being done in en-
gine scale-up. RMD has formulated
design and production layouts for en-
gines up to 24 in. dia. The LR62 is 18
in. across and the LR58 is about a foot
in diameter.
Sherman pointed out that the inter-
halogen oxidizers and mixed hydra-
zine fuels do not represent a specific
composition but rather a family of pro-
pellants — and most are practically off-
the-shelf items. Some of the oxidizers
include chlorine trifluoride, bromine
pentafluoride and other fluoride com-
pounds.
The design expert cautioned against
the storable/packageable difference. All
pre-packaged propellants are storables
but not all storables lend themselves to
pre-packaging without compromising
simplicity or cost.
In developing hardware, Thiokol
hews to simplicity. Incorporating boost
sustain thrust levels, command termi-
nation during both phases, long-duration
sustainer operation, positive expulsion
and TVC is relatively easy if one can
add lines, valves and components to an
engine. But to maintain the simplicity at
or near the Bullpup level of a single
moving part poses a much more com-
plex problem.
• Factory-loaded — Pre-packaged en-
gine concepts reached design phases al-
most 12 years ago at Thiokol. The first
complete unit, the LR-44, proved the
feasibility of the approach and resulted
in the Bullpup propulsion family.
The Bullpup A missile uses the
RMD LR58 engine and the larger Bull-
pup B is powered by the lS-in.-dia
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
$2055
BUY 1
(4247)
$1590
BUY 2
(12,421)
$1410
ADD ON
(1133)
BUY 3
(12,547)
10,000 20,000
NUMBER OF ENGINES
30,000
TOTAL EFFECT of 'ihhtc engineering approach in the LR-5S engine program.
missiles and rbekets, April 13, 1964
RMD LR62. The Bullpup is an opera-
tional air-to-surface radio-guided mis-
sile designed to allow combat pilots time
to evade enemy fire while destroying
tactical ground installations or moving
targets.
Both propulsion elements have only
one moving part— a piston-like affair
jthat travels a fraction of an inch to
shear off small cups allowing the fuel
J and oxidizer to enter and mix in the
combustion chamber.
The design uses inhibited red fum-
i jing nitric acid as the oxidizer and a
mixture of amines as the fuel. Both are
stored in an aluminum tank shell.
A small double-base solid propellant
n charge acts as the pressurizing medium.
A simple combination injector and ini-
5 jtiating mechanism is used. The Martin
Co. is the airframe prime on the missile,
|i but sections are actually field-mated by
iboth military customers — the Air Force
and the Navy.
All engines are loaded with both
propellants at the Thiokol factory. The
i loading ports are then welded shut and
the engine is good for five years or more
. storage, with handling characteristics
similar to solid rockets.
• Safety demonstrated — Innumer-
able drop tests and other handling
standards have been met by both the
L.R58 and the LR62 without incident.
In spite of the factory loading aspect,
there has never been a fatal accident or
injury in the history of the system —
either at the fabrication plant or in the
field.
With respect to volume, 1,200 early
development and production models of
all types have been produced. The total
number of LR5S's produced just passed
the 25,000 mark.
The Reaction Motors Div. current
output is 1,130 LR58 units a month.
Deliveries of the first production units
of the LR62 began in December, 1963,
and ran at the rate of 300 per month to
the total buy of 915. A second buy
covering 5,500 LR62 engines is an-
ticipated, with production rates of 670
a month over 1 2 months.
Harold Davies, RMD Director of
Survey and Reliability says a true statis-
tical picture of engine reliability is avail-
able on the LR58. On a 90% confidence
level and based on a total of 1,420 fir-
ings, the reliability figure is 0.9972 — a
level Davies claims is substantially the
same as that for the best solid motors
to go operational.
There were only two failures out of
the 1,420 firings. One was a vibration
level too high during testing and the
other consisted of an igniter misfire. The
latter missile was safely returned to
ground and successfully fired in a later
test.
• Cost cutting stressed — Throughout
the production phases of the pre-pack-
260-in. Case Shapes Up . . .
THIOKOL CHEMICAL'S 260-in. half-length motor case is well into the tooling phases
at Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., Newport News, Va. The test cylinder
used to establish welding parameters appears at upper left. The dome layout and gore
scribing tool is assembled at upper right and the lower photo is one of the collapsible-
section inner supports for the maraging steel chamber. Sections of the support ring fold
away to allow passage of the welding equipment around the huge cylinders.
aged liquid engines, Thiokol has pur-
sued an intensive cost-reduction pro-
gram (M/R Oct. 22, 1962, p. 32.) One
example of the detail involved and the
savings is the reduction in the cost of
the Rokide ceramic coatings in the en-
gines.
In the first buy period of the LR58
unit, the ceramic operation ran to
$184.54 per engine. By the time of the
current and third procurement period,
this figure had been chiseled down to
$44.24. Thiokol spokesmen admit this
is an outstanding case but the total of
all savings in material and processing
wrung the cost per engine from $2,055
down to $1,410 in the LR58 program.
There are strong indications that
the LR62 pattern will be similar even
though it starts at a figure lower than
the LR58 on a comparative basis.
Dr. E. H. Seymour, RMD general
manager, says the Bullpup engine is now
price-competitive with comparable sol-
ids. In addition, the production line was
so set up that there are several indus-
tries in the eastern New Jersey area
with proven capabilities in producing
engine components.
This was developed by Thiokol un-
der the initial Navy contracts and does
permit an immediate high-volume re-
sponse for the engines if the two mili-
tary services require the weapons in
large numbers.
The Army is showing interest in
some of the advanced packaged work
at Thiokol since the systems can be
surface-launched with ease from either
ships or land. There is even some in-
dication of future concepts involving
on-board TV for visual targeting. ■
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
33
AVAILABLE — NOW
New Edition
50% Revised
'6,000 KEY
Mfrs • U s P6nt <Nas'a" 4-°°0 C/)«
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This fourth edition of the WORLD SPACE DIRECTORY lists over 16,000 key industry
personnel in approximately 4,000 U. S. and foreign missile/space and defense-
oriented companies, organizations and government agencies. Over 50% of the
listings have been revised and over 400 new companies added to reflect changes in
the industry since the last issue was published in October, 1963.
WORLD SPACE DIRECTORY will serve as your basic guide to locating companies
and personnel; checking titles, addresses and telephone numbers; and gathering
reference data for production planning in the multi-billion dollar missile/space
and defense markets.
Order your copy of the easy-to-use WORLD SPACE DIRECTORY today.
WORLD SPACE
DIRECTORY
1001 Vermont Ave., N.W.,
Washington, D. C. 20005
Please ship . . . .
. . ... copies at $12.50 United States, Possessions & Canada;
$13.50 All Other Countries.
NAME
TITLE
COMPANY
PRODUCTS SERVICES
ADDRESS
CITY
STATE ZIP
space medicine
ARC Studying Contaminant Removal
A STUDY TO IMPROVE design
of environmental control subsystems for
proposed military space stations is be-
ing conducted by Atlantic Research
Corp.
The Air Force has contracted with
the Alexandria, Va., company to find
the best means of removing trace con-
taminants from sealed cabins — a prob-
lem receiving increasing attention in
both Dept. of Defense and NASA re-
search circles.
Activated charcoal, used in Mercury
and planned for Gemini and Apollo, is
considered uneconomical for long-term
spaceflight, since the canisters become
"soaked" and are not reusable.
Dr. Richard H. Johns says his ARC
group will study about five materials for
use in catalytic burners, which would
allow the contaminants to be "burned"
and converted to carbon dioxide and wa-
ter. These products would then be fed
into the cabin water and oxygen recla-
mation systems.
Main areas of study will include pal-
ladium-coated asbestos, vanadium pent-
oxide and oxides of the transition metals
such as manganese, copper and iron.
Prime objective of this portion of
the work is to reduce the operating tem-
peratures to the lowest possible level
and to extend the lifetime. Hopcalite, a
material which has been used exten-
sively in submarine work and more
recently in space-station simulations at
General Electric and the Boeing Co., is
considered the state of the art which
ARC will seek to improve.
This trademarked material, pro-
duced by Mine Safety Appliances, burns
at 600°F. The system designed for the
Polaris submarine research uses about
100 lbs. of the catalyst for a crew of
90-95, and is usable for about six
months, project engineer Bart Barthole-
mew said. At least one of the catalysts
ARC plans to study — the palladium —
appear to be effective at a significantly
lower temperature.
Dr. John's group will begin by mak-
ing a complete study of Hopcalite and
its ability to convert methane. One of
the unique points about this study, he
says, is that it will provide data not
directly related to the size and shape of
the burner itself. This information will
provide baseline data on which to im-
prove, he said.
Methane was chosen by the re-
searchers as being the most difficult
contaminant to remove. They feel that
if a catalyst can be found which effec-
tively removes methane, it probably will
take care of the others as well. The Air
Force has given the company a model
space station atmosphere which also in-
cludes trace amounts of carbon monox-
ide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methyl
alcohol, hydrogen and freon. All of
these are considered likely contami-
nants.
• Microbes — The study will not
immediately include investigation of the
capability to handle viruses or other
potentially harmful microbes, although
ARC did design a "virus incinerator"
for the National Institutes of Health a
year ago.
At that time, according to Bartholo-
mew, it was generally concluded that
the control of microbes was a time-
temperature problem unaffected by cata-
lytic materials.
No hardware will be produced un-
der the current contract, although ARC
has proposed a second phase for devel-
opment of equipment. The nine-month
study was let by the Research and Tech-
nology Division of Air Force Systems
Command. ■
What's the shortest distance
between these 2 points?
Los Angeles
Cape Kennedy
•
• %
San Diego Houston
New Orleans Melbourne
National's direct line.
We call it our "Rocket Run." It's the only direct jet service between
the major space centers of the west and Melbourne (closest air-
port to Cape Kennedy.)
You jet between Los Angeles and Melbourne without changing planes.
National also serves the key space age cities along the east coast.
Is this any way to run an airline? You bet it is.
Jet National/
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
Circle No. 9 on Subscriber Service Card
35
This coupon may be your key to increased business
with NASA's Houston Manned Spacecraft Center.
Richard G. Hanson, Mgr. Commercial & Industrial Dept.
Del E. Webb Corporation
P. O. Box 52040, Houston, Texas 77052
Please send me detailed information on:
□ Leased office space for about people. □ Con-
struction of a building about this size:
□ Land purchase, about acres
We are investigating possible location at Clear Lake City of:
□ Sales □ Research or Engineering □ Administration
□ Small-part Fabrication □ Light Manufacturing □ Heavy
Manufacturing □ Other:
We might move as early as_
Also I would like to know about:
Name.
Company
Mailing Address.
City
.Title or Function.
.Division
Phone: AC.
.Zone or Zip.
_No
.State.
□ Please send information on residential offerings nearby.
Photograph taken March 1964
NASA/MSC MOVING SCHEDULE INTO CLEAR LAKE CITY FACILITIES
Feb. 20 — Apollo Program office, some elements
from Procurement and Public Affairs
Feb. 28 — Personnel Division, staff officers,
Technical Services
Mar. 6 — Dr. Gilruth and management teams,
astronauts, Gemini Program office,
additional technical and engineering groups
Mar. 11 — Flight Crew Support Division, other
departments
Mar. 16 — Engineering and Development Division
April — Additional electronics groups
Total occupancy by the end of April — 2200.
INFORMATION OF INTEREST
LIVING COST Lowest of 20 major American cities (USBLS survey). LABOR Houston nation's 6th largest city, over 1900 manufac-
turing firms with $500 million payroll, extensive pool all levels including highly skilled and technical. CLIMATE 60°-74° average
(46-64 winter, 75-91 summer). HOUSING Clear Lake City residential adjacent, many others nearby. ACADEMIC Rice University,
University of Houston, 7 other colleges. TRANSPORTATION Full-jet facilities 12 minutes away, 60 million cargo-tons through Port
and Ship Channel, new Bayport underway. TAXES No state or local personal or corporate income, overall state and county
S 1 .87/ $ 1 00 of 17.7% value assessment. RECREATION Year round outdoor, abundant hunting and fishing (salt and clear water),
boating, golf, tennis, swimming May to Sept.: National League Colt .45's. AFL Oilers. Domed Stadium '65, college and professional
sports, rodeos. ARTS Most continuous theatre groups outside New York City. Houston Symphony under Sir John Barbirolli, Grand
Opera Assoc., Museums of Natural Science, Fine Arts, Contemporary Arts. MEDICAL Texas Medical Center with 10 major hos-
pitals , 3 medical schools, 3 research institutes. ENERGY 2.78 million kw capability, large-volume gas priced 20 cents/MCF.
A project of Del E. Webb Corporation for Friendswood Development Company, owned by Humble Oil & Refining Company and Del E. Webb Corporation
Circle No 10 on Subscriber Service Card
The Industry Week
New Activities
Sigmatron, Inc., has been formed in Santa
Ana, Calif., to conduct physical and chemical
R & D in the area of vacuum deposition of thin
films of material. . . . The GPL Div. of General
Precision, Inc., Pleasantville, N.Y., has expanded
its closed-circuit television operations by estab-
lishing anew marketing group to handle Govern-
ment requirements. The new television customer
operation ivill be responsible for establishing and
maintaining liaison with new television needs of
Government agencies. . . . McCormick Selph
Assoc., Hollister, Calif., explosive ordnance manu-
facturer, has opened an Electronics Div. in San
Jose, Calif. The new division will be part of Mc-
Cormick Selph's Electro-explosives Department
and will give the firm the capability to perform
R&D and manufacture entire ordnance systems
for missiles, spacecraft and aircraft.
Mergers and Acquisitions
American Bosch Arma Corp. has bought what
it describes as "substantially all" outstanding
stock of Space Equipment Corp. of Torrance,
Calif. Purchase price was not disclosed. Space
Equipment manufactures electronics and plastic
products. It will be operated as a subsidiary of
ABA. . . . Maremont Corp.'s Rocket Power, Inc.,
Mesa, Calif., has acquired controlling interest in
Cal Val Research & Development Corp., Glendale,
Calif. Among Cal Vol's products are vibration
damping and shock absorption devices for control
rooms in missile silos. . . . Keuffel & Esser Co.'s
Optics and Metrology Div. has acquired Kargl
Instruments, Inc., San Antonio, Tex. Kargl will
function as the Kargl Instrument Plant of K&E
and continue producing photogrammetric instru-
ments. . . . Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Inc., Los
Angeles, has agreed to sell certain of the assets
of its Microwave Div., including its VHF coaxial
and tvaveguide switches, to Transco Products,
Inc., Venice, Calif. . . . Fansteel Metallurgical
Corp., Chicago, has acquired BMW Manufactur-
ing Co., Inc., Torrance, Calif., industrial metal
fabricator and machine tool manufacturer. BMW
is to be operated as a wholly owned subsidiary of
Fansteel. Move is effort to expand Fansteel's par-
ticipation in the missile/ space, nuclear and chemi-
cal markets. . . . Koster-Dana Corp.'s Liquidonics,
Inc., has acquired H. 0. Boehm, Inc., New York
City, designer and manufacturer of electro-me-
chanical components and assemblies. Boehm will
be operated as a subsidiary of Liquidonics and
will be moved to Liquidonics neio 35,000-sq.-ft.
plant at Westbury, N.Y.
New Facilities
The University of California at Berkeley has
broken ground for the construction of a central
building for its Space Sciences Laboratory. The
$1,990,000 project is sponsored by a NASA grant
and is expected to be completed by late 1965.
Facility will include a data processing center,
shielded rooms for special electromagnetic studies
and spectroscopic work. . . . General Precision,
Inc., has announced plans for a new Computation
Center in Pleasantville, N.Y. The Center will
perform tasks involving real-time, digital compu-
tation for the corporation's Link Group, and for
other groups in the company. Initial work will be
on simulation projects, including the Apollo-
mission simulator.
International
Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., Dallas, has reached
agreement with the Australian Government Air-
craft Factories to market in the U.S. the Jindivik
target drone. Jindivik is a near-sonic recoverable
target system designed for low-cost evaluation of
and training for guided missiles and other air
defense systems. . . . Nucleonic Products Co.,
Inc.'s Nucleonic Components and Devices Div.,
Los Angeles, has established a sales and distribu-
tion arrangement with the French firm Com-
pagnie Generate des Semiconducteurs to handle
its FM drift transistors in the U.S. NPC tvill
distribute the transistors through national repre-
sentatives.
Company Representatives
Industrial Electronic Engineers, Inc., North
Hollywood, Calif., has appointed E-Squared Rep-
resentatives, Huntsville, Ala., to handle its line of
display devices and accessories in Alabama, Geor-
gia, Mississippi and Louisiana. . . . National Con-
nector Corp., Minneapolis, has appointed the
Frank W. Taylor Co., Inc., Deivitt, Rochester and
Utica, N.Y. as sales representative for the state
of Neio York. NC makes a line of standard elec-
trical connectors for the computer, instrumenta-
tion, missile/ space and aircraft industries. . . .
Electron Products Div. of Marshall Industries
has named the G.S. Marshall Co., San Marino,
Calif., Southern California representative. Mar-
shall Industries manufactures a line of capacitors
in metallized paper, metallized Mylar, polycar-
bonate and polytyrene film in hermetically sealed,
wrap-and-fill and epoxy case configurations. . . .
Marquardt Corp., Van Nuys, Calif., has estab-
lished two field offices to serve the western U.S.
and the New York area. F. C. Morris will head the
western office in Van Nuys, Calif.; William F.
Hoy will manage the New York office, headquar-
tered in Huntington, Long Island. . . . Raymond
Engineering Laboratory, Inc., Middletown, Conn.,
manufacturer of electromechanical components
and subsystems for the missile/ space and aircraft
industries, has appointed sales representatives for
the southeastern and southwestern areas of the
U.S. Named were Gurley Assoc., Huntsville, Ala.,
and Aztec Enterprises, Englewood, Colo. . . .
Digital Sensors, Inc., Los Angeles, manufacturer
of cable assemblies and fabricators of welded-
connection flexible electrical connections, has
added three technical representatives to its sales
force. The new representatives are: Wally Shulan
Co., Clifton, N.J.; William Hicks Co., Roslyn,
N.Y.; V.J. Huntoon Assoc., Inc., Springfield,
Mass.; and the Don Medeiros Co., Mountainview,
Calif.
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
37
contracts and procurements
AWARDS
AIR FORCE
$24,600,000 — Culler-Hammer, Inc., Airborne Instruments Lab., Deer Park,
N.Y., for work on a classified project.
$ 1 2.200,000— General Dynamics Corp., Astronautics Div., San Diego,
Calif., for follow-on modification of Alias space boosters.
$11,300,000 — Avco Corp., Wilmington, Mass., for design, development and
testing of Minuteman ICBM Mark II-A re-entry vehicles.
$10,000,000 — The Boeing Co., Seattle, for R&D work on improved Minute-
man ICBM missiles.
$3,200,000 — Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., Santa Monica, Calif., for continued
production of launch vehicles.
$2,300,000 — Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., Santa Monica, Calif., for launch
vehicle engineering and space booster production.
$1,700,000 — Honeywell Regulator Corp., St. Petersburg, Fla., for accelerom-
eters for Polaris A3 missiles.
$1,500,000 — Yardney Electric Corp., New York, for high-energy missile and
aircraft batteries.
$1,500,000 — Aerojet-General Corp., Sacramento, Calif., for work on solid
propellant motors.
$1,400,000 — General Electric Co., Syracuse, N.Y., for supply and mainte-
nance of missile equipment.
$1,368,000 — Chicago Bridge & Iron Co., Chicago, for design and installation
of outer space simulation system at Rocket Propulsion Laboratory,
Edwards AFB, Calif.
$1,200,000— Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City, Calif., for work on MMRBM
program.
$244,500 — Hayes International Corp., Birmingham, Ala., for liquid oxygen
semi-trailers.
$50,344 — Electronic Communications, Inc., Research Div., Timonium, Md.,
for six-month extension of experimental investigations with phased-array
antennas.
$43,000 — Motorola Semiconductor Products, Inc., Phoenix, Ariz., for study
of deleterious surface effects on silicon transistors.
$38,515 — Hayes International Corp., Birmingham, Ala., for technical data.
International Telephone & Telegraph Corp., Nutley, N.J., for study of
cooling methods for overheated spacecraft (undisclosed amount).
Atlantic Research Corp., Alexandria, Va., for an investigation of catalytic
combustion processes applicable to design of catalytic burners for use
in destroying trace contaminants in manned orbiting space stations
(undisclosed amount).
ARMY
$9,600,000 — Olin IMathieson Chemical Corp., New York, for production of
various propellants.
$2,400,000— Thiokol Chemical Corp., Bristol, Pa., for production of an
altitude simulation system for use at White Sands Missile Range, N.M.
$1,600,000 — Ingraham Co., Bristol, Conn., for production of booster parts.
$1.472.870 — Farmer's Tool and Supply Corp., Denver, for production of
missile shipping containers.
$1,300,000 — Aerojet-General Corp., Sacramento, Calif., for research and
development on the Sprint missile.
$41,890 — Servonic Instruments, Inc., Costa Mesa, Calif., for a transducer
for use in the Hawk missile system.
Martin Co., Orlando (Fla.) Div., a modification providing for product
improvement of BIRDIE fire coordination systems (undisclosed amount).
NAVY
$1,700,000 — Goodyear Aerospace, Akron, Ohio, for continued research and
development on the Subroc weapon system.
$77,691 — International Electronic Research Corp., Burbank, Calif., for
development of FM/FM telemetry transmitting system.
$75,000 — Hughes Aircraft Co., Fullerton, Calif., for studies to improve radi-
ation simulation techniques.
$54,000— IBM Federal Systems Div., Oswego, N.Y., for research on digital
computer flight control systems.
$42,880 — Gulf Aerospace Corp., Houston, for a telemetering equipment
discriminator system.
$39,651 — Collins Radio Co., Cedar Rapids, la., for transceivers and an-
tenna couplers.
NASA
$5,500,000— IBM Federal Systems Div., Rockville, Md., for the integration
of systems of Saturn IB and Saturn V rocket instrument units.
$4,800,000 — Federal Mogul Bower Bearings, Inc., Arrowhead Products
Div., Los Alamitos, Calif., for modification to an existing contract for
provision of fuel and LOX ducting for Saturn V boosters.
$319,150 — AHis-Chalmers, Milwaukee, Wis., for electrical drive system for
launch phase simulator under construction at Goddard Space Flight
Center.
$312,000 — Advanced Scientific Instruments, Minneapolis, Minn., for two
AS1 210 digital computer systems.
$169,800 — Cubic Corp., San Diego, Calif., for distance measuring equip-
ment.
$153,600 — Hayes International Corp., Birmingham, Ala., for instrumentation
support services at Marshall Space Flight Center.
$130,000 — University of Colorado, Boulder, for solar ultraviolet radiation
studies by five physicists at the University Laboratory for Atmospheric
and Space Physics.
$94,261 — Monsanto Research Corp., Dayton, Ohio, for a survey of space
effects on chemical technology.
Westingbouse Defense and Space Center, Aerospace Div., Lima, Ohio,
for study of feasibility of using and controlling pressure exerted by solar
rays to control Earth-orbiting satellites (undisclosed amount).
INDUSTRY
$2,100,000 — Western Hotels Industry Services, Inc., Seattle, from The
Boeing Company, Seattle, for food service and housing management
and maintenance at U.S. Air Force Minuteman locations in Grand
Forks, N.D.
$1,611,138 — Trans-Sonics Inc., Burlington, Mass., from The Boeing Co.,
Seattle, for in-flight liquid level measuring systems for the Saturn SI-C
booster.
$1,215,000— Data Display, Inc., St. Paul, Minn., from General Electric Co.,
Apollo Support Dept., Daytona Beach Fla., for four display systems
for Apollo spacecraft.
$500,000 — Lear Siegler, Inc., Astro Structures Div., El Segundo, Calif., from
Curtiss- Wright Corp., Wood-Ridge, N.J., for production for first stage
Minuteman motor case sections.
$300,000— Information, Inc., Culver City, Calif., from IBM Federal Systems
Div., Rockville, Md., for programming services in support of the Real
Time Computer Center under development by IBM and NASA.
$148,000 — United Electrodynamics Inc., Pomona, Calif., from The Boeing
Co., Seattle, for voltage control oscillators and transmitters for use in
telemetry systems with ARPA's HIBEX program.
"Merits the careful attention of thoughtful
people in all walks of life."
LYNDON B. JOHNSON
SPACE LAW
AND
GOVERNMENT
by Andrew G. Haley
The first comprehensive work on the legal
and sociological aspects of space flight, as
much a pioneer in its field as The Voyage of
The Beagle. $15.00. Address orders to your
bookseller or:
APPLETON-CENTURY-CROFTS
440 Park Avenue South
New York 16, N.Y.
38
Circle No. 11 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
$72,000 — Products Research Co., Burbank, Calif., from The Boeing Co.,
Seattle, for potting and molding compound to be used in the Minuteman
missile program.
$72.000 — Waterfall Construction Co., Ogden, Utah, from the Marquardt
Corp., Van Nuys, Calif., for part of the construction of the Air Force-
Marquardt Jet Laboratory Hypersonic Propulsion Facility addition at
Little Mountain, Utah.
Mechanics Research, Inc., El Segundo, Calif., from Hughes Aircraft Co.,
Culver City, Calif., for engineering analysis and design studies in
connection with the TOW missile program.
REQUESTS FOR BIDS
GENERAL PROCUREMENTS
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Langley Research Center
Langley Station
Hampton, Va. 23365
Theoretical study of electron irradiation effects on capacitor-type micro-
meteroid detectors. NASA is negotiating with Research Triangle Institute,
Durham, N.C. RFP L-4352 not available. For information only.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Langley Research Center
Langley Center
Hampton, Va. 23365
R&D program for a combined carbon dioxide removal and reduction
system. NASA is negotiating with Hamilton Standard, Windsor Locks.
Conn. RFP L-4321 not available. For information only.
Headquarters
Ballistic Systems Division
Air Force Systems Command
Norton AFB, Calif.
Division contemplating procurement in FY '65 of technical and engi-
neering services on a sole source basis from TRW-Space Technology Lab-
oratories, One Space Park, Redondo Beach, Calif., in support of non-
development tasks associated with the Titan and Minuteman weapon system
progrms. No subcontracting contemplated. RFP's not available. For infor-
mation only.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Manned Spacecraft Center
General Research Procurement Office AC82
Houston, Tex. 77058
Accelerometers to be used on the Apollo Earth landing systems.
64-1 17B. Bids opening 5-5-64. IFB's available through 4-30-64.
Contracting Officer
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Langley Research Center
Langley Station
Hampton, Va. 23365
Simulator, digital signal, one each. IFB L-4430. Bid opening 4-28-64.
Request for IFB should be sent by 4-17-64 and will be furnished to the
extent available.
U.S. Army Missile Command
Redstone Arsenal, Ala. 35809
Installation of cooling fans to oscilloscopes, 71 each. Delivery required
6-30-64. Documentation adequate to support competitive procurement of
this item is not available and cannot be developed within the time necessary
to permit competitive procurement and meet the required schedule. Fair-
child-Dumont Laboratories, 750 Bloomfield Ave., Clifton, N.J., is presently
producing this item. These reasons proclude award to other than Fairchild-
Dumont.
Bureau of Naval Weapons
Washington, D.C. 20360
538 units of electronic assembly Mark II mod 0 for Shrike missile.
Bureau of Naval Weapons intends to solicit a proposal from International
Telephone and Telegraph Corp., Industrial Laboratories Div., Fort Wayne,
Ind. Note: Small business firms and others interested in subcontracting
should contact the above firm direct, referencing C/N 4342-64 BuWeps
Synopsis No. 648-64.
Contracting Officer
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Langley Research Center
Langley Station
Hampton, Va. 23365
Recorder, strip-chart, 12 each. IFB L-4467. Bid opening 4-23-64. Re-
quest for IFB should be sent by 4-17-64 and will be furnished to the extent
available.
General Electric has the
right tungsten for you
General Electric produces tungsten in sheet, plates,
billets, and pre-forms to fit almost every current ap-
proach to rocket nozzle design. This wide range of forms
enables you to take advantage of the high melting point
(6170° F) of this unique refractory metal.
1. FORGING/ MACHINING- G.E. makes solid
billets up to 9" in diameter and preforms with an O.D.
as large as 12". You can forge these into high integrity,
worked structure pieces, ready for machining.
2. DIRECT MACHINING— If you don't require a
worked structure, direct machining from G-E pressed
and sintered billets or preforms may be your answer.
3. SPINNING— G-E tungsten sheet and plate of re-
producible high quality is available for shear spinning
or conventional spinning. Plate is available in thicknesses
of I s" and larger, and widths up to 2 feet.
For more information, call or write General Electric
Company, Lamp Metals and Components Department
MP-26, 21800 Tungsten Road, Cleveland, Ohio, 44117.
Telephone: (216) 266-2966.
7%-ogress fs Our Most Important Product
GENERAL® ELECTRIC
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
Circle No. 12 on Subscriber Service Card
39
products and processes
New Product of the Week:
Automatic Silver Brazer
An automatic silver brazing ma-
chine to join copper shading coils to
solenoid laminations has been designed
and manufactured by Fusion, Inc.
The unit is said to provide labor sav-
ings up to 75%. According to manu-
facturers, production is boosted 600%
and savings on fuel consumption to
heat parts to brazing temperature is
significant.
In the system, an in-line conveyor
is adapted to the operation. The opera-
tor slakes the shading coil to the lami-
nation and places it in a locating fixture
below two paste applicators. Two depos-
its of silver brazing paste are automa-
tically applied. The assembly is then
dropped on the conveyor belt where it
passes between two rows of high
pressure gas-air burners which heat it
to the proper brazing temperature
(1,150°F).
Total production rate is 360 assem-
blies per hour.
Circle No. 151 on Subscriber Service Cord
Polycarbonate Capacitors
Electron Products Div. of Marshall
Industries in marketing a line of metal-
lized polycarbonate capacitors.
The Series H units cover capacitance
ranges of 0.001 to 10.0 mfd in 200, 400
and 600v dc rating. Operating tempera-
ture is —55° to 125° C. The devices are
available in wrap-and-fill, rectangular
and round hermetically sealed styles.
The rectangular and round units meet
moisture resistance, temperature and
immersion cycling requirements of
MIL-C-19978B.
Circle No 152 on Subscriber Service Cord
Instrumentation Amplifier
An instrumentation amplifier with
an adjustable input sensitivity of 2 to
10 mv/v is being marketed by Scionics
Corp.
The unit has an output of 0 to ±5v
dc. Combined error of non-linearity and
hysteresis is less than ±0.2% full scale.
Power required is 24 to 32v dc, 35
±5 ma at 28 v dc; operating tempera-
ture range is — 65° to 200° F. The
thermal sensitivity coefficient is less than
0.01% of reading per degree F. Zero
shift is less than 0.005% full scale.
Circle No. 153 on Subscriber Service Card
Desk-Top Analog Computer
A solid-state desk-top analog com-
puter, the PACE TR-20, is being mar-
keted by Electronic Associates, Inc.
The unit has internally packaged
resistors that eliminate external resistors
and permit programming with bottle
plugs and patch cords only. Variable
slope/ breakpoint function generators
and sine/cosine generators broaden the
range of problem solving. Other fea-
tures include an amplifier computing
accuracy of 0.01%, a high-speed com-
parator and electronic switch and four-
channel oscilloscope display.
Circle No. 154 on Subscriber Service Card
transducer
amplifiers
Long term stability under extreme environmental conditions Is a major feature of this solid
state carrier amplifier. Used with low level resistive sensors, this amplifier is one of many
Scionics signal conditioners in use. Built to. NASA MSFC-PROC-158B and NCP 200-2. -3.
Output: 0-5V DC or ±5V DC • Non-linearity & Hysteresis: ±0.2% full scale max. • Vibration:
35 G's, 30 to 2000cps • Temp. Range: -65° to +200T • Temp. Characteristics: 0.005%
full scale/T (max zero shift), 0.01% full scale/T (max span change)
Also VCO's, DC Amplifiers, Servo Amplifiers, Pressure Transducers, and Temperature Systems.
INSTRUMENT DIVISION — 8900 W.nnetka Avenue, Northridge, California / 213.341-5500 / TWX 213-341-7559
SCIOMI
SCIENCE AND ELECTRONICS FOR INDUSTRY
40
Circle No. 13 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
Multiplex Switch/Chopper
Two versions of a molecular opto-
electronic multiplex switch/ chopper,
the PEX 3002 and PEX 3003, have
been announced by Texas Instruments,
Inc.
These experimental functional elec-
tronic blocks employ optical coupling
between a gallium arsenide infrared
source and silicon photo transistors to
provide ac and dc isolation between
driver and switch. Optical coupling per-
mits sampling rates from continuous dc
to 30 kc. With lOOv between driver
and switch, the dc leakage is less than
0.1 nanoamp.
Electrostatic shielding between the
driver and switch minimizes transient
noise. A 400-cps sampling rate gener-
ates typically 3-microvolts RMS noise.
ON impedance of the switch is typically
30 ohms. Offset voltage is typically 20
microvolts at 25 °C with a 100-ma drive
current.
Circle No. 155 on Subscriber Service Card
Beacon Magnetron
Bomac Div. of Varian Associates is
marketing a beacon magnetron featur-
ing an integral load isolator that allows
5 kw of output power from a 20-oz.
package.
The Model BLM-153 is a tunable
C-band magnetron with an operating
range of 5.7 to 5.8 gc. The tube offers
26% efficiency and a pulse duration of
0.75 usee. Duty cycle is 0.0015; peak
anode voltage is 4.8 to 5.2 kv. Peak
anode current is 4.5 amp.
Circle No. 156 on Subscriber Service Cord
Infrared Detector
Philco Corp.'s Lansdale Div. is mar-
keting an indium-arsenide photovoltaic
detector featuring thermoelectric cool-
ing and designed for star tracking,
launch detection, missile guidance and
fuzing applications.
The Model IAT-704 provides op-
timum usage from 196° to 235°K. At
233 °K, the unit exhibits a spectral re-
sponse of 1.0 to 3.4 microns with typical
D* (500, 900, 1) values of 2 x 10° cm/
watt and NEP (500, 900, 1) values of
4.5 x 10"" watts. Time constant is typi-
cally 1 usee. Signal response is linear
from the limits of detectability to more
than 1,000 nwatts/cnr.
Circle No. 157 on Subscriber Service Cord
Recorder/Reproducer
Mincom Div. of 3M Co. has intro-
duced two models of its line of 1 .5-mc
recorder/reproducers.
The Ticor II features an improved
correction of time displacement error.
The unit holds time-base correlation be-
tween events to within ±0.5 usee.
The Tidax model provides automatic
equalization at all speeds built into each
direct record/ reproduce amplifier. It
has 14 1.5-mc tracks in one rack. Signal-
to-noise ratio is 25 db at all speeds.
Circle No. 158 on Subscriber Service Card
Integrated Power Circuits
Two integrated power circuits with
a dissipation rating of 25 watts (at To=
25°C) and a minimum beta of 1,000 (at
5 amperes) are being marketed by RCA
Electronic Components and Devices.
The devices, RCA-2N3230 and
RCA-2N3231, employ epitaxial silicon
and planar construction techniques and
offer the equivalent circuitry of a
high-gain amplifier with commutating
diode protection. Two-ampere saturated
switching is provided with turn on-times
of less than 350 nanoseconds.
Circle No. 159 on Subscriber Service Card
Digital Logic Circuits
Semiconductor Div. of Hoffman
Electronics Corp. has announced pro-
duction of two integrated digital logic
circuits along with three new unit pack-
ages and two new circuit assembly
methods that allow more than twice
as many circuit functions in a given
space than previously available.
The circuits, a dual NAND/NOR
gate and a flip-flop, are monolithic sili-
con integrated microcircuits, constructed
by planar epitaxial techniques. Standard
packaging is in 10-pin TO-5 headers.
Circle No. 160 on Subscriber Service Card
Single-Chip Circuits
Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., has
introduced a series of single-chip in-
tegrated circuits featuring switching
speeds of 1 0 nanoseconds.
The 1 1 models include nine gates
and two flip-flops and all operate on
a single power supply. Made on a sili-
con base, the circuits use the monolithic
epitaxial technique which, according to
Sylvania, provides greater noise pro-
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
tection, higher switching speeds and
higher fanout than previous models.
The units provide a logic swing of 0.38
to 3.4v with "worst case" noise protec-
tion of 800 millivolts at room tempera-
ture, or 500 millivolts at an elevated
temperature, and a capacitance drive
capability up to 600 picofarads. Fanout
capability is 7. The circuits are 0.050 in.
square and 0.006 in. thick and contain
the equivalent of 28 active and passive
components on each chip.
Circle No. 161 on Subscriber Service Card
Ranging Picoammeter
A picoammeter capable of ranging
automatically from ±1 picoampere to
±1 ampere has been announced by
Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grier, Inc.
The Model ME-8 is solid state and
uses semiconductor circuitry instead of
the usual electrometer tubes. Manufac-
turers claim the device can recover from
large input overloads in less than 30
seconds with no drift, offset or other
damage. Ten seconds recovery time is
said to be typical.
Fullscale range in both automatic and
manual modes is from ±1 x 10"u am-
peres to ±1 ampere. The instrument
provides 0 to lOv and 0 to lv (preci-
sion) analog signals.
Circle No. 162 on Subscriber Service Cord
Fixed Glass Capacitors
Westinghouse Electric Corp.'s ca-
pacitor department is introducing a line
of fixed glass capacitors, suited for close
tolerance instrumentation applications.
The four styles now available —
CYW10, 15, 20 and 30— have capaci-
tance values up to 10,000 picofarads at
voltages to 500v dc. They meet or ex-
ceed MIL-C-11272B requirements. The
units have a dissipation factor of less
than 0.1% with an insulation resistance
greater than 100,000 megohms. Tem-
perature coefficient of capacitance is
140 ±25 parts per million per degree
C. Unit-to-unit variation in temperature
coefficient is less than 10 parts per mil-
lion. Drift factor is less than 0.1%.
Circle No. 163 on Subscriber Service Cord
HEATER
. . . maintains an accelerometer at +50°F in a liquid hydrogen atmosphere of — 90°F. The
space reserved for the accelerometer has the controlled thermal environment required for
optimum performance. • Packaged precision heat per the customer's specification. Another
job well done — with Electrofilm Heating Elements for the aerospace and electronic indus-
tries. • Three types of heating elements are available, (1) Organic Spray-on, (2) Electromesh,
and (3) Electrostrand.
Send for Heating Element brochure.
ELECTROFILM INC.
7116 LAUREL CANYON BLVD., NORTH HOLLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA
P.O. BOX 106 / AREA CODE 213 875-1000, 781-8000
HEATING ELEMENTS - LUBRICANTS
t=F
H/At Q
Circle No. 8 on Subscriber Service Card
Phase Shift Circulator
An L-band differential phase shift
circulator capable of handling 6.5 mw
peak power and 10 mw average power
has been introduced by Raytheon Co.'s
Microwave Devices Operation.
The CLH-3 operates in the 1,280 to
1,350-mc band and can be used as a
duplexer or an isolator by connecting
suitable loads. Isolation is greater than
20 db; insertion loss is less than 0.9 db
over the operating band.
Circle No. 164 on Subscriber Service Card
Resolver-Synchro Simulator
North Atlantic Industries, Inc., is
marketing the Series 530 resolver syn-
chro simulator which generates the elec-
trical data of angular shaft position of
both three-wire synchros and four-wire
resolvers to 2 seconds of accuracy at all
angles.
The unit uses a 360-degree readout
based on a seven-digit in-line display
which provides 0.0001 degree resolu-
tion. Operating frequency is 400 to
1,000 cps. Input is 26 and 115v. Out-
line line to 11.8, 26, 90 and 115v are
switch-selected with either input.
Circle No. 165 on Subscriber Service Card
Rate Gyro System
Norden Div. of United Aircraft
Corp. has developed a three-axis rate
gyro system with the capability of mak-
ing precise measurements of angular
rates about three mutually perpendicular
axes.
The heart of the system is three RI
42
203 floated rate integrating, inertial
quality gyros. The unit is a modularized
assembly consisting of three servo am-
plifiers, two 20-v dc regulators, a 10,-
000-cycle power supply, a gyro motor
power supply and a base casting con-
taining the three rate integrating gyro-
scopes.
Circle No. 166 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
Readout Memory Device
Burroughs Corp.'s electronic com-
ponents division has available a readout
memory device that has eliminated the
need for flip-flops and replaced them
with a silicon-controlled switch.
In the unit, each SCS replaces two
transistors, four resistors and several
diodes and capacitors per memory ele-
ment. The switch permits a 60% reduc-
tion in size of the device.
Two basic types incorporate up to
16 bits of memory per module. The
units accept information in forms rang-
ing from dc levels to 100-microsecond
pulses. Standard modules use 12-v logic
levels and trigger inputs. Character sizes
range from standard 0.6-in to 2V£-in
types.
Circle No. 167 on Subscriber Service Card
Traveling-Wave Tube
A 20-watt continuous wave, trav-
eling-wave tube, 9Y2 in. long and 1 in.
in diameter, has been introduced by
Microwave Devices Div. of Sylvania
Electric Products, Inc.
The SYT-4353 is designed to op-
erate over a 5 to 11 -kc frequency
band. Typical operating parameters
include a beam voltage of 3,200v;
beam current of 75 milliamperes, and
a 40-db gain. Environmental parame-
ters include 20 g's vibration, 50 g's
shock, 70,000 ft. altitude and operat-
ing ambient temperature of —54° to
95°C.
Circle No. 168 on Subscriber Service Card
Integrated Logic Circuit
General Instrument Corp.'s Semi-
conductor Products Group has available
a monolithic NAND/gate integrated
logic circuit in which all elements are
built on the same silicon substrate.
The NC-301 operates from a single
supply voltage set in the 3 to 6v range.
It may be used up to a clock frequency
of 5 mc. Typical operating character-
istics include: fan in, four NAND
gates; ambient temperature, 25°C; fan
out, 10 NAND gates; propagation time,
12 nanoseconds; power drain, 1.5 mw
at 50% duty cycle; and noise margin,
0.5v.
Circle No. 169 on Subscriber Service Cord
Resistivity Tester
A resistivity test set that does not
require electrical contact with the ma-
terial under test has been developed by
Standard Telephones and Cables, Ltd.,
an affiliate of ITT Corp.
The Model 74711 operates on the
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
principle of measuring the damping
effect of the sample on a lightly loaded
tuned circuit. The transistorized test set
is useful for the rapid testing of thin
slices of semiconductor material. It also
measures thicknesses of thin sheets of
semiconductor material and detects
changes in resistivity around discon-
tinuities in large-area samples.
Measurement range is 10"2 to 10"B
ohm centimeters.
Circle No. 170 on Subscriber Service Card
Resistor Test Kit
Corning Glass Works' electronic
products division has available a resistor
test network kit, featuring two evalua-
tion microcircuits, each containing a
dozen thin-film tin oxide resistors.
Each microcircuit is on a wafer
measuring %s x Wia in. Substrate mate-
rial is alumina, glazed with a special
aluminosilicate glass. The resistors have
values of 0.5, 5 and 50 K ohms. The
kit also includes a schematic diagram of
the test circuit, a photograph of the
circuit before coating and lead attach-
ment and technical information.
Circle No. 171 on Subscriber Service Card
500-MW Laser
A 500-Mw pulse laser requiring no
amplifier is being marketed by Korad
Corp., a subsidiary of Union Carbide
Corp.
The ruby laser has a rise time of 3
to 6 nanosec. and is accurate to within
1 ft. at ranges of 300 mi. or more. Typi-
cal energy output is 4 joules, but can
be converted to a conventional laser
oscillator with a typical 0.5-ms output
of at least 50 joules. The device operates
at room temperature and can be cooled
with tap water. Beamwidth is nominally
7 milliradians. Repetiton rate is 1 per
minute.
Circle No. 172 on Subscriber Service Card
Phase Standard/Meter
Acton Laboratories, Inc., is market-
ing an ultrasonic primary phase stand-
ard/meter that measures phase shift to
±0.1° absolute by comparing its preci-
sion internal reference with a single re-
turn from a component under test.
The Model 718-B generates two
voltages having an adjustable phase
relationship. Shift is read in a con-
tinuous range of 0 to 360 degrees on
two calibrated dials. The instrument is
self-calibrating and may be specified
for use at any frequency from 20 to
300 kc. Output is 1 to 6v RMS into
load impedance of 5 k ohms minimum.
Circle No. 173 on Subscriber Service Card
report
electro-
optical
systems
43
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m
KLOTZ
names in the news
GUSTLIN
Edmond S. Klotz: Named vice presi-
dent-engineering at Micro-Radionics, Inc.,
Van Nuys, Calif.
Kenneth It. Kelly: Appointed switch-
ing systems product marketing manager at
the eastern operation of Sylvania Electronic
Systems Div. of Sylvania Electric Products,
Inc., Needham, Mass.
Philip R. Gustlin: Appointed general
manager for Electronic Specialty Co.,
Electronics Div., Portland, Ore.
E. Donald Gittens: Elected executive
vice president of American Bosch Arma
Corp., Garden City, N.Y.
Baxter H. Armstrong: Named a senior
member of Lockheed Missiles & Space Co.
Research and Development Div.'s physical
sciences laboratory, Sunnyvale, Calif.
Murray Allewitz: Appointed a vice
president of Green Hydraulics, Inc., Los
Angeles.
Dr. Robert J. Prochaska: Appointed
manager-polycarbonate research and de-
velopment at the Chemical Materials Dept.
of General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass.
Paul Mehren: Elected vice president-
finance at Western Gear Corp., Lynwood,
Calif.
Robert C. Atkinson: Appointed a dis-
trict sales engineer — components, Motor-
ola Semiconductor Products, Inc., cover-
ing Boston, New Hampshire, and Maine.
George R. Costello: Named assistant
head, Guidance and Technology Dept.,
Sensing and Information Subdivision, for
Aerospace Corp.'s San Bernardino, Calif.,
operations. Charles F. Dedo named head
of the Realiability Information Section,
Systems Analysis Subdivision.
J. E. Niebuhr: Appointed general man-
ager of Datapulse, Inc.'s Datapulse and
Nesco Instruments Divs., Inglewood, Calif.
Warren L. Yager: Named director of
foreign operations for Hexcel Products,
Inc., Berkeley, Calif.
Roy Keir: Appointed senior consulting
engineer for Digital Science Consultants,
Van Nuys, Calif.
4
MEHREN
Dr. Joseph Kcnipncr: Named head of]
the Applied Mechanics Div. of the Poly-I
technic Institute of Brooklyn, N. Y.
George Wulfing: Elected president and I
director of Digital Electronics Corp., West- \
bury, N. Y.
Keith G. Huntley: Elected vice presi- !
dent-engineering of Farrington Electronics,
Inc. and Farrington Business Machines
Corp., New York City.
Clarence H. Hutchinson: Appointed fi-
nancial director of Hexcel Products, Inc., 1
Berkeley, Calif.
Charles E. Hunter: Appointed general
manager of Thiokol Chemical Corp.'s
Wasatch Div., Brigham City, Utah.
Robert P. Benjamin: Named director
of development engineering at Defense
Electronics, Inc., Sherman Oaks, Calif.
James M. Wallace: Elected vice presi-
dent of Westinghouse Electric Corp.'s East
Pittsburgh divisions.
C. A. Zimmerman: Named manager of
propulsion engineering in Lockheed Mis-
siles and Space Co.'s research and develop-
ment division, Sunnyvale, Calif.
Darle W. Dudley: Appointed manager
of the mechanical transmission section of
Mechanical Technology Inc., Latham, N.Y.
Leonard L. Broderick: Appointed proj-
ect coordinator for engine-material han-
dling products at Allis-Chalmers' Defense
Products Div., Milwaukee.
Gustav Stadler: Elected president and
general manager of the C. E. Johansson
Gage Co., Dearborn, Mich.
Howard A. Acheson, Jr.: Appointed vice
president of Acheson Industries, Inc., and
manager of its international group of Col-
loids Cos., Port Huron, Mich.
James E. Sloan: Appointed manager-
data communications programs for Radio
Corp. of America's Communications Sys-
tems Div., New York City.
Franklin B. Lincoln, Jr.: Promoted to
the corporate staff of Litton Industries,
Beverly Hills, as vice president and special
counsel.
44
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
Advertisers' Index
AEROJET-GENERAL CORP., A SUB. OF
THE GENERAL TIRE & RUBBER CO. 48
Agency — D'Arcv Adv Co.
APPLETON-CENTURY-CROFTS 38
Agency — Richard Kerr, Inc
ATLANTIC RESEARCH CORP 6
Agency — S G. Stackig, Inc
CHRYSLER CORP., SPACE DIV. 4
Agency — Bauerlein, Inc
CONSOLIDATED ELECTRODYNAMICS
CORP II
Agency — Hixson & Jorgensen, Inc
CRYOVAC INC 28
Agency — The Jay H. Maish Co
ELECTROFILM, INC 42
Agency — Michelson, Burress, Adv
FMC CORP., INORGANIC CHEMICALS
DIV 7, 8
Agency — Muller, Jordan and Herrick,
Inc.
GENERAL ELECTRIC CO., LAMP
METALS & COMPONENTS DEPT. ... 39
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine b
Osborn, Inc.
HUGHES AIRCRAFT CO 47
Agency — Foote, Cone & Beldmg
WALTER KIDDE & CO., INC., AERO-
SPACE DIV 31
Agency — G. M. Basford Co
MCDONNELL AIRCRAFT CORP 2
Agency — John Patrick Starrs. Inc
MINE SAFETY APPLIANCES CO. . . 3
Ageny — Ketchum, MacLeod b Grove,
Inc.
NATIONAL AIRLINES, INC 35
Agency — Kenyon & Eckhardt, Inc
NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION, INC. 17
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine b
Osborn, Inc.
THE SCIONICS CORP 40
Agency — Michelson, Burress, Adv
DEL E. WEBB CORP 36
Agency — Weekley & Valenti, Inc
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP.,
ATOMIC, DEFENSE AND SPACE
GROUP PROGRAMS 18
Ageny — Ketchum, MacLeod b Grove,
Inc.
CLASSIFIED
— THERMOCOUPLES —
Made out of phenolic, graphite,
molybdenum, tungsten, etc. to 5000°
F range with microsecond response
times — operates while eroding or
ablating. Write NANMAC CORP., 140
Crescent Rd„ Needham Heights, Mass.
—when and where
APRIL
48th Annual Meeting, Federation of Amer-
ican Societies for Experimental Biology,
Conrad Hilton Hotel, Chicago, April
12-18.
IEEE Symposium on Microelectronics,
Chase-Park Plaza Hotel, St. Louis,
April 13-15.
Institute of Environmental Sciences, An-
nual Technical Meeting and Equipment
Exposition, Sheraton Hotel, Philadel-
phia, April 13-15.
American Power Conference, sponsored by
IEEE and Illinois Institute of Tech-
nology, Sherman Hotel, Chicago, April
14-16.
IEEE and ASME International Conference
and Exhibit on Aerospace Electro-
Technology, Westward-Ho Hotel, Phoe-
nix, Ariz., April 19-25.
ASTME Annual Meeting, Convention and
Exposition, Detroit, April 19-25.
Seminar on Nonlinear Partial Differential
Equations in Mathematical Physics,
sponsored by Air Force Office of Scien-
tific Research, Army Research Office,
and American Mathematical Society,
Hotel New Yorker, New York City,
April 20-23.
First Canaveral Space Congress, sponsored
by Canaveral Council of Technical
Societies, Ramada Inn, Cocoa Beach,
Fla., April 20-22.
Spring Joint Computer Conference, Ameri-
can Federation of Information Process-
ing Societies, Sheraton Park Hotel,
Washington, D.C., April 21-23.
IEEE Southwestern Conference and Elec-
tronics Show, Dallas Memorial Audi-
torium, Dallas, April 22-24.
Society of American Value Engineers An-
nual Meeting, Ambassador Hotel, Los
Angeles, April 23-24.
The Combustion Institute, Western States
Section, Spring Meeting, San Jose,
Calif., April 27-28.
IEEE and ISA Region 6 Annual Confer-
ence, Salt Lake City, Utah, April 29-
May 1.
FOR SALE
Executive Residence on Clear Lake op-
posite entrance to Manned Space Craft
Center, Houston, Texas.
Texas Finest, Modern, Luxurious, 4
bedroom home complete with swimming
pool, air-conditioning, 2 marble fireplaces,
master bedroom 24' x 36' with large mir-
rored dressing room, large library, pan-
eled living room 24' x 36', panel bar, panel
and mirror dining room, large linen closet,
all modern kitchen with deep freeze,
washers, ovens, 2 deep water wells, com-
plete sprinkling system, caretakers cot-
tage, 4 car garage, private boat dock with
1100' on Clear Lake completely concrete,
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which ideal for hotel, apartment house
or office building.
Recently sold for $485,000.00 now avail-
able by unusual circumstances owner in
Switzerland, contact A. D. Lee, 219 Chim-
ney Rock, Houston 24, Texas, HO-8-6262.
electro-
optical
systems
• state of the art
• direction of current research
• problems
• deficiencies
• requirements through 1975
including:
1. market survey
2. range instrumentation
3. scientific or
research instrumentation
4. lasers
5. guidance and navigation
6. surveillance and
reconnaissance
7. solar power conversion
8. metrology
published june 1, 1964
advertising
closes may 20
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
45
The Revolution: Part III
CURRENT SHIFTS in Pentagon policy and organ-
ization will have a revolutionary impact on the
missile/ space industry, as we have noted in the two
previous editorials. In the third and final part of this
appraisal, we should like to take a close look at what
these changes will mean to the industry, particularly
in terms of its marketing requirements.
With the three services now acknowledging the
inevitability of the new approach to military research
and development and procurement, where should a
company direct its intelligence and sales effort? At
the Dept. of Defense level or to the individual
services?
Before attempting to answer this question, we
should emphasize that what might be called capitula-
tion to the McNamara reorganization has not been
uniform among the three services or even within any
single service.
The Army, which has benefited the most from the
new approach, has had relatively easy sledding thus
far in the McNamara regime. This will change. Al-
though the Army can hope to benefit from the new
tactical emphasis, it will find more competition in
this area from the Air Force and Navy.
The Air Force has fought the hardest against the
McNamara overhaul of the defense establishment.
Since the first impact of the McNamara philosophy
was on such Air Force programs as Skybolt, the
B-70, the B-58 and Dyna-Soar, it must have seemed
to the junior service that the new Secretary was on
a one-service vendetta. The result was a vigorous, and
unsuccessful, battle. The Air Force now has decided
there is more to be gained from cooperation than
from obstinacy. It is assigning some of its best officers
to slots in the Directorate of Defense Research and
Engineering. It is embarked on a conscious effort to
work closely with DDR&E in those areas — such as
operations — where it believes that office most needs
service advice and experience. It is passing the word
to lower echelons — and the word is cooperate.
The Navy is the last holdout. Currently, it is go-
ing through the same soul-searching already experi-
enced by the Air Force. The transition has begun and
the concession to the inevitable will follow.
The result of all this is a new era of cooperation
in the Pentagon.
The question therefore arises of whether industry
firms now should direct their marketing efforts to-
ward DDR&E rather than the individual services.
The answer is a qualified no. Obviously, it makes
good sense to keep DDR&E well-briefed, in order to
assure a more knowledgeable atmosphere for pro-
gram decisions reaching that level. But the great
majority of procurement actions still are initiated at
the service level. It is a rare exception when DDR&E
pushes against service opposition. The answer, then,
is to inform and sell both DDR&E and the services.
As the tactical area grows in importance, this
will be even more true. Industry firms, selling smaller
items, will find themselves dealing at lower levels.
Their future will depend not upon selling strategic
systems to generals but upon selling small items to
lieutenant colonels.
Companies must prepare for a more diversified
and continuous sales program. Profits will depend not
upon the sale of one large system every four years
but on continuing smaller sales. This will require a
larger sales force and an increased use of such sales
aids as advertising and publicity.
Many missile/space firms will find themselves
dealing with an unfamiliar environment. The indus-
try well understands the operational environment of
the ballistic missile, because it creates that environ-
ment— the silo. But this industry is far less familiar
with the tactical environments in which the Army,
Navy and Air Force operate. This brings a need for
more field study and such steps as assignment of
representatives to service technical schools.
An increase in smaller, less sophisticated programs
will mean a return to long-production-run items,
where the stress is on low cost rather than extra high
quality. Reliability will be attained by increased sim-
plicity, not by costly and detailed quality control.
The shift to a tactical emphasis also means an
eager marketplace for industry ideas. Advanced tech-
nology must be applied to simpler problems. The
Pentagon is hopeful that industry, possessor of the
technology, will provide many of the tactical innova-
tions.
We should emphasize that the strategic market is
not dead. There will be studies of new generations of
strategic weapons, there will be funding of some of
these to the program stage where DOD will retain
an option of quick deployment, and there will be
improvements of existing weapons.
Activity will continue at a high level in communi-
cations and command and control systems.
But the tactical area is the growth area. And the
industry will have to adapt itself to what is an un-
familiar selling place for many missile/space firms.
CONTINUED GROWTH in the defense budget
can be expected. It probably will be a more mod-
erate growth than in the past, but the budget most
certainly will not develop the sharp downturn pre-
dicted by some analysts.
Talk of conversion of this industry to civilian
production is unsound. Firms in the industry will
continue to diversify their product mix to both
civilian and government fields, as in the past, but the
knowledge and experience of this industry will con-
tinue to be directed to those areas where it most bene-
fits the Nation — the fields of space and defense.
Civilian space spending probably will continue at
its present level for some years. As funding of the
manned program peaks out, the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration will initiate, in a favorable
Congressional atmosphere, the unmanned programs
which have been delayed.
Thus, firms in the missile/ space industry face a
promising future, a period of new opportunity. But,
like all revolutions, this one will have its winners and
its losers. Those who adjust will survive. The time to
prepare is now.
William J. Cooghlin
missiles and rockets, April 13, 1964
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missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Volume 14, Number 16
April 20, 1964
Editor
William J. Coughlin
Managing Editor
Reed Bundy
Senior Editors
Charles D. LaFond Electronics
William Beller Engineering
Associate Editors
Lawrence J. Curran Assistant Managing Editor
Heather M. David Space Medicine
Michael Getler Electronics
Russell Hawkes Industry
John F. Judge Advanced Materials
Robert L. Parker Copy Editor
Rex Pay Electronics
Hal Taylor NASA
James Trainor Military
Contributing Editors
David A. Anderton, Warren Burkett,
Robert Lindsey, Robert Twiss
Friedrich Schonbach Art Director
Donald Strickland Assistant Art Director
Eleanor Cobey Editorial Assistant
Suzanne Montgomery Editorial Assistant
BUREAUS
LOS ANGELES ..9301 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills
Willard E. Wilks Bureau Chief
NEW YORK 20 East 46th Street
Michael Getler
CAPE KENNEDY 507 Orange Ave.
Chris Butler Merritt Is., Fla.
PARIS 11 Rue Condorcet
Jean-Marie Riche
GENEVA 10 Rue Grenus
Frank G. McGuire
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Dr. Peter Castruccio Alexander Satin
Conrad H. Hoeppner Vice Adm. H. Sanders (ret. I
Richard F. Gompertz
James W. Claar
Publisher
A. C. Boughton National Sales Manager
Paul B. Kinney Eastern Advertising Manager
Edwin J. Denker, Jr. . .Western Advertising Manager
Kenneth C. Blanchard Marketing & Research Director
John N. Carlin Director of Circulation
Paddy Nelson Circulation Promotion
R. Virgil Parker Production Manager
Barbara Wiener Advertising Services Manager
Published each Monday with the exception of the
last Monday in December by American Aviation
Publications, Inc., 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington, D.C. 20005. Cable Address: AMERAV.
Printed at Judd & Detweiler, Inc., Washington, D.C.
Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.
Copyright 1964, American Aviation Publications, Inc.
Subscription rates: U.S. and Possessions, Canada, and
Pan American Postal Union Nations: 1 year, $5.00, 2
years $8.00, 3 years $10.00. All other foreign: 1 year
$15.00, 2 years $25.00, 3 years $35.00. Air freight to
Europe: 1 year $20.00, 2 years $30.00, 3 years $40.00.
Single copy prices: regular issues 50 cents each;
special issues $1.00 each. Subscriptions are solicited
only from persons with identifiable commercial or
professional interests in the missile/space industry.
Subscription orders and changes of address should be
referred to Circulation Fulfillment Mgr., Missiles and
Rockets, 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20005. Allow 4 weeks for change to become
effective and enclose recent address label if possible.
President Wayne W. Parrish
Senior Vice President Louis C. James
Vice President Fred S. Hunter
e
THE COVER
Saturn V second stage (S-II) propellant
bulkheads are shown being fabricated at
North American's Space Div., Downey,
Calif. Bulkheads separate, insulate and
contain the launch vehicle's propellants.
The S-II stage of the Apollo spacecraft's
booster is being developed by NAA for
NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.
APRIL 20 HEADLINES
Accidental Delta Ignition Injures 1 1 at Cape 10
First Project Fire Shot Is Successful 10
DOD Lifts Secrecy Cloak To Rebut LeMay Testimony 14
Industry Urged To Study Small Space Station 15
Johnston Island Construction Pace Stepped Up 16
Army Orders Redeye Into Limited Production 16
NASA Considering Qualification List for Vendors 17
Inadequate Funding Hampers Advanced Propellants 18
M/R Exclusive: Hornig's Views on Space Program 34
SPACE STATIONS
NASA Selects Design for Large Space Station 22
NUCLEAR SPACE PROPULSION
Tory ll-C Tests Show LASV Propulsion Feasible 26
LIFE SUPPORT
NASA Probes Astronaut Locomotion, Protection 28
SPECIAL M/R SURVEY
Aerospace Stocks Rallying After 1963 Slump 31
DEPARTMENTS
Letters
6
Contracts/Procurements
38
The Countdown
9
Products & Processes
40
The Missile/Space
Book Reviews
43
Week®
10
Names in the News
44
Technical Countdown
21
When & Where
45
The Industry Week . . .
37
Editorial
46
47,559 copies this issue
Circle No. 1 on Subscriber Service Card
letters
Polaris Guidance (cont.)
To the Editor:
I am indeed grateful to Associate Di-
rector (of MIT's Instrumentation Labora-
tory) Forter for his prompt confirmation
of the limited insight into system engineer-
ing displayed by the Laboratory in the
Polaris guidance development (Letters,
April 6, p. 7).
To clarify the record:
1. The Polaris Guidance Shipping Con-
tainer is the direct product of the inordi-
nate temperature requirements of the MIT
guidance unit design. A multi-agency im-
provement program has subsequently suc-
ceeded in eliminating the batteries and en-
listed attendant by adapting thermal
technology originally developed to support
the artificial insemination of cattle. The
redesigned transit case weights 2,000 lbs.
2. The guidance system referred to in
my letter (March 16, p. 5) is at least the
third generation of MIT design effort. It
follows both the SPIRE/SPIRE IR. and
THOR developments.
It appears that the academic environ-
ment is at least conducive to gamesmanship
if not to system engineering. For the bene-
fit of Messrs. Forter and Eliason (also
Letters, April 6, p. 7), system engineering
also includes treatment of the logistic con-
sequences of their academic peregrinations.
Frederick J. Howard
Freeport, N. Y.
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Soft on Soviet Space?
To the Editor:
Regarding the recent editorial on the
Ranger failures, the impression I get is
that you are under some form of obliga-
tion to the Caidin-Lear School. How they
must have changed you!
My reasons: 1) After initiating a valu-
able line of much-needed criticism of Titov
in May, 1962, you published a letter from
Caidin and immediately reverted to what,
for want of a better term, I call your "pro-
Russian" attitude. 2) Following Caidin's
letter of December, 1963, criticizing, vio-
lently but not without reason, your views
on Saturn, you referred to it, almost glee-
fully I thought, as an "orbiting junkpile."
Having read his books I think I under-
stand Caidin's non-critical attitude to the
Russians, but I fail to understand yours.
J. E. W. Surman
London, England
P.S. I like your magazine. It is most en-
tertaining and generally factually accurate.
We are not aware of being especially criti-
cal or uncritical of the Soviet space pro-
gram. Perhaps we seem more critical of
the U.S. program because that is our prin-
cipal interest. — Ed.
Mad About McNamara
To the Editor:
In your recent editorial pap praising
Robert S. McNamara, you neglected to
mention one of his administrative duties.
He is the chief spokesman on the Viet
Nam farce. Although McNamara may be
a whiz kid at managing money for defense
systems for imaginary aggressors, one can
seriously doubt his and the Administra-
tion's apprehensions over providing a
policy in Viet Nam. There are 15,000
Americans in Viet Nam. Those in the war
are shooting and are being shot at. Tacti-
cal air support is inadequate, using only
T-28's. (Defunct B-26's withdrawn.)
Our policy has nothing to do with
military strategy, being one of defensive
response only. This position is untenable,
and we will most likely withdraw or com-
promise a la De Gaulle. If the domino
theory is correct, it will be disastrous for
240 million people. Yes indeed, a well-
managed Defense Department.
Robert S. Smith
W. Lafayette, Ind.
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TO
The Countdown
WASHINGTON
Centaur Slip Slows Surveyor
With the launch of Centaur 3 now slipping into May at
the earliest, NASA will now have to launch one of the liquid
hydrogen upper stages every two months for the rest of this
year if it is to stay on schedule. This appears to be impos-
sible; if so, the major result will be further slippage in the
Surveyor lunar soft-landing program, since Centaur is its
launch vehicle.
Diminishing Returns from Probes Feared
The Senate Space Committee is taking a hard look at the
phasing of NASA's entire unmanned probe program. Mem-
bers are concerned that slippage in some of the projects may
crowd too many shots into the 1966-68 period, when the
data they supply may have lost its usefulness.
British Missile Studied for Mauler Role
Difficulties encountered in the Mauler program, and un-
certainty within the Army as to whether they can be cor-
rected, have caused officials of that service to begin casting
around for an interim replacement. One possibility is Brit-
ain's Thunderbird, a surface-to-air missile with a capability
between the Redeye and the Mauler. If the Army should de-
cide on Thunderbird, it hopes to arrange some sort of barter
agreement to avoid adding to the U.S. balance-of-payments
deficit.
SNAP Flight Funds Pressed at Capitol
The Joint (Congressional) Committee on Atomic Energy
has voted funds for flight-testing of SNAP-10A despite the
fact that they were not requested by the Administration
(Countdown, April 13). Funds for the Rover and Pluto
programs also are faring well in the authorization bill, which
is expected to be reported this week.
Voyager Debut Likely in '69
Earliest target date for a Voyager flight now appears to
be 1969. The space agency recently told Congress that it
plans to select a conceptual design utilizing early information
gained during this year's Mariner flight to define a mission
for more detailed exploration of Mars in that year. Current
funding allocations indicate that 1968 will be the earliest
date for further missions to Venus.
Syncom Tested with Sixth Fleet
It has been disclosed that the USNS Kingsport left its
station at Lagos, Nigeria, last year and joined the Sixth Fleet
in the Mediterranean, where it relayed non-operational com-
munications to Lakehurst, N.J., via Syncom II. The results
were reported to be highly successful.
Pacific Underwater Range To Be Built
Navy officials are in the process of acquiring land for a
Pacific Underwater Tactical Range — off the coast of the
island of Lanai northwest of Hawaii. The range will be used
for test and evaluation of submarine sonars, fire control sys-
tems and underwater weapons — both torpedoes and Subroc
missiles. The Fiscal Year 1965 budget request provides $4.1
million for its establishment.
PACCS To Be Improved This Year
Delivery of new KC-135B aircraft to the Air Force this
year will add a new dimension to the Post-Attack and Con-
trol System (PACCS) Supplied with the latest communica-
tions and electronic equipment, the planes are expected to
increase endurance, reliability and overall effectiveness of
the system. Studies are also under way to provide SAC air-
craft with the ability to control missiles from an airborne
command post — making PACCS the strategic control seg-
ment of the Post-Attack National Military Command System.
INDUSTRY
Gemini Advances at McDonnell
Gemini astronauts Virgil Grissom and John VV. Young
have checked into McDonnell Aircraft Corp. for an extended
stay which will include heavy use of the company's new
Gemini missions simulator. The Gemini-Agena D docking
simulator, also unveiled by the firm recently, is now being
disassembled for shipment to the Manned Spacecraft Center
in a few weeks. McDonnell reportedly has assigned indi-
vidual in-plant project managers for Gemini capsules 2 and
3, as further insurance of meeting their delivery dates in the
second and third quarters of this year respectively.
Wasp's Sting Appraised at Aberdeen
A report is expected next month on results of a recently
completed round of tests of the 40-mm Wasp rocket at the
Army's Aberdeen (Md.) Proving Grounds. Emerson Electric
Co. in St. Louis, Wasp contractor, completed prototype de-
velopment in February. The weapon is a 1-lb., 7-in.-long,
two-stage device which is spin-stabilized and uses a zero-
length launcher. Designed primarily as an air-to-ground sys-
tem fired mainly from helicopters, it also can be used as a
ground-to-ground weapon.
STL Wins Added OGO Production
NASA is negotiating with TRW Space Technology Lab-
oratories to purchase two more Orbiting Geophysical Ob-
servatory {OGO) spacecraft at a cost of $17 million. OGO D
— the first of the two — will be launched in 1965, carrying
some 20 scientific experiments into a 600-mi. polar orbit.
OGO E, expected to be launched in 1966, will take about
the same number of experiments into a highly elliptical orbit
with an apogee of 90,000 mi.
INTERNATIONAL
French Replacing Sahara Range
France and Portugal have signed an agreement calling
for construction of a French tracking station in the Azores
Islands. Working in connection with the Biscarosse base in
southwest France, the station will provide a 1,400-mi. range
for development of France's Polaris-type missiles. This will
take the place of the Hammaguir range in the Sahara, which
the French must vacate in 1967.
NOTS Testing French Matra Missile
Naval Ordnance Test Station is evaluating the French
air-to-air Matra missile, assisted by French Navy personnel
assigned to the test program. Already operational on French
fighter/attack aircraft, the lO-ft.-long solid-propellant missile
has both a semiactive radar-homing and an infrared guid-
ance capability.
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
9
The Missile/ Space Week
Webb Reveals JPL Terms
NASA Administrator James E.
Webb revealed that for the first time
the Jet Propulsion Laboratory will
be forced to carry out directives from
the space agency.
Webb told a news conference that
a provision requiring such action is
in the new contract that the space
agency is negotiating with JPL. The
current contract, which terminates
this year, had no such provision.
Webb also said that the new con-
tract will pay a fee to California In-
stitute of Technology, of which the
laboratory is part, that will be based
on performance. He also said that
the JPL management structure will
be changed to bring it more in line
with that at NASA field centers.
This apparently means that a
deputy director will be appointed to
handle JPL industrial relations with
contractors.
Webb said that NASA has no
plans to make JPL a field center,
but he also indicated that there are
no plans for the space agency to
divorce itself from the laboratory de-
spite the six straight failures in the
Ranger program.
Committee Probes Delta Fire
A 14-man "fact-finding commit-
tee" is probing the cause of the acci-
dental ignition of a Delta third stage
April 14 at Cape Kennedy. Eleven
men were burned, three of them
critically, in the incident. Two of
the three critically injured were re-
ported near death late last week.
No cause for the accident was
given during an April 15 briefing at
the Cape conducted by Robert Gray,
chief of NASA's Goddard Space
Flight Center's launch operations at
Cape Kennedy.
The injured were employed by
Douglas Aircraft Co., Delta prime
contractor; Ball Bros. Research
Corp., which makes the Orbiting
Solar Observatory scheduled to be
launched by the Delta, and by NASA.
The system, according to NASA
officials, was at F minus three days
when the accident occurred. Work-
men were preparing to move the OSO
and mated third stage of Delta to a
balance table when the Delta stage
ignited. The booster and payload
were scheduled to go to the launch
pad April 15, and launch was set
for April 21.
Further injuries were averted be-
cause 11 other members of the
"highly experienced" team were out-
side the assembly and checkout build-
ing when the accident took place.
Although the Delta's third stage
igniter was inserted at the time of
the accident, dual squibs that acti-
vate the stage were disconnected and
grounded as a precaution against ac-
cidental ignition.
The fact-finding committee is
headed by Daniel G. Mazur, Goddard
Space Flight Center.
Project Fire Shot Satisfactory
Space agency officials report good
data from a preliminary look at the
results of the successful first launch
of the Project Fire re-entry vehicle.
Telemetry reported that Project
Fire, launched from Cape Kennedy
April 14 on a ballistic trajectory,
survived re-entry and splashed down
in the Atlantic Ocean.
Flight performance was only
slightly off the planned "nominal" for
the mission.
Re-entry speed reached 37,745 fps
(25,750 mph), not more than 50 fps
higher than expected. Re-entry heat-
ing reached 11,200°K, instead of
the planned 11,300°K. The lower heat
apparently stemmed from the lower
re-entry angle of 14.5 degrees nega-
tive, compared to the planned nom-
inal of 15 degrees.
The vehicle was sighted by ob-
servers on Ascension Island who
described it as resembling a fire-
ball, but not as bright as they had
expected. It impacted 200 miles south
of Ascension after a 32-min. flight.
Richard Dingeltein, chief of the
mission's technical staff at Langley
AFB, Va., said all data will be given
to Apollo program personnel as soon
as it is reduced. They expected a
quick check of data to be completed
last week and complete reduction
within a month.
Dingeltein said no date has been
set for the next launch, but Fire II
will not be launched if Fire I pro-
vides all the necessary data.
Shots of the Week
The Soviet Union on April 12
launched the second in its Polyot
series of maneuverable satellites.
Polyot 1 was launched last Nov. 1.
A Tass news agency release said that
Polyot 2 was aimed at perfecting
space rendezvous techniques. An elec-
tronic brain installed on the satellite
enabled it to "substantially change
the angle of inclination of its orbital
plane," according to Tass.
• On April 9, a day after a modi-
fied version boosted the first un-
manned Gemini capsule into orbit,
the Air Force successfully fired a
Titan II ICBM from Cape Kennedy.
The missile carried an instrumented
warhead to a target in the South
Atlantic.
• The first Project Fire re-entry
vehicle was launched from Cape Ken-
nedy April 13 aboard an Atlas
booster (see story this page).
• The Air Force launched a Min-
uteman ICBM from Vandenberg
AFB, Calif., on April 13. Shot was
launched from a silo and was aimed
at a target 5,000 mi. down the Pacific
Missile Range.
FCC Gives ComSat Go-Ahead
The Federal Communications
Commission has approved a Com-
munications Satellite Corp. applica-
tion (M/R, Mar. 9, p. 9; Mar. 23, p.
8) to build two synchronous com-
munications satellites. Launch is
planned for early 1965.
The experimental/operational sys-
tem is to be used initially between
the U.S., Canada and Western Eu-
rope to determine its suitability for
voice and telecommunications trans-
mission.
Hughes Aircraft Co. received a
contract to build the system last
month along the lines of its Syncom
II satellite. Finalization of the award
has been awaiting expiration of the
FCC statutory filing period.
GT-1 Returns from Orbit
GT-l, the first unmanned Gemini
capsule launched April 8 by NASA
(M/R, April 13, p. 12), re-entered
Earth's atmosphere April 12 at 4:00
p.m. EST after 69 orbits.
The capsule re-entered over the
South Atlantic. No recovery effort
had been planned.
Grissom, Young To Fly Gemini
Air Force Maj. Virgil I. Grissom
and Navy Cmdr. John W. Young
will comprise the crew of the first
manned Gemini when it is launched
late this year or early in 1965.
Named by NASA as backup crew
were Cmdr. Walter M. Shirra and
Air Force Maj. Thomas P. Stafford.
10
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
An ear ailment similar to the one
suffered by Col. John Glenn re-
moved Lt. Cmdr. Alan B. Shepard,
like Grissom and Shirra, a Mercury
veteran, from consideration as a crew
member on the first Gemini flight.
JPL Tells Mars Plan
JPL would like to use a steerable
entry vehicle or a steerable parachute
system for its 1969 Mars shot. Hav-
ing almost given up hope of anything
but a flyby of the planet in 1966,
JPL is anxious to land the complete
1969 vehicle and achieve telemetry
from the surface of the planet.
To get the most value from such
a probe, it must land near an area
that might be expected to support
life. Area ©f chief interest in this re-
spect for JPL is Syrtis Major — a
prominent green area on the planet's
equator. Two mid-course maneuvers
are planned, the aim being to achieve
an entry angle into the tenuous Mar-
tian atmosphere of between 20 and
90 degrees.
Trajectory calculations subse-
quent to the maneuvers will indicate
the expected angle of entry and en-
able a correction angle for an in-
atmosphere maneuver to be com-
puted. This would then be pro-
grammed into the spacecraft system.
Whatever aerodynamic surfaces
were used would in fact provide a
third maneuver without the weight
penalty of an additional rocket sys-
tem. Although JPL expects to gain
experience of remote television-moni-
tored directional control of space-
craft with the Surveyor program,
use of this technique for the Mars
probe is unlikely owing to the trans-
mission time-delays between Earth
and Mars.
Explorer IX Succumbs
The Explorer IX satellite re-en-
tered the atmosphere and burned up
April 9 after more than three years
in space.
Explorer IX was NASA's most
effective satellite for measuring at-
mosphere density and temperature.
These measurements were made by
noting the effects of atmospheric
drag on its orbit.
Explorer IX, launched Feb. 16,
1961, from Wallops Island, Va., trav-
eled more than 340 million miles dur-
ing its 14,000 orbits of the Earth. It
was the first satellite put in orbit by
a solid-fuel launch vehicle — the four-
stage Scout — and the first satellite
launched at Wallops.
The lightweight, 12-ft.-dia. bal-
loon paid an extra dividend starting
last Dec. 19 when a similar inflated
sphere, Explorer XIX, was put in
orbit to determine sources of atmos-
pheric heating by comparing meas-
urements between the two satellites.
RCA Wins Two Contracts
Marshall Space Flight Center will
negotiate with RCA Data Systems
Div., Van Nuys, Calif., for purchase
of 19 additional ground computer
systems to be used in static tests and
launch of Saturn IB and Saturn V
vehicles.
The additional systems will com-
plete the required number of 26 RCA
110-A computers for the Saturn-
Apollo program. Total cost is ex-
pected to exceed $47 million.
The RCA 110-A will provide cen-
tral computer control for Saturn IB
and Saturn V checkout, static tests
and launch. They will be used at
Marshall, Michoud Operations, Mis-
sissippi Test Operations and launch
complexes 34, 37 and 39 at Cape
Kennedy.
In another RCA contracting de-
velopment, the firm received a $22
million contract from Grumman Air-
craft Engineering Corp., Bethpage,
N.Y., for the communications sub-
system of the Lunar Excursion
Module.
AUTONETICS
. . . where creative thinking anticipates the
electronics future.
Autonetics engineers and scientists are currently engaged in a broad
spectrum of technical programs ranging from the development of
advanced equipment for application to manned and unmanned satel-
lites and weapon systems, to the investigation of new materials and
phenomena for application in microelectronic, electromechanical and
electro-optical systems.
Engineers and scientists seeking creative assignments are invited to
explore opportunities in the following areas and disciplines:
COMMAND Research and Development of System
and Requirements and Operational Concepts
CONTROL Digital Computers. Simulation. Radar Integration.
SYSTEMS Display Techniques. Communications.
ADVANCED Theoretical Research and Preliminary
SYSTEMS Engineering Design
and Space Systems. ICBM Control Technology. Micro-
PRELIMINARY miniaturization. Inertial Sensors. Advanced Con-
DESIGN trols. Optics. Lasers. ASW.
OPERATIONS O.R. and Analysis of Military Missions,
RESEARCH Electronic Systems and Organization
Analytical Research. Concept Development. Mathe-
matical and Statistical Models. Simulation Projects.
For a confidential review of opportunities commensurate with your
professional interests, send inquiry or complete resume to:
Mr. K. D. Romano, Professional Employment, 3370 East Anaheim
Road, Anaheim, California. If convenient, contact the NAA Employ-
ment Representative at 717 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1701, New York 22,
New York, or One East Wacker Drive, Suite 1506, Chicago 1, Illinois.
All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard
to race, creed, color, or national origin.
Autonetics
A Division of North American Aviation
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
11
Take 175 computer systems specialists, 90 systems integration specialists; i
specialists, 65 astro-tracker systems specialists, 15 human factors speciali;
52 attitude control specialists, 92 inertial systems specialists, 85 systel
Not enough.
It isn't difficult to assemble an array of engineering talent.
Mere money can accomplish that.
The ability to manage these talents and integrate them into
a smoothly functioning systems team is not so easily come by.
It calls for technical managers who are imaginative, inven-
tive, and tempered by years of experience in working wi 11
their specialist groups. ^
It calls for the type of management approach that dist
guishes Northrop Nortronics. "
This approach led to a design philosophy which conside V
the total effectiveness of a system in terms of performan 'I
ability specialists, 40 quality control specialists, 124 support equipment
naintenance and support specialists, 226 navigation systems specialists,
lysis specialists, add 20 years of systems experience, and what have you got?
intainability, and cost of operation throughout its life.
The Northrop approach developed planning techniques
ich make it routine for complex avionic systems to per
•m 100% at first flight. . . as well as quality control tech
(ues which assure reliability from that point on.
[t built up an organizational and production efficiency
which has compiled an enviable record of meeting delivery
commitments within the limits of both time and cost.
And it has led, time and again, to breakthroughs which
have significantly advanced the state of the art.
Specialists and managers, our team has been working to-
gether for 20 years NORTHROP NORTRONICS
^Highly sensitive' data . . .
U.S., Soviet Strengths Detailed
Release of LeMay testimony, Goldwater blast followed quickly
by DOD denial that U.S. strategic lead has been narrowed
IN AN UNBLUSHINGLY political
move, the Dept. of Defense reacted
quickly and surprisingly last week to
criticism of U.S. defense policy voiced
by Gen. Curtis LeMay, Air Force Chief
of Staff, and echoed by Sen. Barry
Goldwater (R-Ariz.).
DOD's reaction was surprising in
that it contained detailed estimates of
the relative strategic strengths of the
U.S. and USSR— information that had
been considered highly sensitive.
LeMay's criticism was contained in
testimony before the House subcommit-
tee on Department of Defense appropri-
ations chaired by Rep. George Mahon
(D-Tex.). The February testimony was
released April 14. In it, LeMay said
that although U.S. forces were "defi-
nitely superior" to those of the Russians,
he felt that U.S. strength is not "as
superior as it was a few years ago. In
other words, the gap is narrowing."
A few hours after the general's testi-
mony was made public, DOD had re-
leased figures on the relative strengths
of the U.S. and Soviet Union with a
statement that "questions have been
raised . . . regarding the magnitude of
our superiority and whether it is con-
tinuing to grow. The fact is, it has been
increasing and we intend that it shall
continue to increase." Classified infor-
mation was released, the Department
said, "so that there may be no misun-
derstanding of this point."
• The details — The points made in
the DOD memorandum include:
—The U.S. has about 750 ICBM's
on launchers, while the Soviets have
"less than one-fourth of that number
in operation."
— There are 192 Polaris missiles
deployed in nuclear submarines, while
Russia has "substantially fewer" sub-
launched missiles which have only one-
third the range of Polaris and must be
fired from the surface.
—There are 540 strategic bombers
on constant alert, while Russia has no
more than 120 heavy bombers and 150
medium bombers capable of a two-way
mission over the U.S.
—In 1961, the U.S. had fewer than
500 bombers on alert, while the Soviets
had essentially the same bomber force
they have today.
by James Trainor
The DOD analysis did not include
the 17 Regulus missiles in the fleet nor
did it mention the B-47 fleet, which
still numbers more than 200. Both sys-
tems are to be phased out of the U.S.
arsenal. Soviet forces estimated to be
able to make only one-way missions
over the U.S. were also excluded.
Included were: 129 Atlas D, E and
F missiles at 11 bases (27 to be phased
out in FY '65); 54 Titan I missiles at
five bases; 54 Titan IPs at three sites;
and 513 Minuteman missiles at three
operational bases and a fourth semi-
operational site. Twelve Polaris subma-
rines account for the 192 missiles, while
the 540 strategic bombers are less than
the 630 B-52 and 98 B-58 aircraft in
the inventory.
• LeMay's point missed — While
the DOD announcement stressed the
numbers of warheads added to the
arsenal over the last three years, LeMay
was addressing himself to the quality of
this arsenal. "So it is a matter of staying
ahead," LeMay said in discussing ad-
vances in nuclear weapons technology.
"It is relative. The gap has narrowed,
and I do not think it was necessary to
let it narrow, at least to the extent it
has, because we dropped off on our
testing program.
"If we had had a more aggressive
testing program, I think we would still
be further ahead of the Russians in
atomic weapons than we now are. So it
was inevitable that Russia would get
into the atomic business, yes, but it was
not inevitable that they would close the
gap as much as they did."
In other words, while the DOD re-
lease addressed itself to numbers of
weapons available, LeMay was advocat-
ing the development of a high-yield
weapon.
Last year, during the Nuclear Test
Ban debate, Defense officials admitted
that the Russians lead the U.S. in high-
yield (100 megaton) weapons. In fact,
the largest nuclear device we could
build, with a considerable amount of
extrapolation, would be 60 megatons.
The Russians have tested a 58-megaton
weapon that can easily be scaled to 100
megatons; the largest U.S. weapon tested
had a 15-megaton yield.
LeMay, in fact, supported the mis-
sile programs, although he admitted he
would "probably not give as optimistic
a picture as the Secretary would. But
first let me say I am satisfied with our
missile programs, particularly the solid-
propellant programs. They are coming
along very well."
Two areas of concern to the Air
Force chief, however, are the lack of
testing under full operational conditions
(including detonation of the nuclear
warhead) and the vulnerability of
ICBM's — including Polaris.
• Goldwater criticism — In an "is-
sue paper" — one of 21 released by
Goldwater for President headquarters
April 15 — entitled "Defense for the
Space Age," the Arizona senator said
that he would continue "to raise, until
all the facts are in, fundamental ques-
tions about the reliability of our inter-
continental ballistic missiles. It is not
a question of theoretical accuracy. The
fact is that not one of our advanced
ICBM's has ever been subjected to a
full test under simulated battle condi-
tions."
Technically, Goldwater is correct,
since the Polaris A-l test conducted in
the Pacific in 1962 with a live nuclear
warhead was a heavily instrumented
missile rather than an operational
weapon. Tests have been conducted
from the Atlantic and Pacific Missile
Ranges of missiles with high-explosive
warheads.
In the testimony just released, Sec-
retary McNamara defended his Jan. 9
statement regarding Goldwater's charge
that U.S. missiles are not dependable.
McNamara said then the charge was
"completely misleading, politically irre-
sponsible and damaging to the national
security."
However, in an exchange with Rep.
Melvin R. Laird (R.-Wis.), McNamara
quoted the dictionary definition of "de-
pendable"— "to be able to expect per-
formance in relation to an objective" —
as the basis for his violent disagreement
with Sen. Goldwater. When asked by
Rep. Laird whether McNamara would
"rather have had Senator Goldwater
use the word 'reliability,' " the Secretary
would not comment but stressed again
what Goldwater had said. ■
14
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
LEM 'saddlebags' suggested . . .
Small Space Station
Seen Most Feasible
A TOP JOHNSON Administration
space official has urged industry to
focus its current study effort on a three-
to six-man, 15,000- to 20,000-lb. space
station program rather than the large
200,000-lb. spacecraft.
Thomas A. Dolan, a staff member
of the White House's National Aero-
nautics and Space Council, also hinted
that there is no need for extended Gem-
ini and Apollo spacecraft for use as
space stations because the advent of the
Manned Orbiting Laboratory program
fulfills minimum station requirements.
Dolan's comments on this country's
manned spaceflight program were made
at an American Institute of Aeronautics
and Astronautics Symposium on Space
Stations and Their Logistics Support in
Pasadena, Calif.
In other highlights of his address,
Dolan said:
— Use of the Lunar Excursion Mod-
ule saddlebags concept might be more
imaginative and cheaper as the supply
system for extended lunar exploration
than the planned LEM truck space-
craft.
— Space stations could be used for
manned lunar reconnaissance missions
before the first manned landing and also
as a base for launching of many models
of re-entry vehicles back to Earth in a
much needed data-gathering program.
— Examination of a Mars orbiter
mission as the first manned planetary
flight should be emphasized rather than
a Mars fly-by or Mars lander mission.
The space council official told the
symposium that current space station
studies are moving from the more con-
ventional 15,000- to 20,000-lb., one-
year operational criteria into the more
extreme corners of the topic. "We are
witnessing greater penetration of con-
cepts that involve extension of the
Gemini and Apollo at the one extreme
and the large ... 12- to 24-man space
stations at the other."
Noting that the Air Force's MOL
program appears to adequately pursue
by Hal Taylor
the requirements of the minimum end
of the space station spectrum, Dolan
said that the opposite end of the spec-
trum promises considerable activity and
some misconceptions.
• Large station problems — He de-
clared that it is not true that a large
station will be no more expensive than
a three- to six-man spacecraft. He also
said that proponents of the large station
who argue that it would not require
large amounts of resupply overlook the
fact that the number of resupply mis-
sions is dictated by personnel rotational
requirements and not the need for
Earth-based support.
"The point that I am suggesting,"
he continued, "is that the meaningful
regime of current space station interest
should continue to be in the three- to
six-man sizing, in the 15,000- to 20,000-
lb. weight regime and in the one-year
operational capability. Rendezvous and
resupply should be an integral part of
the system concept."
While the space council official did
not say so, it is understood that such a
concept would be the "middle" regime
of the space station effort, with the
MOL program filling the minimum end.
There is a possibility that the MOL
program — which now calls for a two-
man station using the Gemini spacecraft
as a resupply vehicle — could also fill
the requirements of the middle area.
A decision as to whether MOL will
fill the bill or whether a new station will
have to be developed is expected before
the end of the year.
Turning to the problems of supply
systems for extended lunar exploration,
Dolan said that the LEM truck system
requires multiple launches and surface
rendezvous.
• "Saddlebags" for LEM— He pro-
posed instead what he termed a more
imaginative approach, the LEM "sad-
dlebags" technique in which 3,000 to
5,000 lbs. of supplies would be attached
to a manned Lunar Excursion Module.
The system reportedly would give a
7- to 10-day staytime with a 5- to 20-
mile radius of action. During the mis-
sion, the Apollo Command and Service
modules would remain in orbit while
the manned LEM with its saddlebags
landed on the surface.
Such a system would increase the
total Apollo spacecraft weight (mostly
additional LEM propulsion) by 15,000
lbs.
Theoretically, NASA has growth
options totaling more than 100% for
the Saturn V/ Apollo spacecraft system.
Dolan said a growth of 15 to 20% was
entirely within the realm of possibility.
"The LEM saddlebag concept," he
said, "would avoid multiple launches,
hardware development programs for un-
manned landing systems, dependence
on successful unmanned landing system
performance prior to manned landings,
and dependence on surface rendezvous.
As such, the post-Apollo exploration
phase could be carried on with higher
mission success and with less total in-
vestment than that estimated for the
other systems."
While NASA officials admitted they
are studying the saddlebag concept, they
indicated that if developed, it should
serve as a predecessor, but not a re-
placement for the LEM truck. They
admitted, however, that they expect to
place study contracts of the concepts
with industry soon, indicating it is being
given serious consideration.
• Re-entry role — In discussing the
use of a station to gather re-entry data,
Dolan said that many models of differ-
ent shapes would be carried to the sta-
tion in conjunction with the normal
logistics by the resupply ferry. They
would be launched like the arrows from
a quiver into the atmosphere and into
an instrumented range, such as the At-
lantic Missile Range, at different angles
of attack and velocity. By this approach,
hundreds of data points could be
gathered on dozens of models per
month as a normal by-product of an
operating space station system.
For the lunar reconnaissance mis-
sion, a station would be mounted behind
the service module, picking up the
LEM's "hard points" for structural con-
tinuity. Upon injection — as with the
LEM — the Apollo spacecraft would sep-
arate from the station, turn around and
engage the station docking mechanism.
After lunar orbit injection, two crew
members would enter the shirtsleeve
environment of the station module and
initiate reconnaissance. A wide range
of sensors would be employed. In ad-
dition, probes would be launched to the
lunar surface with impact data elec-
tronically recorded and photographi-
cally and visually observed. Beacons
could be landed at selected surface
points to enhance subsequent manned
lunar landings. ■
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
15
Includes two Thor pads . . .
Construction Speeded
At Johnston Island
CONSTRUCTION of two Thor
launch pads and control facilities is
proceeding on an accelerated schedule
at Johnston Island as part of the De-
fense Department's commitment to
maintain adequate safeguards against
a sudden resumption of nuclear testing
by the Soviets.
Two islands are also being created
around the joint task force test site
to house instrumentation and sampling
rocket sites. These Pacific coral atolls
are being created by dredging and are
expected to relieve some of the conges-
tion at the Johnston Island site.
Most of the construction has been
financed during Fiscal Years 1963 and
1964. Total expenditure has been $37
million. The FY '63 funds came from
reprogramming from ARPA's Defender
program, and from one of the military
services. The ARPA reprogramming has
led to speculation that the construction
on Johnston Island was part of a clas-
sified program to build and test an anti-
satellite system. It now appears that this
is unfounded.
An indication of the emphasis being
put on an early operational date for
these launch pads is that the Defense
Department intervened last December
in a concrete industry-teamster union
strike which threatened to slow down
shipments of pre-stressed concrete
pilings to Johnston Island. The Ha-
waiian labor dispute had dragged on
for eight weeks before DOD intervened.
Funds for the maintenance of a
standby atmospheric test capability are
budgeted at $77 million for Fiscal 1965.
This money will be spent on the re-
search, development, procurement and
maintenance of long leadtime instru-
mentation and instrument carriers and
support of the couple of hundred man
task force on Johnston. This task force
is planning and conducting the con-
struction program.
By Jan. 1, 1966, the Defense De-
partment feels that it will have the
capability to begin atmospheric and un-
derwater effects tests within six months
of notice, stockpile proof tests within
two months, operational systems tests
within two to three months and weap-
ons development tests within about three
months. ■
Limited Redeye Production Ordered
REDEYE — the individual soldier's
air defense missile system — has been or-
dered into limited production. Some
three years after the first procurement
funds were requested in FY '61, the
Army announced the award of a $13.2-
million production and engineering con-
tract for the infrared-guided missile to
the Pomona Div. of General Dynamics.
Designed to fill a critical gap in the
Army's front-line defenses. Redeye will
be effective against low-flying light at-
tack aircraft, helicopters or an attack
bomber looking for targets of opportu-
nity. Specific tables of authorization for
the guided missile have not been worked
out, according to Army officials, but
they indicated that Redeye would be
deployed to company-size units. A two-
man team — providing 360 degrees of
protection — will be assigned to these
units, probably in the weapons platoon.
First models of the missile will reach
Army troops by June, 1965, with the
majority of the troops receiving the
weapon in 1966. The Marine Corps has
budgeted $10 million in FY '65 to pro-
cure Redeye.
Developed at a cost of $58 million,
the missile ran into problems in getting
a lightweight guidance system that was
sufficiently accurate to fulfill its mission.
To get the weapon into production, the
Army accepted some degradation in ini-
tial performance, which it hopes to re-
coup through a product-improvement
program.
The supersonic missile is four feet
long, three inches in diameter and
weighs 18 pounds. Solid propelled, its
motor ignites after it has been ejected
from the launch tube. The launcher,
which is thrown away after the missile
is fired, mounts a 2.5-power optical sight
with a 25-degree field of view. The
launcher weighs nine pounds. The cost
per round of Redeye was placed at
approximately $3,000.
Tests at Naval Ordnance Test Sta-
tion between June and December of last
year against droned aircraft, jets and
helicopters provided the basis for the
decision to go into limited production.
Rocket motors are under contract to
Atlantic Research Corp., Alexandria,
Va. Miniature Precision Bearings,
Keene, N.H., makes the seeker optics. B
FIRST ACTION PHOTOS show Redeye being launched (right), about to enter drone's tailpipe (center), and subsequent explosion.
16
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
In quest of reliability . . .
Space Agency Nears Decision
On Adopting Parts Qualification List
Approval expected in two to four months; pilot project involves
only electronics; vendors would find listing 'highly desirable'
NASA IS CONSIDERING adop-
tion of a so-called "Qualified Parts List"
(QPL) to which firms may ultimately
have to belong if they want to sell their
products to the space agency.
The plan is currently under study by
agency technical, procurement and legal
personnel. A final decision on imple-
mentation may be made in two to four
months. Informed sources say affirma-
tive action is expected.
NASA officials report that the docu-
ment, if adopted, will not be called a
Qualified Parts List, but is certain to
function as such in everything except
name.
It has not been decided whether a
firm will have to have its products on
the list if it wants to sell them to the
agency, but this would appear to be an
academic point. As one official put it,
"if the list is adopted, it would be highly
desirable for a vendor to get on it."
This implies that even if listing is not
required, the space agency might over-
look companies whose parts and com-
ponents weren't part of the QPL.
The agency is currently engaged in
a parts list "pilot project" costing about
three-quarters of a million dollars per
year. If the QPL list is approved, it is
expected that it will cost about $4 mil-
lion per year to maintain it.
The pilot run involved about 90
components and was restricted to elec-
tronic systems. No decision has been
made yet, but it is likely that if the list
is used by NASA, mechanical systems
will also be included.
At this point, officials want the list
to be used as a grading system for all
"high-usage" parts which are purchased
for space agency programs.
One official said that while the term
"high usage" still has not been precisely
defined, it ultimately could include hun-
dreds of parts.
• Sink or swim — Agency plans call
for listing the parts according to the
vendor. Ratings would be based on pres-
ent and past test results. These would
include failure rates and data from such
things as bench, lab and simulated Earth-
orbit, ballistic and lunar-mission testing.
The list would also contain information
as to whether the amount of test data
was sufficient or meager.
In addition, there would be detailed
characteristics of each part, so that
NASA field centers or contractors could
easily identify them to make sure that
they are getting the parts purchased.
It is expected that once the QPL be-
comes a fact, parts which do not meas-
ure up to their manufacturer's claims
will be dropped from the list.
The QPL is part of a concerted
NASA drive to improve reliability of
components and systems to enhance the
chances for successful space flights.
Another facet of the program is im-
provement of the "reliability and quality
assurance" programs at NASA contrac-
tors. As one part of this effort, NASA
recently requested proposals from in-
dustry for two contracts to develop
manuals and instructional aids to edu-
cate officials at NASA field centers and
contractors on good reliability programs.
One of the contracts will be pointed to-
ward hardware projects and the other
to the study contractors. ■
Lunar Docking Drill at North American
EIGHT-PHOTO sequence shows probe from Apollo Command Module entering drogue
of Lunar Excursion Module in technique being developed for NASA's Manned Spacecraft
Center by North American Aviation's Space and Information Systems Diy., Downey, Calif.
Probe aligns the two modules and absorbs shock. Automatic latches lock vehicles.
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
17
In House testimony,
Thiokol VP Urges Funding Boost
For Space-Storable Propellants
MONEY — not technology — is the
limiting factor in the development of
high-energy, space-storable upper-stage
propulsion systems, says Dr. Harold W.
Ritchey, executive vice president,
Rocket Operations, Thiokol Chemical
Corp.
The solid propellant expert recently
told the NASA Oversight subcommittee
of the House Committee on Science and
Astronautics, that a high-performance
engine based on oxygen-difluoride with
initial thrust levels in the 20,000 to
30,000-lb. range can be developed for
use in five years for about $80 million.
Turning to solids, Ritchey said a
continuing program should be planned
and put into effect before the June,
1 965, completion date of the Air Force/
NASA large solids booster demonstra-
tion program is reached.
The current program calls for half-
length, 260-in.-dia. solid rocket test
firings by both Aerojet-General and
Thiokol and ends in June, 1965.
If present plans are followed, there
will be at least a six-month delay before
any portion of a full-length 260-in. pro-
gram is initiated, with the result that
highly skilled project teams will have
been dispersed.
• Sustained effort needed — Ritchey
told the subcommittee there is a definite
need to pursue high-energy propellant
technology on a broad front — since
there is no "best" approach for every
need that can be projected.
"Our space program planning needs
flexibility," said Ritchey, "and the ca-
pability of making intelligent decisions
as to direction of future efforts long
before those efforts are committed."
Space-storable propulsion systems
are part of this picture, and Ritchey
says the work at Thiokol since 1960
has established the advantage of work-
ing with OF, systems. The high density
of these combinations together with
their high specific impulses make them
competitive with non-storable propel-
lants such as liquid oxygen, liquid hy-
drogen and even liquid fluorine.
The temperature ranges of the stor-
ables can be established in space by
passive means — eliminating tank vent-
ing systems and boil-off losses.
Ritchey said considerable progress
by John F. Judge
has been made in spite of the low fund-
ing for space storables. The major con-
clusions of current work — both corpor-
ate funded and contracted — are that
state-of-the-art ablative materials be-
have in a predictable manner with OF,
combinations and that the hypergolic
features are reliable over extreme en-
vironmental, operating and propellant
state conditions.
In addition, the specific impulse
values range in the 95 to 99% theoret-
ical shifting equilibrium area, and the
actual cooling ability of OF, is greater
than predicted by analysis.
Firings at both 150-lb. and 2,000-lb.
thrust ranges have been conducted, but
Ritchey says this must be pursued at
more meaningful scales — preferably
10,000 lbs. thrust.
If a more concerted effort were
made to include this thrust range and
to investigate feed system considera-
tions, plus throttling and investigations
of a broader range of fuels for use with
OF,, Ritchey says the FY '65 cost
would be about $5 million.
• Solids gap — Ritchey also outlined
the work schedule for the Air Force's
260-in. -dia. solid rocket demonstration
program. The 156-in., 3-million-lb.-
thrust motor in the program will be
fired in August with the first 260-in.,
3-million-lb. -thrust, 110-sec. burning
time test firing in January 1965. The
second 260-in. will be tested in June
1965. The program — as it is currently
funded — ends there.
Ritchey says the effort should con-
tinue without interruption to cover
many of the accessories required for
vehicle applications. These include
thrust vector controls, certain perform-
ance improvements in inert parts, im-
plementation needed to proceed to full-
scale, 6-10 million-lb. -thrust 260-in.
motors and the planning and implemen-
tation of an inclusive development and
pre-flight engineering effort.
Ritchey claims that with proper
planning and authorization, a 260-in.
short-length motor could be delivered
for flight testing in mid-1966 and the
full-length motor in the last part of
1967.
As part of his argument, Ritchey
outlined some possible early applica-
tions for the 260-in. short-length motor.
Chief use would be to fill the payload
gap between the 33,500-lb. Saturn IB
and the 220,000-lb. Saturn V.
The 260-in. -dia. Saturn IB can be
modified to accommodate the short-
length 260-in. solid and provide a 100-
nautical-mile orbit payload range of
50,000 to 60,000 lbs.
Ritchey also cited a cost-effective-
ness study recently completed by a
major contractor that shows a reduction
from $576/lb. to $298/lb. in orbit by
using the 260-in. solid as suggested.
• Urges program funding — Ritchey
called for a go-ahead decision by mid-
1964 to cover both program scope and
additional FY '65 funding authoriza-
tion. The program should include the
testing of at least two full-length 260-in.
motors and provide for integration of
TVC and other flight devices.
Ritchey's proposed transition pro-
gram— designed to fill the six-month
gap between the current demonstration
program and a full-scale 260-in. pro-
gram— would include the design of full-
length motors together with structural
and ballistic performance analysis.
A second portion of the interim
program would call for refurbishing
a short-length motor case, reloading
and using it for a TVC system test. The
transition program would cost about
$7 million.
Ritchey estimates the cost of estab-
lishing a full-length 260-in. program
for the demonstration, pre-flight engi-
neering and flight-delivery phases at
approximately $100-120 million, plus
about $22 million for additional fa-
cilities.
Ritchey says this is a bargain com-
pared to other types of propulsion.
NASA is handling the FY '65 funds
for the continuation and completion of
the 260-in. program. The Air Force
will continue administrative contract
management, while NASA will contract
new work directly.
There are no firm plans for full-
length follow-ons but NASA has ex-
pressed an intent to continue if the
demonstration program is a complete
success. ■
18
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
In House testimony. . .
Thiokol VP Urges Funding Boost
For Space-Storable Propellants
MONEY — not technology — is the
limiting factor in the development of
high-energy, space-storable upper-stage
propulsion systems, says Dr. Harold W.
Ritchey, executive vice president,
Rocket Operations, Thiokol Chemical
Corp.
The solid propellant expert recently
told the NASA Oversight subcommittee
of the House Committee on Scl
Astronautics, that a high-pen
engine based on oxygen-difluo
initial thrust levels in the 2i
30,000-lb. range can be devel
use in five years for about $80'
Turning to solids, Ritchey
continuing program should be
and put into effect before tl
1 965, completion date of the Ai
NASA large solids booster de
tion program is reached.
The current program calls
length, 260-in. -dia. solid roc
firings by both Aerojet-Gem
Thiokol and ends in June, 196
If present plans are follow
will be at least a six-month deli
any portion of a full-length 26(
gram is initiated, with the re
highly skilled project teams \
been dispersed.
• Sustained effort needed-
told the subcommittee there is
need to pursue high-energy p
technology on a broad froi
there is no "best" approach 1
need that can be projected.
"Our space program plannj
flexibility," said Ritchey, "ano
pability of making intelligent
as to direction of future eff
before those efforts are comn
Space-storable propulsion
are part of this picture, and
says the work at Thiokol sii
has established the advantage
ing with OF2 systems. The nig
of these combinations toget
their high specific impulses m
competitive with non-storabli
lants such as liquid oxygen, 1
drogen and even liquid fluorir
The temperature ranges ol
ables can be established in space by
passive means — eliminating tank vent-
ing systems and boil-off losses.
Ritchey said considerable progress
by John F. Judge
has been made in spite of the low fund-
ing for space storables. The major con-
clusions of current work — both corpor-
ate funded and contracted — are that
state-of-the-art ablative materials be-
have in a predictable manner with OF,
combinations and that the hypergolic
As part of his argument, Ritchey
outlined some possible early applica-
tions for the 260-in. short-length motor.
Chief use would be to fill the payload
gap between the 33,500-lb. Saturn IB
and the 220,000-lb. Saturn V.
The 260-in.-dia. Saturn IB can be
modified to accommodate the short-
length 260-in. solid and provide a 100-
missiles and rockets
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short-length motor could be delivered
for flight testing in mid-1966 and the
full-length motor in the last part of
1967.
length follow-ons but NASA has ex-
pressed an intent to continue if the
demonstration program is a complete
success. ■
18
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
Technical Countdown
ELECTRONICS
Phoenix to Use IR Homing
Infrared sensing in the Phoenix missile is carried out with
an eight-element lead sulphide array, coupled to eight in-
dividual integrated-circuit amplifiers. Originally, Hughes Air-
craft Corp., chief contractor for the TFX's missile, consid-
ered using a single slab of amplifiers mounted on the back
of the sensor array. This technique, however, is considered
beyond the present state of the art, and individually pack-
aged amplifiers in % in. x lA in. packs are used instead.
Control Lags Behind Observation Accuracy
Although radar data surpass on-board observations for
spacecraft trajectory estimates, midcourse-connection fuel
savings using radar would be negligible in comparison, since
both approaches provide accuracies better than that ob-
tainable from the control system. So say two NASA scien-
tists. The performance in achieving optimal velocity cor-
rections, claim G. L. Smith and E. V. Harper of Ames
Research Center in a recently published NASA Technical
Note, is ultimately limited by mechanization errors dur-
ing midcourse maneuvers.
Radio Telescope Pair Completed
Installation of the new 240-ton, 85-ft.-dia. paraboloidal
antenna at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory.
Green Bank, W. Va., has been completed. The mobile radio
telescope, built by Blaw-Knox Co., will be used with a
previously installed fixed antenna of the same size for inter-
ferometry use in space observations. After an extensive
calibration program, the paired antennas will be employed
in the study of positions, sizes and approximate intensity
distributions of radio sources in outer space. Angular reso-
lutions to less than 10 seconds of arc will be possible.
Blaw-Knox said. Observing frequency will be 2,695 mc.
TV Tube Sees Movement in Dim Light
A development of the vidicon camera tube with a speed
of response independent of light intensity will be marketed
in the U.S. at the end of this year by NV Philips Gloeil-
ampenfabrieken, Netherlands. Called the "Plumbicon," it
makes use of an evaporated layer of microcrystalline lead
monoxide instead of antimony trisulfide. The lead oxide
photosensitive film has a thin "P" layer on the gun side, an
"N" layer on the light source side and a central region of
pure intrinsic semiconductor. Operating in the reversed-
biases direction, this P-I-N diode has a dark current of a
nanoampere and a constant gamma of between 0.8 and 1.0.
Maximum sensitivity is at 5,000 Angstroms. Research into
an infrared sensitive version of the tube is underway at
Philips. Dr. E. F. de Hann, describing the tube to the 95th
conference of the Society of Motion Picture and Tele-
vision Engineers in Los Angeles, said that the Plumbicon
would be especially suitable for light-weight color tele-
vision cameras or for viewing movement at low light levels.
MATERIALS
Parachute Deterioration In Space
Possibility that nylon parachutes may deteriorate in
space and so endanger the safe landing of spacecraft is
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
suggested by test-chamber work carried out by Northrop
Ventura, Newbury Park, Calif. After two weeks at vacuum
pressures of 7.5 x 10"5 torr, nylon showed a reduction in
strength of up to 20% . A return to within 2.3% of original
strength occurred after seven minutes exposure to normal
atmosphere. Apollo and Gemini parachutes have been de-
signed with a large factor of safety that should take care
of any loss of strength remaining after re-entry. More
serious problems are likely in recovery parachutes for the
Manned Orbiting Laboratory, where the nylon would be
exposed to the effects of vacuum and nuclear radiation.
Lowest Pressure Vacuum System Readied
An interplanetary vacuum system developed and pat-
ented by National Research Corp. is being installed at
NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston. The XHV
system reaches pressures beyond the scope of known gauges
— below the 10"15 torr range — and is guaranteed at the
10"13 torr level by NRC. The entire system is 7 ft. long
and 3 ft. in diameter with a working region about half this
size. The chamber is equipped for cryogenic cooling using
gaseous helium at —442° F and liquid nitrogen. The unit
is the first of the NRC devices to be shipped to a customer.
Cryogenic Shock Tube Delivered
Nuclear rocket components will be subjected to mo-
mentary temperature drops from room temperature to
— 320° F at 660 psi in a stainless steel chamber fabricated
by Bobinchuck Machine & Tool Co. The 12-ft-high, 2-ft.-
dia. pressure vessel was built to ASME specifications for
Westinghouse Electric Corp. More than 4,000 lbs. of flaw-
less 304 stainless steel forgings were supplied by Allegheny
Ludlam Steel Corp. in the crash manufacturing program.
Mag-Lith Standard in Lockheed's Agena
A magnesium-lithium alloy developed by Brooks &
Perkins, Detroit, is being used as a standard structural
metal in the Lockheed-Built Agena space vehicle. The alloy,
with a specific gravity of only 1.35. cut 50 lbs. in one
Agena program. The metal is used where low temperatures
and low stress requirements prevail. The LA141A alloy is
in production at B&P's Livonia, Mich., mill and is supplied
as sheet and plate. Both Battelle Memorial Institute and
Dow Chemical Co. have conducted development programs
into the alloy family.
ASTRONAUTICS
Water Vapor Found on Venus
Definite evidence of the existence of water vapor around
and on the planet Venus in quantities comparable to that
in the upper atmosphere of Earth has been found by Dr.
John Strong, director of Johns Hopkins Astrophysics and
Physical Meteorology Labs. Working under Air Force con-
tracts, the Baltimore scientist made the determination from
a robot telescope system flown to an altitude of 87,500 ft.
via balloon. Spectroscopic measurements were made over
a two-hour period in the daylight flight. Since it is known
that COa exists on Venus, says Strong, the proof of water
vapor forces a re-examination of every previous calculation
made concerning the possibility of some sort of Venusian
life. Strong's work is being sponsored by the Office of
Aerospace Research.
21
space stations
NASA Picks Large Station Design
Calling for Three Radial Modules
by Rex Pay
Anaheim, Calif. — The large space
station design selected as most promising
by NASA is a 150-ft.-dia. three-radial-
module configuration, rotating at a
maximum speed of 4 rpm and carrying
24 men.
It would have a life of one to five
years and would be put up in a single
launch by a two-stage Saturn V. Saturn
IB boosters would be used to launch
logistics vehicles.
Total cost of the station is put at
several billion dollars. A development
time of four to four and a half years to
launch is forecast.
Further studies on particular prob-
lem areas in this design and on evalua-
tion of potential experiments are to be
funded before the end of this fiscal year.
Both follow-on contracts and RFP's are
likely to be issued soon.
NASA's studies of large manned
space stations show that the configura-
tion chosen would have a cost-effective-
ness of $10,000 per useful man hour.
In comparison, the same studies show
that a small four-man orbital laboratory
would cost about $250,000 per useful
man hour.
The difference comes about chiefly
because members of a small crew in a
small station spend much of their time
maintaining and operating the station,
with only three or four hours available
for useful experiments.
• Concept outlined — Describing the
present concept of the station before
the Orange County (Calif.) Section of
the American Institute of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, Edward H. Oiling,
head of the Space Station Program
Office, Spacecraft Research division,
NASA Manned Spacecraft Center,
Houston, said that the following ground
rules had been applied:
— No major orbital assembly was to
be attempted. This is considered beyond
the state of the art;
— Orbital life was to be one to five
years, with continual manned operation;
— A 250-mi. orbit with Mercury-
type inclination was to be used to take
advantage of existing range facilities.
PRESENT NASA concept of large manned station. HL-10 logistics vehicle is at top.
22
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
— Both zero-g and partial gravity
were to be provided to find out what
man needs over long periods;
— A single compact launch config-
uration was essential, compatible with
existing and planned launch vehicles,
pads, networks and programs.
Application of these ground rules,
said Oiling, has led to a space station
that is less technically demanding than
Apollo, and less costly.
One of the biggest problems will be
developing instruments, he predicted.
This may be more difficult than putting
the station up.
• Compatible with planned pro-
grams— When mounted on a two-stage
Saturn booster, the space station would
stand as high as the Apollo spacecraft.
It could therefore use the same launch
complex. In the launch position, the
radial arms of the space station are
swung downward, parallel to the boos-
ter axis, and enclosed in structural
shrouds.
Manning and supply by the Saturn
IB would be from a pad that will be-
come available during the Apollo pro-
gram. Either a ballistic or a lifting-body
vehicle could be used.
The basic mission sequence follow-
ing launch would be separation of the
first stage, injection of the station into
orbit, and rendezvous with the logistics
vehicle. The space station would then
be checked out, deployed, and rotation
started.
Major programs for the space station
will be exploitation of orbital space,
planetary mission support, lunar base
logistics support, and overall long-range
manned spaceflight program support.
Oiling said that programs up to
Apollo were basically exploration, but
that with Extended Apollo and the large
space station, exploitation of space
would start.
He considered the space station an
essential step before manned planetary
exploration or lunar exploitation, be-
cause it would give design data on man's
requirements during long periods in
space.
He put establishment of a lunar
base at a lower priority than planetary
exploration.
• Station design — The 24-man crew
is the basic size needed to operate the
station. They provide, on the average,
150 useful manhours per day. A con-
siderably larger crew could be carried
if need for it could be justified.
The natural lifetime of the station
is one year, provided full advantage
is taken of redundant techniques, the
crew's ability to carry out repairs, and
the ability to supply spare parts from
Earth.
Oiling said that one of the most
critical features of present space tech-
nology, as far as manned spaceflight
was concerned, was the absence of de-
sign for repair. Most assemblies, he
said, are very difficult to repair in a
well-equipped factory on Earth; they
are impossible to repair in space.
He is sure that a program will have
to be initiated to study components
used in space stations from the point
of view of their repairability and their
potential use as an exchange part for
another system in the spacecraft.
Repairability is likely to become of
paramount importance in manned in-
terplanetary probes, where there is no
chance of a rapid abort if something
goes wrong.
• Module details — The three radial
modules of the space station will con-
tain living and working quarters some
15 ft. in diameter and 60 ft. long. Five-
foot diameter tunnels will give access
to the central hub, which would be
counter rotating to give a zero-g labora-
tory.
Being located in the plane of rota-
tion, the modules provide a variation of
0.2 to 0.4 g along their length.
This form of rotation was selected
as the most economical and most
stable. Oiling said that unpleasant phys-
iological reactions to Coriolis effects
were not expected, as observations on
merry-go-round operators show accli-
matization takes place. Various rates of
rotation will be tried for experimental
purposes.
Each radial module would be di-
vided along its length into a number
of rooms with 7-ft. ceiling height. In
general, the outer room (highest g)
would be the crew's living quarters, the
next would be a laboratory area, the
third an applications area, the fourth
would contain space station systems,
and the rest would be for storage.
Electrical power — upwards of 25
kw — would be supplied by solar panels.
• Weight considerations — Total
weight of the station could approach
200,000 lbs. Total volume would
amount to about 55,000 cu. ft. A two-
gas atmosphere is likely to be used, with
capability for varying the pressure be-
tween 3Vi and 14 psi. The carbon diox-
ide content may be varied for experi-
mental purposes.
About 3,000 lbs. of propellant
would be needed to maintain orbital
altitude during a year.
A docking hangar for spacecraft
would be located under the zero-g lab-
oratory in the central hub. These space-
craft serve as life boats in emergencies.
The logistics vehicle docks at the other
end of the hub, its crew entering the
station through a tunnel in the conical
non-re-entering cargo compartment.
Various types of re-supply spacecraft
have been considered: a modified
Apollo logistics vehicle to take six men
instead of three, the Ames M-2 lifting
vehicle, carrying 12 men and 14,000
lbs. of cargo, and Langley's HL-10 lift-
ing-body design.
Important advantages of lifting-body
vehicles are their horizontal landing ca-
pability, their re-usability, and their
large footprint. Oiling said that while
a ballistic vehicle could return from the
station to its base once every 12 hours,
a lifting body could return once every
three to four hours.
• Selecting experiments — To select
experiments most suitable for the space
station, the following criteria have
been set up. Experiments are needed
in which man is the subject; or experi-
ments that require man to perform a
calibration, monitoring, or repair func-
tion; or experiments in which a true
space environment is required, even
if man's presence is not mandatory.
Scheduling of experiments will be
based on their priority with respect to
long-range space programs, on their
requirements of weight, volume, crew
participation, and power (no experi-
ments have been rejected on this score
yet), and on their ability to share
equipment.
Various categories of work have
emerged from the one thousand experi-
ments that have been suggested for the
station.
First category is basic research, in-
volving experiments in astronomy, cell
growth, basic chemical reactions, ex-
ploration of the geodetic environment,
and similar topics.
• Crew-oriented research — In ap-
plied research, the second category,
typical studies will be concerned with
the physiology and psychology of the
crew as a necessary preliminary for
lunar exploitation or planetary missions.
Studies will also be made of the space
environment — on radiation and meteor-
oids, for instance.
In another category, engineering
development and qualification, all the
various systems required in space will
be developed and tested under realistic
conditions. Systems for specific pro-
grams will be tested over long periods
for reliability.
Applied orbital functions — astro-
nomical, meteorological, navigational,
and communications activities — form
another category of work. Oiling said
that in this the manned space station
would not usurp the role of unmanned
satellites, but would do work where
man's ability to make adjustments could
be used.
Another category of work on the
space station would be orbital activities
and operations. These include crew se-
lection and training for future missions
and orbital assembly and support of
planetary spacecraft.
Finally, the space station would be
available for Defense Department ap-
plications, such as surveillance and re-
connaissance. ■
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
23
FROM LOCKHEED RESEARCH
A workboat to explore the depths
There's treasure in the deep. Oil, gold, diamonds. Solid chunks of manganese
strewn thick on sweeping stretches of ocean floor. Sunken hulls of galley and
galleon, schooner and steamship. But all today far below man's deepest reach. •
So it's high time for the Turtle, first practical undersea workboat. now under
development at Lockheed Missiles & Space Company. Lockheed scientists— making
new use of the advanced knowledge of hydrodynamics they acquired in perfecting
the Navy's Polaris missile and of their experience with closed-cycle life-support
systems for Outer Space— have designed a unique undersea hull for Turtle (that's
an apt name for her). She'll power herself down, down, down to the scene of her
mission. • No cramped-quarter bathysphere, she! Turtle supports her crew in spa-
cious comfort, months on end. Room for all kinds of black-box gear. Cargo space
for the treasures she'll glean. • Defense possibilities? Definitely! As a mobile and
virtually undetectable long-range-sonar outpost. As a search-and-rescue ship for
disabled submarines. • Lockheed scientists have many new ideas about this vast
Saltwater Space below us. You'll be hearing more of them. ^OCkheeCl
Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Sunnyvale, Calif. • A Group Division of Lockheed Aircraft Corp.
nuclear space propulsion
AEC Confident of Tory 1 1-0 Design
Officials believe technology for LASV propulsion now available;
military, DOD and Budget Bureau must decide on flight testing
a year, we would use Tory III. It's a
matter of what you want — economics,
(or adherence to) the time schedule."
One AEC official, who described
Tory II-C as "in better shape than the
Kiwi reactor," said the state of develop-
ment of the present Pluto reactor is
such that "if it was a matter of pro-
ceeding on the urgent basis that we did
with the Atlas ICBM, we could go
ahead with what we have."
He added, however, that he "could
not excuse, at this moment, a full weap-
ons system type of approach, since Sec-
retary McNamara has said we presently
have all of the systems we need. How-
ever, I think we should continue the de-
velopment program. This can provide
a very powerful weapon."
Reynolds said he considered work
on the other portions of the LASV
(formerly SLAM) project — the vehicle,
under Air Force contract to Ling-
Temco-Vought, and the propulsion sys-
tem, on which Marquardt Corp. is prin-
cipal subcontractor to LTV — to be in
about the same state of advancement
as that on the reactor.
A spokesman for Marquardt, which
is responsible for the inlet and, with
ACF Industries, the nozzle, said, "we
are no better or worse at this stage than
Navajo was."
Considerable design work has been
completed on Tory III, but no work
is being conducted on the advanced
reactor at present, according to Rey-
nolds. AEC currently has funds to carry
out work on Tory II-C, with comple-
tion scheduled a year from July.
by Willard E. Wilks
ATOMIC ENERGY Commission
officials are confident forthcoming tests
of the flightweight Tory II-C reactor will
prove that the technology for a nuclear
ramjet to propel a global-range Low
Altitude Supersonic Vehicle (LASV) is
now in hand.
"The next move, going ahead with
a flight test vehicle, is up to the Air
Force and Department of Defense," a
spokesman said.
Confidence is such that Dr. Harry L.
Reynolds, Nuclear Propulsion Div.
leader, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory,
told Missiles and Rockets: "If we had
a missile for it, it (the reactor) would
fly it."
Tory II-C, recently moved from the
laboratory to the Nevada test site, is
scheduled for full-power tests during
spring and summer.
Pointing out that the smaller, 150-
megawatt Tory II-A reactor proved
Pluto's technical feasibility earlier, Rey-
nolds said AEC would use Tory II-C,
with a design power of 600 Mw, "if we
had to fly a test vehicle in as short a
time as possible. If we had a little more
time, we would make improvements
(on it), and if we had more time, up to
TORY ll-C reactor in its test vehicle at AEC's Nevada Test Site. For full-power test-
ing, it will be positioned in 57-in. by 40-ft. metal duct.
26
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
AIR STORAGE and heater system for Tory 11-C ground testing simulates flight con-
ditions. Some 25 miles of piping has total of 1,200,000 lbs. of compressed air.
The Tory III design would produce
more thrust per unit area of reactor
and incorporate higher reliability, ac-
cording to LRL spokesmen.
• Flight test up to other agencies —
If the forthcoming tests are as success-
ful as the AEC managers believe they
will be, the big question will become
whether the military, DOD and the
Budget Bureau will approve a flight test
program on the basis that an LASV
capability is needed in addition to the
present defense provided by the ICBM
force.
Those close to the Pluto program,
including AEC spokesmen, believe
there is no doubt about the necessity
of a flight test program following com-
pletion of Tory II-C work. They see
an unlimited-range weapon that can
sneak under enemy radar as a necessary
complement to the ICBM arsenal — a
hedge against the possibility that the
ICBM will become vulnerable to an
anti-missile missile, an answer to the
decoy and maneuvering warhead prob-
lems.
• Nuclear system enjoys weight edge
— The Air Force also is considering a
chemical propulsion system for LASV,
but has admitted that a nuclear power-
plant for the vehicle remains more de-
sirable.
"Fissioning of one pound of uranium
can produce as much heat as the burn-
ing of 2 million pounds of jet fuel,"
AEC points out, "and therefore the
weight of nuclear fuel expended is in-
significant."
Using a reactor as a heat source
and air as a propellant, such a vehicle,
in addition to unlimited range, elimi-
nates the conventional fuel and tank
system, permitting a much higher pay-
load capability in addition to reducing
the severe drag encountered at low-
level Mach 3 flight.
An additional advantage of the nu-
clear LASV concept is that a single ve-
hicle able to carry multiple payloads
with which to bomb widely separated
targets in a single flight, and capable
of maneuvering to do so, would equal
a number of ballistic missiles.
• Tory II-C description — AEC de-
scribes Tory II-C as a full-scale, missile-
size reactor with the design power,
temperature and size necessary for a
propulsion system for an LASV-type
system. It is an intermediate neutron
energy range reactor fueled with a
homogeneous mixture of urania-beryllia.
The core consists of several hun-
dred thousand urania-beryllia ceramic
elements, each about 4 in. long and
hexagonal in shape with a circular
hole for air passage. The core is as-
sembled into a cylindrical vessel duct
section 103 in. long with a 57-in. outside
diameter.
During operations, the reactor is
placed within the test vehicle duct, a
57 x 47-ft.-long section of metal
ducting fabricated of Hastelloy-C, a
high-strength, high-temperature nickel-
chromium-molybdenum alloy. Electro-
pneumatically actuated control rods are
positioned within the reactor vessel. The
test vehicle duct is mounted on a spe-
cially constructed railroad car for move-
ment to the test bunker.
Only the reactor is flight capable,
the rest of the test device being mere
plumbing for testing purposes. The reac-
tor will be run at full power for periods
up to 5 minutes with simulated ramjet
aerodynamic conditions.
To accommodate the Tory II-C pro-
gram, facilities used during the Tory
II-A test series have been expanded to
provide a tenfold increase in the heated
air supply. Main additions include a
compressor plant and storage pipe farm
to store 1.2 million lbs. of air at 3,600
psi, and facilities to heat process air to
temperatures up to 1,250° F.
During testing, the high-pressure air
is furnished to the test vehicle inlet duct
at the rate of 2,000 lbs./sec. at 350 psi
and at a temperature of 1,060° F. Sev-
eral 5-minute test runs are planned in
the series.
Operating at full design power, equal
to about half the power output of Hoo-
ver Dam, the reactor will burn 1 lb. of
uranium in a 24-hr. period. The critical
mass of Tory II-C is classified. It is de-
scribed only as "considerably larger"
than Tory II-A, which utilized 100 lbs.
of uranium. Through a series of four
power runs, the II-A reactor performed
successfully at operating temperatures
of more than 2,000° F.
Tory II-A, like II-C, was a direct-
cycle air-cooled reactor fueled with
highly enriched uranium homogeneously
mixed with beryllium-oxide. But since it
was not a flight prototype, the core was
made as small as possible, it was sur-
rounded externally by a thick graphite
reflector and control was achieved by
means of neutron poisons in the reflector
rather than by rods piercing the core.
Design and operation of Tory II-C's
control system is called a "neat trick,"
since they must operate within the duct
at 1,000° F. and be radiation tolerant.
The system provides for automatic reg-
ulation of the reactor, with a capability
of manual operation when warranted. ■
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
27
life support
NASA Studies Locomotion, Protection
AN EXTENSIVE PROGRAM in
extravehicular locomotion and life sup-
port systems will be carried out by
NASA's Office of Advanced Research
and Technology (OART) during the
next year.
Biotechnology and Human Research
chief Dr. Eugene B. Konecci says the
office will let a number of contracts
leading to breadboard hardware on
suits, life support systems, and equip-
ment to protect against micrometeorites
and radiation. Other studies on propul-
sion and control equipment will be car-
ried out in conjunction with other of-
fices in OART.
Konecci's office is now in the proc-
ess of "digesting" a voluminous study
which details problem areas in the whole
area of manned locomotion and pro-
tection systems for the Moon, Mars and
Venus. Several contracts let by Manned
Spacecraft Center also will contribute
data. In addition, the office is waiting
to look at results from a related Air
Force study before making contract
plans.
In general, Konecci told Missiles
and Rockets the office will be interested
in space operations, surface operations
on the Moon, and operations on plane-
tary surfaces — in that order of priority.
Concurrently with equipment studies,
NASA will be looking for "inexpensive
but meaningful" methods of simulating
zero- and one-g environments, similar
to those now in use at Langley Research
Center.
• Recommendations made — The
across-the-board study made by Bell
Aerosystems concluded that for most
tasks, especially on the lunar surface,
a powered surface-contact vehicle with
a supplemental rocket-propulsion device
would provide the best means of loco-
motion.
Eighteen tasks were studied, and
these conclusions were drawn:
■ — Visual inspection of inaccurate
landing of supply spacecraft in an un-
surveyed area — This mission is best
suited for rocket propulsion unit appli-
cation.
— Supplement survey details, long
distances — Higher-resolution surveying
and mapping than can be accomplished
by an orbiting vehicle might be desir-
able. Some powered vehicle with pay-
load capability would be best.
— Obtain soil and rocket samples
from inaccessible areas — This could be
accomplished by a propelled vehicle, or
by man with or without a propulsion
unit.
— Surveying of unexplored terrain
in the immediate area — Before supplies
are unloaded, the area surrounding the
landing area would require exploration.
This could be accomplished by a man
walking, a man with an unpowered ve-
hicle, or one with a rocket-propulsion
unit.
— Retrieving supply vehicles — A
man with a propulsion unit could iden-
tify the landing site; then a contact sup-
ply vehicle would be used to retrieve
the supplies.
— Lunar escape vehicle — This would
be unique to the propulsion unit, with
high-energy propellants and large pro-
pellant weight-carrying capability. It
is somewhere in the future, the study
indicates.
— Marker placement — Perhaps is
best suited to the man with an unpow-
ered vehicle or walking with or without
a protective enclosure. This would in-
clude identification of surveyed areas
and beacon placement in selected areas
for supply vehicles.
— Geologic sampling missions —
Rocket propulsion units rank high; man
with an unpowered vehicle also would
be sufficient.
— Conveyance of supplies — A sur-
face-contact vehicle will be essential.
— Detailed mapping and surveying
— It would be best accomplished by a
surface-contact vehicle capable of carry-
ing a manned propulsion unit. The sur-
face vehicle would travel to the area,
and the man with the rocket belt would
attain the altitude to perform the mis-
sion. This combination of vehicles would
also best be suited for emergency return
to the main shelter, the report said.
— Deep crater exploration — In this
work, of interest for both selenological
and atmospheric sampling, the manned
propulsion unit is again best suited, Bell
said.
Thus, Bell ranked the various modes
of transportation in this order: 1) pow-
ered surface-contact vehicle with sup-
plemental rocket-propulsion device; 2)
rocket-propulsion device with payload-
carring capability; 3) powered surface-
contact vehicle; 4) rocket-propulsion de-
vice without pay load capability; 5) man-
powered surface vehicle: 6) man walk-
ing with or without protective enclosure;
and 7) ground-effect machine.
The report virtually ruled out man-
powered locomotion, or any mode in
which the man walks or propels a ve-
hicle across the surface by his own
muscle power. Metabolic heat loads
would become too great, the researchers
said.
Bell Aerosystems itself has con-
ducted over 100 flight tests with its
small one-man rocket lifting device,
which utilizes a hydrogen-peroxide en-
gine producing 300 lbs. of thrust. The
company claims 100% reliability.
• Life support — After studying lit-
erature on pressure-suited subjects at-
tempting space maintenance tasks, the
researchers concluded that pressure
suits increase the time, complexity and
energy required. Thus, some considera-
tion should be given to the idea of
using a protective enclosure with a
higher-than-standard atmospheric pres-
sure, in which the pressure-suited astro-
naut could then operate.
The Bell study estimates that indus-
trial limits for radiation (0.1 rem for
one day, 0.3 rem for one week, 5.0 rem
for one year and 25.0 rem for life-
time) would be exceeded only in a trip
to Mars.
Even this would not result in physi-
cal harm if performed only once in a
lifetime. However, the study did not in-
clude solar flares.
Micrometeorites will present some
problems, the study concluded. It was
considered probable that on the lunar
surface one penetration through the
space suit would occur within 40 Earth
days — more than twice the probability
of automobile accidents on Earth. As
with automobile accidents, Bell pointed
out, the majority will not be fatal. How-
ever, the results will depend upon proc-
esses after perforation of the spacesuit
by a micrometeorite, gas composition
within the volume affected, wall design,
and magnitude of volume.
The box-type enclosure over the man
would provide micrometeorite protec-
tion without a great increase in weight,
the study suggested. Special bumpers,
honeycomb structural construction and
optimum geometric shape should be
studied further.
The same portable box or shelter
could offer a solution to thermal prob-
lems on the Moon. ■
28
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
Special M/R survey . . .
Aerospace Stocks Regaining Strength
Consensus is that Cold War thaw accounted for lower 1963
prices; most analysts don't foresee disarmament soon
New York — Corporate securities
commonly lumped together under the
heading of "aerospace" in stock market
indices have begun to stir new investor
interest, reflected in higher prices dur-
ing the first quarter of 1964.
The upswing, if it continues, will
mark a major reversal of form for
space and defense issues, which took a
bad battering during 1963 despite the
strong upsurge in stock prices for most
of U.S. industry (see chart).
Many Wall Street analysts were not
at all surprised to see the recovery be-
gin. Investment counselors, noting the
selling prices to which many aerospace
issues had been reduced, and also tak-
ing a hard look at the entire space and
defense environment, late last year be-
gan touting selected companies in the
field as attractive buys.
The feeling of a considerable num-
ber of analysts was, and still is, that
investors had over-reacted to news af-
fecting the space and defense business
during 1963, thus forcing prices to less-
than-realistic levels. This has happened
before to aerospace issues, almost al-
ways reflecting an easing of tensions
between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
1963 was the year of the test-ban
treaty and the proposal for a joint U.S.-
USSR trip to the Moon; the year
NASA's fiscal requests were badly
slashed and the Skybolt missile was
cancelled; and a year in which the
scientific and defense aims of the na-
tion were intensively debated within
the press and Congress.
Above all else, it was a year which
saw the apparent creation of an en-
vironment for a future disarmament
agreement with the Soviets. This issue
most affects the long-term price supports
for aerospace securities.
• A time to buy — However, many
advisers declare (after emphasizing
by Michael Getler
that they regret the fact) that they do
not see any major disarmament agree-
ment in the U.S. future.
For example, in a speech to the Na-
tional Association of Investment Clubs
late last year, Arch C. Catapano of
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith,
Inc., said: "It is our view that the cur-
rent prices of leading aerospace shares
are discounting a contingency — dis-
armament— which is not likely to de-
velop over the foreseeable future. At
current levels, many aerospace shares
are selling at relatively modest price/
earnings ratios and represent attractive
buying opportunities. It should be ob-
served that declines which attended past
periods of relaxation in cold war ten-
sions usually presented excellent timing
for making commitments in the group."
In a year-end research study of the
airframe systems industry, the invest-
ment banking firm of Donaldson, Luf-
kin & Jenrette, Inc., (DL&J), based its
comments on future trends in govern-
ment spending for space and defense
"on our belief that world disarmament
is not a practical reality during this
decade," and that the U.S. "will require
maintenance of a strong defense ca-
pability at about current levels. The
leading companies in this field," the re-
port continues, "are currently selling at
their lowest average multiples in years."
Yet, "the near-term prospects for
many of these companies have seldom
been better. Although risks are inherent
in the industry, in our opinion these
risks are less than the market appears
to believe. Once these risks are put in
proper perspective, we expect a higher
valuation will again be placed on these
stocks."
• Plateau seen — Though accepting
the possibility of a near-term decline in
appropriations for the aircraft indus-
try, over the long term the firm sees
a 1970 defense and space budget in the
$72-78 billion range. If the aircraft in-
dustry can increase profit margins from
2.3% to 2.5%, which the firm sees as
a realistic goal, "they will compensate
for our maximum expectation of a
near-term 10% decline in defense ex-
penditures."
In its 1964 commentary on the aero-
space industry, National Aviation
Corp.. a closed-end investment com-
pany, states: "What lies ahead in both
(DOD and NASA) areas promises to
be a plateau in spending, rather than
an appreciable decline, provided events
beyond U.S. borders permit. To repeat
the late President's words, 'This is a
dangerous and uncertain world.' In that
view, the financial burden of our de-
fense and space programs is simply
not susceptible to major curtailment."
In a series of reports written last
year on one major aerospace prime con-
tractor by the Wall Street firm of Baker.
Weeks, & Co., the author, noting the
complicating factor of Communist China
in addition to the usual references to
the Soviet Union, says "it seems real-
istic, while unfortunate, to expect a
continuation of high defense budgets,
which will change in emphasis as needed
to react to world situations."
• Negative voices — There is a size-
able body of opinion in support of this
view, but there also is strong opposi-
tion. The merits of buying any space
or defense issue, as opposed to similar
investment in the commercial sector of
industry, is still vigorously debated.
However, the reasons supporting the
arguments have changed somewhat in
the past year or two.
There has always been a certain
reluctance on the part of investors —
particularly more conservative buyers
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
31
9 0
8 0
7 0
6 0
5 0
4 5
4 0
3 5
1941-43 = 10 m<f
425 INDUSTRIALS p.
\
i
1
*
\
\
A — H^V_
/V
J If m
*V * 1 #1
9 AEROSPACE
i I i i
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i i i i
1 1 1
i i i i i i i i i I i
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
II 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1
i i i
1 960
1961
1962
1963
'64
CHART BY STANDARD & POOR'S CORP
such as trust fund holders, insurance
firms and university endowment funds,
all of which control large sums of capi-
tal— to pour monies into the defense
stocks because of the inherent problems
of doing business with a single govern-
ment customer. In the past year, in par-
ticular, this has been compounded to a
great extent by the overriding issue of
disarmament.
The opposing viewpoint was ex-
pressed to Missiles and Rockets re-
cently by Frank Reinhardt, a vice-
president with Standard & Poor's In-
vestment Advisory Dept., which for the
past year has not recommended pur-
chase of defense issues. This recommen-
dation is still intact.
"It isn't worth it," Reinhardt says.
"If this investment business is one to
minimize your risk, why take these
chances with the defense business? There
is no harm in avoiding the defense is-
sues, even if we are wrong, as long as
we are smart and successful in other
sectors. We should have spotted Mc-
Donnell Aircraft," he admits, "but we're
not sorry."
Although the entire Wall Street com-
munity is aware of certain risks asso-
ciated with aerospace issues, very few
advocate an across-the-board avoidance
of these stocks.
• East-West trade — Reinhardt,
pointing to signs of increased U.S. trade
with the Soviets, feels that there is cer-
tain to be some kind of accommodation
that must reflect upon the defense busi-
ness.
Many Administration economists,
and Commerce Secretary Luther
Hodges, now openly support increas-
ing trade with the Soviet bloc in "non-
strategic" goods, even including heavy
machinery for refineries and agricul-
ture. In a move which could drum up
pressure, the government recently re-
leased trade figures for 1962 which
showed that the U.S. conducted some
$125 million in trade with the Sino-
Soviet bloc in comparison with $4.7
billion on the part of our allies.
One investment counselor told M/R:
"You'd see more if it were not political
suicide to ask for it."
Among other recent indicators of
new thinking affecting investment in
defense-oriented issues, one of the most
telling has been the article by Roswell
Gilpatric published in this month's issue
of Foreign Affairs. In it the just-retired
Deputy Secretary of Defense estimates
that the U.S. defense budget could be
cut by 25% by Fiscal Year 1970 with-
out a disarmament. This assessment is
viewed by many observers as a trial
balloon, testing out the acceptance of
what well may be the current long-term
thinking in the Pentagon.
The debate over disarmament and
what it would do to the health of the
U.S. economy appears to aid and abet
Soviet propaganda. However, many
analysts point out that they are not ad-
vising against disarmament, only stating
that they don't feel that the current
world situation indicates disarmament is
likely.
Even in the event of disarmament,
some experts believe, considerable new
business would be generated in the arms
control industry which would spring up
to support any agreement. They add
that any understanding that might be
reached would be a slow, evolutionary
process taking several years, affecting
obsolescent systems first, and allowing
for readjustment into an expanding
commercial economy.
• Complications — Evaluating the
aerospace business as an industry, and
companies as individual investments di-
vorced from the group, has evolved into
a very complex task. It calls for study-
ing highly technical companies, their
management, accounting procedures,
government attitudes, politics, and in-
ternational situations. Hence, the de-
cision to buy, even at low prices and
relatively high yields, is still one which
requires considerable investor confi-
dence.
An investor looking for budget pro-
jections for 1970 can latch on to any
figures he wants, ranging from Gil-
patric's estimate of something under $40
billion for defense to the DL&J esti-
mate of over $70 billion, including both
32
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
defense and space expenditures. The
space expenditures are judged to be
highly significant in reaching any total.
Most analysts feel that the NASA
budget will stay at least in the neighbor-
hood of its current $5-billion annual
level and may increase under the John-
son Administration. There is also wide-
spread feeling that "within five years
military space spending will explode."
• Some plus factors — Though de-
fense issues have always posed prob-
lems, and no doubt will continue to sell
at reduced P/E multiples, there are fac-
tors which are now working in their
favor.
One such factor is the impact of the
widely publicized programs of Defense
Secretary McNamara. Prominent are
moves towards more incentive and fixed-
price contracts, rather than the earlier
cost-plus-fixed-fee types. In addition,
there are several other projects aimed
at improving company profits — by
every means from lessening the threat
of renegotiation to reducing the danger
of having major programs cancelled
even after they have passed an extensive
program-definition phase. Though these
steps take effect slowly, results are al-
ready encouraging. A second factor is
the widespread view that projected near-
term cuts in defense budgets will remain
largely in areas which do not affect the
aerospace industry.
Thirdly, defense and space issues
have shown a marked counter-business-
cycle trend which acts as a hedge
against a general recession. This was
apparent after the severe May, 1962,
market drop, when serious questions
were raised as to the health of the
broad-based U.S. economy.
Most commercial issues dropped
sharply. The aerospace group, however,
turned in a superior performance for
several months — precisely because its
support was relatively independent of
general economic considerations. After
the Cuban missile crisis, when it be-
came clear that the economy was
stronger than had been thought, there
was fresh interest in price-depressed
industrials — at the temporary expense
of the aerospace issues.
There is also a tendency now for
reduced return on investment for aero-
space contractors, reflecting less de-
pendency upon government-furnished
equipment. While this has hurt some-
what, DL&J notes that "it places con-
tract negotiators in a stronger position
than ever before to justify higher fees
on new projects which use more con-
tractor-furnished facilities."
• Signs of stability — In contrast
with the budgetary events of 1963,
which created an environment for fur-
ther stock price slippage, indications so
far this year are that NASA's Fiscal
Year 1965 request for $5.3 billion will
get through Congress with only minor
cuts, as will the total DOD FY '65
spending estimate of $51.2 billion.
Though the defense outlay has been
trimmed about $1 billion below last
year, and may undergo some further
small cuts in Congress, the bill has made
it quite clear to many investors that
enormous sums are still being spent in
this business and that many company
backlogs will remain high. Also in this
quarter, the Air Force's Lockheed A- 11
was revealed, the Supersonic Transport
program came to a head, and the shoot-
ing down of two U.S. planes over East
Germany came as a warning against
overestimating the thaw in East-West
relations.
Finally, the risks of buying missile/
space issues are now moderate, say
many counselors, because the stocks
sell at moderately low price/ earnings
ratios and, in many cases, at good
yields — on the order of 5% or better.
Major aerospace issues now sell gen-
erally at between 9-11 times earnings,
compared with about twice that figure
for the industrial average. Some of the
"glamor" electronic stocks sell for 30-
60 times earnings.
• New name needed? — In addition
to the familiar arguments against buy-
ing these issues, other factors appear
to be harming the "Aerospace group" —
unjustly, in the view of some advisers.
For one thing, some analysts feel
that the group of stocks which make up
the "Group" ought to be widened, or
the term dropped. Some counselors
already refer to a "National Survival
Industry" in reference to the broadly-
based U.S. defense and space business.
In a speech before the New York
Society of Security Analysts, Stuart H.
Clement, Jr., of Hayden, Stone & Co.,
Inc., said: "I don't believe the aerospace
industry is falling apart. Rather it
seems to be melding itself into the
fabric of our economy so that some of
it is becoming unrecognizable. Per-
haps it would be better appreciated
under a new name."
Nine firms — Boeing, Douglas, Gen-
eral Dynamics, Curtiss-Wright, Lock-
heed, Martin, North American, Re-
public, and United Aircraft — make up
the Standard & Poor Aerospace Group.
The Merrill Lynch "Group" includes
those nine plus Avco, Grumman, Ling-
Temco-Vought, McDonnell, Northrop,
Thiokol, Thompson Ramo Wooldridge,
and Sundstrand.
These firms obviously represent a
large chunk of the aerospace business,
but there are many other firms, com-
panies— particularly in electronics —
which are awarded billions in defense
dollars each year and are almost as
heavily committed to the single cus-
tomer as some of the airframe primes.
These, however, bear very little of the
stigma which is focused upon the tradi-
tional primes during periods of uncer-
tainty. Says one analyst: "If Grumman
Aircraft were named Grumman Elec-
tronics it would be selling at 100 (G rum-
man's current market price is about $42
a share)."
"The chartists have doomed us,"
another says. "They serve a function,
but they treat all horses alike."
What happens, he continues, is that
those that are easily identified with the
aerospace industry "suffer perhaps more
than they should. They also have a
tough time in comparison with what is
now the competition, because in many
cases the competition is not one of their
traditional enemies."
• Indiscrimination — This grouping
of companies has worked against the
industry in other ways. For example,
many advisers point out, there is very
little intelligent discrimination on the
part of investors between companies
making up the group. This reflects a
lack of knowledge of an industry which
actually is an open book in comparison
to virtually all others.
Basically, there is still a cliche-type
reaction to the major airframe con-
tractors which works to the advantage
of the poorer-managed companies.
Aerospace contractors trying tO'
diversify into the commercial sector
thus far have not produced any com-
pelling new reasons why investors should
seek them out. One of the ironies of
the depression in prices associated with
defense stocks is that in many cases-
the major losses incurred have resulted
from participation in commercial trans-
port production.
In a New York speech earlier this
year, James S. McDonnell, chairman
of the board of McDonnell Aircraft
Corp, said: "Based on 25 years of ex-
perience in our company, I can guar-
antee that it is almost impossible to
create sufficiently worthwhile and prof-
itable commercial products at industrial
plants developed to successfully meet
the needs of complex government pro-
curement." Most analysts agree with
McDonnell, whose firm usually is
listed along with North American,
Grumman, Lockheed and Boeing as^
among the currently most attractive
aerospace issues.
One market researcher told M/R
he believed that many of the prime
defense contractors had "bitter experi-
ence in the non-aerospace business, in
addition to poor experience as a non-
prime." By the same token, he said,
the experience of many commercially
oriented firms with footholds in the
defense business has been unprofitable.
Despite all this, the technical po-
tential of the industry is so great that
it not only compels companies to con-
tinue in it, but continues to attract
participation by new, heavily commer-
cial fins. ■
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
33
An M/R exclusive . . .
Hornig Outlines U.S. Space Mandate
President's new science adviser sees space program at least
level-funded into 70's; describes his recommendation process
M/R photo
THE UNITED STATES does not need Soviet competi-
tion to prime the American space pump. The U.S. clearly has
a mandate to explore space and will live up to it.
To do this, the nation has erected a national space pro-
gram, not the exclusive property either of the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration or of the Department
of Defense.
The U.S. space program probably will go into the 1970's
at least with the funding it has today.
These are a few of the opinions of Dr. Donald F.
Hornig, Special Assistant to the President for Science and
Technology, given in an exclusive interview with Missiles
and Rockets.
Speaking of the nuclear powerplant SNAP 10A, Hornig
says there is no "requirement that you have a requirement"
from a user in order to carry a major program forward,
but he warns against carrying every major program to com-
pletion. "This would be the most potent argument I know
of for not starting things at all."
This interview with Dr. Hornig was conducted by M/R
Senior Editor William Beller.
Question: Dr. Hornig, if there were no space race with
the Soviets, would you still recommend that the national
space program be maintained at the level it is today?
Answer: Yes. It's clear that space is a major factor in our
world. It's inconceivable that when a nation is capable of
doing something about exploring space and learning more
about it we would just sit back and do nothing.
Q: How do you see our role in space interacting with the
country's overall activities in science and technology?
A: When anything brand new begins to unfold, its sub-
sequent history depends on what happens as it goes along,
not just on the initial plan or attitude. Success breeds success
in most fields. Thus, what happens to the U.S. space effort
relative to other technical efforts depends on what oppor-
tunities the country sees for itself as the space program
progresses.
These opportunities will follow from successes in space
and from the involvement of industry in what it develops.
Q: How do you think our space program is progressing?
A: Magnificently! There are problems, everyone knows
that. But in the years since 1957, we've been given an under-
standing we never had before of the near-space environment
and of Earth. There's a whole new set of ideas and feelings,
not only among scientists, but also in the lay public about
the space around us: Van Allen belts, magnetospheres, solar
Dr. Donald F. Hornig became Special Assistant to the Presi-
dent for Science and Technology on Jan. 24. He also is Chair-
man of the Federal Council for Science and Technology, Director
of the Office of Science and Technology in the Executive Office
of the President, and Chairman of the President's Science Ad-
visory Committee.
Author of about 70 scientific papers in the field of chemistry,
Dr. Hornig was the first incumbent of the Donner Chair of
Science, established in 1958 at Princeton University. He has
taken part in many policy-making government committees and
in 1962-63 was a member of the delegation which negotiated
the agreement with the USSR for cooperation in space.
34
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
winds and so forth. I think these are measures of what we've
learned.
In addition, we already have practical applications of space
in the form of operational satellite systems, such as Tiros
for weather, and we're one step away from a satellite com-
munications system.
I don't see how anyone could feel other than there has
been a very rapid and demonstrable progress. On the other
hand, some of the very biggest things on which we've set
our sights are still around the corner. I see no reason to
believe we are anywhere near the end of the road in space.
Q: On that basis, then, it would seem in the country's
best interests to look forward to a national space program
at least level-funded and possibly increasing over the years.
Is that right?
A: In a general way, I'd say yes. The current budget, as
you know, is almost exactly the same as last year's. It's un-
avoidable, though, that anything as expensive as space will
bring up the question of trade-offs. It's not only how en-
thusiastic one is about space, but what the total picture looks
like. What are the other demands on the country's resources?
Everybody must appreciate the fact that the nation's space
programs are sensitive to the state of the international situ-
ation and to the domestic economy itself. I don't know how
to make any precise predictions about several years hence.
Q: Turning to a specific space program, what is our na-
tional space effort going to be after Apollo? We know that
as the lunar landing comes closer, Apollo spending will drop
sharply. Is there a plan to continue our space efforts with
other major goals, such as lunar exploration or Mars flybys
and landings?
A: There are clearly a series of successively more diffi-
cult scientific objectives which we will pursue with unmanned
spacecraft. It's very difficult, though, to document a con-
vincing case for a national commitment on major space
goals that are far in the future. In any case, I can't believe
that the momentum gained by our space program is going
to be allowed to be lost when we achieve the first major
objective.
Q: You have to make many value decisions. How do you
decide, for instance, whether to recommend support be
given to building linear accelerators or to developing a Mars
probe?
A: There is no simple or arbitrary mechanism by which
such recommendations can be made. It is not merely a
matter of trading one program against another. Many fac-
tors must be considered in addition to scientific and techni-
cal considerations. One must consider the economic factors,
among others.
Q: To get more specific, suppose that at some time in
the future, it were suggested that the U.S. establish a semi-
permanent lunar base. What factors would you consider
before making your recommendations to the President?
A: I'd first want to understand, as thoroughly as possi-
ble, what the function of the base would be. That is, I'd like
to know realistically what we could expect to get out of
it. And I'd like to get some clear idea of the costs involved
and the place of the lunar base in a longer-run program.
That is where we'd have to start. Those are the factors
we could pin down reasonably well and they would form
a hard floor to stand on to talk about other factors. I want
to emphasize that our primary responsibility is to see that
the technical considerations are as solid as they can be.
Q: The Air Force has the Manned Orbiting Laboratory
project. It could as easily have been given to NASA. How
does one decide which agency should get it?
A: Our policy is to have a national space program and
not separate DOD and NASA programs. In this case, one is
aware that NASA, at the moment, is very much occupied
in the Apollo program — and one would simply say that
MOL seems more appropriate in DOD.
Certainly either agency has the facilities, interest and
needs to pursue MOL. However, at the present time, these
characteristics are more applicable to DOD.
Q: Where space goals parallel one another, won't there
be instances of duplication of effort. If so, is this a desira-
ble situation?
A: It certainly is not desirable. I know, though, that
scientists and engineers can work on projects that have the
same name, but are approached far differently. It's often
very fruitful, in fact, to carry on parallel investigations just
because the points of view are different. But if there is really
overt duplication in developing the same thing, in a literal
sense, then this is just sheer waste, an extravagance. If one
found it, I think one should say that a choice of projects
would have to be made.
Q: Recent hearings on the Hill have pointed up the prob-
lem of government agencies being stymied in completing
major projects because of the lack of a requirement from
a prospective user. SNAP-10A is an example of this situ-
ation, where the AEC fears to go into a flight test with its
nuclear powerplant because neither DOD nor NASA has
said they want the device. Could this be an uneconomical
procedure, as well as one that kills initiative?
A: I don't think there's any requirement that you have
a requirement. This just depends on what you're doing. If
one's talking about a specific development with a specific
rather than a general application, then I think the word
"requirement" begins to come in with its full force.
A point that seems obvious to me is that if one's going
to do creative, imaginative things, this involves risk. It means
that you must anticipate from the beginning that there are
things you are going to start that are going to have to be
stopped. To go full circle, I think that the greatest block
to starting new things would be to apply the argument that
every time we've got an investment up to a point, we've got
to see it through. To repeat, this would provide the most
potent argument I know of for not starting things at all.
With respect to SNAP-10A, I think the question really
is in what ways does the device have to be tested; what kind
of tests would give prospective users the confidence to in-
corporate it into a system?
Q: Would simply the need to advance the state of the
art be a sufficient requirement for more work on a system,
such as SNAP-10A.
A: It certainly is, up to a point. The difficult question
always is: where is that point? The question can be answered
philosophically: the point is where the new technology has
reached a stage where it is available to people who want
to use it. This is the stage where SNAP-10A is right now.
Q: During recent hearings, industry was asked what role
it saw for itself if defense and space money were cut back.
Are you giving much thought to this question?
A: We're giving a lot of thought to it. As you know,
for example, the President has set up a committee to con-
sider the economic impact of disarmament. Certainly our
country can't live without its industries and the skills that
are embodied in them. But the thing I've been trying to
stay away from is any notion that one ought to run a sort
of WPA for flagging companies. We think it is not only
wrong, but totally unnecessary.
There are many non-defense paths open to contractors
presently in defense work. We still haven't nearly enough
of the services our population requires. We still have a fifth
of our population impoverished. There's so much to be
done. It's a question of applying our ingenuity and skills
to some of the problems that need solving. There's the
question of economically getting fresh water from sea
water — a mammoth problem. There are major problems of
decreasing air and water pollution. Our office certainly
wants to see capable industry drawn into studying solutions
to major R&D problems such as these. ■
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
35
LOOK WHAT DOUGLAS IS DOING NOW!
FINAL ASSEMBLY OF MAMMOTH SPACECRAFT takes
place in this huge tooling tower complex at the Douglas Space
Systems Center in Huntington Beach, California. Here, provision
is made for assembly, hydrostatic testing and checkout of giant
space systems. The building includes 4,920 square feet of specially
built insulation chambers.
WINDOWS IN THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD exist at
the poles allowing solar and galactic cosmic radiation to penetrate
to the vicinity of the Earth. Douglas maintains geophysical observa-
tories in the Northern and Southern polar regions to record the
effects of this radiation as it relates to space exploration and basic
scientific knowledge. This program is jointly sponsored by Douglas
and the National Science Foundation.
DOUGLAS-BUILT DELTAS have launched a
majority of all Free World scientific and research
satellites. Developed under the direction of the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
this three-stage space booster has achieved 22
consecutive successes. Delta is now also available
in a new thrust-augmented version (TAD).
DOUGLAS V*— —
MISSILE & SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
The Industry Week
New Activities
TRW Space Technology Laboratories' Elec-
tronics Div., Eedondo Beach, Calif., has formed a
department to design and produce advanced thin-
film solid-state and hybrid integrated devices. The
new department will be part of the newly enlarged
Product Engineering and Microtechniques Lab-
oratory. Move is to extend STL's capabilities in
microelectronics. . . . Joseph T. Ryerson & Son,
Inc., Chicago, has entered the missile / space metals
field and is now taking orders for tungsten, tan-
talum, molybdenum, columbium, hafnium, titan-
ium and zirconium and their alloys. . . . The Sperry
Rand Corp. has established a systems research
group at its Research Center in Sudbury, Mass. The
group is to conduct investigations into "learning
machines," detection, measurement and control
systems, and into areas of mathematics and ex-
perimental psychology applicable to systems. . . .
Sylvania Electric's Applied Research Laboratory,
Waltham, Mass., has formed two new depart-
ments, one for research in laser technology, the
other in automatic controls. Names of the neiv de-
partments are Electro-Optical Research and Au-
tomatic Control. . . . The Budd Co. has combined
its Advanced Development and Planning Center,
Arlington, Va., and its Technical Center, McLean,
Va., into a separate organization to be known as
the Budd Information Center. Both units will re-
tain their identity within the new organization.
. . . Thiokol Chemical Corp. is making its Space
Booster Plant in southeast Georgia a division ef-
fective May 1. Thiokol' s Alpha Div. is being dis-
solved in the organizational change. Both the
Space Booster Plant and the Huntsville Plant,
Huntsville, Ala., which now answer to the Alpha
Div., ivill become divisional entities at that time.
Aerojet Plants Re-Aligned
Aerojet-General Corp. has consolidated its
Solid Rocket and Liquid Rocket Plants, both at
Sacramento, Calif., and its Rocket Engine Opera-
tions-Nuclear, presently at A-G's Von Karman
Center, Azusa, Calif., into one plant at Sacra-
mento. The move is aimed at "greater efficiency
and stability for long-range business planning."
Mergers and Acquisitions
The Fluorocarbon Co., Anaheim, Calif., has
purchased the Santa Clara, Calif., plant of Saun-
ders Engineering Co. Both Fluorocarbon and
Saunders are processors and fabricators of fluoro-
carbon plastics. . . . Jetronics, a subsidiary of
Jetronic Industries, Inc., Philadelphia, has pur-
chased the ultrasonic stock, equipment designs,
engineering designs, engineering files and ma-
terials of the Curtisonic Div. of the Curtiss-
Wright Corp. . . . Duncan Electronics, Inc., Costa
Mesa, Calif., has acquired the assets of Electronic
Micromolding Co., Santa Monica, Calif., manufac-
turer of slip-ring and brush assemblies and minia-
ture moldings for the electronics industry. Dun-
can makes precision potentiometers and acces-
sories for missile/ space and aircraft applications.
. . . Dubrow Electronic Industries, Inc., stockhold-
ers have approved a merger of the company with
Teledyne, Inc., Hawthorne, Calif. Dubrow, located
in Burlington, N.J., is to become a division of
Teledyne. . . . The Fafnir Bearing Co., New Brit-
ain, Conn., has formed an Aerospace Sales Div.
to serve the missile/ space and aircraft industries.
The new division will be concerned with ball bear-
ing applications in the space, missile, aircraft and
instrument fields, with the exception of aircraft
generators.
New Facilities
Vitro Corp. of America, Silver Spring, Md.,
has announced that its Vitro Laboratories Div.
has opened a new project office in Huntsville, Ala.
The division joins sister activities, Vitro Services
and Vitro Engineering Co., at Huntsville. . . .
Anadex Instruments, Inc., Van Nuys, Calif., man-
ufacturers of analog and digital equipment, has
expanded its facilities in a move to 7833 Haskell
Ave., Van Nuys. The new facility ivill house exec-
utive offices, sales display room, engineering and
drafting departments and all production facilities.
. . . General Aerospace Materials Co., Inc., Beth
Page, N.Y., has opened a new 10,000-sq.-ft. fa-
cility in Wichita, Kans. The facility will include
warehouse, office and shipping space, which, with
the firm's Dallas operation, will service the west-
ern and mid-western states previously served by
Dallas alone. . . . Severna Manufacturing Corp.,
East Orange, N.J., has doubled facilities for pro-
duction of fluorocarbon plastic parts for elec-
tronic, chemical processing and cryogenic equip-
ment. . . . Amphenol-Borg Electronics Corp. is en-
larging its ceramic facilities by establishing a
pilot plant to produce precision-molded ceramic
parts for electronic and electrical components.
The operation will be located in the Company's
Broadview, 111., plant, and is expected to be in
production by June 30. Included in the products
to be manufactured are precision-moldable ce-
ramic substrates for thin-film and integrated cir-
cuitry and moldable ceramic inserts for high-
temperature connectors. . . . American Air Filter
Co., Louisville, Ky., has opened a branch office in
Philadelphia to service the area formerly covered
by Hucker Sales Co. AAF makes missile/ space
and aircraft environmental control systems and
components. . . . Valley Metallurgical Processing
Co., Inc., Essex, Conn., has opened a new plant in
Stockton, Calif. VMP produces fine-grade spher-
ical powdered aluminum used in solid-fuel pro-
pellants.
GD Unit Wins Safety Award
General Dynamics/ Pomona, Pomona, Calif.,
has been awarded first place in the 15th annual
Los Angeles safety contest. GD/P's accident rate
for 1963 was 0.78 per million, compared to the
aerospace industry's average rate in the Los An-
geles area of 1.46. Seven hundred and twenty-six
companies in all phases of business competed in
the contest.
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
37
contracts and procurements
Awards
AIR FORCE
$6,100,000— Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Sunnyvale,
Calif., for continued provision of launch serv-
ices for Agena D boosters at the Pacific Mis-
sile Range.
$4,393,000 — Westinghouse Electric Corp., Balti-
more, for installation and testing of radar sets
at Air Force installations in the United States
and Canada.
$3,027,852— TRW Space Technology Laboratories,
Redondo Beach, Calif., for engineering support
of Air Force ballistic missile programs.
$2,300,000— McDonnell Aircraft Corp., St. Louis,
for continued work on space-associated proj-
ects.
$1,900,000— Ralph M. Parsons Co., Los Angeles,
for work at various Titan II missile sites.
$1,800,000 — TRW Space Technology Laboratories,
Redondo Beach, Calif., for follow-on engineer-
ing related to various ballistic missile pro-
grams.
$1,500,000— Dow Chemical Corp., Midland, Mich.,
for continued development of solid fuel
prope Hants.
$1,200,000— Adler Electronics, Inc., New Rochelle,
N.Y., for continued manufacture of com-
munications vans.
$ 1 ,200,000 — General Dynamics Corp., Astronau-
tics Div., San Diego, Calif., for continued work
on Atlas missiles.
$750,000— Cubic Corp., San Diego, Calif., for the
manufacture of two tracking systems for the
Pacific Missile Range.
$525,557— D. B. Milliken Co., Arcadia, Calif., for
high-speed 16-mm motion-picture cameras and
equipment to be used in recording missile
firings at Vandenberg AFB, Calif.
$496,000 — Northrop Corp., Ventura Div., New-
bury Park, Calif., for development of a para-
chute capable of controlled glide to an exact
landing point, to be used in maneuvering
space vehicles.
$144,000 — Arinc Research Corp., Washington,
D.C., for two programs: one, a study to ex-
pand reliability prediction by function tech-
niques to airborne electronic equipment; and,
two for engineering services to correct defi-
ciencies and improve reliability of a height-
finder radar system.
$44,018 — Dynamic Science, South Pasadena, Calif.,
for propellant sprays in liquid rocket engines.
$40,600 — Atlantic Research Corp., Alexandria,
Va., for research on hydrogen-fluorine re-
action.
United Technology Center, Sunnyvale Calif., for
demonstration of an advanced solid propellant
with a metal additive (amount undisclosed).
Kollsman Instrument Corp., Space Div., Elm-
hurst, N.Y., for analytical investigation, ex-
perimental testing and specification of models
of space-navigation-data-acquisition and data-
processing equipment (amount undisclosed).
ARMY
$4,759,284 — General Dynamics, Pomona, Calif.,
for continued research and development of
the Redeye guided missile system.
$3,300,000— Sylvania Electric Products, Inc.,
Mountain View, Calif., for R&D in the elec-
tronic warfare field.
$1,000,000— Raytheon Co., Lexington, Mass., for
follow-on development work related to the
Hawk air defense system.
$115,700— George T. Sparrow, Maitland Fla., for
construction of an addition to the communica-
tions building at Patrick AFB, Fla.
The Garrett Corp., AiResearch Manufacturing
Div., Los Angeles, for development of an X-
band microwave amplifier integrated with a
cryogenic refrigeration system suitable for
mounting on a microwave antenna (amount
undisclosed).
NAVY
$17,743,500— Bendix Corp., Mishawaka Ind., for
production of Talos air defense missiles.
$9,500,000— Raytheon Co., Waltham. Mass., for
missile guidance systems for F-4B and F-4C
aircraft.
$ 1 ,06 1 ,473 — American Machine & Foundry Co.,
York, Pa., for antisubmarine rockets.
NASA
$1,340,000 — Greer Hydraulics Inc., Aerospace
Div.. Los Angeles, for hydraulic supply units
for Marshall Space Flight Center.
$570,841— Graduate Research Center of the
Southwest, Dallas, for a cosmic radiation ex-
periment for the Pioneer spacecraft.
$490,681— Marshall Laboratories, Torrance, Calif.,
for plasma probe experiments for the Pioneer
program.
$145,171 — Aircraft Armaments Inc., Cockeysville,
Md., for payload housing for a Wasp fluid
dynamic experiment.
$71,434 — The Hallicrafters Co., Chicago, for a
follow-on study of communications systems
and detection and tracking systems, and design
and fabrication of dynamic crossed-field elec-
tron multiplying light demodulator.
$66,000 — Applied Research, Inc., Port Washing-
ton, N.Y. for four RF amplifier/converters.
$58,622— General Electric Co., Missile & Space
Div., Valley Forge, Pa., for thermal bending
of gravity gradient rods.
$55,000 — Avco Corp., Willmington, Mass., for
grating spectrometers for spacecraft applica-
tions.
$46,700 — American Scientific Corp., Alexandria,
Va., for services and materials for PCM tape
evaluators.
$41,228 — Boiler & Chivens Inc., South Pasadena,
Calif., for a telescope and associated equip-
ment.
$32.800— Merle Thomas Corp., Washington. D.C.,
for programming in support of environmental
testing of OAO experiment packages.
$25,213— Armoux Corp., Culver City, Calif., for
telemetering decommutation systems.
California Computer Products Inc., Los Angeles,
for design and development of a ground-based
data code printer which will accept data from
Nimbus satellites (amount undisclosed).
INDUSTRY
$22,000,000— Radio Corp. of America, New York,
from Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp.,
Bethpage, N.Y., for the communications sub-
system of the Apollo Lunar Excursion Module.
$2,700,000— Catalytic Construction Co., Phila-
delphia, from The Boeing Co., Seattle, for
miscellaneous construction and installation of
portions of the Minuteman weapon system
support equipment at Warren AFB, Wyoming.
$1,200,000— American Brake Shoe Co., Aerospace
Div., Oxnard, Calif., from North American
Aviation, Inc., Space Information Systems
Div., Downey, Calif., for hydraulic pumps and
pump-motor packages for the Saturn V sec-
ond stage booster.
$1,046,000 — Bendix Corp., Pioneer-Central Div.,
Davenport, la., from The Boeing Co., Seattle,
for Saturn V S-1C propellant instrumentation.
$1,000,000 — Hydraulic Research and Manufactur-
ing Co., Burbank, Calif., from Lockheed Mis-
siles & Space Co., Sunnyvale Calif., for steer-
ing actuators for the Polaris A-3 missile.
$495,000— Gulton Industries, Inc., Metuchen, N.J,
from North American Aviation, Inc., Space
& Information Systems Div., Downey, Calif.,
for the design, development and manufacture
of a data reduction system for the Saturn V
S-II second stage.
$212.000 — United Electrodynamics, Inc., Pomona,
Calif., from The Boeing Co., Seattle for tele-
metry equipment for the Minuteman missile
program.
$55,000 — Chem-Electro Research, Inc., Van Nuys,
Calif., from TRW Space Technology Labora-
tories, Redondo Beach, Calif., for production
of high-reliability ceramic capacitors.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
$2,535,000— Varian Associates, Palo Alto, Calif.,
for construction of a 200-ft.-long linear ac-
celerator to be installed near Rome, Italy, for
the Italian Atomic Energy Commission's Na-
tional Frascati Laboratories.
REQUESTS FOR BIDS
GENERAL PROCUREMENTS
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Ames Research Center
Molfett Field, California 94035
Ducts, cruise fan type, for 36-in. tip-turbine
fans, 2 each. RFP A-8087 due 4/20/64.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Manned Spacecraft Center
2101 Webster-Seabrook Road
Houston, Texas 77058
Pressure transducers, lightweight, high-output
flight items, 12 each. RFP MSC 64-1153P. Due
5/1/64.
Directorate of R&D Procurement
Systems Engineering Group, RTD
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
Negotiations will be conducted with The Boe-
ing Co., Seattle, for continuation of research
studies of the X-20 program. A continuation of
AF 33(657)-7132. For information only. RFP
5842-KNA not available.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Manned Spacecraft Center
2101 Webster-Seabrook Road
Houston, Texas 77058
Negotiations will be conducted with Avco
Corp., Tulsa, Okla., for study of an investigation
of the optical degradation of glasses exposed to
the radiation environment of space. RFP MSC
64-1 163P not available. For information only.
Contracting Officer
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Langley Station
Hampton, Va. 23365
Heat source, high-intensity radiant energy in
accordance with NASA specifications. One lot.
IFB L-4463. Bid opening 5/4/64.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Lewis Research Center
21000 Brookpark Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44135
Furnish and deliver vacuum booster pump
with drive motor, in accordance with NASA
Lewis Research Center Specifications. Deliver
within 90 days after date of reward. Copies of
IFB C-150759 will be furnished to the extent
available on first-received, first-served basis. Bid
opening 5/14/64.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Maryland
Request for a system of two antenna assemblies
and associated solid-state servo controls for a
mobile tracking system. PCN 68611. This is a
two-step procurement. Deadline is 5/13/64.
38
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
H
HONEYWELL
INSTRUMENTATION
1^
MILITARY
EDITION
Number 2 -MI
Honeywell Designs
Custom Cryostats
POTTSTOWN, Pa. — Cryostats de-
signed by Honeywell's Special Systems
Division for the calibration of platinum
and germanium cryogenic temperature
sensors are now in service at NASA's
Huntsville, Ala., facilities in connection
with the Saturn space vehicle program.
The self-contained, integrated systems
include dewars, precision control equip-
ment, high-accuracy measuring circuits
and digital readout equipment. Also in
the relay rack-mounted systems are pro-
grammers for automatic operation and
NBS calibration reference standards.
Calibration is accomplished by in-
serting test and control sensors and the
primary standard into the appropriate
cryogen — liquid helium, nitrogen, hy-
drogen, etc. By controlling the tempera-
ture of the cryogen at various levels,
defined precisely by the primary stand-
ard, calibration data is developed and
printed out. Up to six sensors of the
same type can be calibrated at one time.
All Honeywell cryostats are custom-
designed. Inquiries should include such
information as calibration range, sensor
type, sensor size, number to be cali-
brated at one time, accuracy require-
ments, and typical calibration curves.
WRITE FOR FULL INFORMATION
New Portable Lab Recorder
Measures lOOyuv to lOOv
PHILADELPHIA— Honeywell's
Philadelphia Division recently intro-
duced an all new portable lab recorder
capable of measuring voltages from 100
microvolts full scale to 100 volts dc full
scale without auxiliary equipment.
This new instrument, the ElectroniK
19 strip chart recorder, combines a wide
measuring range with a variety of fea-
tures which its designers say makes it
one of the most versatile recorders avail-
able for laboratory or test applications.
In introducing the new instrument,
Honeywell Market Manager William
Forsyth emphasized that the ElectroniK
19 recorder has been designed specifi-
cally to meet the needs of the military
test market.
"For example," he explained, "the
wide selection range of the new instru-
ment makes it possible to measure with
one recorder signals which usually re-
quire several units or auxiliaries such as
preamplifiers or attenuators."
The ElectroniK 19 lab recorder has a
unique tilting platen that pulls up from
a vertical position and locks at either a
30° or 45° angle.
"There also is a tear-off bar for fast,
easy removal of selected records," For-
syth pointed out. "When you add the
completely removable chart transport
LI
NEW ELECTRONIK 16 Strip Chart Potentiometer is subjected to temperature and
humidity extremes in a Honeywell evaluation laboratory environmental chamber. An
intensive evaluation program for the ElectroniK 16 line assures quality, overall relia-
bility and repeatable performance capability under a wide range of operating conditions.
ELECTRONIK 19 PORTABLE LAB RE-
CORDER has a range from 100 microvolts
to 100 volts full-scale, weighs less than 20
pounds, occupies less than one square foot.
and quick thumb-wheel selection of 10
chart speeds from one inch in 10 min-
utes to an inch a second, you can ap-
preciate how we have engineered this
instrument for the user."
Forsyth also noted that the new re-
corder's potentiometric measuring cir-
cuit provides ±0.25 per cent full-scale
accuracy and up to 100 per cent of full-
scale zero displacement to expand the
effective range when the signal goes off
scale. Other standard features include
high-performance, null-balance servo
with frequency response down less than
1% full scale at 5 cps from 10% peak-
to-peak amplitude, along with wide
measuring capacity from low-impedance
detectors to high-impedance bridges.
WRITE FOR FULL INFORMATION
Honeywell
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS GROUP
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 19144
HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL
Sales and service offices in principal cities of the
world. Manufacturing in United States, United King-
dom, Canada, Netherlands, Germany, France, Japan.
Circle No. 10 on Subscriber Service Cord
products and processes
New Product of the Week:
Wideband FM Receivers
Wideband FM receivers incorpo-
rating baseband capabilities to 15 mc
with low distortion are available in
standard designs from RHG Electron-
ics Laboratory, Inc.
Basic IF units at 60 and 160 mc, as
well as complete microwave receivers
in L-, S-, C- and X-bands can be sup-
plied. Specifications for a typical model
include an RF frequency of 860 mc; IF
frequency of 60 mc; non-linearity of
3% maximum and a 10-db noise figure.
Circle No. 151 on Subscriber Service Card
Non-Burning Laminate
The Mica Corp. has introduced a
non-burning G-ll type copper-clad
laminate that can be dip soldered,
and/ or electroplated, and/ or vapor de-
greased without detrimental effect.
The Micaply Grade EG-824-T util-
izes a resin compound which allows
it to retain at least 50% of its flexural
strength after exposure for one hour
at 300° F. When tested in accordance
with ASTM D635, it exceeds the re-
quirements of MIL-P-13949C.
Circle No. 152 on Subscriber Service Card
Speed Control Manifold
Fluid Power Div. of the Aurora
Corp. has introduced an aluminum-
bodied multipurpose speed control man-
ifold for controlling air, oil and other
fluids.
The unit has a control which will
lock in any position assuring a constant
flow at any position. It has a full %-in.
orifice and is adaptable to operating
pressures from 0 to 2,000 psi. It is sup-
plied for use as a manifold bolted to
either side of the body, with Va, % or
Vi-in. ports.
Circle No. 153 on Subscriber Service Card
Transistor Cooling Package
A transistor cooling package which
requires Vs less space and eliminates
thermal gradients between mounting
stations is available from PinFin, Inc.
The unit electrically isolates each
transistor heat sink, maintains low ther-
mal resistances tailored to job require-
ments and can be mounted directly to
standard 4 Ms -in. bolt fans.
Standard models are available in
8, 10, 16 and 20 stations. Others are
available on order.
Circle No. 154 on Subscriber Service Card
Slewing Switch Module
A five-position slewing switch mod-
ule which provides manual control for
bi-directional, two-speed re-zeroing in
digital display packages is available
from Technology Instrument Corp. of
California.
The Model PVR09-K387 has a
spring return for self-centering with two
switch segments in each direction from
the center null. One version is equipped
with 0-rings which provide protection
against high humidity environments and
presets an 8 oz.-in. friction load at the
manual control knob.
Three detents are incorporated, one
at the center null and one each before
passing from the two "intermediate"
segments in either direction to the
"high" speed switching segments. Two
switching positions are incorporated on
each side of null; the "intermediates"
typically ±35°, and the "high" speeds
typically ±70°.
Circle No. 155 on Subscriber Service Card
Coaxial Switch
Philco Corp.'s Lansdale Div. has
introduced a solid-state coaxial switch
capable of operation at any frequency
within the VHF to X-band spectrum.
The Model PS9501, with its 25 to
7,500-mc range, has a typical switching
speed of less than 10 nsec. Insertion loss
is less than 1 db with an isolation
greater than 25 db over a bandwidth
of 100:1. Amplitude modulation is
greater than 85%. With a 300:1 band-
width, it has an insertion loss less than
4 db with an isolation greater than 15
db. Amplitude exceeds 50% at modu-
lation rates to 1 mc.
Circle No. 156 on Subscriber Service Card
Immersible Transducer
The Macrosonics Corp. has intro-
duced a 2-mc immersible transducer
for continuous production of dense sub-
micronic aerosols.
When immersed at proper height
into a liquid, the Type A-2000 trans-
ducer creates a "dry" fog with uniform
droplets smaller than 1 micron. Ter-
minal velocity of these particles is
0.003 cm/sec. which corresponds to a
settling rate of slightly more than 6 ft.
per 24 hours. A small generator driving
the input gives the possibility to pro-
duce between 75 and 250 cc of aerosol
per hour when using liquid such as
water and methanol.
Circle No. 157 on Subscriber Service Card
40
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
Fixed-Frequency Magnetron
A fixed-frequency pulse magnetron
in the millimeter wave range is available
from Litton Industries' Electron Tube
Div.
The L-3750 operates in a 34,500 to
35,200-mc frequency range with a min-
imum peak power of 100 kw. The
liquid-cooled unit has a typical opera-
tion rated at a peak voltage of 20 kv
and peak current of 25 amperes.
Applications include airborne map-
ping radar, weather detector radar and
aircraft landing radar.
Circle No. 158 on Subscriber Service Card
Pressure Control System
A pressure calibration control sys-
tem capable of testing pressure sensing
devices up to 1,000 psi has been intro-
duced by Trio-Tech, Inc.
The Model 367 contains a 0 to
10,000 psi inlet pressure gauge, a self-
relieving pressure reducing regulator, a
precision pressure regulator with a sen-
sitivity adjustment of 0.0005 psi, a 16-
in. heise gauge with an accuracy of 0.1
of 1% full scale and a rupture assem-
bly for system protection.
Circle No. 159 on Subscriber Service Cord
Electronic Commutator
NP Laboratories, Inc., is marketing
a 90-channel electronic commutator of
all-silicon circuitry and designed espe-
cially for airborne applications.
The Model ALL-90M features a
back current of 0.05 microamp maxi-
mum at elevated temperatures. Com-
mon mode rejection is 100 db. Input
impedance is 1 megohm. Scatter is
50 mv maximum referred to input.
The device has an operating tempera-
ture range of —20° to 80° C.
Circle No. 160 on Subscriber Service Card
Tape Transport
A high-environment tape transport,
the Model 10-110, is being marketed
by Genisco Data, a division of Genisco
Technology Corp.
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
The unit has been proved in the
field at vibrations to 70 g's peak-to-
peak, at 20-ms shocks of more than
100 g's and at accelerations in excess
of 50 g's with little or no degradation
of basic performance, the company says.
The system has an FM, direct or
digital recording capability at tape
speeds of 1% to 120 ips in standard
increments. Flutter is less than 1.0%
peak-to-peak at 60 ips, dc to 1,000 cps.
It has a capacity of 1,200 ft. of 1-mil
tape.
Circle No. 161 on Subscriber Service Card
Flexible Strain Gauges
Information on internal strain and
stress to 10% or greater {Yio in. /in.)
in solid propellants and similar visco-
elastic materials can be provided by
a series of flexible strain gauges de-
veloped by Gulton Industries.
The three models have a volume of
Vs cu. in. and utilize "Glennite" mate-
rials encased in primary rubber. The
elements are so small, says the company,
that there is practically no effect on the
vibrational characteristics of the struc-
ture.
The FSG-2890 is a dynamic strain
gauge with up to three mutually perpen-
dicular measures, tension and compres-
sion. Frequency response is 20 to 600
cps with ±5% variation.
The FSG-3400 dc static gauge meas-
ures single dimensional strain with a
sensitivity of 1 mv/ mil input.
The FSG-3300 is a dc shear gauge
which measures single dimensional axial
or radial strain with a sensitivity of
greater than 50 mv for a 1% shear
input.
Circle No. 162 on Subscriber Service Card
Garnet Material
A garnet material whose saturation
magnetization can be accurately con-
trolled— permitting mass-production
manufacture of electronic and micro-
wave devices — has been developed by
Microwave Chemicals Laboratory, Inc.
The material MCL-290TG, can be
typically held within 15 gauss at levels
of 290 gauss, allowing components de-
signs at frequencies as low as 100 mc.
Dielectric constant of the material
is 13.4; loss tangent at 4.4 gc is less
than 0.0005 and linewidth is 40 oer-
steds.
Circle No. 163 on Subscriber Service Card
Delay/Gate Generator
Berkeley Nucleonics Co. has intro-
duced a 10-mc delay and gate genera-
tor featuring a calibrated amplitude
discriminator.
Input signals above the threshold of
the discriminator produce output pulses
INSTRUMENTATION,
CONTROLS, AND DATA
ACQUISITION SYSTEMS
for
LAUNCH COMPLEXES
AND
RANGE FACILITIES
F&M Systems Co. instrumentation experience
includes: Titan II Launch Complex — Little
Rock, Arkansas; Athena Checkout — Range
Firing Facility — Green River, Utah; Com-
munication System for Range Control — Pa-
cific Missile Range, Pt. Arguello, California;
Saturn Launch Complexes 34 and 37 — Cape
Canaveral, Florida.
These F&M Systems programs required: Data
acquisition, analysis and recording systems;
"quick-look" oscillographic data displays;
go- no -go indicators; audio-video site
communications.
Write for F&M Systems capabilities brochure.
COMPLETE DESIGN, FABRICATION,
INSTALLATION, AND CHECKOUT SERVICE
F&M SYSTEMS CO.
m A DIVISION OF FISCHBACH AND MOORE, INCORPORATED
P. 0. BOX 26329 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75226
Circle No. 9 on Subscriber Service Cord
CLEAN ROOM
APPAREL LAUNDERING
CERTIFIED TO MEET GOVERNMENT
SPECIFICATIONS (T.O. 00-25-203)
Engineered to Meet Your Most
Critical Requirement Levels
U.S. AIR FORCE AND NAVY APPROVED FACILITIES
Atlas can also supply Clean Room
Garments for Class 1 thru 4 Programs.
AIR DELIVERY OUTSIDE OF WEST COAST AREA
For Complete Information, Inquire
DIRECTOR OF SALES. DEPT. B
ATLAS
. COVERALL & UNIFORM
SUPPLY COMPANY
1441 EAST ADAMS BLVD.
LOS ANGELES 11, CALIF.
PHONE: ADams 2-3271
with an adjustable width from 50 nsec
to 10 millisecs and adjustable delay
from 100 nsec to 10 millisecs.
The Model CT-1 has a 10-mc repe-
tition rate and an adjustable threshold
from 0.1 to llv. Accuracy is 1% of
full scale; integral linearity is 0.5%
Output specifications include a rise and
fall time of 100 nsecs, 4v into 50 ohms.
Circle No. 164 on Subscriber Service Cord
Frequency Sources
A line of frequency sources for criti-
cal applications at frequencies from
8 mc to 10 gc is available from Pitom-
eter Log Corp.
The Series 1100 features short-term
stabilities to one part in 10° and long-
term (24 hours) stabilities to three
parts in 10". Each frequency is ob-
tained by selection of fundamental
frequency crystal and varactor multi-
plier chain. Multiple output frequencies
are also obtainable upon request.
Each series contains its own crystal
oven, monitoring meter and optional
power supply. Output is typically 1.0
watt at UHF, L- and S-band, 500 mw
at C-band and 100 mw at X-band.
Circle No. 165 on Subscriber Service Card
Varactor Multipliers
A solid-state frequency multiplier
which produces power outputs at 500,
1,000 and 2,000 mc is being marketed
by LP Associates.
The Model 1000-1 varactor multi-
plier consists of three independent var-
actor frequency doublers which may be
connected in series or used individually.
With an input of 250 mc at 25 watts
nominal, the unit provides output power
in excess of 15 watts at 500 mc. At a
frequency of 1,000 mc, output is 6
watts; at 2,000 mc, more than 2 watts
output is available. At all frequencies,
spurious frequency rejections exceeds
50 db.
Circle No. 166 on Subscriber Service Card
Instrumentation Amplifier
A differential dc instrument ampli-
fier, said to achieve stabilization without
a chopper, has been developed by Alle-
gany Instrument Co., a division of Tex-
tron Electronics, Inc.
The Model 518 features a noise
level of 3 mv to 10 kc and a 60-kc
bandwidth. Linearity is 0.01%; com-
mon mode rejection is 120 db, and
overload recovery is within 200 micro-
seconds.
The solid-state device has a gain ]
adjustable from 20 to 4,000. Output j
is ±10v at 100 ma.
Circle No. 167 on Subscriber Service Card
Infrared Tracking Sensor
An angular-error indicator, desig-
nated the Model 21-111 infrared track-
ing sensor, has been developed by
Barnes Engineering Co.
The unit consists of an optical head
and an electronics unit. The system
receives infrared radiation emitted by
its target and generates position error
signals for transmission to a tracking
servo system. Pointing accuracies of
0.02 to 0.05 milliradian have been
achieved when the model is combined
with standard positioning systems.
Circle No. 168 on Subscriber Service Cord
Data Logging System
Kinelogic Corp. is marketing the
KS-1 digital conversion-recording sys-
tem, designed principally for meteor-
ology and oceanography.
The unit provides sampling, digital
conversion and recording functions
and has an optional playback capability
which permits periodic interrogation of
the system through an RF link.
The system can sample 1, 4, 8 or
16 different inputs. Accuracy is ±0.5%
with ±0.1% as an option.
Circle No. 169 on Subscriber Service Card
Liquid Sensor
An immersible optical-type liquid
sensor which operates in all liquids with-
out recalibration or adjustment is avail-
able from Bendix Corp.'s Pioneer Cen-
tral Div.
The GT-103 senses presence or ab-
sence of liquid at a specific point with
an accuracy of ±0.050 in. (typical)
within a temperature range of —430°
to 160° F. Response time in instanta-
42
Circle No. 8 on Subscriber Service Card
neous. Power requirement is 28v dc.
Output signal is dc voltage capable of
driving meter or simplified transistorized
switching amplifier.
Circle No. 170 on Subscriber Service Cord
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
book reviews
GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS— CYCLOPEDIC
GUIDE TO WW, ADMINISTRATION, PROCE-
DURE, John Cosgrove McBride and Isidore H.
Wachtel, published by D.P. Indices, Inc., 205 E.
42 St., New York 17, N.Y., distributed by Mat-
thew Bender & Co., Inc., San Francisco, multi-
volume looseleaf set.
Using this set is one of the easiest ways
we know to become familiar with nearly
any legal aspect of Government contract-
ing. The books will be of great aid to attor-
neys working on Government contracts.
We found, however, that it can be of even
greater value to management people whose
strength may be in technical fields, but
who find themselves taking part in nego-
tiation, fulfillment and interpretation of
contracts.
Each chapter takes up a category of
government contracting, gives general
principles, then details, applications and
case histories. We were happily surprised
to find the text written simply and clearly,
without legalistic jargon.
This set is the product of a long collab-
oration between two well-known attorneys:
John McBride is Deputy Council at the
Bureau of Supplies and Accounts, Depart-
ment of Navy; Isidore Wachtel, a Washing-
ton attorney, has been representing indus-
try for many years. Together, they brought
half a century of experience into writing
the cyclopedia.
A small extract from a section entitled
Implied Contracts, which gives the flavor
and authority of the books: "There is
another type of agreement where the pro-
posal or acceptance is conveyed not by
words but by conduct. This is called an
implied or tacit contract." The authors
point out, "It would seem obvious that
when an express contract completely covers
the transaction between the parties, there
is no need to imply anything more, Rem-
ington-Rand, Inc. v. United States, 128 Ct.
CI. 722 (1954). Consequently, an implied
contract will arise only where something
is missing in the form of proof, and this
absence will be cured by the production
of proof of conduct." This is continued with
definitions of implied contracts and ex-
amples from cases at law. Topics include
illegal government demands, lack of au-
thority in government agent, government
use of supplies and services, all told in 32
pages.
The authors' system will save legal re-
searchers much time since the technique is
to quote at length from landmark decisions
of the courts, boards of contract appeals,
the Attorney General and the Comptroller
General. There is little need to go to the
original source material. Time is also
saved for the interested non-specialist since
he does not have to accumulate or buy the
material in this field. W.B.
SPACE LAW AND GOVERNMENT, Andrew G.
Haley, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Division of
Meredith Publishing Company, New York, 608
pp., $15.00.
"Space Law and Government" is an
admirable addition to the literature on
man's ventures into space. The volume
treats a myriad of legal, sociological, and
scientific topics.
There is an excellent analysis of the
legal problems involved in space explora-
tion; emphasis is placed on the fact that
the authorities of the past, with their gaze
fixed upon the earth, will not be of sub-
stantial assistance. In his discussion of
technical matters, the author demonstrates
an intimate familiarity with scientific de-
tails. His grasp of technical considerations
is well illustrated by his analysis of the
scientific facts that must be taken into
account in establishing an upper boundary
for national sovereignty. There is an ex-
tensive chapter on space communications,
in which the author comprehensively but
concisely discusses the uses of space tele-
communications, the problems of frequency
allocation, world-wide satellite communi-
cations, and orbital radio commands. There
is a detailed section on space medical
jurisprudence. The governmental and non-
governmental organizations throughout the
world that are involved with space activi-
ties are described.
The author, Andrew G. Haley, has long
been associated with space endeavors. Dur-
ing World War II, he was a co-founder,
along with the late Dr. Theodore von
Karman, of the Aerojet firm. The volume
fulfills the promise expressed in the Fore-
word by Lyndon B. Johnson: "The distin-
guished background of the author and the
painstaking research which has gone into
this book point up the value of 'Space Law
and Government.' " W.B.
ASTRONAUTICAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE
— FROM PEENEMUNDE TO PLANETARY SPACE,
edited by Dr. Ernest Stuhlinger, Director, Research
Projects Division; Frederick I. Ordway, III, Chief,
Space Systems Information Branch; George C.
Bucher, Scientific and Technical Assistant to the
Director, Research Projects Division; and Jerry
C. McCall, Assistant to the Director; all of the
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Na-
tional Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Huntsville, Ala., 384 pages plus index. M. Hill;
$17.50.
"Astronautical Engineering and Sci-
ence," which was prepared to commemor-
ate the 50th birthday of Dr. Wernher von
Braun by a number of his former and
present associates, is a complete account
of the technologies and sciences forming
the core of rocketry and space flight.
Written by 38 experts in the field — many
of whom participated in the events dis-
cussed— the book contains 18 chapters on
rocket propulsion, rocket design, control
and guidance, instrumentation and tele-
metry, space vehicle technology, space
physics, launch operations, planetary ex-
ploration, and future projects. It reflects
the various activities in which Dr. von
Braun and his team have been engaged
during the past 25 years.
Among the specific topics covered in
the book are: the development of the
Saturn; past, present, and future concepts
for launching vehicles; tabular histories of
launch vehicle firings; and the factors in-
volved in making a launch vehicle suitable
for manned space flights.
special
report
eiectro-
opiical
systems
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
43
names in the news
MILWITT HUNTER SKAGGS COSTLOW
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copies. To insure delivery at your
new address please notify us at least
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Send us your old an new address, and,
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FROM YOUR LAST ISSUE . . . include
your postal zone or zip number.
Thank you.
Write to:
MISSILES AND ROCKETS,
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Washington, D. C. 20005
William Milwitt: Joined the executive
staff of Pulse Engineering, Inc., Santa
Clara, Calif., as technical director.
Benjamin J. Trivelli: Appointed assist-
ant chief engineer at Phelps Dodge Elec-
tronic Products Corp., North Haven, Conn.
Dr. Franklin W. Diederich: Named vice
president-engineering at Avco Corp.'s Re-
search and Advanced Development Div.,
Wilmington, Mass. Dr. Murray E. Malin
named vice president-research and Dr. M.
Baron T. George named vice president-
plans and programs.
Charles E. Hunter: Appointed general
manager of Thiokol Chemical Corp.'s
Wasatch Div., Brigham City, Utah.
E. R. Skaggs: Elected vice president
for engineering at United Control Corp.,
Redmond, Wash.
Ralph E. Costlow: Named military
marketing sales representative in the east
central states region for Motorola Semi-
conductor Products, Inc., Phoenix, Ariz.
Dr. Ernest J. Dieterich: Named director
of engineering for the midwest operation
for Data Products Corp., Culver City,
Calif.
L. M. Newberry: Named manager,
support concepts, MMRBM program, at
the San Bernardino, Calif., Operations of
Aerospace Corp.
C. A. Zimmerman: Promoted to man-
ager of propulsion engineering at Lock-
heed Missiles & Space Co.'s research and
development division, Sunnyvale, Calif.
L. J. (Pat) Hines: Appointed assistant
to the president at Mesa Scientific Corp.,
Inglewood, Calif.
Richard C. Amidon: Appointed man-
ager of program development for Fair-
child Stratos Corp.'s new data systems
engineering organization, Hagerstown, Md.
Francis B. Kilduff: Appointed defense
products manager of Instrument Develop-
ment Laboratories, Attleboro, Mass.
Chris Musello: Named marketing man-
ager for Solvere, Inc., Santa Anna, Calif.
Gerald Eyrich: Appointed quality as-
surance manager of Leach Corp.'s Relay
Div., Los Angeles.
Gordon M. Eisner: Appointed market-
ing director of Janco Corp., Burbank,
Calif.
Stanley Demain: Named general man-
ager of the Stratos Div. of Fairchild Stra-
tos Corp., Bayshore, N.Y.
Carl D. Strickland: Appointed a con-
tracting engineer in the Atlanta, Ga., office
of Chicago Bridge & Iron Co.
Carl A. Georgi: Named vice president
and general manager of Pickard & Burns
Electronics, Waltham, Mass.
Fred A. Klemach: Joined Sperry Rand
Corp.'s Aerospace Div. Marketing Group,
Detroit, as manager of systems develop-
ment.
Wesley Tannenbaum: Appointed prin-
cipal engineer at Space Sciences, Inc.,
Waltham, Mass.
N. M. Graham: Named director of
materiel for Martin Co.'s Denver Div.,
Colo.
Dr. Lawrence M. Liggett: Named as-
sistant technical director at Speer Carbon
Co., St. Marys, Pa.
Glenn H. Lohuis: Promoted to director
of sales at Chicago Aerial Industries, Bar-
rington, 111.
Nathan Bylock: Named vice president
and manager of Measurement Control De-
vices, Philadelphia, Pa.
Dr. Murray Disman: Appointed man-
ager of the microwave tube division of
Eitel-McCullough, Inc., San Carlos, Calif.
Robert L. Tillotson: Appointed vice
president and manager of the Central Re-
gional liaison office of the Systems Group
of Litton Industries, Dayton, Ohio.
Tom W. Le Nay: Named president of
Perkin Electronics Corp., El Segundo,
Calif. George W. Mousel named vice
president.
M/R BUSINESS OFFICES
Washington, D.C. 20005— 1001 Vermont Ave-
nue, NW; STerling 3-5400
A. C. Boughton, National Sales Manager
Kenneth C. Blanchard, Director of Re-
search and Marketing
New York, N.Y. 10017-20 East 46 Street;
YUkon 6-3900
Paul B. Kinney, Eastern Advertising Man-
ager
Paul N. Anderson
Beverly Hills, California 90210—9301 Wilshire
Blvd.; CRestview 4-8791
Edwin J. Denker, Jr., Western Advertising
Manager
Ronald L. Rose
Detroit, Michigan 48237—21990 Greenfield
Road, Oak Park, Mich.; 547-8880
Michael Rouff
Chicago, Illinois 60601—1 East Wacker Dr.,
Room 1522; 321-1444
Charles E. Durham, Jr.
Miami, Florida 33022— P.O. Box 890, Holly-
wood, Fla.; Wilson 7-6072
R. P. Caldiero
London, W.I., England— 44 Conduit Street;
REgent 4714
American Magazine Group
Geneva, Switzerland — 10 Rue Grenus; Ge-
neva 321044
Paris, France— 11 Rue Condorcet; TRU 15-39
44
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
when and where
Advertisers' Index
ALLISON DIV. OF GENERAL MOTORS
CORP 48
Agency — Kudner Agency, Inc.
ATLAS COVERALL 0 UNIFORM SUPPLY
CO 42
Agency — Paul & Baum/Adv.
AUTONETICS, A DIVISION OF NORTH
AMERICAN AVIATION, INC 11
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine &
Osborn, Inc.
CANOGA ELECTRONICS CORP 3
Agency — Jordan Adv., Inc.
COMPUTER CONTROL CO., INC 4
Agency — de Garmo-Boston, Inc.
DORSEY TRAILERS, INC., SPECIAL
PRODUCTS DIV., A SUB. OF THE
DORSEY CORP 6
Agency — Morris Timbes, Inc.
DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT CO., INC 36
Agency — J. Walter Thompson Co.
ELECTRONIC SPECIALTY CO., EEMCO
DIV 2
Agency — Grant Adv., Inc.
F & M SYSTEMS CO 42
Agency — Don L. Baxter, Inc.
HONEYWELL 39
Agency — The Aitkin-Kynett Co. Inc.
LOCKHEED MISSILES & SPACE CO. . . 24, 25
Agency — Foote, Cone & Belding
MARTIN CO., DIV. MARTIN MARIETTA
CORP 7
Agency — Ketchum, MacLeod &
Grove, Inc.
MOTOROLA INC., MILITARY
ELECTRONICS DIV 47
Agency — Charles Bowes Adv., Inc.
NORTHROP CORP 12, 13
Agency — Doyle, Dane, Bernbach, Inc.
VITRO CORPORATION OF AMERICA
Agency — Buchen Adv., Inc.
FOR SALE
Executive Residence on Clear Lake op-
posite entrance to Manned Space Craft
Center, Houston, Texas.
Texas Finest, Modern, Luxurious, 4
bedroom home complete with swimming
pool, air-conditioning, 2 marble fireplaces,
master bedroom 24' x 36' with large mir-
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and mirror dining room, large linen closet,
all modern kitchen with deep freeze,
washers, ovens, 2 deep water wells, com-
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Recently sold for $485,000.00 now avail-
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APRIL
ASTME Annual Meeting, Convention and
Exposition, Detroit, April 20-24.
Seminar on Nonlinear Partial Differential
Equations in Mathematical Physics,
sponsored by AF Office of Scientific Re-
search, Army Research Office, Ameri-
can Mathematical Society, Hotel New
Yorker, New York City, April 20-23.
First Canaveral Space Congress, sponsored
by Canaveral Council of Technical So-
cieties, Ramada Inn, Cocoa Beach,
Fla., April 20-22.
AFIPS, IEEE and ACM Spring Joint Com-
puter Conference, Sheraton-Park Hotel,
Washington, D.C., April 21-23.
IEEE Southwestern Conference and Elec-
tronics Show, Dallas Memorial Audi-
torium, Dallas, April 22-24.
American Geophysical Union, Annual Na-
tional Meeting, Washington, D.C.,
April 22-25.
Fourth Rare-Earth Research Conference,
sponsored by AF Office of Scientific
Research, Phoenix, Ariz., April 22-25.
Society of American Value Engineers An-
nual Meeting, Ambassador Hotel, Los
Angeles, April 23-24.
The Combustion Institute, Western States
Section, Spring Meeting, San Jose,
Calif., April 27-28.
National Aeronautics Meeting and Pro-
duction Forum, sponsored by SAE and
ASME, Commodore Hotel, New York
City, April 27-30.
IEEE and ISA Region 6 Annual Confer-
ence, Salt Lake City, Utah, April 29-
May 1.
National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-
tration's Annual Conference on the
Peaceful Uses of Space, Boston, April
29-May 2.
Institute of Navigation, Space Navigation
Meeting, Port-O-Call Inn, St. Peters-
burg, Fla., April 30-May I.
MAY
American Society for Microbiology, Shera-
ton Park and Shoreham Hotels, Wash-
ington, D.C., May 3-7.
10th National Aerospace Instrumentation
Symposium, sponsored by ISA, Bilt-
more Hotel, New York City, May 4-6.
AIAA Aerospace Propulsion Meeting,
Cleveland, May 4-6.
10th Annual Meeting of the American As-
tronautical Society, Hilton Hotel, New
York City, May 4-7.
ASME Metals Engineering Conference,
Sheraton-Cadillac Hotel, Detroit, May
4-8.
Second National Biomedical Sciences In-
strumentation Symposium, Instrument
Society of America, University of New
Mexico, Albuquerque, May 4-7.
IEEE Fifth National Symposium on Hu-
man Factors in Electronics, San Diego,
Calif., May 5-6.
electro-
optical
systems
• state of the art
• direction of current research
• problems
• deficiencies
• requirements through 1975
including:
1. market survey
2. range instrumentation
3. scientific or
research instrumentation
4. lasers
5. guidance and navigation
6. surveillance and
reconnaissance
7. solar power conversion
8. metrology
published june 1, 1964
advertising
closes may 20
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
45
editorial . . .
The Philosophy of Chance
BEHIND THE MISSILE CONTROVERSY be-
tween Secretary of Defense Robert S. Mc-
Namara, on the one hand, and such public figures as
Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Curtis LeMay and Sen.
Barry Goldwater on the other, lies an interesting dis-
pute in military philosophy.
Secretary McNamara summarizes the situation
pragmatically in this fashion:
• The U.S. has 750 intercontinental ballistic mis-
siles on the pads as against less than 200 Soviet
ICBM's.
• There are 192 Polaris missiles deployed, in
contrast to a far fewer number of Russian sub-
launched missiles which have only one-third as much
range and must be fired from the surface.
• The U.S. has 540 strategic jet bombers on 15-
minute alert, while Russia has no more than 120
heavy bombers and 150 medium-range bombers
capable of hitting U.S. targets on two-way missions.
To Secretary McNamara, these figures mean just
one thing. The U.S. has such an overwhelming
strategic superiority that it can absorb a nuclear first
strike and still inflict unacceptable damage on the
enemy. He knows this and he is convinced the Rus-
sians also know it. Furthermore, the Secretary has
such a high level of confidence in our intelligence
capability that he believes we will be amply fore-
warned should there be any Soviet developments
which might change this situation.
Gen. LeMay and Sen. Goldwater do not share
the Secretary's confidence.
For one thing, they are seriously concerned about
the vulnerability of our ICBM force — vulnerability,
not reliability. It is possible to insure against even
a low level of reliability by deploying sufficient mis-
siles against vital targets so they will be hit even
should half the missiles fail to reach target. This is
not to suggest that the U.S. ICBM reliability is that
low. It is not. But if it were, military planners could
take it into account.
Vulnerability, for a nation conceding the first
strike, is a different problem. We are not at all certain
how well our ICBM force will survive electromag-
netic pulse, earth shock and other imponderables
of a nuclear attack. Deployment of additional mis-
siles is not a protection against vulnerability. It is
this which is worrying Gen. LeMay and Sen. Gold-
water.
They fear, and rightly so, that complete depend-
ence upon ICBM's might leave the U.S. in an un-
tenable position. This would be valid if two things
were true: 1) That U.S. ICBM's were indeed vul-
nerable. This is open to question and in view of the
present Soviet weakness in ICBM's, not a major
current problem. 2) That Secretary McNamara did
intend to depend solely on ICBM's. We have seen
no evidence of this. It is true that the Secretary
has not been moving as fast toward a new manned
strategic aircraft as Air Force prononents would
like. But he has shown an awaren^0 . requirements
in this area and we anticipa eiopment of just
such an aircraft.
We believe that if the Secretary and his staff
are open to criticism in this dispute, it is in an area
other than the two just mentioned. When the Sec-
retary of Defense contemplates the strategic position
of the two nuclear powers, he sees an overwhelming
superiority in favor of the U.S. With this in view,
he sees no need for the additional strategic kill-power
of another manned aircraft, or a low-altitude missile
or a medium-range ballistic missile emplanted in
Europe or aboard a surface fleet.
His reasoning on this is valid — if we have absolute
assurance that the Soviets will not come up with a
surprise development which might counter our pres-
ent and planned ICBM strength. We consider it
reasonable that they might do so, and we consider it
unreasonable to assume that we will have years of
advance notice so that we can proceed to deploy
other deterrent forces at leisure. Overwhelming su-
periority in ICBM's is comforting, but not as com-
forting as that same strength deployed in a mixed
force which provides the U.S. with insurance against
unforeseen Soviet developments such as achievement
of an effective anti-ICBM weapon.
This might turn up as something the size of a
small car and be deployed before we were aware
of it. Unlikely? Yes. Impossible? No. And we must
be protected against the unlikely as well as the likely.
An Air Force officer, Col. Francis X. Kane of
AF Systems Command, has authored an article in
the April issue of Fortune which brings to light some
of the controversy within the Pentagon on military
planning. He believes that we are placing too much
dependence on computerized planning in our defense
establishment, and thereby are eliminating our ability
to cope with the unpredictable, in order to construct
models and manipulate them mathematically.
Says Col. Kane, "We need masses of data on re-
peated events. This necessitates the discarding of
data on individual events that do not fit into the
mass. Such 'unique' events lie principally in the field
of decisions that have occurred only once in history
— e.g., the Japanese decision to attack Pearl Harbor,
the U.S. decision to defend South Korea, the Soviet
decision to put missiles into Communist Cuba. These
individual acts of will cannot be handled by scientific
methodology."
As the Colonel points out, nearly all discoveries
and inventions could be shown to be rationally im-
possible before they were made. As he says, "dis-
covery nearly always comes by chance."
WE THINK THE COLONEL'S VIEWS deserve
wide reading in the Pentagon, although we take
exception to his desire to pin a weird new label on
what is no more than plain common sense.
Nor do we share his pessimistic view that the
men at the top do not possess this common sense.
They desire to reduce to figures all that can be so
reduced — but we do not believe they have thrown
out all regard for intuition. They merely wish to
separate what must be intuitive from that which does
not have to be intuitive. This is a worthwhile objective
— if the colonel's words of warning are kept in mind.
William J. Coughlin
46
missiles and rockets, April 20, 1964
( and underpaid!)
4 j
ON SATURN, Motorola Model MCR-101 shown in illus.
above, provides 10 channels, weighs only 2 lbs., 15 ozs.
ON AGENA — MCR-307, the
yt~^-^ J> smallest, lightest 3-channel unit
made, weighs but2 lbs.
ON POLARIS-MCR-312, features E^X^-^n
an isolated ground system, supplies 3 Di k
decoder channels, weighs 3 lbs. — " —
ON MINUTEMAN — MCR-403,
contains 4 decoder channels,
J Ool^_l-^— » weighs 3 lbs., 13 ozs.
ON MERCU RY-MCR-102/MAD-101 , 20-channel
receiver-decoder, worked ^^^/^
without a single failure ^SP*>&£&^ I
throughout the entire program, 4> \
Motorola's Military Electronics Division is also
responsible for major electronic subsystems on su
programs as Apollo, Gemini, Mariner and Ranger.
COMMAND RECEIVERS
Working in more programs than any other units,
Motorola command receivers have logged the most
reliable performance hours and miles (at low cost per
unitof time and/or distance) in advanced aerospace
functions. Off-the-shelf units are used. ..and often re-used
...on such vehicles as Saturn, Polaris A2 and A3,
Minuteman, Pershing, Scout, Quail, and Subroc. Special
modifications of these units, plus new designs, are
specified for a variety of other projects. Motorola
command instrumentation is the most frequently selected
because the standard line covers a wider range of
applications. Motorola's instrumentation group is
frequently called on to supply special requirements
because of its experience in design and manufacturing to
meet advanced specifications. Your range or vehicle
requirement can probably be met by standard production
units. If not, we can provide the know-how necessary
to deliver precisely what you need. Call us.
Military Electronics Division MOTOROLA
8201 East McDowell Road, Scottsdale, Arizona
Clrcla No. 12 en Subscriber Service Cord
on target with VTOL engine components... bringing the day of the 30:1 thrust/weight ratio
engine ever closer. Methods: Getting especially high heat release from significantly lighter,
shorter combustors . . . reducing the number of compressor stages by developing higher work-
per-stage compressors . . . using air-cooled blades to permit higher turbine inlet temperatures . . .
applying titanium and other specialized metals like beryllium. Using the results of our long-
established research and development programs to advance the state-of-the-art . . . another one
of the several factors that are helping to keep our aerospace and nuclear projects on target.
Circle No. 11 on Subscriber Service Card
APRIL 27, 196
DOD Actively
Developing
Multiple
Warheads
Extended Apollo
Termed Essential
MMRBM Nears
Moment of Truth
120-in. Clusters
Urged for Saturn
Tandem Velas
at World's Fair
Space test tube, c ailed "TOPSY" by the plasma physicists of the Sperry Rand Research Center
who designed and built it, the Thermally-Operated Plasma System will help to pierce the communications
barrier between earth and re-entry vehicles ... enable radars to "see" with a new clarity targets which are
hurtling through the atmosphere... and make practical electronic devices out of ionized
gases. □ The only machine of its kind in industrial laboratory use today, TOPSY gen-
erates a well-behaved, steady-state, quiescent plasma for physicists who are working
to pin down and characterize the elusive properties of that "fourth state of matter."
The plasma physics research typified by TOPSY is but one of a series of Sperry probes division of
FF,y r J r SPERRY RAND
into the future. SPERRY RAND RESEARCH CENTER, Sudbury, Massachusetts. corporation
Circle No. 1 on Subscriber Service Card
B.F.GOODRICH OFFERS COMPLETE CAPABILITY FOR LARGE FILAMENT-WOUND STRUCTURES
Extending its capability for producing filament-
wound rocket motor chambers and other products,
B.F.Goodrich has opened new facilities for even
larger structures. Highlight of the new plant is the
special winding machine (see picture) which can wind
chambers up to maximum sizes for land transport.
This machine is designed to produce polar, helical,
geodesic and circumferential winds— or any pattern
that can be identified mathematically. Through a
data track system, computer- developed
winding patterns can be produced with »
extreme accuracy, under completely con-
1
REGoodrich
trolled environmental conditions. Included in the
new facilities are winding machines for smaller
structures, and large presses for molding rubber and
plastic insulators. All associated materials control,
curing, finishing, inspection, and testing are likewise
provided in the new plant.
B.F.Goodrich offers a complete capability— we can
help you in designing and producing light, strong,
heat-resistant structures. For information contact
Dept. MR- 4, B.F.Goodrich Aerospace
W and Defense Products, a division of The
J B.F.Goodrich Company, Akron, Ohio.
aerospace and defense products
Circle No. 4 on Subscriber Service Card
In January, 1963 a dynamic new dimen-
sion was added to Lockheed Missiles &
Space Company in Huntsville, Alabama.
LMSC's now well-established Research
& Engineering Center was created to lend
close support to the George C. Marshall
Space Flight Center, founded by NASA
to furnish vehicles for space programs;
and the Army Missile Command, home
of the Army's missile programs.
The Huntsville Research & Engineering
Center, adjacent to the University of Ala-
bama's new Research Center, is largely
self-sufficient, capable of carrying out a
wide variety of programs. Its capabilities
include: Advanced engineering; analyti-
cal studies; hardware design, develop-
ment, manufacturing, testing and evalua-
tion. Specific studies, such as analyzing
guidance systems, trajectory computa-
tion, optimization of payload and accu-
racy, post-flight analysis, and thrust
vector control through secondary injec-
tion, are already being accomplished.
Living in the Huntsville area is delight-
ful. The city, a metropolis of 120,000, is
modern and bustling— the fastest grow-
ing city in the Southeast. Nearby lakes
and rivers provide excellent fishing and
water sports. Its scenic countryside offers
a wide variety of game to the hunter. New
housing is plentiful. Schools have kept
pace with the rapid population growth, as
have the churches and civic organizations.
In all, you will enjoy living in Huntsville.
And you'll appreciate the rare challenge
of growing with a new, ambitious
organization.
SCIENTISTS A ENGINEERS: Current
positions available in Huntsville include:
ORBIT MECHANICS-Degree, plus experi-
ence in orbit mechanics, orbital operations,
ephemeris determination, orbit lifetime, ren-
dezvous techniques, lunar and interplanetary
trajectory simulation.
automatic co/vr/?OiS- Degree, plus
experience in analysis and synthesis of flight
control systems and familiarity with flight
control hardware characteristics and analog
simulation techniques.
FLIGHT MECHANICS-Degree, plus experi-
ence in trajectory analysis and in mathe-
matical formulation of dynamics systems,
including vehicle systems evaluation and
accuracy analyses.
GUIDANCE— Degree, plus experience in
synthesis of guidance systems for missile
and space applications. Ability to generate
accurate theoretical guidance equations
based upon vehicle constraints, and hard-
ware characteristics.
For immediate consideration, write: Mr. J. N.
Love, Huntsville Staffing Department, Lock-
heed Missiles & Space Company, P.O. Box
504-L, Sunnyvale, California.
m .JfMVk Jflk. 8Lf jff Mf JfMMr jpwf jmmm
MISSILES & SPACE COMPANY
A GROUP OMS/OV OR LOCKHEEO AIRCRAFT CORPORATION
AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER
LOOK AT LOCKHEED...
Introducing Lockheed's new Research & Engineering Center
r ' i i~ 9
,-it ft .-if
X3-D0T = CPTCO + <5XJ- f-y^r.
Xcl. Q,
missiles and rockets
THE WEEKLY OF SPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Volume 14, Number 17
April 27, 1964
Editor
William J. Coughlin
Managing Editor
Reed Bundy
Senior Editors
Charles D. La Fond Electronics
William Beller Engineering
Associate Editors
Lawrence J. Curran Assistant Managing Editor
Heather M. David Space Medicine
Michael Getler Electronics
Russell Hawkes Industry
John F. Judge Advanced Materials
Robert L. Parker Copy Editor
Rex Pay Electronics
Hal Taylor NASA
James Trainor Military
Contributing Editors
David A. Anderton, Warren Burkett,
Robert Lindsey, Robert Twiss
Friedrich Schonbach Art Director
Donald Strickland Assistant Art Director
Eleanor Cobey Editorial Assistant
Suzanne Montgomery Editorial Assistant
BUREAUS
LOS ANGELES.... 9301 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills
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NEW YORK. 20 East 46th Street
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CAPE KENNEDY 507 Orange Ave.
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PARIS. . . . 11 Rue Condorcet
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GE?™t -^ ii V.-: 10 Rue Grenus
Frank G. McGuire
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
?r PeJe' Castmccio Alexander Satin
Conrad H. Hoeppner Vice Adm. H. Sanders (ret.)
Richard F. Gompertz
James W. Claar
Publisher
A. C. Boughton National Sales Manager
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i Jl I. C.a'tm Director of Circulation
□ J- ^el5.Cn Circulation Promotion
p u 9I' ?arker Production Manager
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Subscription orders and changes of address should be
pe,,,Th t0in9,',rcu.lation Fulfillment Mgr., Missiles and
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effective and enclose recent address label if possible.
President Wayne W. Parrish
Senior Vice President Louis C. James
Vice President Fred S. Hunter
THE COVER
These twin, vertically stacked nuclear-detection
satellites (originally designated Vela Hotel) are
being shown to the public for the first time at
the New York World's Fair. Two such satellites,
manufactured by TRW Space Technology Lab-
oratories, were launched tandem aboard an Atlas-
Agena last Oct. 16 from Cape Kennedy. They're
designed to detect nuclear explosions at up to 100
million miles in space from an orbit 60.000 miles
high. See p. 11 .
APRIL 27 HEADLINES
House Subcommittee Begins Ranger Program Probe 1 1
Vela Success Prompts ARPA To Expand Project 11
New Cape Agreement Contains No-Strike Clause 12
DOD Developing Multiple Missile Warheads 15
NASA Stresses Need for Extended Apollo Spacecraft 16
House Committee Backs McNamara Missile Stand. . 17
AEC, DOD Warned of Possible Pluto Termination 18
Fund Reprogramming Could Cancel MMRBM 21
SPACE POWER
Air Force Shows Interest in Steam Concept
SPACE PROPULSION
UTC 'Clustering' Strengthens Solids Argument
SPACE ELECTRONICS f
SERT Power Needs Push State of the Art
Graphite Masking Applied to Thin-Film Circuits
DEPARTMENTS
24
27
33
35
The Countdown .
The Missile/Space
Week®
Technical Countdown
The Industry Week
48,098 copies this issue
7
Contracts
40
9
Products & Processes
42
11
Names in the News .
44
23
When & Where
45
39
Editorial
46
t U.S. Reg. Pdg.
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
5
Is this
what most engineers mean
when they say
RELIABILITY?
J An integrated guidance, control and checkout system ^
that must be buried in a silo for years and
ready to function perfectly at a moment's notice.
That is reliability. These are the systems which
keep the Minuteman ICBM continually alert and
put it on target. They were designed, developed
and produced by the Autonetics Division of
North American. All goals, including reliability
improvements of 100 times, were met or
exceeded — under cost target and ahead of
schedule. A year of on-station experience for
the D17 computers shows an average of 10,000
hours operating time between failures. For the
complex C53 guidance and control console
which talks to the computer 24 hours a day, it's
30,000 hours. And the electro-mechanical noz-
zle control units rate 55,000 hours between
failures. Now Autonetics is leading the industry
into production application of microelectronics
for even greater Minuteman reliability and per-
formance. These are but some of the many
achievements by engineers and scientists at
Autonetics in integrated, cost-effective systems.
These achievements set the standards of relia-
bility for the entire electronics industry.
North American Aviation/Autonetics
letters
Management Analysis
To the Editor:
Since we are currently analyzing every-
thing for its cost/effectiveness ratio, it is
my suggestion to Air Force policymakers
that they analyze their management teams
from that point of view.
I believe they will find, at least at the
lower levels, that in spite of their con-
siderable cost their only true effectiveness
is in:
1. Engineer-baiting
2. Engineer-downgrading
3. Obstructing engineer effectiveness
4. Abuse of authority
Were this analysis carried out on these
technical illiterates, their cost /effectiveness
ratio would make the Skybolt look like
the biggest bargain DOD ever had.
Tony Berger
Burbank, Calif.
The Bovine Approach
To the Editor:
After much serious discussion concern-
ing the problems involved, and a prelim-
inary investigation of the technical diffi-
culties we have arrived at what we con-
sider a suitable alternative to JPL's Ranger
series. We feel that attaching television
cameras to a cow and training it to jump
over the Moon represents a significant in-
crease in the state of the art. Our process
engineering branch assures us that while
the results may be the same as in the JPL
series, certainly the program will be con-
siderably less expensive.
We do not intend to patent this idea,
but offer it freely as our contribution to
the space race.
Charles Dickinson
James R. Holden
Washington, D.C.
Echo Silhouetted
To the Editor:
The shape of the balloon satellite
Echo II has been under discussion in the
press recently. Radar cross-section meas-
urements were reported to be variable and
less than predicted. The idea of photo-
graphing the balloon was derided because
"optical telescopes are not powerful enough
to provide an accurate picture."
The above quote probably referred to
viewing the satellite by reflected light,
whereby a specular image of the Sun
would be seen. It might be interesting in-
stead to examine Echo II when it is sil-
houetted against the Moon.
A quick calculation shows that Echo II
subtends an angle which varies from 6.5
to 8.5 seconds of arc. This is within the
resolution capability of a one-in. lens! In
practice, however, in order to resolve
circular distortion of the silhouette, a lens
larger than 10 in. would be needed.
The apparent speed of the silhouette
across the Moon will be about 200 mi. per
second. It will traverse its own diameter in
about 0.05 seconds. A shutter speed of 0.005
seconds should suffice. The camera should
have a precision plate holder rather than
ordinary film. As many pictures as pos-
sible should be taken for two reasons:
namely, Echo is rotating on its own axis, i
and atmospheric refraction may amount to
many seconds of arc. A Moon near the
zenith would minimize refraction. Observa-
tion by eye would neutralize refraction
effects, also.
The writer got this idea while watching
Echo II on a "near-miss" pass at the Moon
recently. It would be interesting to have
a computer programmed with the ephemer-
ides of the Moon and of Echo, and also
with the "geoides" (sorry) of known ob-
servatories, to determine when the satellite
(dark) will cross the (illuminated) Moon,
and finally, to observe or photograph the
silhouette.
W. C. Lawson
Western Electric Co.
Adelphi, Md.
And is this
what most engineers
mean when they say
APPLIED
MICROELECTRONICS?
'Civilized' Military
To the Editor:
I believe one of your statements in the
April 6 editorial ("The Revolution: Part
II") should be re-examined.
You stated of Secretary McNamara:
"For the first time the military services
were dealing with a man capable of doing
just exactly what Congress had instructed
him to do — unifying the Pentagon into a
single effective military establishment."
The statement is entirely true with one
exception. The word "military" should not
have been used to describe the establish-
ment resulting from McNamara's manage-
ment.
An example of the extent to which
civilian attitudes have come to dominate
the establishment may be found in the
article "Brief Critique: Line Duty Peril"
in the April 11 issue of the Army-Navy-
Air Force Journal and Register. Mr. Daniel
Z. Henkin, an assistant editor for the J&R,
describes the difficulty which the various
Services are having in obtaining volunteers
for officer vacancies in command positions.
Our young officers have learned that,
whereas preparation for combat was once
the principal duty of a military man, the
most valuable service he can now render
his country is from a staff position where
he can insure that government money is
not wasted. Since war is impossible because
of our superb deterrent missile and bomber
force (still slightly larger than Russia's),
it is clear that any money spent preparing
to fight is wasted.
Therefore, our young officers must try
for staff positions where they can learn the
latest techniques for using computers to
discover reasons for terminating weapons
systems just before we waste money by
putting them in the hands of (ugh) fighting
men. We have, indeed, thoroughly "civil-
ized" the (ex) military establishment.
Robert J. Reithel
Los Alamos, N.M.
It is called the
D26J computer.
S r
Actually, the D26J is part of the MONICA
family of microelectronic computers de-
signed and put in production by the Auto-
netics Division of North American Aviation.
The MONICA family of data processors
has a reliability of thousands of hours of
failure-free operations and a capacity far
greater than the famed Autonetics VERDAN
computer. With the same careful design
' engineering that produced the VERDAN
and M I NUTEM AN computers, MONICAs
are for advanced military applications.
A central data processing member — the
D26C— of the MONICA family has a random
access, magnetic core memory which
retains 8,192 words (expandable to 32,768
words) and a rapid access memory of 256
words, one microsecond cycle time. Its
30-bit word format provides the precision
required for most applications without
requiring double precision subroutines.
A minimal guidance machine, the D26J
is .15 cubic feet and weighs just 13 pounds.
The central data processing D26C is .65
cubic feet and weighs 40 pounds.
The MONICA family of computers is
designed to combine high reliability and
large capacity with building block flexibility.
Their ease of maintainability assures total
' cost effectiveness.
A related microelectronic computer is the
D37B. Its rotating disk memory and 6,966
word capacity of 24 bits, already has been
tested and is in production for use in the
WS-133B or Ml NUTEM AN II weapon system.
This is but one more example of how the
engineers and scientists at Autonetics are
forging ahead in the field of applied micro-
electronics and total systems integration. . .
another reason Autonetics is setting stand-
ards for the entire electronics industry.
North American Aviation
Autonetics
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
7
New Ink Rectilinear Recorder
for analog computer or telemetry write-out
Beckman Type SC Dynograph
All the desirability of the Dynograph ink-rectilinear recorder, in a design
for complete compatibility with analog computers
Famous Locked-In Accuracy at the tracing! Servo
system constantly compares pen tip and input signal
for maximum accuracy and linearity.
Reliable Solid-State Circuitry eliminates drift, com-
ponent aging. No warm-up time; low total power
consumption (230 w. max., for 8 channels) .
■ Channels: 8 analog plus event marker (standard)
■ Width: 40 mm (50 divisions) /channel
■ Sensitivity Range: 2.5-250 volts full scale
■ Input Impedance: 1 megohm, single-ended
or differential
■ Linearity: ±0.25%
■ Frequency Response: DC-150 cps
■ Zero Suppression: 3 times full scale
■ Computer Controls: "Operate," "Hold," "Reset"
i Polarity Reversal: for each channel
i Local-remote Controls: "Chart Speed,"
"Event Marker"
l Centralized Push Button Controls:
"Sensitivity," "Paper Speed," "Calibrate,"
"Polarity," "Local-Remote"
i Pressurized inking system
i Paper Capacity: 1,000 ft. high gloss
maximum contrast
i Paper Take-up: Reel standard, optional
take-up assembly available
l Paper Drive: Zero weave, 8 or 16 speeds
i Calibration: Operate, zero, calibrate, attenuator
l Overload Indicator: each channel
i Timing Marker: one/sec or remote;
second marker optional
Write, or see your local Offner Representative,
for Bulletin 064-1039 on the Type SC Dynograph®
INTERNATIONAL SUBSIDIARIES: GENEVA, SWITZERLAND; MUNICH, GERMANY; GLENROTHES, SCOTLAND; PARIS
INSTRUMENTS, INC.
OFFNER DIVISION
SCHILLER PARK, ILLINOIS • 60176
FRANCE; TOKYO, JAPAN; CAPETOWN, SOUTH AFRICA
Circle No. 5 on Subscriber Service Card
The Countdown
WASHINGTON
Apollo Flight-Testing Approaches
First boilerplate Service Module of the A polio spacecraft
has arrived at the Manned Spacecraft Center for vibration
testing. Two flight tests of Apollo systems also are scheduled
for next month. A maximum Q test of the spacecraft abort
propulsion system will be made at White Sands Missile
Range, N.M., in mid-May, and a boilerplate spacecraft will
be put into Earth orbit by a Saturn I booster from Cape
Kennedy in late May.
New Underground Test Site Readied
Atomic Energy Commission is developing a new under-
ground test area in the Pahute Mesa — northwest of the
present Nevada Test Site. Located on the Air Force bombing
and gunnery range, the site will provide for vertical drilling
of test holes to depths of 4,000-5,000 ft. Experiments are
scheduled to begin next month, with larger-yield shots.
Standardized Nuclear Test Container Developed
To achieve a greater degree of readiness in case the
nuclear test ban treaty is abrogated, the AEC has developed
a "drop envelope." Nuclear components of a particular test
device are placed in the envelope along with standard trig-
gering equipment, and the device is ready for test. The
method is much faster than the old approach of building
an entire weapon for a given test.
Centaur Shot Date Hinges on Checks
Results of a couple of tests this week will decide the
launch date for Centaur 3. Purpose is to check a minor re-
design incorporated to prevent air from getting under the
insulation panels. Earliest date for the launch is sometime
next month, but further slippage is possible.
Minuteman I Inadequacy Denied
The Air Force has scotched a report printed in an aero-
space trade journal (not M/R) that the Minuteman I can't
reach its target from its silo. Maj. Gen. W. Austin Davis,
commander of the AFSC's Ballistic Systems Div„ told re-
porters at Cape Kennedy last week that the "blooper" may
have been based on some earlier feeling that Wing I Minute-
men at Malmstrom AFB, Mont., had some range limitations.
Davis said tests showed that the missiles actually exceeded
their operational requirement.
Navy Winding Up Advanced Deterrent Study
A Navy group which has been studying concepts for an
advanced sea-based deterrent for the past three years is ex-
pected to complete its work this summer. Following this,
the four of five most promising schemes will be submitted
to the Chief of Naval Operations and the Secretary of the
Navy. The study is not limited to Polaris submarine types
of systems but is free to examine all possible alternatives.
AF Advanced ICBM— A Sea Weapon?
One of the most promising concepts in the Air Force
Advanced ICBM studies is an environmentally sealed mis-
sile which could be anchored to the offshore littoral of the
U.S. — or any other land mass. Navy officials are aware of
the program and have furnished information.
Carrier Forces Losing Strategic Role . . .
Not included in Secretary of Defense McNamara's re-
cent analysis of relative U.S.-USSR strength were the
carrier forces. Although in the past these have been counted
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
as part of the strategic package, the Joint Chiefs of Staff
and McNamara have agreed that, starting with the FY 1966
budget, they will revert to the General Purpose category.
. . . And BMEWS Is Officially Downgraded
In Dept. of Defense analysis of U.S. strategic retaliatory
forces, the decreasing value of the Ballistic Missile Early
Warning System has become apparent. With Polaris at
sea and Minuteman in hardened and dispersed silos, the
need for warning of an enemy missile attack has definitely
declined. Developed to enable bomber forces to get off
the ground before an attack, BMEWS is not obsolete but
will be, according to the Air Force, "of less use in the
future than it is now."
Space Station Observatory Envisioned
One potential use for a Manned Space Station being
proposed by NASA is as an astronomical observatory — one
that would greatly increase angular resolution and extend
wavelength range beyond anything possible in Earth ob-
servatories. In order to achieve required pointing accuracies
of 0.1 sec. arc on photographic exposures of one hour or
more, an astronomical mission module with a radio com-
mand and an optical data link to the station may be placed
in close proximity to the manned orbiting laboratory.
INDUSTRY
Big Firms Bidding for LLSS Study
Five firms — Bendix Systems Div., Boeing, Chrysler,
General Electric and Grumman — have submitted bids to
the Marshall Space Flight Center for the feasibility and
design study of a payload for the Apollo Lunar Logistic
Support System which would land on the Moon on the LEM
truck vehicle.. The contract is due to be awarded in mid-May.
GD/A Takes Aim on MOL Competition
General Dynamics/Astronautics has formed a new
project organization devoted wholly to manned space sys-
tems and openly aimed at the Air Force's Manned Orbiting
Laboratory program. Heading the group is Mortimer Rosen-
baum, a company vice president second in command to
president J. R. Dempsey. He formerly was vice president-
research, development and engineering.
INTERNATIONAL
French Plan New Missile Firings Next Summer
Defense Minister Pierre Messmer says first launchings
of Missiles from France's new Biscarosse Range (Count-
down, April 20) will take place in mid-1965. Firings will
be tracked by stations France will build in the Azores.
Range of the French ballistic missiles will vary from 500
to 3,000 kilometers. The Biscarosse range will be staffed
by 1,800 technicians in 1966 and by 3,000 in 1970.
Castro-Khrushchev Missile Hassle Possible
Cuban Premier Fidel Castro and Soviet officials may
soon become embroiled in debate over control of the anti-
aircraft missiles being left in Cuba by the Russians. Opera-
tion of the SAM missiles is expected to be handed over to
the Cubans on May 1, but the Soviets may try to keep veto
power over their launching. This probably would be stiffly
opposed by Castro.
9
This is a picture of a circuit from the
"brain" of an intercontinental ballistic mis-
sile. It is part of one of the most complex
devices ever created, capable of guiding
the giant "bird" over vast distances.
To give this kind of guidance system a
regular checkup — making sure it will be
ready for its vital mission— is a massive
job. Until now, each type of "brain" had
to have a custom-made tester to give it
a checkup.
This was expensive. People had to be
specially trained. And when a new system
came along, a new tester was needed.
So the U. S. Air Force asked Hughes
engineers to look at the problem. The
assignment was to apply their unique ex-
perience in digital computers to build a
tester which would automatically diag-
nose malfunctions in many different types
of systems. It would be easy to operate.
Self-testing. Easy to repair. And require
fewer and less highly-trained operators.
The answer, now in operation, is VATE
— Versatile Automatic Test Equipment.
This is a combination of digital computers
and associated equipment in "building
block" form. It can be programmed to do
several tests simultaneously on a wide
variety of systems. Because the computers
can easily be re-programmed and the
modules replaced, VATE will not go out
of date. It can be inexpensively adapted
Now in operation at the Newark Air Force
Station, Heath, Ohio, VATE "knows" so much it
can predict a breakdown before it happens by
sensing minute changes in performance which
might ordinarily escape notice.
Creating a new world with electronics
! !
HUGHES
I I
The Missile/ Space Week
1
e
I
1
!
1
to future systems. And, over the years
can save millions in defense costs.
Hughes is currently building a variety of
testers. VATE for the largest, most com-
plex systems. The HCM-111A, a ' 'junior"
VATE for flight line operations. The new
VET ior automatic auto engine testing.
These testers exemplify Hughes role in
creating more efficient, more economical
electronics systems.
Engineers and scientists interested in
the advanced electronics projects under-
way at Hughes are invited to write Mr.
S. L. Gillespie, Manager, Employment and
Manpower, Hughes Aircraft Company,
Culver City 73, California. Hughes is an
equal opportunity employer.
House Begins Ranger Probe
The NASA Legislative Oversight
Subcommittee of the House Space
Committee launches its probe of the
Ranger program (M/R, Apr. 13, p.
15) this week with witnesses from
NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
and industry.
Dr. Homer Newell, associate ad-
ministrator for space sciences, will
lead off Monday, accompanied by Ed-
gar Cortright, deputy associate ad-
ministrator, and members of NASA
Headquarters Ranger office.
Wednesday the subcommittee,
which will be headed in this investi-
gation by Rep. Joseph Karth (D-
Minn.), will hear Dr. W. H. Picker-
ing, director of JPL.
Thursday industry representatives
from Radio Corp. of America and
Northrop Corp. will testify. These
companies would have had major
management responsibilities in the
block of five Ranger spacecraft which
were subsequently cancelled.
The subcommittee expects to con-
clude open hearings Friday after
hearing from NASA Administrator
James E. Webb and Associate Admin-
istrator Dr. Robert Seamans.
The House Space Committee
scheduled the special sessions after
receiving a letter from NASA Ad-
ministrator Webb, which appeared
to place much of the blame for fail-
ures in the Ranger program on Jet
Propulsion Laboratory.
Shots of the Week
The Navy on April 20 launched
two Polaris A2 missiles from the nu-
clear submarine Henry Clay off the
coast of Florida.
• The Air Force launched a satel-
lite of undisclosed type aboard a
Thor-Ablestar vehicle from Vanden-
berg AFB, Calif., April 21. No fur-
ther details were released.
Vela Program Expanded
The "complete success" of the
first Vela High Altitude nuclear de-
tection satellites launched last Octo-
ber has led DOD's Advanced Research
Projects Agency to expand and re-
schedule the program.
Future launches of Vela High
Altitude have been stretched out by
rescheduling to permit incorporation
of major improvements between each
launch, according to ARPA director
Dr. R. L. Sproull.
Dr. Sproull said that as Vela
R&D continues in the more favorable
technological climate, "particular em-
phasis will be placed on developing a
capability to detect bursts low in
the atmosphere."
Northrop Gets Lifting Body Pact
Norair Div. of Northrop Corp.
has been awarded an estimated $1
million contract to design and build
two low-speed lifting body research
gliders, which will be flight-tested in
1965.
The gliders will be about 20 ft.
long and weigh 7,000 lbs. maximum.
First delivery is expected in two
months. During the flight tests, the
gliders will be dropped from a B-52
and landed at Edwards AFB, Calif.
The gliders are designed to pro-
vide information on the problems of
piloting large spacecraft during land-
ing. They will be based on the M-2
lifting vehicle developed at the Flight
Research Center and the HL-10 lift-
ing body concept developed at the
Langley Research Center.
Computer Access Simplified
A small system using simple, rea-
sonable language is being developed
by scientists at the Rand Corp.,
Santa Monica, Calif., for direct com-
munication with a computer.
Dubbed JOSS for Johniac Open
Shop System, the method was dis-
closed at the April 21-23 Spring
Joint Computer Conference in Wash-
ington, D.C.
The system allows engineers and
scientists on-line access to a com-
puter through an electric typewriter
using simple codes — essentially func-
tioning as a high-speed calculator ex-
tension to the operating scientist.
The JOSS approach allows inter-
ruptions and simple clean-up steps in
reaching total solutions to certain
types of problems. The programmer
is no longer needed as a middle man.
At Rand, Johniac is coupled to a
special-purpose buffer that handles
messages between remote typewriter
consoles.
Although still in the experimental
stage and by no means a total an-
swer to the user-computer relation-
ship, the JOSS approach has proven
acceptable in applications by engi-
neers at Rand without previous com-
11
ECHO II, World's Largest
Spacecraft, fabricated by
Schjeldahl for NASA of
0.18-mil aluminum foil on
both sides of 0.35-mil
Mylar*. Inside and outside
of 135-foot Satelloon?
treated with inorganic
thermal control coating.
*DuVont trademark for its
polyester film
ECHO I, A 100-Foot Satel-
loon, fabricated by Schjel- 1
dahl for NASA of 0.5-mil
Mylar with 2500°A coat-
ing of vapor-deposited
aluminum. Still orbiting
after Vh years.
Wmmm
WHAT'S NEXT FOR FREEDOM
OF SIZE AND SHAPE . . .
material
with a
memory?
We think so. The satellites
shown used just three of the
many material firsts scored
by Schjeldahl. Newest addi-
tion is material with a mem-
ory. Capable of being folded
into a small package, it re-
tains memory of fabricated
shape which it assumes upon
release in space and main-
tains due to its high modu-
lus. Material with a memory
makes possible capsule
launching of reflective grid
devices without the problem
and weight penalty of infla-
tion or rigidizing systems or
plastic membranes. It ex-
tends the limits of size and
shape.
Schjeldahl has extensive
capability in a number of
fields, proven by Satelloon
experience.
• adhesive and heat sealing
methods
• plastic-metal fabrication
• thermal control coatings
• vapor-deposited coatings
• flexible printed circuitry
• heavy load balloons
• laminations
• system design and testing
• material development
• Pyrex glass encapsulation
(3000° A)
• micro-meteorite sensors
Let us relate our proven ex-
perience in these areas to
your needs.
Write R. Slater, Mktg. Mgr.
Aerospace Division
G.T. Schjeldahl Co.
Northfleld, Minn.
12
12-FOOT Atmospheric
Density Satellite, built of
Schjeldahl laminate of
four layers alternating 0.5-
mill aluminum and 0.5-mil
Mylar. Seams are GT-301®
thermal setting tape.
Circle No. 6 on Subscriber Service Card
Putting Tomorrow's Materials to Work Today
Schjeldahl
SAY "SHELL- DOLL"
puter experience. The method bridges
the gap between the desk calculator
and Fortran-type languages. The on-
line aspect puts the user in a con-
versational situation with the com-
puter.
The first commercial solid-state
computer system to combine standard
analog and digital techniques was un-
veiled at the meeting by its develop-
ers— Beckman Instruments, Inc. and
Scientific Data Systems, Inc. The
Beckman/SDS integrated computer
system can solve advanced analog and
digital problems both separately and
in combination. Previously, two com-
puters had to be used.
New Pact Bans Strikes at Cape
The Patrick AFB Contractors
Assn. and representatives of the
AFL-CIO have signed a three-year
labor stabilization agreement, which
includes a no-strike clause.
The agreement is retroactive to
April 1, the termination date of the
previous two-year contract. The new
pact continues prevailing wage scale
provisions of the earlier contract.
Lapse of the contract has received
much of the blame for recent labor
unrest at the Cape, the Merritt Island
Launch Facility and Patrick AFB.
IBM Gets Saturn Award
NASA has selected IBM's Federal
Systems Division as lead contractor
for development and fabrication of
instrument units (IU) for the Sat-
urn IB and Saturn V launch vehicles.
IBM was selected by NASA in Oc-
tober, 1963, to design and manufac-
ture the IU data adapters and digital
guidance computers and be respon-
sible for integration and checkout.
As lead contractor, IBM will as-
sume the additional responsibility
for the structural and environmental
control systems and integration of all
systems. NASA will supply the telem-
etry system and ST-124M stabilized
platform.
Total cost of the IBM instrument
unit work over the next five years is
expected to exceed $175 million, $79
million of which has previously been
announced.
The instrument unit, or "brain"
of the Saturn vehicles, mounted be-
tween the Apollo spacecraft and the
S-IVB upper stage of the Saturn IB
and Saturn V, contains six major
systems : structural, environmental
control, guidance and control, meas-
uring and telemetry, radio frequency,
and electrical power. The IU is 22 ft.
in diameter; external height is 3 ft.
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
Karth Sees Spending Decline
Rep. Joseph E. Karth (D-Mirm.),
chairman of the House Space Sci-
ences Subcommittee, has told a meet-
ing of the National Space Club in
Washington that Government expen-
ditures in space and other defense-
oriented industries may now have
passed the peak.
Questioned after his speech, Karth
estimated that on the basis of infor-
mation furnished to him by NASA,
the post-ApoZZo programs will not in-
crease that agency's annual budgets
above the $5-6-billion level now fore-
cast through the end of the decade.
The DOD situation is even more se-
vere, he said, citing estimated cut-
backs in spending of $5-9 billion by
1970.
Second Rocket Victim Dead
The accidental firing of a Delta
Orbiting Solar Observatory vehicle
third stage at Cape Kennedy April 14
has claimed its second fatality, John
Fassett, 30, a NASA project engineer
assigned to the Cape.
Fasset died April 18 at the Brooke
Army Medical Center, San Antonio,
Tex., less than 24 hours after the
death at a Cape Kennedy hospital of
Sidney Dagle, 29, burned in the same
accident. Dagle, a technician, was
employed by Ball Bros. Research
Corp., OSO prime contractor.
Davis Cites New Booster Need
Maj. Gen. W. Austin Davis, com-
mander of the Air Force's Ballistic
Systems Div., foresees difficulty in
selling the nation on the need for
new and larger rockets in the space
program.
"We may have some difficulty in
unhitching our space star from the
ballistic (missile) wagon, when this
last has become simply dead weight,"
Davis said in a speech to the first
Canaveral Space Congress at Cape
Kennedy last week.
He said the ballistic missile pi-o-
grams, which were vital to launching
the space program, "conditioned the
public to an acceptance of the prac-
ticality of flight beyond the atmos-
phere." But he warned that clinging
to these proven systems to the neg-
lect of developing "larger rockets not
needed for ballistic missiles but nec-
essary for future exploration of
space" could wreck the space effort.
"It would not ensure us that 'ban-
ner of freedom and peace' in space
which President Kennedy in 1962
pledged as our objective, and to which
both civilian and military space ef-
forts are dedicated."
WATCH DEI
New 20 Channel D-A Converter "Package".
s
m
i Mk t ^VP** ■» V W v- V«B* w O W *J <k Q &r
■ Self-Contained Calibrator
■ Integral Binary Display
■ Self-Contained Power Supply
■ High Linearity and Stability
The new modular DAC-2 from Defense Electronics, Inc. offers line-
arity of ±.1% and overall accuracy of ±.25% for digital-to-analog
data conversion in PCM sub-systems . . . plus a self-contained calibra-
tor and power supply.
The compact unit has 20 eight-bit, digital-analog converter channels,
each with its own integral binary display. Storage of data samples in
each channel is shown by eight incandescent lights.
A versatile and flexible d-a converter "package", DAC-2 permits cali-
bration of any one or a selected group of channels without disturbing
operation of remaining channels. Monitoring of percent of full-scale
and output voltages by front-panel meters is also provided. Thumb
wheel switches select the channels to be metered.
Input of each module is eight data lines and one transfer line and
output furnishes sufficient current for driving analog displays, record-
ers and galvanometers. The unit will operate at word rates up to 100kc.
Ask for the DAC-2 Bulletin . . . Watch DEI
DEI
RESEARCH
DEVELOPMENT
MANUFACTURING
Defense Electronics, Inc.
ROCKVILLE, MARYLAND
PHONE (30 1) 946 - 2600 TWX 301-949-6788
SHERMAN OAKS. CALIFORNIA PHONE (213) S72-2870
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
Circle No. 7 on Subscriber Service Card
13
PESCO PRODUCTS DIVISION
Borg-Warner Corporation
24700 North Miles Road, Bedford, Ohio
"MASTER PLAN]
for cryogenic
prop ell ant
handling
PESCO PROPELLANT PUMPING
SYSTEMS PROVIDE RELIABLE FLUID
TRANSFER FOR SPACE VEHICLES
Solving the complex problems of han-
dling LOX, LH2, and LN2 to power
present and future generations of
space vehicles are everyday assign-
ments at Pesco. Since 1956, Pesco
has been designing and building com-
ponents and systems for pumping
cryogenic liquids in flight. Current
projects include the development and
production of lightweight centrifugal
booster pumps ... AC generators and
electric motors . . . two-phase vapor-
liquid separators . . . vent valves . . .
liquid gas turbines . . . and system
chill-down pumps.
Pesco's facilities are completely
equipped for all phases of major cryo-
genic programs . . . from advanced
research and development, special
studies, and systems engineering . . .
to production, clean room assembly,
and final pre-launch testing.
SEND FOR PESCO'S NEW CRYOGENICS CAPABILITIES BROCHURE F
COMPLETE INFORMATION ON PEOPLE, SYSTEMS, AND FACILITI
Export Sales:
Borg-Warner International Corp
BORG-WARNER.
36 South Wabash Avenue, Chicago 3, Illinois
Circle No. 8 on Subscriber Service Card
Compounds defense problems . . .
DOD Has New Warhead Plan
Multiple re-entry vehicles would enhance missile
penetration; Polaris A-3, Minuteman II are candidates
MULTIPLE RE-ENTRY VEHI-
CLES that will increase the penetration
ability and the effect-on-target of U.S.
strategic retaliatory forces are being
actively developed by the Dept. of De-
fense. This advanced warhead tech-
nique is likely to be used in the Polaris
A-3 and. the Minuteman II weapon
systems.
In addition to the quantum im-
provement they offer in both penetra-
bility and lethality, multiple warheads
will have profound effects — politically
and economically — on the nation's de-
fense posture.
On the latter point, Defense studies
have shown that, since the major costs
of offensive weapons are the booster,
launch complex and logistics require-
ments, significantly higher cost/ effec-
tiveness can be obtained with multiple
re-entry vehicles. Defensive system
costs rise rapidly when the problem
becomes one of countering a missile
carrying more than a single re-entry
vehicle.
Politically, the importance of this
development is pointed out by the
April 16 enunciation at the Geneva
Disarmament conference of a U.S. plan
for freezing production of nuclear de-
livery vehicles. Essentially, force levels
of missiles with ranges in excess of 621
miles for land-based — and 62 miles for
sea-based — systems would be frozen.
Although existing stockpiles would not
be subject to inspection, production
sites and launching complexes would
be scrutinized by international teams.
In this situation, increasing the
number of re-entry vehicles per missile
would ensure continued U.S. superiority
over the Soviets.
• Embryonic stage — This concept
deals with the delivery of multiple re-
entry vehicles to multiple targets. In
other words, once the booster has
achieved the proper burnout velocity
and angle, the re-entry vehicles them-
selves would be equipped with small
auxiliary propulsion units that would
enable them to hit different, although
by James Trainor
probably not widely separated, targets.
This application is still in the embryonic
stage and will be given much more
study before it is applied to an opera-
tional system.
Much closer to operational use is
the system in which multiple warheads
are patterned onto the same target.
DOD studies have shown that the prob-
ability of penetration — even assuming
a fairly effective defense — approaches 1
as the number of re-entry vehicles in-
creases. One study places the optimum
number between five and 15 warheads
with a 0.999 probability of at least one
penetration and at least a 0.500 prob-
ability of more than one hit against an
"effective" ballistic missile defense sys-
tem.
Immediate application of the opti-
mum multiple warhead technique is
not likely, however. It is probable that
the Defense Department will concen-
trate on the less arduous task of adapt-
ing three uniformly patterned warheads
to a single missile.
Multiplying the number of warheads
per missile reduces the yield of the in-
dividual re-entry vehicle, but at the
same time reduces the size and radar
cross-section of a single warhead. This
increases the pentration capability of
all the re-entry vehicles.
• 'Tatterning" bursts — The second
technical advantage — greater effect on
target — is achieved by "patterning" the
warhead bursts. In effect, the re-entry
vehicles are positioned so that maximum
effect is obtained through the re-inforc-
ing effects of blast and thermal radia-
tion.
By varying the pattern, unusual or
irregularly shaped targets can be at-
tacked more effectively. For example,
hard-point targets such as missile silos
can be attacked by overlapping the
nuclear detonations with kill probabil-
ities as high as 0.50 achievable against
500-psi targets.
The main danger in this type of
attack is the possibility that the re-
entry vehicles may have to be con-
centrated in too small an airspace dur-
ing the terminal phase — thus increasing
the chances of one defensive warhead
killing more than one re-entry vehicle.
Another example of warhead pat-
terning is the use of multiple warheads
to destroy elongated target complexes
(such as airfields) by cratering. Cities,
while considered "soft," are also irreg-
ular and maximum destruction can be
achieved against them by patterning.
• Blinding the defense — By opti-
mizing the number of re-entry vehicles
(between five and 15), excess pay load
capability can be used for active and
passive electronic countermeasure de-
vices, decoys and bomb-damage assess-
ment systems and their data links. A
further sophistication would involve the
use of a precursor warhead which
would precede the re-entry vehicle
covey. This precursor would be deto-
nated above the enemy target complex,
blacking out, or at least degrading,
enemy missile defense radars.
Ground impact patterns of multiple
warheads would be particularly sensi-
tive to pointing errors before separa-
tion, variations in re-entry body weight
and random errors effecting the in-
dividual warheads. Missile errors such
as thrust misalignment, and incremental
deviation in velocity-to-be-gained or
roll, pitch and yaw errors would con-
tribute to shifting of the entire impact
pattern while individual re-entry body
errors would result in deviations from
the desired pattern.
Although an early application is
promised, more sophisticated studies
are now under way to take maximum
advantage of multiple warhead tech-
niques. In addition to the trade-off an-
alyses between re-entry vehicles and
decoys, effort is being concentrated on
the effects of different warhead sizes
on the same missile, re-entry spacing in
relation to antimissile-missile kill radii,
different W/CdA's within the same
booster envelope and missile accuracy
as it relates to re-entry vehicle ground
patterns. ■
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
15
With 120-day lifetime . . .
NASA Presses for Extended Apollo
Policy statement terms spacecraft essential to expanded manned
flight program, poses first-generation orbital lab choices
THE SPACE AGENCY, in a gen-
eral policy statement on space stations,
declares that an Extended Apollo space-
craft is essential to an expanded manned
spaceflight program.
At the same time, NASA said that
a decision will have to be made be-
tween three possible design concepts
for a first-generation Orbital Research
Laboratory (ORL).
The space agency's policy on space
stations was spelled out by Michael I.
Yarymovych, director of NASA's
Manned Earth Orbital Mission Study
Program, in a speech before the Canav-
eral Council of Technical Societies at
Cape Kennedy April 22.
Yarymovych said the space agency,
coordinating fully with the Defense
Dept., is exploring four different types
of orbital systems — Extended Apollo,
Apollo Orbital Research Laboratory
(AORL), Medium Orbital Research
Laboratory (MORL) and the Large Or-
bital Research Laboratory (LORL).
by Hal Taylor
The first three are all designed to
be launched by the Saturn IB. The large
laboratory would require the Saturn V.
Initially all would be boosted into cir-
cular Earth orbits at altitudes of 200-
260 mi. and at inclinations of about 28°.
• Extended Apollo next — After
noting that the ORL system will be se-
lected on the basis of results from the
current study program, Yarymovych
made it clear that the Extended Apollo
■ — with an orbital capability of 120 days
— will be NASA's next spacecraft de-
velopment project.
He told the council that "it is be-
coming increasingly clear that the Ex-
tended Apollo is an essential element
of an expanding Earth orbital pro-
gram."
"In the initial stages," he said, "it
would be used as a laboratory and
later it could be converted to a logistics
system."
Centaur
by Night
ALTHOUGH
launch of Centaur
3 has slipped at
least into next
month, prepara-
tions continue at
General Dynamics/
Astronautics for
operational flights
to the Moon be-
ginning next year.
The liquid hydro-
gen vehicle is here
being readied for a
test in its heavy
walled propulsion
test vehicle.
He declared, however, that the
AORL, MORL and LORL are com-
petitive systems and a decision will
have to be made as to which will serve
as the best first-generation ORL.
He added that the Air Force's Gem-
ini-B/ Manned Orbiting Laboratory is
being examined as a potential integral
element of the ORL program.
While Yarymovych did not give any
cost estimates for the various concepts,
most space experts do not believe that
the LORL will be feasible for a first-
generation system because of its high
cost and the Saturn V booster require-
ment. The AORL and MORL appear
to be far more likely candidates.
• AORL details — AORL would be
based on the Apollo spacecraft, with a
laboratory section added that could sup-
port three to six astronauts. It incorpo-
rates a 5,600-cu.-ft. pressurized labora-
tory module in the adapter between the
service module and the S-IVB booster
stage made vacant by the removal of
the Lunar Excursion Module.
Such a laboratory would be launched
initially with a crew of three in the
Apollo command module.
Another Apollo spacecraft could
ferry up three additional crew mem-
bers and supplies, which would dock
at the opposite end of the laboratory.
From then on, for at least a year,
on a three-month cycle, new Apollo
ferries would deliver fresh crews and
supplies or equipment.
MORL is directly comparable to
AORL except that the laboratory would
be launched unmanned by the Saturn
IB. Because of the absence of the
Apollo spacecraft, the laboratory would
be heavier and larger, accommodating
four to eight astronauts.
The basic laboratory, as presently
conceived, is a sphere 22 ft. in diameter
surrounded by a cylinder to make its
aerodynamic shape compatible with the
Saturn IB launch vehicle. The pressur-
ized living volume is 5,700 cu. ft., with
2,800 cu. ft. devoted to experiments.
The design has two compartments,
the upper equipped as living quarters
and the lower as a laboratory. ■
16
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
Siding with McNamara .
Committee Accepts ICBM Reliability
Full House unanimously approves FY 1965 defense appropriations
bill of $46.76 billion; only $712 million is cut from request
THE HOUSE Appropriations Com-
mittee has put its weight behind Sec-
retary of Defense Robert S. McNamara
in the question of missile reliability.
In presenting the $46.76-billion Fis-
cal Year 1965 appropriations bill to the
House, the committee said that "as a
result of its analysis and consideration
of all of the testimony taken, the
Committee ... is inclined to conclude
with Secretary McNamara that 'on the
basis of the evidence already in hand
and our plans for the future . . . the
missile force we have programmed can
be depended upon to carry out its
military mission under all of the condi-
tions we can foresee.' "
The House passed the bill virtually
as presented by the committee, 365 to
nothing.
The bill amounts to $712 million
less than the Department of Defense
by Heather M. David
FY 1965 budget requests of $47,471,-
000. In this, there are cuts of $116
million in operation and maintenance,
$318,053,000 in procurement, and
$245,680,000 in research, development,
test and evaluation. Some cuts had al-
ready been made by the Armed Serv-
ices Committee in the authorization bill,
however.
In presenting the bill, the Appro-
priations Committee voiced extreme
concern about the nation's antisubma-
rine warfare effort, while otherwise
commending the defense establish-
ment.
Protection against submarine-
launched missiles was singled out as a
matter of great concern. "It is hoped
that weapons such as the Nike X
anti-ballistic missile system ... could
provide defense against submarine-
launched ballistic missiles as well as
those launched from land," the com-
mittee report said.
It indicated that the committee did
not want to exhibit undue pessimism,
but to call attention to the difficulties
in ASW. "At the present time, the
weapons which could destroy hostile
submarines have a range exceeding
that of the location and classification
equipment."
The committee disclosed that the
bill includes research efforts aimed
at countering satellite-based strategic
threats, "as well as significant improve-
ments in satellite detection and track-
ing capabilities."
• Procurement highlights — One of
the biggest single cuts in the bill,
amounting to $81 million, was made
in the various services' requests for elec-
tronics, including avionics and telecom-
munication systems and related equip-
A7A aircraft, the Main Battle Tank,
the Sea Hawk surface ship, EX- 10,
Walleye air-to-surface guided mis-
sile, and the TOW heavy assault
weapon. In the military space pro-
gram, the Secretary listed the Titan
III, the Standardized Space Guid-
ance System, "numerous special pay-
loads," and the Manned Orbital Lab-
oratory.
Laird made the charge in a speech
to the House floor that only two of
these constituted "new" systems —
Minuteman II "an improved modifi-
cation," and Nike X "significantly
based upon already existing systems."
He said "it's like saying that you
have a brand new weapons system
every time you change the model
numbers."
DOD Insists It Is Developing
THE DEPT. OF DEFENSE
made new disclosures about U.S.
missiles in the third round of what
now appears to be a running inter-
change between Secretary of De-
fense McNamara and Republicans
in both houses of Congress.
In a letter to Rep. Melvin Laird
(R-Wis.), the Secretary of Defense
disclosed that:
— Minuteman II will have an ac-
curacy twice that of Minuteman I,
producing "the same improvement in
effectiveness against hard-point tar-
gets as a yield increase of eight-fold."
Payload capability is also increased
by 30%.
— Total development cost of
Minuteman II will be over $850 mil-
lion, of which $700 million is in-
New Weapons Systems
eluded through Fiscal Year 1965.
— Total development cost of
Nike X will exceed $1.5 billion. It
will "have many times the effective-
ness of Nike-Zeus," and be "an al-
most completely new system."
— Total development cost of the
Lance missile will be about $175
million, of which $50 million is
funded in FY 1964 and $60 million
planned in FY 1965. It will "replace
the Honest John at an accuracy
improvement of five-fold."
McNamara's letter essentially de-
fended the Administration against
the charge that it had not developed
any new weapons systems. Besides
those mentioned above, the letter
listed the F-lll A and B, Mobile
Medium Range Ballistic Missile,
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
17
Joint Committee warns . . .
Failure to Flight-Test
Tory Could Kill Pluto
ment. This action was taken to force
better management and procurement
practices, the committee indicated.
The Air Force received all the mis-
sile procurement funds ($1,730 billion)
authorized for it, and Defense Agen-
cies got all of the $498.7 million it
had been authorized.
Both the Army and Marine Corps
felt the axe in their requests for the
Redeye missile program — amounting to
cuts of $19 million for the Army,
$10.5 million for the Marines. These
were made on the basis that Redeye
is not ready for the large production
programmed in the budget.
The committee said that there was
no question of the requirement for a
weapon of this type, but that the re-
quest for production funds is denied
"pending research and development ef-
forts and proper utilization of procure-
ment funds remaining from prior
years."
A request by the Army for $29.7
million for Shillelagh weapon system
was also refused on the basis that pro-
curement funds "in the magnitude re-
quested for this equipment, based on
the stage of development at this time,
could only serve to encourage . , .
wasteful practices."
An Army mobile air defense pro-
gram fund of $15 million was slashed
on the grounds that no decision has
yet been made as to actual weapons
systems, and that granting of funds
would be premature. Total Army pro-
curement thus is $1,651 billion.
Navy aircraft and missile procure-
ment funds were appropriated at $2,496
billion.
• RDT&E highlights — The commit-
tee deleted funds for the communica-
tions satellite system, for which $22
million had been asked by the Air Force
and $1.5 million by the Defense Com-
munications Agency, "in view of the
uncertainty as to just what will result
from the negotiations (with ComSat
Corp.) and the fact that much of the
money appropriated to the Air Force
last year for this purpose has not been
obligated."
The committee said that it would
not recommend any further reductions
in the Mobile Medium-Range Ballistic
Missile program (see p. 21). "The Sec-
retary of Defense can, if he chooses to
do so, request the reprogramming of
additional funds. . . ."
Total Air Force RDT&E funds al-
lowed were $3,118 billion, and Army
funds $1,340 billion.
Mismanagement and exercise of
poor judgment in the Typhon program
was cited as the reason for cutting $1
million in the Navy's new Advanced
Surface-to-Air missile program.
Total Navy RDT&E amounted to
$1,369 billion. ■
18
THE JOINT (Congressional) Com-
mittee on Atomic Energy has warned
the Atomic Energy Commission and the
Dept. of Defense to make a decision
"within the next year" to flight-test the
Tory II-C device or face the termination
of the Pluto program.
In a report accompanying the Fiscal
Year 1965 AEC authorization bill, the
committee also called for a major re-
view of Project Rover as soon as certain
critical tests are completed during the
remainder of this year and in FY 1965.
Funds for flight-testing of SNAP 10
A were included in the authorizing
bill, as expected (Countdown, April 6,
1964). The action was taken by the
committee in spite of Administration
reluctance to enter a flight program.
Total money authorized for the
Atomic Energy Commission was $2.6
billion, only $28.5 million less than the
AEC request.
• Rover — The joint committee
granted the entire requested amount of
$84 million in the nuclear rocket pro-
pulsion program. However, it pointed
out that the current program does not
include a flight-test objective, and called
for review of the program after data
from certain critical tests have been
obtained.
"The committee believes that the
Rover project is of great importance
to the space program," the report said.
It added that "the committee therefore
intends to follow very closely the de-
velopments of the coming year with
the hope that this program will lead to
successful reactor design and opera-
tion."
• Pluto — The committee slashed
$1.6 million from the $8 million re-
quested for the Pluto program. It said
that the amount authorized should pro-
vide for completion of Tory II-C tests,
"which AEC witnesses indicated would
probably exceed the $5 million identi-
fied for this purpose in the budget
submission." The group stated flatly
that the authorization would not include
any funds requested by the Commission
for advanced work leading to develop-
ment of a Tory III reactor.
No criticism of the Pluto project or
"those who have worked on it" was in-
tended by the action, the Congressional
group emphasized. However, it pointed
out that Pluto is approaching "a cross-
roads foreseen by the Joint Committee
in its report on the AEC authorization
bill for fiscal year 1962."
The next step, which should lead to
a flight test of the device, presents the
possibility of an outlay of between $200
to $500 million and "considerable flight-
test vehicle development work," the re-
port stated. However, it pointed out
that AEC witnesses had admitted that
"it would be very hard to justify going
on with the aerodynamic and engineer-
ing aspects of this system in order to
test-flight," unless there were reasonable
prospects for inclusion in a weapons
system.
"The degree of expenditure involved
in advancing this new and unique weap-
ons system makes it imperative that
the AEC and DOD make a responsible
decision as to their future plans . . ."
the committee said. The group said it
would not approve further expenditures
aimed at the development of a higher-
performance reactor unless such deci-
sions are made. "Unless a decision is
made within the next year to flight-test
the Tory II-C device, it is an unavoid-
able conclusion that the program should
be terminated."
• SNAP — The committee author-
ized $77.6 million, $4.6 million more
than the requested amount, for specific
use in flight-testing the SNAP 10-A
reactor in the spring of 1965. Total
flight funds will be $14.6 million in
FY 1965.
In making this provision, the com-
mittee said that "it wishes again to
express its grave concern over the de-
veloping trend toward cancellation of
successful projects immediately prior to
their actual demonstration."
To partially offset the addition of
these funds, the group suggested that
$10 million be taken from other SNAP
system improvement work, "such as
the Mercury-Rankine cycle develop-
ment."
A word of caution was expressed
regarding SNAP 50. "First, the com-
mittee questions whether a level of
funding such as that proposed for Fiscal
Year 1965 ($17 million) is adequate
to permit significant progress in view
of the overall task envisioned."
In other actions, the committee
granted all requests for raw materials,
($267 million), special nuclear materi-
als ($401 million) and weapons ($771
million). B
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
I
Restoration sought
DOD Preparing Crucial
Bid for MMRBM Funds
REPROGRAMMING ACTION un-
der way in the Pentagon for the Mo-
bile Medium Range Ballistic Missile
(MMRBM) is expected to decide the
fate of that system once and for all.
Defense officials feel that if the two
appropriations committees and the two
armed services committees of Congress
do not reconsider their cuts in the pro-
gram, MMRBM, as presently envisaged,
will be cancelled.
The request, reportedly now at Sec-
retary of the Air Force level, asks for
reinstatement of the entire $110 million
originally requested. This would consti-
tute Congressional approval of system
development — something that the com-
mittees have been unwilling to give until
an adequate operational concept for de-
ployment of the system is presented.
• Arguments for continuation — No
such operational requirement exists for
the MMRBM, Defense officials admit,
but they say there are three possible
applications for the 11,000-lb., 2,000-
mi. -range missile that warrant contin-
ued development of the mobile system.
These are:
— Possible deployment of MMRBM
as the weapon for the multilateral force,
should that force come into being;
— Deployment as a replacement for
some strategic weapons; and
— Missions that require rapid de-
ployment to areas of the world, a lesson
learned from Soviet missile deployment
in Cuba.
For these reasons, plus a "visceral
feeling" that a weapon of this type will
be required in the future, DOD will ask
Congress for reprogramming authority
— probably after Senate passage of the
Defense money bill.
If the request is refused, Director of
Defense Research and Engineering Dr.
Harold Brown has testified, Defense
Secretary Robert S. McNamara "will
cancel the full-scale development" of
MMRBM. "I would agree with him that
there is no point in trying to do a pro-
gram that requires $110 million in
Fiscal 1965 ... on the basis of $40
million this year. I think it is better to
kill it and start over again maybe with
something enough different to have
more appeal."
• "Something enough different" —
Full-scale development of MMRBM is
estimated at six to seven years at a total
cost of $700 million. To date, some
$100 million has been spent on the sys-
tem. Already DOD is casting around
for a less expensive alternative and has
directed a reluctant Air Force to study
other approaches.
Principal among these is use of the
upper two stages of the Minuteman. A
land-based Polaris and an extended-
range Pershing have also been examined.
All these alternatives have disadvan-
tages, AF officials feel. The drawbacks
are a loss of mobility, a consequent in-
crease in vulnerability, a probable de-
crease in range, increased weight and
other undesirable features.
• Some worth saving — If the re-
programming request fails to get ap-
proval, the Defense Department and
the Air Force want to continue the
stellar inertial guidance (STINGS) de-
velopment and the command and con-
trol work. The House appropriations
bill provides $40 million for the stellar
guidance effort. This includes four stel-
lar acquisition demonstration flights us-
ing Polaris boosters this year.
Applications of the stellar system
beyond MMRBM include Titan 111,
derivatives of the Manned Orbiting
Laboratory, and MOL ferry vehicles.
Funds available for continuing the
command and control development are
not spelled out in the bill, but AF offi-
cials feel that this effort deserves con-
tinued support. "On MMRBM," accord-
ing to Lt. Gen. James Ferguson, AF
Deputy Chief of Staff for Development,
"a very fine job has been done and it is
a very difficult area. It is a system that
could apply to V/STOL aircraft or per-
haps some Army application."
Many of the answers relevant to
command and control of dispersed ele-
ments in the field are being developed
in connection with MMRBM. Utilizing
the results of this work would avoid the
expense of developing a similar system
to do the iob. ■
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missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
21
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Technical Countdown
ELECTRONICS
Plasma Diagnostic Probe Perfected
Scientists at General Electric's Radio Guidance Operation
are testing a plasma diagnostic probe which shows promise
as an instrument to measure electron density distribution
in the flow field of a re-entering hypersonic vehicle. It also
measures the electron temperature at the same point simul-
taneously. The ruby laser plasma probe can measure electron
density distribution with a resolution of 1 cm3. It uses a
0.30 joule, Q-Spoiled laser with a 1 cm. diameter beam and
a pulse duration of 30 nanoseconds. The device does not
disrupt or modify the flow field and has application to
other plasma diagnostic requirements. The development was
funded by the Air Force's Cambridge Research Labs.
Ultra-Thin Lead Wire Available
A smaller, lighter lead wire for aerospace and computer
applications with fluorocarbon insulation thicknesses as low
as 2 mils is being marketed by American Super-Temperature
Wires, Inc., Winooski, Vt. Designated Ultra-Thin (TM) by
the Haveg Industries, Inc. subsidiary, the wire is available
in AWG sizes from 20 through 36, and in a variety of
strandings.
More Radiation Test Data
Engineers from Hughes Aircraft Co.'s Nucleonics Div.
reported to the IEEE on new test results using microelec-
tronic devices in a transient nuclear radiation environment.
Tests showed that hybrid thin-film circuits, even with the
best high frequency transistors, are limited to maximum
dose rates on the order of 10 7 r/sec. Tests on P-N junction
field-effect transistors showed that most do not perform as
well as the best high frequency bipolar transistors available.
Tests on experimental thin-film insulated-gate field-effect
transistors showed them to be unaffected by transient radia-
tion dose rates of 10 s r/sec.
MATERIALS
Glass Encapsulating Process Available
G. T. Schjeldahl Co. scientists have developed a sputter-
ing technique that permits the deposition of quartz, Pyrex.
soft glass or alumina without appreciably raising substrate
temperature. Developed for use in encapsulating microelec-
tronic circuits, coatings of up to 10"3 in. are now being
routinely laid by the firm over flat areas of up to several
square feet. The encapsulation, the firm claims, is flexible,
shows high dielectric strength and is readily applied in pro-
duction quantities.
Present Under Glass
Scientists from the R&D lab at Corning Glass Works,
speaking in St. Louis this month at the IEEE Microelec-
tronics Symposium, warned designers and producers of thin-
film circuits to pay more attention to the substrates they
choose and not succumb to the commonly held view that
the substrate is not only electrically inert, but also has little
or no effect on the film circuit elements. They report that al-
though substrate-film interactions are almost always second-
order effects, "they do indeed influence circuit properties."
Special substrate glasses and glazed, high-thermal-conduc-
tivity ceramics appear to be the best suited for most applica-
tions. The glass experts stress that film and substrate ma-
terial properties, surface smoothness, cleanliness and meas-
urement factors must get increased attention.
Controlled Small Alumina Crystals Produced
Alumina ceramics approaching theoretical perfection in
density and purity are being produced through a patented
process by Reynolds Chemical Div. of Reynolds Metals Co.
The new, low-soda crystals — RC-100 Series — have average
grades as low as one micron. Key to the Reynolds process
is a high-temperature calcining of alumina with coarser ma-
terials containing silica. Soda from the alumina reacts, com-
bining with the silica, and is removed by screening. The
crystals do not grow appreciably during the heating.
PROPULSION
High-Energy Solid Plant Started
Construction is under way on a new high-energy solid
propellant plant at Thiokol Chemical's Wasatch Division
near Brigham City, Utah. The facility will house both
propellant mixing and motor loading equipment with an
initial motor size limit of 20,000 lbs. propellant weight.
The site is adjacent to the firm's R&D plant, where the raw
materials will be processed. The high-energy plant will have
automated equipment similar to that in other Thiokol solid
propellants plants. Two mixers — a 150-gal. vertical Baker-
Perkins and a smaller experimental unit — will be installed
in the new facility. Completion date for the facility is this
summer.
LEM Expulsion Tanks to Bell Aerosystems
Positive expulsion tanks for the Lunar Excursion Module
will be designed and produced by Textron's Bell Aerosys-
tems Co. under a $3.5-million contract from Grumman Air-
craft Engineering Corp. The LEM tanks will be similar to
those being built by Bell for the Apollo Command and
Service modules. Flexible bladders will be used inside metal
tanks to expel fuel and oxidizers as needed. Bell has de-
veloped a family of bladder materials resistant to the major
reaction-control propellants.
SPACE MEDICINE
Biotelemetering Facility Established
A new laboratory, which can receive and transmit bio-
medical data from orbiting satellites is being constructed at
the School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, Texas. The
"Telemetry Data Analysis Science Laboratory," to be com-
pleted in August, is being built by Darragh and Lyda Con-
struction Co. of San Antonio. It is expected to play an impor-
tant part in the Manned Orbiting Laboratory.
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
23
space power
Steam Concept Interests Air Force
ASTEC may be reoriented to accept water as working fluid;
solar collectors to get increased emphasis for next 3 years
THE AIR FORCE has discovered
that steam can be used for generating
space power. Embarrassed at the be-
lated confirmation of what powerplant
engineers have been telling them for
years, Air Force officers responsible for
the ASTEC (Advanced Solar Turbo
Electric Concept) space-power pro-
gram are considering what to do next.
Until recently, the Air Force was
sold on spending a lot of time and
money developing a 15-kw solar dy-
namic space-power system based on the
exotic metal rubidium as the working
fluid. Then, late last month, contractors
working on Air Force space-power
programs received a communication
from the Research and Technology Di-
vision of the Air Force Systems Com-
mand at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.
Their studies indicate, the letter
by William Beller
said, that "the use of a metallic petal
collector and a Rankine cycle with water
as the working fluid (is) the proper
choice to provide low development risk
consistent with a 1968-1970 availability
date (for solar dynamic space power)."
Air Force investigators freely ad-
mitted that their finding was unex-
pected: "With regard to the perform-
ance of this concept, our analyses
showed that it is surprisingly good
relative to other concepts."
The Air Force Aero Propulsion
Laboratory of the R&T Div. is trying to
produce by early summer a prelimi-
nary detailed technical report covering
performance evaluation of the steam
cycle and other cycle and working-fluid
combinations. This will include the Ran-
kine, Brayton and Stirling cycles. The
formal report is scheduled for release
the first of October.
At the time the contractors found
out about the Air Force's strong interest
in steam, they also were told that a
decision had been made to concen-
trate on developing solar collectors for
the solar dynamic system. Missiles
and Rockets learned that the service
considers this aspect the toughest part
of the problem. Given a "realistic fund-
ing level," it expects to study collector
development intensively for about the
next three years.
The service expressed in its letter
to contractors the problem of deciding
which tune to dance to: "During this
time period, an assessment of possible
conversion schemes will be continued
such that, at a later date, when the con-
24
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
version machinery is added to the pro-
gram, the scheme most commensurate
with the guidelines in effect at that time
will be pursued."
• Background — It is not surprising
that the R&D Division is apprehensive
about going out on a limb. Its hesita-
tion stems from I960, when the ASTEC
contract was awarded to Sundstrand
Aviation. The Air Force asked for an
exploratory program directed toward
getting a breadboard of an advanced
solar dynamic system with a design
point at 15 kw, but a technology suit-
able for the 7 to 25-kw range.
Since no flight date was specified,
and the main criterion was to get the
system with the best working fluid and
lowest specific weight, Sundstrand de-
cided upon rubidium. This was a high-
temperature system, which simulta-
neously resulted in a relatively small
radiator and high Carnot efficiency.
Another factor favoring the rubid-
ium system was that existing micro-
meteoroid data pointed to relatively
heavy radiator cladding for radiation
protection. This meant that a lower-
temperature system would suffer not
only from the demand for a larger
radiator, but also from the need to
clad this larger area to protect it against
micrometeoroid puncture.
The micrometeoroid hazard had
been based on the work of R. L. Bjork.
published by the Rand Corp. in 1960.
Then, in January, 1963, Fred L. Whip-
ple gave a paper, "On Meteoroids and
Penetration," to the American Astro-
nautical Society, indicating that the
Bjork data were too conservative. This
meant that less cladding would be
needed to prevent meteoroid penetra-
tion of space radiators and, conse-
quently, relatively low-temperature sys-
tems such as steam or organic fluids
could be competitive.
At the beginning of the current fiscal
year, the Air Force decided to move
ASTEC from exploratory development
to advanced development. At this point,
the Office of the Director, Defense re-
search and Engineering interposed a
program-definition phase. Accent was
to be on the energy collectors as op-
posed to the energy conversion subsys-
tem. Nevertheless, Air Force headquar-
ters told its Wright Field Laboratory
that it had an application in mind for
ASTEC and the system should be
readied for the 1968-1970 time period.
In March, Wright Field came up
with its answer: the Rankine cycle is
the best cycle to use. Steam is the best
working fluid because it is competitive
with other working fluids and also has
a technology based on decades of work
in stationary steam powerplants. A 1 5-
kw solar dynamic system can therefore
be built to meet the 1968-1970 develop-
ment deadline.
To their chagrin, the Wright Field
engineers were told by headquarters:
I ) There's no mission for ASTEC; 2)
Therefore, the 1968-1970 target date
no longer holds; 3) Continue your work
on collectors.
Summing up the situation, one Air
Force official said, '"It's all very con-
fusing."
• Astra's work — A small research
organization in Raleigh, N.C., has been
trying to persuade government agencies
for years that steam is one of the an-
swers to the space power problem. The
National Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration was first to recognize the
merit of the proposal of Astra, Inc.,
when it awarded the company a study
contract to look into the concept. Later,
engineers at the Lewis Research Center
verified the findings of Astra.
Astra describes four possible solar
dynamic powerplants based on the steam
cycle. All are rated at 20-kw electrical
output. The first represents a "do-it-
now" approach, based upon conserva-
tive assumptions; it shows a system
specific weight of 90 lb./kwe. This
weight, however, does not include the
mounting hardware and orientation
equipment that Sundstrand includes in
its 15-kwe rubidium system. The Sund-
strand system is designed for about 70
lb./kwe.
Astra suggests that subsequent de-
velopment of the steam space power-
plant will push its specific weight down
to 65 lb./kwe, 60 lb./kwe, and "ul-
timately," 47 lb./kwe.
A diagram and thermodynamic cy-
cle of the steam system are shown here.
The heat source, a solar collector with
energy storage for night operation, sup-
plies superheated steam at 1,200°F to
a turbine, which drives an electric gen-
erator. After expansion through the
turbine, the residual superheat is re-
moved by a recuperator, and saturated
vapor enters the condenser-radiator,
where it is condensed and slightly sub-
cooled. The water is then circulated
through the generator (for cooling) and
preheated in the recuperator before be-
ing returned to the energy source to be
boiled and superheated. Note that with
the exception of the radiator, the sys-
tem consists of a single loop.
The turbine is a conventional sev-
eral-stage partial-admission turbine us-
ing condensate-lubricated graphite bear-
ings. The possibility of using a recipro-
cating steam engine also has been con-
sidered. The pump and recuperator are
of standard design and the generator
could be a compact, high-efficiency
solid-rotor type — although more con-
ventional designs may be used with
some degradation inefficiency. The ra-
diator, because of its low operating tem-
perature, may be constructed of alu-
minum. The approach of an established
beryllium alloy technology promises re-
duced radiator and structure weights.
• Organic fluids in space — For
power levels of 1.5-kwe, Sundstrand has
turned from the alkali metals to the
organic liquid biphenyl, used in a
Rankine cycle for a space dynamic sys-
tem. An important characteristic of
biphenyl is the positive slope of the
vapor line on the temperature-entropy
diagram. This is opposite to that of
many other fluids such as steam and
liquid metals.
Isentropic expansion processes with
biphenyl extend into drier regions, in-
stead of approaching the saturation line
as is the case with steam. As a result,
superheat is not required prior to ex-
pansion of biphenyl vapor.
Clearly, a way is now open to ex-
ploit familiar fluids in space power-
plants, solar and nuclear. One of the
unanswered questions raised by industry
as well as by the Air Force itself: "What
are we waiting for now?" B
1000
TEMPERATURE-
ENTROPY diagram
for a 1.5 kwe Rankine
cycle space system lin-
ing biphenyl, an or-
ganic working fluid.
LL
o
I
0)
i_
3
4-1
(C
i_
<D
a
E
0
h
800
600
400
200
-0.10
Tu
rbin
e
He
at F
!ece
iver
Alt
5rna
tor
P.
Box
Jftrrg
4
Reg
ene
rate
r
urn
F
Jadi
ator
— e
tone
enser
J
O 0.10 0.20
Entropy Btu/lb °R
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
25
ENGINEERS/SCIENTISTS
WORK ON PROBLEMS
LIKE THIS...
WITH ASSOCIATES
LIKE THESE...
Mr. W. H. Thiel (left) is presently Technical Assistant to
the Manager of Advance Missile Engineering. In the past
20 years he has acquired experience in application of high
explosives to destruct systems, electrochemistry, thermo-
dynamic propulsion analyses for offensive and defensive
missile systems, and basic research in nuclear physics at
Argonne National Laboratory. Mr. Thiel has an M.S. in
Chemistry from the University of Michigan and is a grad-
uate of the Oak Ridge School of Reactor Technology.
Mr. Nigel Thomas (right) is a member of the Systems
Analysis Branch, Advance Missile Technology, and is cur-
rently working on the relation of nuclear weapons effects
to missile defense systems. After carrying out research
work on combustion physics and high-temperature dis-
sociation at Imperial College, London, and Princeton
University, Mr. Thomas worked on hypersonic boundary-
layer transition phenomena at Aerophysics Development
Corporation. Prior to joining Douglas, he carried out
work on directed weapon effects at high altitude with
Aerojet-General Corporation.
...IN THIS PROFESSIONAL ATMOSPHERE
The Douglas Advance Missile Technology Department is
a professional community charged with the responsibility
of evolving new concepts which contribute to the technical
superiority of the nation.
It combines research and advance design functions in
a self-administered unit having the atmosphere of a small,
highly qualified engineering organization. But it also has
the advantage of having at hand the vast support functions
and facilities of a major aerospace company. Its studies are
tempered by the scientific critique of its research groups
and the realism required by the knowledge that eventually
"hardware" end products are involved.
AN INVITATION. Key openings are now available for
qualified professionals with experience and/or advanced
degrees, particularly in the disciplines of aerodynamics,
communications, guidance and control, flight mechanics,
fuzing and arming, and operations analysis. We invite you
to look into them by writing (please include resume) to the
following address:
Mr. A. J. Snodgrass S
DOUCL Jtt^s^+
MISSILE Si SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
2700 Ocean Park Boulevard, Santa Monica, California
An equal opportunity employer
space propulsion
120-in. Boosts Argument for Solids
UTC says clusters can give up to 15 million lbs. of thrust
with high reliability; switchover still possible in Saturn V
Sunnyvale, Calif. — Development
of the 120-in. solid rocket motor for the
Titan III-C booster is threatening to
trigger a new round in the solid vs.
liquid debate.
For the first time, a large solid motor
with the reliability, experience and cost
advantages of a major development ef-
fort and substantial Air Force flight
testing will be in position to compete
with large liquid motors.
United Technology Center here,
contractor for the solid motor "stage
zero" of the Titan III-C, has made ex-
tensive studies of the rocket's potential
as a standard "power unit" and asserts
clusters of 120-in. motors can be built
with lift-off thrust up to 15 million
pounds while maintaining reliability
equal to or better than a single motor.
Some industry leaders had suggested
reliability must necessarily go down
with each addition to a cluster.
Not only will the USAF-624A pro-
gram produce an Administration-fa-
vored "building block" system capable
of assembly into first- and second-stage
vehicles of many thrust and payload
combinations, but the motor will also
mature midway in development of the
Saturn V.
If this program encounters trouble,
solids conceivably could shoulder their
way in — either in clusters, as a replace-
ment for the first stage of Saturn V
or, more likely, as strap-on boosters for
thrust augmentation.
Whether major changes would be
introduced in the lunar landing program
so far downstream and whether political
factors — NASA's huge investment in
liquids, for example — would allow solids
to play a major role in Project Apollo
is debatable.
• Sub for Saturn V?— But the
availability of solids for relatively low-
cost thrust augmentation could be at-
tractive if the Saturn V runs into pay-
load deficiencies.
UTC, in recent presentations to
by Robert Lindsey
NASA and the vehicle contractors in-
volved, has said payload capabilities of
the Saturn IB and Saturn V can be in-
creased by as much as 80% — at a de-
clining cost per-pound-in-orbit — by use
of 120-in. strap-on solids.
In reviewing the United Aircraft
Corp. division's research on potential
applications for the 120-in. motor, Di-
UTC CONCEPT shown in artist's drawing
calls for two stages of clustered 120-in.
motors with Titan-type liquid third stage,
giving 106,000-lb. payload in 300-mi. orbit.
vision President Barnet R. Adelman
said clustered 120- or 156-in. boosters
could perform comparable missions
"substantially" cheaper than either
single-chamber or clustered liquid en-
gines. And since each solid motor in a
cluster operates virtually independently
of the others, unlike clusters of liquid
engines, reliability is substantially
higher.
Adelman said UTC feels clustering
of 120- and 156-in. motors will be the
next step in big solid technology rather
than exploitation of the 260-in motor.
Technology of the large motor is far
from developed, especially in the areas
of nozzle design, grain configuration
and fabrication of flight hardware.
Also, logistics of such a large vehicle
will always be a substantial problem,
he said.
Until 260-in. motor technology is
proven, Adelman said, the proven reli-
ability of the 120-in. motor — estab-
lished in about 50 static and flight tests
in the Titan III program — will give it
an unbeatable edge.
And by the time 260-in. technology
is established, Adelman predicts, it will
have been overtaken by hybrid rockets.
"I predict the first operational 260-in.
motor will be a hybrid . . . and I'll
also predict that by the time these
motors are needed, they'll be used in
clusters," he said.
• Applications for 120's — UTC has
studied applications for the 120-in.
motor ranging from use as a follow-on
to Minuteman, to use in clusters of up
15 motors with lift-off thrust of more
than 15 million pounds, capable of in-
jecting about 200,000 pounds into a
300-mile orbit, depending upon which
upper stages are used. Use of clustered
120-in. second-stage vehicles — attractive
for quick-reaction requirements of mili-
tary operations — are also receiving close
scrutiny.
Adelman said UTC's studies are ap-
plicable also to 156-in. motors, for the
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
27
electro-
optical
systems
• state of the art
• direction of current research
• problems
• deficiencies
• requirements through 1975
including:
1. market survey
2. range instrumentation
3. scientific or
research instrumentation
4. lasers
5. guidance and navigation
6. surveillance and
reconnaissance
7. solar power conversion
8. metrology
published june 1, 1964
advertising
closes may 20
technology is essentially identical; the
120-in. width for Titan III-C was se-
lected essentially because that is the
diameter of the Titan II core.
• Early problems solved — Adel-
man said two of the principal problems
originally foreseen in using clustered
solid rockets were achieving simultane-
ous ignition of all motors and simul-
taneous burn-out. UTC has studied
these and other problems in 15 tests of
small clustered rockets with thrust
levels up to 60,000 pounds.
The problem of achieving simul-
taneous burn-out was not as serious as
envisioned. In all UTC tests of big
solids — 11 to date — burn-out has been
within ±1% of that forecast. With ex-
perience of the Titan III program, it
should be even more predictable.
Assuming simultaneous ignition,
variations of burn-out should be easily
within the range of correction of the
system's thrust vector control (TVC)
system, UTC engineers report. Thrust
termination is provided in the Titan
III-C motors. Studies are under way
here now to determine the necessity of
termination in clustered systems.
In the area of structures for clusters
of large motors, UTC analyzed the prob-
lem using its Titan III-C experience —
it is essentially a clustered booster — and
concluded the weight of cluster struc-
ture should have very small effect on
mass fraction.
The grain configuration of clustered
120-in. motors would be essentially
similar to that of the Titan III-C motor.
UTC engineers said. At most, only a
small modification of the thrust-time
curve would be necessary to assure that
maximum acceleration forces at burn-
out of an eight-motor cluster would be
no more than 6-8 g's — well within
limitations for manned operations.
• Clustering prejudice overcome —
In the past, explained Dr. Richard
Smith, who heads UTC's cluster studies,
many propulsion engineers have written
off clusters of big solid rockets because
they felt each additional motor de-
grades reliability.
But Smith said this approach makes
the mistake of multiplying the individ-
ual reliability factor of each motor to
determine total system reliability. In-
stead of looking at reliability of a clus-
tered rocket as the product of individ-
ual motors, Smith emphasized, it should
be examined on a systems basis. An
entirely different reliability picture
emerges, he said.
Smith said that with redundancy of
certain components, use of a common
ignition system for all motors and a
slight (three per cent) intentional re-
duction of the system's payload capa-
bility, a clustered rocket can have re-
liability equivalent to that of an
individual motor.
Also, reliability of the cluster can
exceed that of a single, much larger
motor as powerful as that of the cluster,
unless the single larger motor has had
testing experience equivalent to that of
each smaller motor in the cluster.
To illustrate, Smith described one
propulsion system examined by UTC
— a three-stage design with a cluster of
eight seven-segment 120-in. motors as
first stage, a second stage of four four-
segment 120-in. motors and a third
stage utilizing the liquid engine of the
Titan II first stage.
Nominally, this vehicle has a pay-
load capability of 110,000 pounds in a
300-mile orbit. But it was derated to
106,000 pounds as a cushion in case of
motor component failures that would
reduce the payload but not abort the
mission.
(In a parallel analysis, a design was
studied using eight five-segment 156-in.
motors as first stage; a four two-segment
156-in. cluster as second stage; and a
storable liquid third stage. Its nominal
payload would be 330,000 pounds, de-
rated to 320,000.)
• Determining reliability — For pur-
poses of the study, the 120-in. motor ar-
bitrarily was assigned a reliability factor
of 0.96, which UTC says is "well be-
low" the actual figure. Within this fac-
tor, the relative failure rate of major
components of solid rockets were ana-
lyzed, Smith said. "If it is assumed the
frequency of failures of the propellant,
case and insulation sub-system is one,
then ignition failure is assigned the fre-
quency of three, nozzle failure five
times and TVC failure 20 times ... the
TVC system has the only moving parts,"
he said.
The analysis produced this expres-
sion of reliability:
Propellant, case and insula-
tion . . 0.9985
Ignition 0.9956
Nozzle 0.9926
Thrust vector control sys-
tem 0.9710
The traditional way to judge the reli-
ability of a cluster of eight engines uses
the Product Rule of Statistics: 0.968=
0.71 — an intolerable figure. But, Smith
said, this approach is invalid because it
assumes each motor functions independ-
ently and every component failure leads
to destruction of the cluster.
A different answer comes from a sys-
tems approach, he said. Only in the first
case (propellant, case and insulation)
must the Product Rule apply, because
it is the only category in which an in-
dividual failure destroys the cluster. No
reliability is possible. Hence, the reli-
ability is 0.099858=0.09880.
• Ignition reliability — For the igni-
tion system, UTC said the best ap-
28
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
proach is not to use individual airborne ignitors — the stand-
ard design approach — but to design around unreliability
and develop a pad-mounted ignition system that operates
on all motors at once.
Two systems were built and tested under Air Force con-
tract, one a hypergolic ignitor that sprays chlorine triflouride
into the aft of each engine from a common pressurized tank
and one using aft-end rocket motors.
Although both systems were acceptable, Smith said UTC
favors the small rocket system because of both electrical
and mechanical redundancy.
In this design, the nozzles of eight small rockets are
located beneath each nozzle of the clustered motors. Nor-
mally, a squib would ignite each of the small rockets simul-
taneously, and their exhaust gases would ignite the main
rockets.
But in the UTC design, if one igniter fails, a hot-gas
manifold linking all ignitors would shoot gases into the grain
of the non-working motor, assuring virtually simultaneous
ignition. In one test, an electrical igniter squib was deliber-
ately removed, and the motor was ignited via the hot gas
manifold only 50 milliseconds late — an acceptable delay.
With such a system, Smith argues, much of the unreli-
ability risk of a clustered motor vanished. "The ground-based
system, once actuated, has little unreliability in distributing
ignition to all motors of a cluster. If the basic ignition cir-
cuits or mechanisms do not function, no motors are ignited."
With this system, Smith said, a reliability rating of 0.9999
can be postulated, far higher than if each motor had its own
igniter.
Nozzle reliability in a cluster is a product of many con-
siderations.
By de-rating the payload three per cent, Smith said, it is
possible for the vehicle to accomplish its mission if one of
the eight nozzles fails downstream at the throat during burn-
ing time.
If a nozzle failure ejects the nozzle's entire throat, the
cluster will not be destroyed, and abort would not be neces-
sary. But the payload would be degraded greater than 10%
by the loss of impulse and the necessity for carrying un-
burned propellant. Basing his estimate on past experience
and the deliberate de-rating, Smith assigns a reliability figure
of 0.9817 for the eight nozzles in the system.
• TVC considerations — In considering the TVC sys-
tem reliability, cluster designers would have a bonus.
While the Titan III-C motor's TVC system is capable of
an angular deflection of more than five degrees, UTC studies
indicate deflection of only three degrees would be required
for guidance of a large cluster of motors.
From a cluster standpoint, TVC systems in only five of
the eight motors can be operative and still maintain necessary
side force. A very high degree of redundancy exists within
the liquid injection TVC system, and this results in high
reliability in cluster applications. UTC computes that for
the cluster of eight motors, at least 20 of the 32 quadrants
must operate, with no more than one injector valve failing
per quadrant. Smith postulates a TVC system reliability of
at least 0.988, and he calls this "very conservative."
Thus, by looking at clustered boosters from a systems
basis, one gets this reliability picture:
Propellant, case and insulation 0.9880
Ignition 0.9999
Nozzle 0.9817
TVC system 0.9880
Net reliability of cluster 0.9560
The value of 0.956, almost equivalent to the single motor
reliability of 0.96, is significantly greater than the 0.721
figure which might be attributed to clusters. ■
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
Test the big loads...
and at big displacements
on MB Hydraulic Shaker Systems
[and save big money, too]
MB Hydraulic Shaker Systems can perform
vibration tests at extremely high forces and high
displacements in the low to intermediate frequency
range. These shakers can vibrate loads of 100,000
pounds and heavier. Combinations of exciters can
be programmed to provide vibratory motion auto-
matically in any combination of planes or degrees
of freedom.
Save money, too. For many applications the cost
of hydraulic shakers is substantially less than
electrodynamic shakers. For tests requiring forces
on the order of 100,000 lbs., the cost advantage can
be 5 to 1, or more. To these advantages, add MB's
complete check-out service. Write for a new hy-
draulic shaker booklet: MB Electronics, A Divi-
sion of Textron Electronics Inc., 781 Whalley
Avenue, New Haven, Conn. 06508.
MB ELECTRONICS
VIBRATION TEST EQUIPMENT - INSTRUMENTATION
MATERIALS TEST EQUIPMENT
Circle No. 17 on Subscriber Service Card
PHOTO COURTESY OF LOCKHEED CuHP.
© AMPEX CORP. 1963
;T 1 1 i
Now: who's got news for everyone with an IBM computer system?
AMPEX
The news is inside an eight page booklet. It
tells the what, the why and the how of Ampex
computer tape —the tape that provides superior
performance in IBM computer systems. If you
think you might find the booklet helpful, just
write and ask for it. Also, we'll put your name
on our mailing list and regularly send you our
informative periodical, "Tape Trends." It's a
good way to keep abreast of the fast changing
tape technology. In it, the latest tape develop-
ments are clearly explained by Ampex tape
experts— the same experts who application-
engineer Ampex tape to your system. This is just
one of the many ways we assist you in obtaining
maximum system efficiency. In addition to en-
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tally checks each reel from end to end, and
guarantees its performance. Write for free
booklet, "Ampex Tape for IBM Computers,"
and your copies of "Tape Trends." Ampex
Corporation, Redwood City, California. Sales
and service engineers throughout the world.
Circle No. 11 on Subscriber Service Card
space electronics
SERT Power Requirement
Straining Solid-State Technology
Phoenix, Ariz. — Power require-
ments for the Space Electric Rocket
Test (SERT) have proved a difficult
load for solid-state electronics, but
NASA still expects to launch two ion
engines in a Blue Scout payload in the
third quarter of this year.
Delegates to the International Aero-
space and Electro-Technology Confer-
ence were told here last week that the
SERT program is aiming for 50 min-
utes of ion engine operation, at alti-
tudes above 200 n. mi., in ballistic
flights.
• Phoenix conference — The Insti-
tute of Electrical and Electronic En-
gineers 1964 International Aerospace
Conference drew more than 1,400 sci-
entists and engineers from the U.S. and
Europe. Three invited Soviet scientists
failed to secure last-minute release from
Air Force security restrictions despite
an appeal from conference chairman
A. J. Wesolowski. The largest foreign
representation was from France, regis-
tration showed.
The four-day technical program
(April 20-23) provided a small exhibi-
tion (35 exhibits) and 120 technical
papers. Overall scope of the 27 tech-
nical sessions was the presentation and
discussion of the latest advances in the
application of electricity and electronics
in space systems, including energy con-
version techniques and systems.
Keynote luncheon speaker was Dr.
Richard B. Kershner, supervisor of the
Space Development Div., Applied Phys-
ics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity. Dr. Kershner, long associated with
the Navy's missile and satellite R&D
programs, traced the history of re-
liability requirements in flight electronic
systems from the days of the German
V-2's to the present.
A 75 to 85% reliability figure for
military missiles, he said, possibly rep-
resents the desired optimum for maxi-
mum cost-effectiveness.
The very stringent reliabilities re-
quired in spacecraft, however, result
from the need for long-time operation
and the high cost of launch vehicles.
Near 100% reliability is being achieved,
he asserted, by over-design and rigid
repetitive testing. In general, he pointed
out, "it is easier to obtain long operating
life in space systems than in ground
systems."
One to three-year operation for
space systems is now practical; five-
year operation will be possible soon
with the proper application of circuit
redundancy in system design.
• SERT— The 350-lb. SERT pay-
load package will carry two thrustors,
mounted to produce opposing forces
about the spin axis. An initial spin sta-
bilization of about 100 rpm will be
given to the package and change in spin
speed will provide a basis for comput-
ing ion thrust.
One thrustor, developed at NASA's
Lewis Research Center, employs elec-
tron bombardment of mercury vapor
to produce ions and is powered by a
unit developed by Thompson Ramo
Wooldridge Electromechanical Div. The
MODEL OF Grumman's Urbuing Astronomical Observatory.
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
33
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at pressures up to
HIGH
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7350 Coldwater Canyon Ave. / No. Hollywood, Calif.
34 Circle No. 12 on Subscriber Service Card
other, developed by Hughes Aircraft
Co., employs contact ionization of ces-
ium vapor passing through hot porous
tungsten.
Describing NASA work in ion
thrustors, J. T. Kotnik and B. C. Sater
said that under certain conditions, ion
thrustors drew exceedingly high elec-
trode currents. This meant that rapid
shutdown had to be incorporated to
improve the reliability of the high-
voltage inverters.
Also, destructive voltage transients
created by arcing between ion thrustor
electrodes were coupled into the inverter
and control electronics. Preventive
measures included use of shunting ca-
pacitances, Zener diodes and better elec-
trostatic screening.
Studies under way show that simul-
taneous station-keeping and attitude
control of a synchronous satellite by
means of a Hughes-type propulsion
system would require an inverter sup-
plying a peak power of 1,110 watts. A
one-axis system built by Hughes Re-
search Labs and being evaluated at
Lewis consists of a pod containing three
thrustors, controls, a propellant system
and a power supply. Within the pod
are two strip-beam 2.2-millinewton
thrustors for attitude control and an
annular beam 6.7-millinewton thrustor
for station keeping.
Three-kilowatt ion thrustors are un-
der development by Hughes and by
Electro-Optical Systems, Inc. Kotnik
and Sater consider that 30 kw repre-
sents the limit in size for ion thrustors.
• Control of OAO— Because Or-
biting Astronomical Observatory mis-
sions call for a wide range of spacecraft
maneuvers followed by accurate stabil-
ization, the spacecraft carries a sophisti-
cated combination of inertial reaction
wheels, magnetic stabilization and mo-
mentum dumping, and gas jets.
In one mode, the spacecraft will
scan the sky; in another, it will point
in one direction for up to 150 minutes.
In the fine pointing mode, the target
accuracy is 0.1 second of arc.
According to R. G. Rennie, Grum-
man Aircraft Engineering Corp., and
H. H. Chanowitz, Dalmo Victor Co.,
the OAO magnetic system uses the
Earth's magnetic field as a spatial lever
arm, either for transference of accumu-
lated angular momentum in the inertia
wheels or for controlling spacecraft
orientation directly.
They say that it is now a primary
system with low-thrust gas jets acting
as a backup. A three-axis flux-gate mag-
netometer measures the magnetic field
vector, and three ion-core electromag-
nets develop the correcting torque
vector.
The complete magnetic control sys-
tem, including the electronics that proc-
ess the magnetometer output, weighs
26.6 lbs. — one-fifth the weight of a gas
jet system, say Rennie and Chanowitz.
A power of 5.8 watts is required.
A second-generation system is being
developed with a weight of 11.6 lbs. and
a power consumption of 4.0 watts.
After insertion by an Atlas-Agena
D, the spacecraft will be initially sta-
bilized by rate gyros and high-thrust
gas jets to lock onto the Sun. A biased
• rate gyro will then roll the vehicle in
search of a preselected stellar reference
— any one of 31 second-magnitude
guide stars. Three mutually perpendicu-
lar, coarse inertia wheels are used, open
loop, to slew the vehicle about each
axis in turn, while star trackers continue
to track the guide star.
Once target pointing is achieved, the
system switches to three fine inertia
wheels, controlled by an average error
signal from the star tracker.
Gravitational, magnetic, aerody-
namic and radiation torques will give
a resultant torque that varies sinu-
soidally about a steady value. The
sinusoidal torque is easily countered
by the inertia wheels, but the steady
torque causes wheel speed to build up
continuously. To prevent this, the mag-
netic unloading system extracts energy
from the wheels and clamps their speed
below 100 rpm.
Typical slewing requirements for
the OAO are two degrees in 30 seconds
and 30 degrees in three minutes. De-
scribing the design of the reaction wheel
system, L. Demarinis and H. Hutten-
locher, Jr., Grumman Aircraft, said that
a slewing duty cycle of 50 minutes per
day was expected. Power consumption
would amount to about 2.5 watts, aver-
aged over a day.
• SNAP-3 to IMP — The techno-
logical advances resulting from the
evolution of space isotopic power gen-
erators, SNAP-3, -9A and -11, have
been combined in the design of the
nuclear auxiliary power units for the
IMP (Interplanetary Monitoring Probe).
The design for such a system is now
complete and prototypes are in produc-
tion, Martin Co. Nuclear Div. engineers
J. G. Morse and C. R. Fink disclosed
at the conference. Development of the
system began in February, 1963, with
the award to Martin of an R&D con-
tract from the Atomic Energy Com-
mission. In effect, it anticipated NASA's
requirements for the IMP series space-
craft.
Specifications met in the design for
IMP, the authors disclosed, include:
a three-year design life, 23.6 watts (E)
at fueling and 22 watts (E) at end of
life (4.75v and 4.65 amps). The design
includes use of modularized thermo-
electric couples. Each is a right circular
cylinder with two longitudinal fins meas-
uring 5%6-in. dia. by 9% in. long. The
heat source is plutonium (PU-238)
with a half-life of 86.4 years. ■
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
space electronics
Graphite Masking Technique
Developed for Thin-Film Circuits
by Michael Getler
St. Louis — Engineers at the U.S.
Naval Avionics Facility (NAFI) at
Indianapolis, Ind., are now setting up
for pilot production runs of passive
thin-film circuits using newly developed
graphite masks for film deposition.
A report on the new masking tech-
nique, presented by NAFI's Guy Robert
Stutzman at the IEEE's Third Annual
Microelectronics Symposium held here
this month, drew considerable post-
session attention from several major
system companies. Stutzman is chief
of NAFI's Advanced Manufacturing
Techniques Branch.
The new masking technique has
evolved at NAFI, Stutzman told Mis-
siles and Rockets, primarily through
a much broader study assigned to the
facility in October, 1962, by the Navy's
Bureau of Weapons. The object was to
evaluate in-line thin-film production
techniques to improve overall circuit
design and extend their use into a
wider number of Navy weapon systems.
NAFI engineers pursued a number
of techniques, hitting upon the graphite
masks about nine months ago. The
masking technique has now reportedly
been released to manufacturing opera-
tion shops at NAFI, and within the
next year the pilot line will produce 100
different thin-film circuits that will re-
quire at least 1,000 graphite masks,
each of different design.
Stutzman sees the use of masks
made from newly developed high-purity,
high-density graphite, capable of being
machined on programmed high-speed
tape-controlled milling machines, as the
way to break the bottleneck hampering
rapid transition of circuitry from design
stage to hardware.
• Technique's advantages — Stutz-
man told M/R he estimates the tech-
nique, when fully refined, would lead
to time and cost savings in the mask-
making process of 95% in comparison
to more commonly used approaches.
It would also expedite the time in which
new circuitry can be built and evaluated.
Most masks now are produced by arc
erosion or chemical etching and photo
etching processes.
The graphite being used in the NAFI
program is being supplied by Ling-
Temco-Vought, Inc., which NAFI en-
gineers say is the only source of the
extremely small (0.31 microns) particle
size graphite used in the process.
The LTV material has evolved from
earlier re-entry body work done by the
firm, possibly on the Dyna-Soar (X-20)
program. Total impurities of the graph-
ite can be reduced to five parts per
million, according to Stutzman, who
adds that the high-purity characteristics
could become very important in the
future for attempts at deposition of
thin-film active elements upon the pas-
sive networks.
Stutzman, who terms the develop-
ment process for the very-high-density
graphite "a major technological break-
through," also notes several other ad-
vantages for the technique.
Perhaps most important is the mate-
rial's stability in very high temperatures
which allows it to maintain its flatness
during temperature changes in the dep-
osition cycle and virtually removes
distortive effects on the mask due to
thermal cycling.
Stutzman told M/R that tests have
been conducted with the graphite masks
in a vacuum furnace showing no dis-
tortion at temperatures to 2,500°F, sub-
stantially above normal deposition tem-
peratures. This allows the circuit de-
signer to use thin cantilever sections
without danger of excessive distortion.
The graphite supplied by LTV is
delivered in -in.-thick blocks with
the mask area machined out to a 50-
mil thickness where the actual circuit
pattern will be cut. This leaves an
integral '.4 -in.-thick frame around the
actual mask area, which improves struc-
tural strength and eliminates the prob-
Developed and tested to meet the most severe aerospace applica-
tions. S01 Series Standard Pressure Cartridge exceeds AFMTCP
80-2 1 amp/1 watt 5 minute "No Fire" RF requirements. Now in
production— available for the operation of many types of ordnance-
energized systems.
Get Complete Information on This And Other
Ordnance Products From
ED SPACE ORDNANCE SYSTEMS, INC.
RESEARCH 133 PENN STREET' EL SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA 90246/213-772-5461
DESIGN Send for General Catalog and Capabilities Brochure
DEVELOPMENT
MANUFACTURING
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
Circle No. 14 on Subscriber Service Card
35
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS
NOW FORMING:
A NEW
SYSTEMS
MANAGEMENT
GROUP
in advanced range technology
This new hand-picked group of senior technical managers will perform an
important function for Pan Am's Guided Missiles Range Division at Cape
Kennedy. Its members will have responsibility for the development, acquisi-
tion, and operational capacity of major range instrumentation systems at
the Atlantic Missile Range.
Project management assignments are currently open on the following sys-
tems: MISTRAM, GLOTRAC, MIPIR, Telemetry, Real-Time Computer
Center, Range Instrumentation Control System, and ARIS ships.
Reporting to the Division Manager, this staff management group will be
responsible for planning, organizing, directing and coordinating the collec-
tive efforts of functional technical groups, and acting as GMRD advisor
to system contractors. The goal: to provide more effective range support
by meeting system performance specifications, controlling costs, meeting
schedules, and obtaining maximum usable data during test operations for
the life of the system.
These new systems must be ready to support the nation's coming space and
missile programs, such as: GEMINI . . . MOL. . . GEMINI B . . . APOLLO
. . . ASSET ... and TITAN III.
If you have a BS degree in EE (Masters preferred) and 7 or more years of
project management background in CW or pulse radar, data handling, com-
munications or telemetry, we invite you to write, in strictest confidence, to
Manager, Professional Employment, Dept. 56D-4
GUIDED MISSILES
RANGE DIVISION
PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS, INC.
P. 0. BOX 4465, PATRICK AIR FORCE BASE, FLORIDA
AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER
Circle No. 10 on Subscriber Service Card
lem of machining separate frame and
connecting parts.
• Machining is easy — Commenting
upon the "excellent machinability and
definition" of the graphite and the lines
cut into it, Stutzman reports that with
the current precision cutting tool used
(a ground 30° cone) the very small
particle size graphite "powders away,"
leaving no burrs or chip-type residue as
may be found with machining metal.
He also notes that machining produces
no known stresses in the graphite struc-
ture that might tend to distort and bow
the membrane in metal masks.
Line widths with current cutting tool
equipments are limited to about a five-
mil minimum, says Stutzman, though
these widths can be controlled to
±0.0002-in. over the entire pattern.
Stutzman predicts, however, that five-
tenths-mil line widths will be achieved
with graphite with good definition using
electron beam techniques.
Stutzman told M/R that NAFI ex-
pects to have an electron beam device
in-house in three months. Some machin-
ing experiments have already been con-
ducted at the facility using electron
beam and graphite. Machining residue
will be evaporated with electron beam
use.
In reporting upon the evolution of
the BuWeps program, Stutzman told the
IEEE audience that first masks used on
the machine were glass, available only
from one source, used a proprietary
process, and cost $500 each. NAFI at-
tempted to make thin stainless-steel
masks by chemical etch, which wound
up costing $800 each. The process also
caused distortion that increased with
use so that intimate contact with the
substrate could not be maintained dur-
ing deposition.
Thin-film panels for an experimental
computer were produced using Invar
masks machined by arc erosion. These
cost $1,000 each, according to NAFI.
The cost of the graphite mask, in-
cluding preparation of the punched
tape, is estimated to be $20 per mask.
"Once we have the tape," Stutzman
told M/R, "we can produce a single
mask pattern for $12.50."
NAFI plans to carry computer con-
trol and use data storage equipment
even further to cut production time in
the future.
Engineers are studying possibilities
for completely eliminating the need for
circuit layout drawings before actual
machining. Necessary circuit informa-
tion, according to Stutzman, would be
fed in tabulated form to the computer,
which would automatically locate, on a
predetermined-size substrate, the re-
sistors, capacitors, terminations, and
conductors. "A tape for automatic
graphite machining is then the resultant
product of the computer," he reports. ■
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
Ball valves
for airborne and
support
applications
'M v "i i—i— —Mil — -m
Garrett-AiResearch ball valves can be designed to handle all liquid missile fuels and oxidizers,
both cryogenic liquids and gaseous forms, from — 425°F to +400°F. Sizes are programmed from 2.5 to 50 inches
in diameter. • In applications calling for large diameter valves and/or low pressure, a segmented ball
is utilized; for small diameter and/or high pressure uses, a full ball is used. The seals are stationary.
Technical superiority, reliability and minimum seal wear are achieved by using simplified actuation devices.
A significant number of moving parts are eliminated and weight is reduced. • The ball valve line is the
newest addition to a complete line of AiResearch precision valves,
including both butterfly and poppet types.
• Please direct inquiries to AiResearch Phoenix division.
AIRESEARCH MANUFACTURING DIVISIONS
(_□ S ANGELES 9, CALIFORNIA • PHDENIX, ARIZONA
SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS FOR: AIRCRAFT, MISSILE, SPACECRAFT, ELECTRONIC, NUCLEAR AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Circle No. 15 on Subscriber Service Card
utLiA A nnounces . . .
New, Improved Jet Service
Unking Space/ Missile Centers
The only Jets between California and Atlanta-Orlando /Cape Kennedy
Frnm n PVfi n pi cpn
Lv
8-00af
1 1 •55n
Huntsville
Arr.
4:43p
9:13a
Orlando
Arr.
3:49p
8:05a
From Los Angeles
Lv.
8:30a
11:00a
2:35a •
Huntsville
Arr.
4:43p
5:39p
11:33a
Orlando
Arr.
3:49p
Fr. Orlando/Cape Kennedy
Lv.
9:35a*
4:00p
4:45p
Los Angeles
Arr.
2:40p
7:33p
9:02p
San Diego
Arr.
8:42p
9:57p
San Francisco
Arr.
4:28p*
8:48p*
9:08p
From Huntsville
Lv.
7:45a
3:50p
Los Angeles
Arr.
2:40p*
9:02p
San Diego
Arr.
9:57p
* Effective May 17
San Francisco
Arr.
4:28p
9:08p
t Effective May 18
15 non-stop Jet flights daily between Dallas and California
Service to Huntsville is via Southern Airways connections in Atlanta
The Industry Week
Mergers and Acquisitions
Donald G. Benner, general manager of Mid-
west Circuits, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn., has pur-
chased all stock of that company. Midwest Cir-
cuits, founded in 1957 as Fabri-Tek Circuits,
makes printed circuits. . . . Benrus Watch Co.,
Inc., New York City, has purchased the assets
of Analab Instrument Corp., a subsidiary of the
Jerrold Corp. The consolidation of Analab into
Benrus's Technical Products Div. is aimed at
expanding its growth in the electronic instru-
ments field. Analab will continue to operate in
Cedar Grove, N.J. . . . Victory Electronics, Inc.,
Syosset, N.Y., manufacturers of electronics, com-
munications and infrared devices has acquired
Associated Electronic Corp., Richmond Hill,
N.Y., and its subsidiaries. Associated will pro-
duce test equipment, ground support equipment,
precision resistor networks and power supplies.
. . . Lundy Electronics & Systems, Inc., Glen
Head, N.Y., has acquired from Bjorksten Re-
search Laboratories, Madison, Wise, all rights
to the "Bjorksten Process" of metallizing glass
fibers. . . . Industrial Instruments, Inc., Cedar
Grove, N.J., has acquired the assets of Precise
Measurements Co. and Kalpa Scientific Labora-
tories, Inc., both of Flemington, N.J. PMC manu-
factures high-voltage and special purpose power
supplies for industrial electronics, atomic physics,
plasma research, capacitor charging and for ex-
perimental purposes. KI makes a special line of
switches and connectors for use in high-voltage
apparatus. Products of both acquisitions will be
marketed under the Industrial Instruments name.
New Activities
Philco Corp. has established a corporate ac-
tivity to be known as Philco Research Labora-
tories. The new activity brings under unified
management the research activities of some 350
scientists, engineers and technicians at the firms'
Newport Beach, Calif., and Blue Bell, Pa., facili-
ties. Function of PRL will be "to translate Phil-
co's dollar investment in the future into substan-
tive advances in technology and new products
and components. Reid Hill Electronics,
Inc., has been formed in Amsterdam, N.Y., to
design special precision components and to pro-
duce them as catalogue items in a minimum pe-
riod of time. . . . IIT Research Institute's man-
agement research div. has been made an inde-
pendent for-profit consulting firm under the
name, Corplan Associates. Corplan is headquar-
tered in Chicago and The Hague, Netherlands,
and is currently staffed with over 45 business
specialists. Consulting areas to receive increased
emphasis under the new organization include
management development programs, personnel
planning and consumer market research.
Industry Facilities
TRW Space Technology Laboratories has
dedicated a $6.5-million rocket engine test site
at San Juan Capistrano, Calif. The Capistrano
Test Site is located on 1,250 acres of land, and
will be used to test the 10, 500-lb. -thrust engine
STL is developing for the Lunar Excursion
Module. Test stands will be able to accommodate
engines with thrust up to 50,000 lbs., however.
Future plans for the site include construction of
facilities to house cryogenic, radioisotope and
ordnance laboratories. . . . Raytheon Co. is mov-
ing its Industrial Components Div. headquarters
and production facilities from its Newton, Mass.,
plant to its Quincy, Mass., plant. The new plant
ivas constructed specifically as an electronic com-
ponents facility. . . . Scientific Data Systems,
Inc., has purchased a 142,000-sq.-ft. manufac-
turing facility in Los Angeles. Ground floor will
house manufacturing and test facilities for all
SDC computers, digital circuit modules and
analog/digital systems components. Second floor
of the two-floor building will be occupied by
engineering and research and development per-
sonnel. . . . Electra Manufacturing Co., Inde-
pendence, Kans., has opened a new resistor pro-
duction facility in Mineral Wells, Tex. . . . De-
fense Electronics, Inc., Rockville, Md., has be-
gun construction on the firm's new 85,000-sq.-ft.
building located on a 16-acre site in Rockville.
The $l-million plant is part of a long range
planning program put into effect last year to
facilitate delivery of the firm's present backlog
and in anticipation of expected increased de-
mands for telemetry and intercept receivers,
data handling equipment, complete systems and
related products for space and missile programs.
. . . Packard Bell Computer, a division of Pack-
ard Bell Electronics, has completed a move into
new headquarters in Santa Ana, Calif. More
than U00 engineering, marketing and adminis-
trative personnel are now situated in the new
75,000-sq.-ft., $l-million building. . . . Long-Lok
Corp., Los Angeles, has opened a new research
and development laboratory "to speed up the
development of new products and to improve
present manufacturing processes." Long-Lok
makes self-locking screws and bolts for the
missile/space and other industries. . . . Alumi-
num Company of America, Pittsburgh, has pro-
grammed major additions to both smelting and
fabricating facilities at its Warrick, Ind., ivorks.
In The Courts
Bell Telephone Laboratories of New York has
agreed to "dismiss with prejudice" its suit to
overturn award by the U.S. Patent Office of the
basic patent for solid-electrolyte tantalum capaci-
tors to Sprague Electric Co. of North Adams,
Mass. The Patent Office awarded patent for the
device to Sprague based on an application filed
by former Bell Telephone Laboratories of New
York director of R&D Dr. Preston Robinson,
now a member of Sprague's board of directors
and a full-time consultant to Sprague. Bell Tele-
phone contended that priority should have been
given Bell employes rather than to Dr. Robinson.
issiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
39
contracts and procurements
AIR FORCE
$9,200,000 — The Boeing Co., Seattle, for continued work on Mimitcman
ICBM installation at Wing VI, Grand Forks AFB, N.D.
$7,800,000 — Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif., for research sevices related
to missile/space projects.
$5,000.000 — Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., Waltham, Mass., for further
work on a ground electronics system for the Minuteman ICBM.
$3,000,000 — The Boeing Co., Seattle, for continuation of work on the Min-
uteman launching system.
$2,900,000— Thiokol Chemical Corp., Bristol, Pa., for further production of
solid rocket motors for the Minitfeman ICBM program.
$2,400,000— Federal Electric Corp., Paramus, N.J., for work on the DEW
line system in Canada.
$2,018,000— Thiokol Chemical Corp., Alpha Div., Huntsville, Ala., for pro-
duction of 42 solid rocket motors.
$1,300,000 — Avco Corp., Wilmington, Mass., for follow-on work related to
re-entry vehicles.
$1,100,000 — North American Aviation Inc., Autonetics Div., Anaheim,
Calif., for air-to-ground missile system instrumentation kits.
$798,500— General Electric Co., Phoenix, Ariz., for EDP techniques sup-
porting the Defense Intelligence Agency's production center.
$99,990 — American Science and Engineering, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., for
research on optical radiation from air subjected to kilovolt electronic
bombardment.
$92,986— Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif., for a one-year
study of energy conversion techniques.
$92,050 — Controls for Radiation, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., for investigation
of high-energy radiation damage processes.
$75,714 — Bendix Corp., Baltimore, for equipment interface in the 412L air
weapons control system.
$72,494 — Hayes International Corp., Birmingham, Ala., for supply of oxy-
gen/hydrogen for Hill AFB, Utah.
$44,295 — Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, for development of equip-
ment for the extreme ultraviolet and X-ray regions of the spectrum.
$40,559 — General Dynamics Corp., Astronautics Div., San Diego, Calif., for
investigation of automatic methods of meteorological satellite data anal-
ysis.
$35,278 — Sperry Rand Corp., Blue Bell, Pa., for mathematical research on
programming theory.
$32,856 — Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., for re-
search directed toward development of an improved process for optical
grating ruling.
$24,890— ITT Data and Information Systems Div., Paramus, N.J., for a
seven-month study of missile control display techniques.
SYSTEM EFFECTIVENESS
TRAINING COURSE
40th Presentation ■ June 1-5,
Statler-Hilton Washington, D. C.
PRESENTED BY— ARINC Research Corporation, a sub-
sidiary of Aeronautical Radio, Inc., and the nation's
leader in the development of reliability, maintainability
and system effectiveness technology. FEE— $225
WHO WILL BENEFIT— Electrical, mechanical, electronic,
structural, design and maintenance engineers; (includ-
ing planning and research directors, project managers,
system development engineers, administrative and ap-
plications engineers, logistics engineers, and specialists
in procurement, monitoring, and specifications).
COURSE HIGHLIGHTS
Basic Concepts System Effectiveness
Reliability Management Designing for Reliability
Mathematical Concepts and Maintainability
Reliability Analysis Electronic Parts
Maintainability Analysis Reliability Assessment
United Technology Center, Sunnyvale, Calif., for a study of ignition of
solid propellant rocket motors under vacuum (undisclosed amount).
ARMY
$1,777,354 — Philco Corp., Aeronutronic Div., Newport Beach, Calif., for
extension of advanced production engineering work on the Shillelagh
guided missile system.
$739,976— Sperry Rand Corp., Sperry Utah Co., Salt Lake City, Utah, for
repair parts for the Sergeant missile system.
$714,400 — B. B. McConnlck & Sons, Inc., Jacksonville, Fla., for construc-
tion of a perimeter dike, barge channel enlargement and navigation lock
at Canaveral Harbor, Fla.
$530,000 — Thiokol Chemical Corp., Elkton, Md., for high-energy propellant
evaluation.
$258,815— Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif., for study of
Nike-Zeus capabilities.
$222,488 — Northrop Corp., Nortronics Div., Anaheim, Calif., for engineering
services related to the Hawk missile loader transport.
$200,000 — Raytheon Co., Andover, Mass., for one high-power illuminator
radar for the Hawk missile system. fc
$135,500 — Mithras, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., for provision of two optical
trackers for Project GLOW.
$56,241 — Perkin-Elmer Corp., Norwalk, Conn., for provision of a spectro-
photometer.
$44,790 — American Bosch Anna Corp., Springfield, Mass., for fuel injector
nozzles.
$35,521 — Victory Electronics, Inc., Syosset, N.Y., for provision of special
battery chargers for use at the U.S. Army Electronic Materiel Agency,
Philadelphia.
$25,810 — Motorola, Inc., Military Electronics Div., Scottsdale, Ariz., for
provision of radar transponders.
NAVY
$4,200,000— Hughes Aircraft Corp., Culvert City, Calif., for further work
on the Phoenix missile system being developed for the TFX aircraft.
$2,600,000 — Planning Research Corp., Los Angeles, for two contracts to
study data processing machines in classified research areas.
$1,900,000— Westinghouse Electric Corp., Baltimore, for follow-on design
and development of missile guidance components.
$1,100,000— ITT Federal Systems Div., Nutley, N.J., for target detecting
devices for use with the Terrier missile system.
$810,000— Thiokol Chemical Corp., Denville, N.J., for hybrid propellants
and propulsion research.
$650,000 — Northern Ordnance, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn., for long lead-
time effort toward development of one guided missile launching system.
$74,699 — Thiokol Chemical Corp., Denville, N.J., for research and develop-
ment on solid propellant exhaust gases.
NASA
$315,000 — Ion Physics Corp., Burlington, Mass., for a micrometeoroid im-
pact simulator.
$200,928 — Hayes International Corp., Birmingham, Ala., for engineering
services and related operations.
$73,000 — Avco Corp., Spaceflight Programs Office, Tulsa, Okla., for study
of the effects of particle radiation on metal surfaces.
MISCELLANEOUS
$7,000,000 — Control Data Corp., Minneapolis, from the European Organiza-
tion for Nuclear Research (CERN) for a 6600 computer system.
$4,000,000 — Control Data Corp., Minneapolis, from North American Avia-
tion, Inc., Space & Informtaion Systems Div., Downey, Calif., for the
digital test command system for the Apollo acceptance checkout equip-
ment.
$3,500,000 — Bell Aerosystems Co., Buffalo. N.Y., from Grumman Aircraft
Engineering Corp., Bethpage, N.Y., for positive expulsion propellant
tanks for the reaction-control system of the Apollo Lunar Excursion
Module.
$2,700,000 — ITT Communications Systems, Inc., Paramus, N.J., from the
Defense Communictalons Agency for continued engineering services.
$1,851,233 — Metals and Controls, Inc., Attleboro, Mass., from Union Car-
bide Corp., New York, for fuel assemblies for Oak Ridge National
Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor.
$1,000,000 — Clevite Corp., Aerospace Div., Cleveland, from United Air-
craft Corp., Pratt & Whitney Div. East Hartford, Conn., for Apollo fuel
cell components.
$500,000— Purolator Products, Inc., On Mark Couplings Div., Los Angeles,
from The Boeing Co., Aerospace Div., Huntsville, Ala., for development
and production of couplings for the umbilical panel of the Salurn S IC.
$318,000 — Computer Products, Inc., South Belmar, N.J., from Hughes Air-
craft Co., Culver City, Calif., for two Mark 111 analog computers for use
in advanced missile and fire-control system applications.
$134,474 — F. B. MacLaren & Co., Inc., Huntington Station, N.Y., from
Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., Bethpage, N.Y., for two scanning
optical heads for use in the Apollo Lunar Excursion Module simulator
program.
Thiokol Chemical Corp., Wasatch Div., Brigham City, Utah, from General
Dynamics Corp., Electric Boat Div., Scoville, Ida., for inspection, ultra-
sonic cleaning, calibration and sealing of high-precision micrometers,
thermometers and squares, and instruction on maintenance, care and
handling of the measuring devices (undisclosed amount).
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Aviation Products Div., Akron, Ohio, from
Aerojet-General Corp., El Monte, Calif., for production and installation
of insulation liners for 3-million-lb. -thrust solid rocket motors (undis-
closed amount).
40
Circle No. 16 on Subscriber Sen 'ce Card
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
To me the response to challenge is the^%-
very core and mainspring of man's
nature. A mountain is there; climb it.
An ocean is there; cross it. A disease
is there; cure it. A wrong is there;
right it. The word is challenge . . .
a challenge is there. Meet it.
James Ramsey Ullmarf
Author and Mountaineer.
Chronicler of recent U.S.
Mount Everest Expedition
To work on a large command and control
system is to tackle the heights of system
work.
At very low levels you may require only a
fairly restricted set of techniques. But at
the highest levels, you generally
have to consider national and international
factors of force and counterforce, as well
as available and predictable technology.
In a sense, the higher you go, the wider
the view. You can't be pigeon-holed in
single disciplines. At MITRE, for instance,
a particular responsibility might lead a staff
member into technical areas as di-
verse as information theory, computer
design, display techniques, propagation, jj
and human engineering. |
i
It's refreshing work, if you like challenge. f
And if you like challenge, you'll fit-in well f
at MITRE. Lately, we have been asked to f
provide technical support for planning |
and development of the National Military |
Command System. As you probably know, |
this is the system that caps them all. I
I
Other projects for which we furnish sys- |
tern engineering and technical direction: \
NORAD Combat Operations Center; Nu- |
clear Detonation Detection and Reporting s
System; BUIC (Back-up Interceptor Con- U
trol for the SAGE System); and many \
others. \
%
MITRE is located in pleasant, suburban \
Boston. Openings are also available in \
Washington, D. C. and Colorado Springs. \
Rewards are competitive. Engineers and \
scientists — preferably with advanced |
degrees and at least five years' experience §
In electronics, mathematics or physics — |
write in confidence to Vice President — ^
Technical Operations, The MITRE Corpora- I
Hon, P.O. Box 208G, Bedford, Massachusetts. |
X
Pioneer in the design and development of command and control systems, MITRE was chartered in 1958 to
Government. An independent nonprofit corporation, MITRE is technical advisor and system engineer for the
Division and also serves the Federal Aviation Agency and the Department of Defense.
Circle No. 13 on Subscriber Service Card
THEI
MITRE
CT-Mmaaraaci
An Equal Opportunity Employer
serve only the United States
Air Force Electronic Systems
products and processes
New Product of the Week:
Helium-Neon Laser
A continuous wave gas phase laser,
the Model 5300, is being marketed by
Optical Maser Dept., Perkin-Elmer
Corp.
The instrument features hot-cathode
dc discharge excitation and produces
approximately 8 mw in the diffraction-
limited mode and about 15 mw multi-
mode. The unit is normally supplied
DC Nanovoltmeter
A dc nanovoltmeter that features a
sensitivity from 10 nv (10 8v) fullscale
to 100 mv in 18 overlapping ranges has
been announced by Keithley Instru-
ments, Inc.
The Model 148 measures and/ or
amplifies small dc voltages, and, by
means of a zero-suppression feature,
measures small changes in dc voltages.
One-hundred times full scale may be
suppressed. The instrument can be com-
pletely isolated from and ac power line
and provides an accuracy of 2% of full
scale on all ranges. It has a ±lv dc, 1
milliampere output to drive other in-
struments; accuracy at output is 1%
full scale. The device can be operated
by a nickel-cadmium 6-v battery pack
with a maximum life of 16 hours from
full charge.
Circle No. 152 on Subscriber Service Card
Data Acquisition System
Systron-Donner Corp. is marketing
a multi-channel data acquisition system
for thermocouple, strain and millivolt
inputs.
The "Economy Systrac" 160-E1
42
with reflectors for visible red light out-
put at a wavelength of 6,328 A and is
available with interchangeable reflectors
for infrared output at 1.15 or 3.39 mi-
crons. The resonator consists of an 88-
cm optical cavity. Primary power re-
quired is 117v ac nominal, 1.7 amps,
50 to 60 cps.
Circle No. 151 on Subscriber Service Card
features a 30-point relay scanner, a
fully differential wideband preamp with
programmable ranges and selectable
filter, a solid-state high speed a/d con-
verter and a 15/sec line printer. Sys-
tem repeatability is ±0.06% at 10
mv full scale; common mode rejection
is 140 db at 60 cps and 1,000 megohms
input impedance. Expansion capabili-
ties include adding inputs to total 300
and punched or magnetic tape outputs.
Circle No. 153 on Subscriber Service Card
DC/AC Calibrator
A portable dc/ac calibrator with an
output from 0 to 1 1 lv ac or dc is being
marketed by Ballantine Laboratories.
The Model 421 features ac that may
be RMS or peak-to-peak at either 400
or 1,000 cps. Output voltage to four
significant figures is indicated digitally.
Accuracy is 0.15%.
Circle No. 154 on Subscriber Service Cord
Cathode Ray Tube
Westinghouse Electric Corp.'s Elec-
tronic Tube Div. is marketing a high-
resolution cathode ray tube designed to
record electronic data on photographic
film for data block or military data re-
cording.
The WX-5063 has a magnetic de-
flection yoke and employs electrostatic
focusing. Useful face diameter is 0.6 in.;
spot size is 0.0008 in. The device has an
anode voltage of 8 kv and meets tem-
perature, vibration and shock require-
ments of MIL-T-5422E.
Circle No. 155 on Subscriber Service Card
Current Regulators
Semiconductor Magnetics, Inc., has
developed a series of miniature, two-
terminal, silicon current regulators, the
CR5V series.
The units are adjustable from 1 to
50 ma, ±10%, with stability within
0.1% between 10 and 50v. The round
case configuration measures 0.875 x
0.406 in; the rectangular configuration
is 0.875 x 0.437 x 0.437 in. Weight is
approximately 8 grams.
Electrical specifications (25 degrees)
include: total current stability with
voltage, 1.0%; threshold voltage, 9v
maximum; interelectrode breakdown
voltage, 50v minimum and maximum
operating temperature, 175° C maxi-
mum.
Circle No. 156 on Subscriber Service Card
AC Millivoltmeter
The Model VM 77B millivoltmeter,
offering 12 ranges between 0.001 and
300v ac fullscale, is available from
Houston Instrument Corp.
The unit has a frequency range of
10 cps to 4.5 mc and can measure up
to 100 mv on the most sensitive range.
The meter scale is calibrated in RMS
volts and in db with zero db related to
1 mw in 600 ohms.
Input impedance is 10 megohms
shunted by 20 pf. Calibration accuracy
from 50 cps to 100 kc is ±3% FSD and
is ±(3% + 3% FSD) from 15 cps to
2 mc.
Circle No. 157 on Subscriber Service Card
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
Photographic Rectifier
A flexible photographic rectification
system, used to rectify high and low
oblique aerial and panoramic photo-
graphs, has been introduced by Elec-
tronic Associates, Inc.
The Type 1.080 can work with
photographs which have tilt angles up
to 85 degrees, and in panoramic photo-
graphs that have sweeps up to ±60
degrees and tilts up to 25 degrees. The
solid-state device has three distinct
modes of operation — planar, strip and
panoramic. It has four primary com-
ponents, input coordinatograph, analog
computer, X-Y plotter and a control
system.
Circle No. 158 on Subscriber Service Card
Inert Gas Mixer
An inert gas mixer that weights 7 oz.
and measures 5 x VA in. is available
from Modern Engineering Co.
The device operates by swirling two
inert gases through two individual con-
centric cylinders that are milled in op-
posite directions. Two sheets of gas,
less than Y32 in. thick, cut into the paths
of one another at the outlet to form an
absolute mixture.
The unit may be attached to pres-
sure compensated flowmeter regulators
of any type. With 50-psi inlet pressure,
positive accuracy is delivered regardless
of differential in CFH.
Circle No. 159 on Subscriber Service Card
Q-Spoiler Device
Maser Optics, Inc., is marketing a
Kerr cell laser Q-spoiling device which
makes it possible for existing ruby lasers
to deliver power pulses in excess of 200
million watts.
The Model 560 is designed around
the electro-optical characteristics of ni-
trobenzene under an applied field, in
conjunction with two Glanprisms. Pulse
widths of 10 nanosecs and less have been
achieved in laboratory and field tests,
the company says.
Circle No. 160 on Subscriber Service Card
Cryogenic Accelerometer
Gulton Industries, Inc., is marketing
a cryogenic charge accelerometer that
measures shock and vibration in all
cryogenic environments.
The device has a temperature sensi-
tivity range of —425° to 200° F.
±10%. Transverse response is less than
±1.0% and charge sensitivity is 5 pico-
coulombs/ g nominal. The unit weighs
1.2 oz. and measures 0.63 in. in diam-
eter and 0.82 in. in height.
Circle No. 161 on Subscriber Service Card
AVAILABLE -NOW
New Edition
50% Revised
so
■"Oo
£>s^ i
^'S,, "'"(, °«S,,. **Or)v *"C V#
This fourth edition of the WORLD SPACE DIRECTORY lists over 16,000
key industry personnel in approximately 4,000 U. S. and foreign mis-
sile/space and defense-oriented companies, organizations and gov-
ernment agencies. Over 50% of the listings have been revised and
400 new companies added to reflect changes in the industry since the
last issue was published in October, 1963.
WORLD SPACE DIRECTORY will serve as your basic guide to locat-
ing companies and personnel; checking titles, addresses and tele-
phone numbers; and gathering reference data for production planning
in the multi-billion dollar missile/space and defense markets.
Order your copy of the easy-to-use WORLD SPACE DIRECTORY today.
WORLD SPACE DIRECTORY
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Please ship .
copies at $12.50 United States, Possessions & Canada;
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NAME
TITLE
COMPANY
PRODUCTS SERVICES
ADDRESS
CITY
STATE ZIP
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
43
names in the news
mm
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Send us your old an new address, and,
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FROM YOUR LAST ISSUE . . . include
your postal zone or zip number.
Thank you.
Write to:
MISSILES AND ROCKETS,
Circulation Department,
1001 Vermont Ave., N.W.,
Washington, D. C. 20005
t.
COLLAR ENNEN
Ernest C. Collar, Jr.: Appointed cor-
porate representative for Western Gear
Corp.'s Washington, D.C. office.
Richard D. Ennen: Appointed general
manager of Erie Bolt & Nut Co., Erie,
Pa.
Joseph F. Clayton: Appointed director
of program management of Bendix Corp.'s
Systems Div., Ann Arbor, Mich.
John H. Coulombe: Named manufac-
turing manager for Leach Corp.'s Controls
Div., Azusa, Calif.
Dr. Donald J. Fanner: Named presi-
dent of General Technology Corp., Tor-
rance, Calif.
Stanley R. Warren: Elected vice presi-
dent-operations at McCormick Selph As-
sociates, Hollister, Calif.
Dwin R. Craig: Joined Data Systems
Engineering, Fairchild Statos Corp., Hag-
erstown, Md., as manager of research and
engineering.
Philip C. Hintz: Appointed executive
vice president of Standard Tube Co., De-
troit.
Cornelius A. Melis: Named general
manager of Duracarb, N.V., a subsidiary
of the Adamas Carbide Corp., Weert,
Holland.
Douglas A. Worth: Appointed manager
of product marketing for the Electro-
Optical Div. of Perkin-Elmer Corp., Nor-
walk, Conn.
John A. Pike: Promoted to project en-
gineer in charge of the advanced design
group for Beech Aircraft Corp.'s Boulder,
Colo., division.
David C. Lawton: Named eastern sales
manager for Fairchild Controls Div. of
Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.,
Hicksville, N.Y. Joseph W. Cooper named
production manager for the power tube
department of Du Mont Laboratories
Electronic Tube Div., Clifton, N.J.
Shepherd Sikes: Named national sales
manager for aerospace products for U.S.
Polymeric Chemicals, Inc., Santa Ana,
Calif.
CLAYTON FARMER
Eugene M. Pierce, Sr.: Appointed su-
pervising architect of the Master Planning
Program at Caltech's Jet Propulsion Lab-
oratory, Pasadena, Calif.
J. H. Lewis: Named manager of Cen-
taur procurement for General Dynamics
Corp.'s Astronautics Div., San Diego,
Calif. F. L. Pike named manager of proj-
ect procurement.
Robert J. Whalen: Appointed group di-
rector of the space launching systems de-
velopment directorate in the Manned Sys-
tems Div. of Aerospace Corp.'s El Se-
gundo, Calif., Technical Operations.
Gary B. Eaton: Appointed staff serv-
ices manager at ITT Federal Laboratories,
San Fernando, Calif.
Dr. John C. Leak: Named manager of
the organic chemistry department at
Tracerlab division of Laboratory for Elec-
tronics, Inc., Waltham, Mass.
Howard Carlson: Elected vice presi-
dent of Applied Technology, Inc., Palo
Alto, Calif.
Dr. Theodore S. Benedict: Named as-
sistant operations manager for materials
by Motorola's Semiconductor Products
Div., Phoenix, Ariz.
Dr. Howard J. Philipp: Appointed vice
president-planning of Celanese Corp. of
America. Frank J. Pizzitola appointed vice
president-commercial.
Harry B. Gunther: Named director of
production operations for Martin Co., Bal-
timore.
Dr. Steward S. Flaschen: Appointed di-
rector of component development for In-
ternational Telephone & Telegraph Corp.,
New York City.
Gerald V. Shelter: Appointed manager
of the Chicago branch of Brush Instru-
ments Div. of Clevite Corp.
Russ Perry: Appointed director of
marketing of Hopkins Engineering Co.,
San Fernando, Calif.
Doniinick J. Pastore: Appointed con-
troller of Hill Electronics, Inc., Mechan-
icsburg, Pa.
M R BUSINESS OFFICES
Washington, D.C. 20005— 1001 Vermont Ave-
nue, NW; Sterling 3-5400
A. C. Boughton, National Sales Manager
Kenneth C Blanchard, Director of Re-
search and Marketing
New York, N.Y. 10017-20 East 46 Street;
YUkon 6-3900
Paul B. Kinney, Eastern Advertising Man-
ager
Paul N. Anderson
Beverly Hills, California 90210-9301 Wilshire
Blvd.; CRestview 4-8791
Edwin J. Denker, Jr., Western Advertising
Manager
Ronald L. Rose
Detroit, Michigan 48237—21990 Greenfield
Road, Oak Park, Mich.; 547-8880
Michael Rouff
Chicago, Illinois 60601 — 1 East Wacker Dr.,
Room 1522; 321-1444
Charles E. Durham, Jr.
Miami, Florida 33022-P.O. Box 890, Holly-
wood, Flo.; Wilson 7-6072
R. P. Caldiero
London, W.I., England — 44 Conduit Street;
REgent 4714
American Magazine Group
Geneva, Switzerland— 10 Rue Grenus; Ge-
neva 321044
Paris, France— 1 1 Rue Condorcet; TRU 15-39
44
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
—when and where
Advertisers' Index
AIRES EARCH MFG. CO., THE GARRETT
CORP 37
Agency — J. Walter Thompson Co
AMPEX CORP 32
Agency — Cunningham & Walsh Inc
ARINC RESEARCH CORP., A SUB. OF
AERONAUTICAL RADIO, INC 40
Agency — Diener & Dorskind Inc.
AUTONETICS, A DIVISION OF NORTH
AMERICAN AVIATION, INC 6, 7
Agency — Batten, Barton, Durstine &
Osborn, Inc.
GECKMAN INSTRUMENTS, INC.,
OFFNER DIV 8
Agency — Erwin Wasey, Ruthrauff 6
Ryan, Inc.
DEFENSE ELECTRONICS, INC 13
Agency — Compton Jones Associates
DELTA AIR LINES, INC 38
Agency — Burke Dowling Adams, Inc
DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT CO., INC 26
Agency — J. Walter Thompson Co.
ELECTRONIC SPECIALTY CO 48
Agency — Grant Adv., Inc.
B. F. GOODRICH CO., AEROSPACE &
DEFENSE PRODUCTS 3
Agency — The Griswold-Eshleman Co.
HUGHES AIRCRAFT CO 10,11,47
Agency — Foote, Cone & Belding
HYDRODYNE DIV. OF DONALDSON CO.,
INC 34
Agency — West Associates
LOCKHEAD MISSILES & SPACE CO 4
Agency — Hal Stebbins Inc.
MARTIN CO., DIV. MARTIN MARIETTA
CORP 21
Agency — Ball & Davidson, Inc.
MB ELECTRONICS, A DIV. OF TEXTRON
ELECTRONICS INC 31
Agency — Marsteller Inc.
MITRE CORP., THE 41
Agency — The Bresnick Co., Inc.
PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS,
INC., GUIDED MISSILES RANGE
DIV 36
Agency — Deutsch & Shea, Inc.
PESCO PRODUCTS DIV., BORG-WARNER
CORP 14
Agency — Penn & Hamaker, Inc.
G. T. SCHJELDAHL CO., AEROSPACE
DIV 12
Agency — The Erie Savage Co.
SPACE ORDNANCE SYSTEMS, INC 35
Agency — Lynn-Western, Inc.
SPERRY GYROSCOPE CO., SPERRY RAND
RESEARCH CENTER, DIV. OF THE
SPERRY RAND CORP 2
Agency — Reach, McClinton & Co., Inc.
VARIAN ASSOCIATES, TUBE DIV 22
Agency — Hoefer, Dieterich & Brown,
Inc.
APRIL
The Combustion Institute, Western States
Section, Spring Meeting, San Jose,
Calif., April 27-28.
National Aeronautics Meeting and Pro-
duction Forum, sponsored by SAE and
ASME, Commodore Hotel, New York
City, April 27-30.
IEEE and ISA Region 6 Annual Confer-
ence, Salt Lake City, Utah, April 29-
May 1.
National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-
tration's Annual Conference on the
Peaceful Uses of Space, Boston, April
29-May 2.
Institute of Navigation, Space Navigation
Meeting, Port-O-Call Inn, St. Peters-
burg, Fla., April 30-May 1.
MAY
American Society for Microbiology, Sher-
aton-Park and Shoreham Hotels, Wash-
ington, D.C., May 3-7.
10th National Aerospace Instrumentation
Symposium, sponsored by ISA, Bilt-
more Hotel, New York City, May 4-6.
AIAA Aerospace Propulsion Meeting,
Cleveland, May 4-6.
10th Annual Meeting of the American
Astronautical Society, Hilton Hotel,
New York City, May 4-7.
ASME Metals Engineering Conference,
Sheraton-Cadillac Hotel, Detroit, May
4-8.
Second National Biomedical Sciences In-
strumentation Symposium, Instrument
Society of America, University of New
Mexico, Albuquerque, May 4-7.
IEEE Fifth National Symposium on Hu-
man Factors in Electronics, San Diego,
Calif., May 5-6.
Electronic Components Conference, spon-
sored by IEEE and EIA, Marriott
Twin Bridges Motor Hotel, Washing-
ton, D.C., May 5-7.
Society for Experimental Stress Analysis
Spring Meeting, Hotel Utah and Motor
Lodge, Salt Lake City, Utah, May 6-8.
Acoustical Society of America Spring
Meeting, Hotel New Yorker, New
York City, May 6-9.
COSPAR Seventh Plenary Meeting, Flor-
ence, Italy, May 8-20.
International Conference of the Society of
Aerospace Photography Engineers and
Technicians, Palisades Park, N.J., May
10-15.
16th Annual National Aerospace Electron-
ics Conference (NAECON), IEEE and
Dayton Section of the AIAA, Biltmore
Hotel, Dayton, Ohio, May 11-14.
Symposium on Applied Mathematics and
Mechanics in Honor of Theodore von
Karman, sponsored by AF Office of
Scientific Research and the Society
for Industrial and Applied Mathe-
matics, Shoreham Hotel, Washington.
D.C., May 11-14.
35th Annual Scientific Meeting, Aerospace
Medical Association, Americana Ho-
tel, Miami Beach, Fla., May 11-14.
ASME Design Engineering Conference,
McCormick Place, Chicago, May 1 1-
14.
electro-
optical
systems
• state of the art
• direction of current research
• problems
• deficiencies
• requirements through 1975
including:
1. market survey
2. range instrumentation
3. scientific or
research instrumentation
4. lasers
5. guidance and navigation
6. surveillance and
reconnaissance
7. solar power conversion
8. metrology
published june 1, 1964
advertising
closes may 20
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
45
editorial . . .
Why LASV
DEBATE OVER THE PROPER MIX of missiles
and manned aircraft in the U.S. strategic force
has obscured a more fundamental problem. The
question goes beyond the risk of increasing depen-
dence on the missile force. Also to be considered is
whether too much confidence is being placed in a
single type of missile — the land-based, immobile,
Minuteman solid-fueled intercontinental ballistic
missile.
It is true that U.S. scientists and technicians have
found the problem of anti-ICBM development a
baffling one. Terminal defense with Nike-X appears
to be a promising but highly expensive route, while
Project Defender studies have all but ruled out any
launch-phase or mid-course intercept. Nevertheless,
to assume that the Russians have reached the same
conclusion is dangerous.
It also is dangerous to assume that U.S. ballistic
missiles are relatively invulnerable because they have
been emplaced in silos. It is imperative that we have
full and absolute assurance of the survivability of
the U.S. strategic force in a situation where we con-
cede the first strike.
There are no announced plans for any further
buy of Polaris beyond the present 41-ship program,
which would be one path to offsetting vulnerability
of an immobile, land-based missile. Nor are there
any announced plans to push the Low-Altitude Super-
sonic Vehicle (LASV) into the flight-test stage as pos-
sible insurance against Soviet AICBM development.
Plans for a manned long-endurance aircraft to be
armed with standoff missiles still are in the early
study stage — despite strong support from both Con-
gress and the Air Force.
The Mobile Medium-Range Ballistic Missile,
which would reduce vulnerability by truck-basing
and sea-basing large numbers of smaller missiles,
also appears consigned to oblivion.
The B-52 fleet is aging and there are no plans for
a further B-58 buy.
Behind all of this is the fact of our present over-
whelming strategic superiority over the Soviets. Be-
hind it also is Secretary of Defense McNamara's
conviction that we will be amply forewarned of any
Soviet developments which might endanger that
superiority.
We are not in agreement with this policy and we
believe that such complete dependence on a single
weapon is dangerous. We also believe that rapid
development of the LASV is one extremely promising
route to offsetting heavy dependence on Minuteman.
There is little argument in the Directorate of
Defense Research and Engineering about the tech-
nical feasibility of the nuclear, global-range LASV
ramjet missile. The development program so far has
been a sound one. The Fiscal 1965 budget calls for a
$20-million expenditure to continue this development,
but does not provide for a flight-test program.
Tests of the flightweight Tory II-C reactor are
due in a few weeks. Atomic Energy Commission
officials expect these tests to prove out the technology.
The next logical step, and one which should be
taken without delay, is a flight-test program. Plans
46
Is Needed
for such a program have the backing of both Ling-
Temco-Vought, the prime LASV contractor, and the
Air Force.
If full-power tests of Tory II-C during the spring
and summer go as expected, the program should be
moved as rapidly as possible into a flight-test pro-
gram. This is seen now as a limited test program of
the X-15 type, employing some five or six test ve-
hicles. It would cost approximately $200 million.
Dept. of Defense philosophy in awaiting results
of the Tory II-C tests in Nevada before pressing
ahead with an LASV flight test program is sound.
But once the tests are successful, no time should be
lost in initiation of the flight test phase.
We believe LASV should be brought into the
inventory as quickly as its technology permits. It
offers the capability of striking the Soviet Union
from any direction, it offers a low-altitude non-bal-
listic approach as a safeguard against Russian devel-
opment of an AICBM, it offers mobility, it offers
recallability not possessed by ballistic missiles, and
it offers a patrol capability.
Speaking of LASV, an AEC official said recently
that a full weapons systems approach could not be
justified because Secretary McNamara has said we
presently have all the systems we need. We do not
agree with that. LASV offers such an entirely differ-
ent capability that we believe it is needed in the
inventory for just that reason.
Without question, this may be uneconomic. But
should the dependability of U.S. ICBM's be in ques-
tion— to use Secretary McNamara's own definition —
then LASV would appear to be one of the best in-
vestments ever made by this nation. Undoubtedly,
it costs money to provide for such a contingency but
this nation certainly can afford it.
RESPECTED REP. CARL VINSON (D-Ga.),
chairman of the House Armed Services Com-
mittee, put the reason for defense investments in
clear terms during the debate earlier this year on the
DOD Authorization Bill. He said:
"We are living in an age of much more than tech-
nological advance — it is more an age of technological
explosion. This being so, we have no choice but to
progress as the state of the various arts permit us to
progress and, in the area of defense, we are not seek-
ing things that are better merely because they are
better — but because our national survival will depend
upon them being better.
"A better strain of corn, a better breed of cattle
is a good thing to have. But we could live without
them. . . .
"In the area of defense, however, second best is
simply not good enough. We must make every effort
to keep well ahead of the enemy in our aircraft and
missiles and naval vessels. We are not talking about
luxury here. We are talking about sheer, stark
necessity."
Although Rep. Vinson was not talking specifically
of LASV, the venerable military statesman could not
have put the case for it in any better terms.
William J. Coughlin
missiles and rockets, April 27, 1964
CAREER NEWS
FROM HUGHES
Aerospace Divisions in Culver City, California
NEW AND CONTINUING PROGRAMS
AND PROJECTS
F-111B PHOENIX Missile System
SURVEYOR Lunar Landing Vehicle
SYNCOM Synchronous Communications Satellite
POLARIS Guidance
TOW Anti-tank Missile
VATE Automatic Checkout System
FALCON Missiles
ARPAT
HARD POINT DEFENSE
These examples of Hughes Aerospace activities
are representative of more than 230 major
product and service capabilities ranging from
aerospace vehicles to.ASW systems.
OUTSTANDING TECHNICAL FACILITIES
This giant environmental test
chamber at Hughes new
Space Simulation Laboratory
is just one of a complete range
of facilities maintained by the
company for the Technical
Staff. Hughes physical plant
and professional atmosphere,
unexcelled in industry, encour-
age individual achievement.
GROWTH OF THE ENGINEERING STAFF
ADDITIONS TO ENGINEERING STAFF
Of the over 9,000
employees of these divi-
sions, 3,000 are Mem-
bers of the Technical
Staff. Average length of
experience is 1 1 .0 years.
Average age is 33 years.
1.200
(est)
1961 1962 1963 1964
HUGHES/CULVER CITY & LOS ANGELES
Hughes Aerospace Divisions at Culver City offer
engineers and scientists a unique combination of urban
and suburban advantages. The plant is immediately
adjacent to a major freeway. Los Angeles Civic Center
is about a half-hour distant. Beach communities are
just minutes away. Attractive residential neighbor-
hoods are nearby. UCLA, USC and Cal Tech offer
outstanding educational facilities.
IMPORTANT OPPORTUNITIES (Steady growth,
advanced facilities, fine living conditions— these are
the advantages which Hughes Aerospace Divisions
can offer you at Culver City.
Requirements include an accredited degree in
E.E. or M.E. and specialized experience which can
be related to development of aerospace vehicles.
U.S. citizenship required.
For immediate consideration please
airmail your resume today. We
promise you a reply within one week.
MR. ROBERT A. MARTIN
Head of Employment
Hughes Aerospace Divisions
11940 W. Jefferson Blvd.
Culver City 56, California
Creating a new world with electronics
! !
HUGHES
HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY
AEROSPACE DIVISIONS
An equal opportunity employer
PRECISION METAL CASTING
Airborne vehicles and space systems can be built only if the processes necessary to form
them are abreast of design concepts. Electronic Specialty's Pomona Division (composed of
H&S Metals and R. H. Osbrink Co.) has made vital contributions to defense with new
technological machines and methods. Through these processes, high-quality, high-precision
aluminum and magnesium castings have improved performance and lowered costs of many
weapons systems. • The Pomona Division is a leader in producing highly reliable and eco-
nomical cast components such as razor sharp leading edges and thin wall bulkheads for
aerospace weapons systems. Among the basic casting methods available are semi-perma-
nent, permanent, centrifugal, and the Osbrink Precision Process. • To better serve defense
and industry, the Pomona Division will soon be housed in a new 170,000 square foot
facility which will contain equipment unique in the casting industry. If you have a casting
problem, consult the leader in the field . . . Pomona Metals Division of Electronic Specialty.
The capability to produce precision castings is only one specialized segment of Electronic
Specialty's corporate activities. Extensive programs are also underway in the areas shown
at right. For further information write to William Marcy, Director of Marketing.
EZ Z3 is a diversified, dynamic,
multi-divisional organization
serving defense and industry over
a broad range of vital areas with
advanced systems, sub-systems,
and state-of-the-art components.
Major contributions are currently
being made in the following:
ELECTRONIC AND
ELECTROMECHANICAL
CONTROLS:
gyroscopes, relays, static switch-
ing devices, sensors, flashers, reg-
ulators, converters, rotary and
linear actuators, motors, genera-
tors, weapon and camera con-
trols, electromechanical assem-
blies for aerospace applications.
COMMUNICATIONS:
antennas, flexible and rigid wave-
guides, coaxial switches, diplex-
ers, power dividers, filters, radio
telescopes, solar furnaces, match-
ing networks, antenna drive
motors and controls.
POWER:
precise power systems, dynamo-
tors, computer power sources,
motor-generators, actuators,
starter generators, power conver-
sion systems, transmission towers
for public utilities.
SPACE CONDITIONING:
electronically programmed envi-
ronmental controls and systems
for industrial, commercial, and
military applications.
SYSTEMS:
Systems Laboratories conduct
research, development and study
programs in reconnaissance, elec-
tronic countermeasures, interfer-
ometer phased array systems, and
total energy packages; integrating
divisional components, sub-sys-
tems, and specialized engineering
and scientific skills.
For information concerning the cor-
porate systems capability, product
line, or research and development
programs, write to the Director of
Marketing, address below.
ELECTRONIC SPECIALTY CO.
5121 SAN FERNANDO ROAD. LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90033
Circle No. 2 on Subscriber Service Card
Circle No. 3 on Subscriber Service Card
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